:
.  !"
# 

( -. *
! + , *   *)( "' "%
"
"(1 23675 /
2009 67

! ;:
< . +(6

  1
saifalbergo@gmail.com


 
  
2009
"  
   
      
   40"   80 $

&' . 45 '62$ 2 3/01  '.+",-  )" (.

    

 !"#
$ # - )"! *+ ,-.* -
01
.1   , =<+  "2 
 ,  +"@,- @ ) C@D&
@ (@ @. /@B  @.F E@F

 I 45+ 
 ,&
..
.2 5    J ',/B   J='  45 &
.
L.3
"< DDF  .M N0 45 . ,"1=   =DJ . 4.E@F 
<"@ @+.
 " E+. J$ N   45<", 
 $ ,'"=P
.& - @ (R
@  -
$ 45 .D+$=  5 ,. ', 
  
&-  6= =   $ = $3 45  +"2&
..
 .4 $ 5=1 /0S .B. " 4. NEF  T 0 
<".+.
3  $ 4"$
. 5 
 9$9 *: "
1 ! 6- *. ;-1-1.

"
" 2M. N  O# P
 O
"
OQ 
 :   '.V  )$ '+ 
J23 M2 U"& &  ,,  @6$ 23 W."
$@D$ @23 4@5
@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@ M@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@L.
@@@@@@@@@ 
<" ,@@@@@@@@@@+. @@@@@@@@@@$ @@@@@@@@@@ W=@@@@@@@@@@ W 4@@@@@@@@@. @@@@@@@@@@J"@@@@@@@@@@6
:/   ]3 B"2$ 4,= W P E
$ Processor P  `V$  Hard disk 
 .$

5

  ? =
>-*

 '()* ++, "# $ %   3445. %61 %./0 - #789 - =7<.

" :(,M
5 .,F  4, B ) ," U. 
"&$ 4<   , 
4.
 45 (4..)$= ,
/ ) 
..V

S:
-1 :T
& . " ) 6B+P & --( -2 . D"- e,  ) 45
   -3 .(f 6 / .
&.
B"@2
@ (RhF ) +F( "&$ 
. ,,F  T 0@ (R@ @,,F@ T@5 $ i
"@  @,@

@D$ U 
@ @ +"@2@ @ 
"@2
@ @ (R@ N@5 @,,F )@@ j
@ 
@=J @
 @I .@V @, @ @ )<"@,J @0 .
"2 .,F  4, k)D@ "M@
$ I .2$ I ('5 & 45
.V D3 &J) ,
(6@ '@6B 4@5 .@V@)"$ @ )@ @ 
@. .@V
" +. & (
 , 'm UB.5

 "-B* @ A-.

45I M$ " W.
& W
 o&J J6",
V ` ")$ ,   '&
 W
@V  4@5 @$1 "@@
&$ 4
& o&J
V  o&J + ` "< DD "&@ @  U@. f@2
"@2  4@+
 N@, 
"@2
1 
 N, "&   eJE& (R
V ")$  W :U.
V
 W
6$ -1 &
 -2 . We -3 .4+
",- 45&
.
 R ") F5 4+ -  p ,, U N2"$ (R  ,2V", 
 , 45"< CD < 4@5
= ]+
 /E 
" =ER 
",J 1@J W"/ 2)$ U. & @. @, $@e W$-@D$ i@J &"@,@
e
 N3P/m 0")$  )@ W@) (@& f@+."m@ &@= @B6= f@6J .@ @ N@2$ - -@ U-
$= 
 W D$ 
 U&
 D ("5 45 4,  0 T B5@V '@5 @ @L @, )"@ @ U@,

",J P "<.CD

  E$"#H G
9  CD : "
.
 =DDJ9
:T
3 .1 
",J "h- 45 $ ' J 
  , WDD<$ 45 
 "2 WDD<$ 45 (m-

. $.
@3 .2 "&@  U@@.<@  @@,@ @@ @5 - @@,) W@DD<$ 4@@5 - U@$ 4@@5"< (C@D U@@.
V", $ 
",J $ 'J6= WR
 ,) $0V= J$=
 & .&"J .  <(.
.3  U.  
V 
R+ WDD<$ 45 
. @ WR @ @ E)@ j& '@6 0 @) 4@
.@PF( @E
J "m- &".  U."6 
 45"<.CD
 .4 " , '&J 
& 
) 4. )= -&,( 
" WDD<"J .D & 5&,  .2 ,
< .,
 .5 6$ ` ' 2$  U./0- 
U. 
"2"  V <VJ P .F

",J J$ .6 
/  ,
".WDD<"J .D
.7 VJ .P U. 
& .) 5m ) ( WDD<$ 45 / /P &.

