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Communication needs during the mission are divided into distinct phases, each with its own set of assumptions: o Earth-Lunar Transit o Lunar Operations o Lunar EVA
Earth-Lunar Transit
The assumptions made for the first phase of the mission were: Communication with TDRSS, not DSN o Diameter of receiving antenna of 4.9m o Receiver system noise temperature of 100K Slant range was selected as the apogee radius of the moon as a worst case scenario
The chosen diameter of the receiving antenna is 25.4 centimeters (1 foot) and is used for all subsequent transmissions from the crew vehicle to TDRSS Link Margin for Ku Band is 3.22 dB, which is a safety factor of 2.1, with a transmitter power of 0.75 Watts Link Margin for S Band is 3.15 dB, which is also a safety factor of 2.1, with a transmitter power of 17 Watts
Lunar Operations
The assumptions made for the second phase of the mission were: o The distance from the moon to the L2 point is 60,000 km o The diameter of the receiving antenna of the L2 relay satellite is 4.9 meters (based off of TDRSS receiver diameter) o The diameter of the L2 relay satellite transmitter was assumed to be 2 meters (based off of TDRSS transmitter diameter)
Because of the proximity of the satellite, the transmitter diameter for communication to the L2 Relay Satellite was assumed to be 10 centimeters The link margin for this signal was determined to be 57.5 dB, which results in an extremely large safety factor of 566,218 with a transmitter power of 1 Milliwatt Because of the huge link margin, communication is practically guaranteed with the L2 Relay Satellite barring malfunction of hardware
The transmitter diameter was 2 meters, as per the specifications of the TDRSS satellites The link margin for this signal was determined to be 3.19 dB, which is a safety factor of 2.1 with a transmitter power of 0.01 Watts
Lunar EVA
The assumptions made for this phase of the mission were: o A maximum slant range of 15 kilometers, based on an expansion of the 12.1 kilometer distance achieved during the Apollo 17 mission o A receiver system noise temperature of 100K o An omni-directional transmitter/receiver
The link margin for this signal was determined to be 10.87 dB (safety factor of 12.2), with a transmitter power of 0.01 Watts The low power consumption of this system is advantageous to this phase of the mission, where low power requirements are necessary for periods of time when the vehicle will not be exposed to the sun to generate power. The same holds true for the Ka to L2 Relay Satellite Band.
Sensors
Many sensors required to measure and regulate state of the craft o Regulate crew cabin conditions o Identify relative attitude and position in free space o Track usage of propellants and consumables o Measure power requirements and consumption
Life support of crew is of the highest importance o Unwanted deviation from design conditions can cause reduced human performance or death o Excessively high or low temperature may damage components o Improper depressurization prior to EVA wastes valuable oxygen stores o If emergency redundancy systems are in place, must be aware of system failures
Measured Quantities: o Cabin Pressure Used at all times by O2 and N2 resupply systems Also monitored during airlock operation o Atmosphere Composition Regulate relative composition of O2 and N2 Measure CO2 and H2O for proper scrubbing o Tank Pressures Pressure transducer data used by helium pressurization system for O2 and N2 tanks o Consumables Remaining Flow rate monitored during operation to track usage
Measured Quantities (continued): o Waste Tank Level Monitored for proper waste ejection o Temperature Internal and external thermocouples for best thermal control Used at all times by thermal regulation system o Radiation Geiger counter to identify unexpected radiation Alerts crew to hazardous conditions
Accurately determining relative position and orientation in space is critical to mission success o Attitude must be correctly estimated to perform successful orbital maneuvers o Entry, descent, and landing rely on accurate proximity and relative position measurements o Can be very difficult to determine exact relative position and velocity in free space
Measured Quantities: o Attitude Sun sensor measures attitude relative to the Sun Star tracker compares star profile against database to obtain attitude relative to stars (free space) Magnetometer gets attitude relative to geomagnetic field (only effective near Earth) IMU and gyros track angular changes over time o Rotation Gyros and MEMS measure angular rotation IMU tracks angular acceleration over time to obtain velocity
