:

-1 .
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.

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.
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Adaptive capacity

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.
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.
.

.
.


.
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.
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.
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.
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:

.
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( .)2000
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. ( )
.
.

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.
. .

.

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.
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.
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.



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Arbovirus

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.
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250
.
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.



.
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106

.

.
.

.
.

.

.
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(
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.
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.
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.

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( 50 100 ) .

.
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.
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.
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.

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.
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Carbon cycle

(
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.

.

Cholera

( )
.
Climate

.
.

. 30
.
Climate change

.





.
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107

Climate change commitment

.
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.
Climate model

.



.

.
.

.
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Climate projections

.
.
/ /

.
Climate (change) scenario

108

Climate system

:
.


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Climate threshold

.
Climate variability

(
)
.
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Climate
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CO2 Carbon dioxide

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( .)6
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.
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.
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.
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. .

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.
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100 .

Desertification

.

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.

.
Diadromous

.
Discount rate

Disturbance regime

.
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100) .
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.
Dyke

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109

Ecological Community

. .Ecosystem
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.
Ecophysiological process

.

.

.
Ecosystem

.

.

Ecosystem approach

.

.

.

.



.

Ecosystem services

. ( )1
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110

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.

.
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.
.
.
.

Emissions scenario

( )

( )
.
1992
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.

.
Ensemble

.
.


.
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.
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Eustatic sea-level rise

.Sea-level rise

.
.
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.

.
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Evapotranspiration

.
Externalities

.
.
.

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.
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.
.

. .
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.

.
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prediction

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.
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.
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.
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.
Globalization

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Greenhouse effect

(
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111

Greenhouse gas

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.

. ( )CO
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Human system

.
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.
Gross primary production

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.

Heat island

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112

Hydrographic events

.
Hydrological systems

.
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.
Hypoxic events

Ice cap

.
Ice sheet

.
.

.
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.
.
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.
.
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( )

)Impacts (climate change

( ) .


:

:
.
:
Aggregate impacts
.

Market impacts Non-market

.impacts

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:
.

.
.

.
Industrial revolution

.

.
.1950
Infectious disease

.

.
Infrastructure

.
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100 .
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.
Joint attribution

.

.
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1990
2008 .2012 16 /
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113

300 .

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El Nio-Southern

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.


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.
Last Glacial Maximum

21000 .

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.
Legume

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).
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.
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.
Littoral zone

.
Malaria

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114

Market impacts

/ .
.Non-market impacts
Meningitis

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.
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Thermohaline circulation (THC)i

Microclimate

.
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.
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.
Ocean acidification

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Ombrotrophic bog

Opportunity costs

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.)Net biome production (NBP)i
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.

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Non-linearity

Non-market impacts

.
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)Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI

10 .PM
10

Peat

.
Peatland

.
Pelagic community

115

(
).
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.
Phenology

(

) .
Photochemical smog

.
Photosynthesis

.
Carbon dioxide fertilization
C plants C .C plants C
3

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.
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.revolution

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. ,GPP, NPP, NEP.NBP

Projection

.

.
.
Climate projections . Climate predictions
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Pure rate of time preference

.
.

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.

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.

.

Recalcitrant

Polynya

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116

.
.

Reference scenario

/ .Baseline/reference
Reforestation

(.)IPCC, 2000
Reids paradox

( )

.
Reinsurance

.
( )

Relative sea-level rise

Sea-

.level rise
Reservoir

( )
. .


.

Resilience

.
Respiration

.
Riparian

( )
.
River discharge

/
.
.
Runoff

.

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Salt-water intrusion/encroachment

.

(
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Savanna

( ).
Scenario

.
.
() climate (change) scenario

Emissions scenario
.SRES
Sea-ice biome

(
) .
Sea-level rise

/
.
.

Sea wall

Semi-arid regions

100 250 .
.Arid region
Sensitivity

. (

)

117


:
(
).
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.Carbon sequestration

Silviculture

.
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.
Snow water equivalent

10 ( 9
17 ) 50 .
Streamflow

/
.
.
Sub-alpine

Succulent

/
.

Snowpack

Surface runoff

.
Social cost of carbon

.
Sustainable development

Socio-economic scenarios

Taiga

.

( SRES : .)6

SRES

( )SRES) (Nakienovi et al., 2000
.

( 1 2 1)2
:


.

Stakeholder

Stock

.Reservoir

118

Stratosphere

Thermal expansion

( ) .
.
Thermocline

.
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. .
Thermokarst

()

.
.
Threshold

.


.
Transpiration

.

Tree line

.
.

Trophic level

.
Trophic relationship

/

/ .
Ungulate

(
).
)United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC

9/ 1992
150
.

. .


1990 .2000
/ .1994
.Protocol Kyoto
Upwelling

10 (
9 () 16
) .
.

Urbanization

Troposphere

Tsunami

.
Tundra

.
Uncertainty

(
) .
.

.
( )
( ) .
Confidence .Likelihood
Undernutrition

( )

.

Vagile

/ .
Vascular plants

.
Vector

.
.diseases

Vector-borne

Vector-borne diseases

( )
.
Vernalisation

/
.

119

.
Vulnerability

.

.
Water consumption

) .
(
.
Water productivity

.
.Irrigation water-use efficiency

100 /
.
Water stress

.
20
.
-

-.

Water-use efficiency

/.



.
Welfare

.

.
Wetland

.
.
.
Yedoma

.
120

Zoonoses

Zooplankton

.
.