",J J$ .8 " WDD<$ 45 N  W" 3 .' 4"$ ',
.9m  2$ U.
& .  , " 
,$ 4" . D)$ 4I 
W. '
 '6 BJ +)J-
2$J +3 45 .2$&", 
'  W 
 U. f
& .  2 , .
K#L9 6-: *
) V. (W X"(!Q. , / :

$ T.m     W" U. 45 CmFJI &

 5 @@ W @m  @
&J@@r U @t

. ) T6  @ /@2M@J W@r+"3 @6 )$ 4@5 W@& @2e@<"@,- W 4@5 @ @DJ U@.)"$ @
e
=F 45 ,"&    W@")5 `D@ @$ - @3@ @ @&J (@B<J"M@ @ @ W'@ k)@P
WJ) '5D$ 'J (  )P= 
e  
.  /"m- @ 
 @,  @mv@ @ f
@V '@=w5@
W5 5 U. 
$ - 6J (R5 W$ , =/6   W. .W
" "'  # * V Y ,W \:Z[W V#

 N 4+J &"2$
 N@,@R  N@23 @ $ @ W@ R@+ @,
+@P 
@J .B @ N @&$ ( @Bm '@.
 ]@6$
"@$ U"3 ( B<J< @B " T B@J @ R+
@ w@J U$M@"5 @"J i
@  .@
&. @ N $@ @  4 @6

",J WDD<$ 45$ N$- )  WDD<$ 456$= 
J P' "
& WR W

 '5 x&$+"@,-
 (R$-   W&
" 45@R @J @1 6J@( )@ @ @ @6$ @tJ"@D( @ @hF 4@5

&. We 26$&
 R $ 6$ 'J , U  -
D$) 
&. k ...(& =P - '.V - ,@R(.

$ I
& .  +F  &
 =,6J '2+ &@' @ .&
J @<5 '@6 @ @P(  @ '@6
@)$ @I .@V
Bm 6 &J) .3=' B 
<" .(). +. Bm $ .D+ ,R J D$ U"3  U) .F
" ]  _ / "[ 2 `  aaQ X c "X

 45 (R 45 +rR 

D 1 45 "JI ,2 W$"&   5   0&
) W",, 
e"J 4 = =)( :4$v
&
 J )J =/(.  /"m-  J I &
 D3/ 45&
  1. " ""J (m N2 ,
  1 &$ - 3 w5 R   6 W( wJ ()= 45 .i"D
 $

 . @ @V &@ 4@5 .1 @t 

=@D
@V @ 4@D 

"@2 @ 4$M@R @D @( @

/"m   R5    ND

  R   / J) & , 6)",( R  @ @J @J) +@, 6)"@,( @R
  W.
 45 k$ -R   V+$  k R " /5 '$ RmM5 '".hR ' B, '@&J 4@5 ,,@ -
6)"2R ...F W  + =  $   "2 6"2 T.m   NL@ 4@5 @P @ U@@J 5
@@@@@@@W
@@@@@@@ /@@@@@@@mp @@@@@@@PF  @@@@@@@6= @@@@@@@ - @@@@@@@3 i @@@@@@@ @@@@@@@.@@@@@@@ W@@@@@@@+  @@@@@@@
5=@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ f
) 66=' k|$ W5
",J iJ {$ @ 
"@, 
"3 W=w5@ (R
@V @ @ o@&J<@ W)@P 4@5 @.
@ @
"@,J W5 ) @D  (@m U@.&@ . @ W@DD<$ 4@5@ E@. @ '@5& @ W@ '@+(  @+&
@.
 .B  W @663 @+$) W@"+r@  @.B @
&$
@ 
@.B 4@h } (@m @.B @ W @r @+$ @
0J @&$ @~ @& @&"$@ 
"@,J i@J W@0$ @ @ 
"@, W5 @h @ i@ @ (R
@V@5 .
f (R.B6

=NO "9 6-

 .  
 