Measured Quantities (continued): o Position Laser rangefinder determines distance from lunar surface during landing IMU tracks position changes over time o Velocity IMU and MEMS can determine velocity from acceleration changes o Acceleration IMU and MEMS measure instantaneous acceleration
Propellant Sensors
Proper staging and engine performance rely on accurate measurements of propellant usage o Helium pressurization requires constant pressure measurement o Spent stages detach when tanks are empty o Measured Quantities: o Propellant Tank Pressure Same type of system as on crew consumables tanks Used by helium pressurization system o Propellant Usage Same type of system as on crew consumables tanks Flow rate monitored during operation to track usage
Important to track power consumption and production, and demand on power supply Measured Quantities: o H2 Levels in Fuel Cells Determines remaining fuel in power supply o Power Consumption Multimeter measures power draw from all systems
Sensor List
Sensor Sensor Type Sampling Rate Location 0.084 Hz 0.1 Hz 2 Hz 100 Hz Radially-mounted on inside cabin wall Unique locations inside the cabin Radially-mounted on inside cabin wall Mounted inside cabin Mounted in-line with feed lines Mounted inside tank Number 4 2 4 2 2 2 Criticality* 1 2 1 1 2 3 Atmospheric O2 Apogee Instrument Oxygen Sensors Atmospheric N2 OxyCheq R-33N Nitrogen Sensors Atmospheric CO2Meter Carbon Dioxide CO2 Sensors Cabin Pressure Setra Model 270 Oxygen Tank
GEMS SENSORS Flow 30 Hz rate sensor Swagelok Explosion-Proof 1 kHz Pressure Transducer GEMS SENSORS Flow 30 Hz rate sensor Swagelok Explosion-Proof 1 kHz Pressure Transducer
Nitrogen Tank
2 2
2 3
Cabin Humidity
Water Tank
Omega Relative Humidity Sensor GEMS SENSORS Flow 30 Hz rate sensor Swagelok Explosion-Proof 1 kHz Pressure Transducer
2
2 2
3
2 3
Sensor List
Sensor Radiation Sensor Type Edmund Scientifics Portable Geiger Counter Sampling Rate Location 250Hz 50kHz Mounted inside cabin Number 2 Criticality* 3
Power
625 Hz
10
Omega Thermocouples Omega Thermocouples Fluke Digital Multimeters Sparkfun Hydrogen Sensor
Mounted inside cabin Mounted to outer shell Connected to output of fuel cells Mounted near fuel cells to detect leaks Mounted in-line with feed lines
4 4 8 8 2
2 2 2 2 2
Sensor List
Sensor Position Sensor Type On Semiconductor High Accuracy Star Tracker Sampling Rate Location 5 MHz Mounted on outer shell Number 4 Criticality* 1
10 Hz 1 kHz 55 Hz
Mounted on outer shell Mounted inside the cabin Radially-mounted, in-plane with center of gravity inside the cabin
4 4 4
1 1 1
45 Hz
Proximity
115 kHz
Mounted next to docking mechanism and landing gears Mounted inside cabin, connected
Landing Gear
N/A
http://wmahsj.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/buoyancy-lab1.jpg
Sensor Links
CO2 Meter. CO2Meter. 14 Dec. 2012 <http://www.co2meter.com/collections/co2-sensors>. Digital Multimeters. Fluke Instruments. 14 Dec. 2012 <http://www.fluke.com/Fluke/usen/Products/categorydmm.htm?id=DMMfunnel-en>. Flow Rate Sensor. GEMS SENSORS. 14 Dec. 2012 <http://www.grainger.com/Grainger/GEMSSENSORS-Flow-Rate-Sensor-4ARL1>. High Accuracy Star Tracker. ON Semiconductor. 14 Dec. 2012 <http://www.onsemi.com/PowerSolutions/product.do?id=HAS2>. Hydrogen Gas Sensor. Sparkfun. 14 Dec. 2012 <https://www.sparkfun.com/products/10916>. IMU Digital Combo Board. Sparkfun. 14 Dec. 2012 <https://www.sparkfun.com/products/10121>. "Landing Gear Control (LGC)." Landing Gear Control (LGC). Kavlico Sensing Solutions. 14 Dec. 2012 <http://www.kavlico.com/catalog/landing_gear_control.php?section=products>.
Sensor Links
Laser Sensors. Banner Engineering. 14 Dec. 2012 <http://www.bannerengineering.com/en-
US/products/8/Sensors/38/Laser-Sensors>.
Model 270. Setra. 14 Dec. 2012 <http://www.setra.com/ProductDetails/270_Baro.htm>. OxyCheq. OxyCheq. 13 Dec. 2012 <www.oxycheq.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=1_6&products_id=28>.
Sensor Links
Relative Humidity Sensor. Omega. 14 Dec. 2012 <http://www.omega.com/ppt/pptsc.asp?ref=HX15&Nav=temhu06>.
age=flypage.tpl&pop=0&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=65&vmcchk=1&Itemid=65>.
Thermocouples. Omega. 14 Dec. 2012 <http://www.omega.com/prodinfo/thermocouples.html>. SCAMP Testing. 8 Aug. 2007 <http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu/SSL.photos/NBtest.photos/NBtest.2007/070808.NB07-
078/070808.NB07-078.19.jpg>.