F  "$ - ,  J - T 5 " 4,J R  
- T + " 
@ @" 4@,
  & 45 WR  T + 1 
" 
p )  , , 
& . ,(  @I@h1
 R+$ U. (R
F  J , B, ~<$ /5 T + 2) W6 5  C6"$ ('`.$ U. W.
 ], "$ ], T5 $
h .i
P"
 $
9 6-$

4m
 "&   +&
 )" ")$  63 B&$ 1 ))J &'( @")5 @&B
" (W.
& 6'@&J"  +`$ - $ -. eBm 5  =w5  ~<$ - 
 / J= 
0) W= W

 &  45 $,  f
$" 6$ - 5" @&J -
&@  @6@ @23 U@. t5
@ =@$ -@
 U. eBm WJ  ., J@"$ - @m @ .@2$@
F & 4@5@ @B @ U@ W "@,
 .B 
  
45 W.  f
 N, iJ &", E&$ -.W& i
 E$ CD"Q:A

45 .
&J 6$ -.1 f 6+"5 3" U. E.I-
$ - .2F W2+= T 
F ")$ , 2=1  N$ ]  T | . 4@5 
"@2$ /5 f6&
@
k "2$ U"3 |..
"$ - .3 45 
 - T5V 
+P w5   MBm & &$ W.&
  m.
.4

3/
J "2$ - .

.B$ - .5 ) W.
 P+$ U. (W6 5 L 45 -|.
.&$ .6P1  U. PF " 4= 6$ U"3 
MJ .663 ,

",J .7 J &", V " {|$ U"3 W$3/ '5
.W
.8  . W&  i

  * *  

6 ,
V h  +P R+$
F.
BB<
. 6
& ,.
 
2
  J=  R+" 4E
 
V  N23 R+$
V.
  $&
  +&  5 &
 

& /@ 4@5@  @ @.3 @3" R@+@2 @VJ
"  T5= .4E
/01    U.&
 Bm  
 V
.   T&$ Te .R+"J
4D6$) &0  Te6" J

&J B"m- / 3 45|    h .
&J4@5 @Pm
3 "  J  m 
    45 = 5
V @3 45@ @(  @5 @ @$ " @J@V
& ). VJ +.

D$"
 < B.< =,
 <",.
 M$ 
 

V
J <"2 "
  
 W |+ " J W  
V.

  5 
 32
 .' N, h ,
23
 ) +  V. 60 N,
.".

D
V  E$ 
V  VJ  32) T"M](.
" T")  T6"M] )
 k)D JF  
F ) U. T"J< E (.
" &J
 ) 6. +  P .  2
. 
.B.
"M   2  6  " J
+..+,
" &Jh1  R+$ U. 5 < =,&  +, 6  )
. "6JB j3 "65."6",
" NP &J< =,&   6. "M  ."65
"  3 D$ &J" 6. k.2 BB<
. 60 " $ U. T )  .'"$
" R+$ &J 5  6  j3"M] &JF 
 2..
"M   k.2$ 6 VJ
 .))D
"M  =   5 6  .ND
 =,m NP 6 "M  ~P +P < =,= 2
( V3<  VJ =,  <",J
E.
& Rm  < 
& =,"m- / V  60 &.6
"M  =,m 6 
J.
"$ &J 42 
F.
" k.2$  3 R+$ &J
F BB<
.  60.
" R+$ &J 5  
F M". 60] &JF  2
. 
.B.
" NP &J 
F Rm
&.
" R+$ &J
 F  k.2$ 5 BB<
. 60 M".] ")  T6@ @ W N@D @Pm 6"@,@ 5

 2.
" =,m NP &J
 V3< =,
J h &J.ND
" R+$ &J2 
F  5 " k.2 ND 
  ")  h  T6
F "M] ) .
" &J5 3  6  
= k)P VJ 4
J  ,60 U. ., 20 W
,
" R+$ &J 5 ~6,F
 @ @ ") @2 @ T@6  ~6@2 3 f6"@, '@5 @ 
@ &J@ @ )$
  .
" k.2$ R+$ &J ~62
@ @ @ @ |@ " k.@2@ +$ k@2$) @ 4@5
@  ))@D @5) @

 U. k2   3 4, 
 | "M  
 )"5 4@5@ 
". ~6@2  )@D @eJ@P 
@B
BB<
. 60 U2$ -") /,  T6
 F . = R+$ 2
J mJ k
2 
.k)P VJ U
"2,M$ R+$ &J "
   eJ )D"~ L  <.
" =,m NP &J ~6,F"M  = " V3 
 N,
J h.
R U"3 ~62 j3 mF 
 4
 
. B
  D   W. '", '.D+$& 5 (R+$ +h 
&. W .+
 U.
 
V 45 23 .3
 
F 
R+  U..&B
 U.
  
e& <BB  R J23 (R+$ ",  R+$&
  U."
   &$(  .

 6 
 /m  3&
 
&J5 V D.<"2 
p 
R+ . &5 
<"@P "@ @D @&5 @

 W.$
F.
 U.
 
 V
. 4 "5  
F 5 
R+  
 
V 6$   3 ]@6B
& @
L  " . "2 j)J W
 3 45" R+"J mM
V.
 U.
 "M  E$ R+$
F  = ) $ 4E mM$ '.&
 $ U. .mM$
U2 -
  .2$ '.   .3 3&
 
. 
V  U.
V.
&$ 
 
   R+h1    " T2
 
"2,  mM$
V 3 J &P
.R+"J
U2 -
 
 R+ & ) MBm R+"J  ' N.P '/m
.

 

 '. R+ ,
 EJ =     t2  2  $ @ @)$ @ @ @ @|$

FJ
  '.& R+$ P+"J .
F .J

 
 R+ , P  '."E 0JM W
$ j3 'JD=' "&     "2 f J3
 .'.B
23 U2$ -
&  .&
 h 5 + R+"J  &$ "
4 , &
 @ @ 5  @2
" J , R+$&
.
 I  r   & 5  J R+$ + " '. T   = @5& W@ U&
@ 
@ L
@
 3 "&  . L "  W.$  2J
 .&$ W. N,` x")  " &" 4& . &
  W 5 L ") 2"D.

 "QTU
. W 1N
@" /"@, F @ @ 
@2 "@ '@&B '@ JF @ @ 4@5 W@ @  @ .
t@2 @" @ J 
.@2$
V",-.
"   =6 h",  & "JI  )$F 45 J .f
   .2$F 6
. /I  .2$ |) U|"6
J P     
   .
 W
6
R 45
)|   F 
E $3 &J  - 6  J 6 / 
E $&

WR   N
) '. 5  = 45 '
.2$&
4=  . V$ }-  T5 '5/m
 R $ '5
.2$
 2"3-  &
..
.@2
@ @6
. /@I = @
 @ @2 @, 
&
 @ e@V=1" .@D+< @.
&J @P= <@2@@ 5

+P   <2
.J 
&. 6&J 65
 U R |) 45" .20"3- /  U. 5)
.
= 4
 N.P
 
.

TNXD A-..
=:
 
 V
.  $   3  Pm V "$' .C<V

:"L
= '2+
 C< 
5 W    
"2$ ='  W
V ] F 
 W " W@  46F 
@'
 1  
.
"2
 :
 

 
J V
. 45` $ N J h 6 
$ .
@
.:
4 


D
4. 5V" R+ 4  4. J
6 '"2= RmM
 @)$ @' 4@5& @6 @
 @ @6
@6
  V",- 
] 
D 
V  4." R+R J.
1 ":-
h' 
6- 
"&@ @  R@+$ 4@.
@V @ 
@@h W @ 4
) @,@3 @m
@ @ @ @V",-

 W  h .
1 >":O
6 " 
6  42e] ' V",/ .J6 '+P 
 W "  h6
. 5 . 42e
6

)  Y$ 
>:N-D
)  Y$:
 R+$ =J k&
  )$ 
 . 3" @ +@DJ R+@J @.
&. .@h@ @
 @ )$
@ @
 U@DF
" R+  " & &  B<. "  R+ @" @J '@5  = @ @
F 
<" @+.@$ @VJ @& .m
@ 4@WR
  " .2"J- 4eR $ @' @"5 " .@2@ 4e@ @ &@
@ @ )$@  4@E"R@+$ @= 4.@D+

V.
)  Y
>:N-D
   4E"J 4.D+ 
 , Te" R+ "  +P I/I , k " 65 =  
F:
 6DW:
"< {B
2 "R+ " (  J " R+ ) U.  = N2=' < B"+J "", 4 &
 F 
.
E  
&. ~ $  45) D  .
 p .J .|mF
 6D:!L

45 p
 N23 2
 4.&+ 3" R+6$ &
 Bm '@$
@@ p .@J  4@6$@@hwJ W 
@ 
R@+
@@@@@ WR @@@@@ " @@@@@~  @@@@@.&+ @@@@@ mM@@@@@$ @@@@@ " @@@@@ @@@@@ F 

@@@@@B @@@@@ B @@@@@e&/@@@@@B.

 6D:ZL
"  5 " mM "  4@5  6@ @J @
F 
<" @+.@ @1 /@ "@5 4@5/ 
@
@ @. @$
"& / " D 4+$-  J .0F WR"/3  E  @&$ @ @$ @, 
+@P
@@ p
.J .
3F
O  #U
.  
E E 
  R$ N 4
 "(  W. N -:4$v
5
V
"' 5  4, 4 4m& '5 
 '.
&$ 5 J 
V = "'.
& 5 
 V
..
& 5
" NV",- 
V  4.
V.
) D  <2= 4.  .
<BB 
&
  .eV=1
) D  4. "
 

 '. T5
 WV",-.
& '5 
6
 V
..
) D  P 4.  $ Cm <V
. P.
/0- 
.&$ 4.   ."  J
V.
YYO *  
$>9  = "N
'5& o ($
V ($..6
o D$ , V
.  
<BB  . .
D '5& o 
( R <"2, V
..
D '5& o J.
  )$ o   2 
V
. f 3&6.
  )$ o  3
V.
 )$ o 
" N< WJ", 3&
 =5.
 )$ o  V$
.
0 M$ o  m <  
 .
  )$ o "

&..
2  )$ o  +D
&
.

  )$ o $=  V$).+

T9 A->- ">D$
 

 & 4B W 4
2 +D
&
   1  V
.  @ .@ 

@ U@B& - 4@5@ (R)@ @



  R<"$
& +P 4$v:
2 o  /J 4.D.
2 o  T B.42e
2 o   +P  .W N
2 o  
=.
o - 'B6= RmM$3 4J R W.  
V  "'   3/=' h $  "JI B6 6= |+B6
F   "2 .. 'J

.   OY-! A-A-#

 V", C)5
 |
 /,
V )2 "m = ,,F N23< B ":
C)5 o"    J60 , " J".
&J IM"$  4  , 
J 6J '  
 ,   @
 3 45 6B
. 6
V .
W
,  )$ o60 N, " J
<" 
J +.="V 65
$  , =" .,
o) D  U. 6B " J m  6$ P &B
= J< .)"J WR
&
4.
&"
.

 o ,
 e J". ..)$=  
(  5 ,)$ $

"& & 45 
,.

 o , k2E= 
. h/F  R+$ , 
  '.mB 
 '.
o@R
@ +"@,- @ @h",1 <J @P @,@$ 
@V 
@ @ @
1 @"J 
@ '@$'$-
&"@,
 6J2"` "0 4   '. f.   e f .
 U. IM$  WR 
 ]&J".R+
 ,O 6
"A
&J/", 
 1 .  &
 5 45"m J$"  5&
 ],M" J  kB, 
)$"{`@|. J
  2 & 
3p  &  .6$ @3 J " @ @. 2@, / /@0 " 2@ "@ @ f@I @ @
)$
J$"  ],M ]+= 45 ~."<$
   mv
@ =@ @$ -  @2 U@. 
@ T @3@@2. @
 N@ WR
"m " 45 J   45
 |
 
$ )P"m-  . .

T9 HJ   
 ,^ A
 
6 
&J WV
  )$ "  V
 +<. f V 
6  )"' 
  , .3&
  
{ f
,  3 0 " = @
 @5 @2 &@J "@ "@, 4 @ (R
@ U@"3@ "  @V @ N
"+ " T0  V) +
.6"2  @J$F@
@ "@3 4@5  @V 
3@2 "@ 4<"@, @ @Dm
`h  N23 T 0   45 k Cm-`h  T B 45F < 45
 ' 3 @  @V$ @ Nf
@,F
"h  '" 
3 WV - U"3 . " N.B W&'  45 ` UB " &B6J '"B`$  @
6 <@ @2)"2@$
(R  V$ 45 6 B) 

  .0 U. f
,F< NV@ =" 4 E".=@ @ @  U@. @t@P
J+$ 
&. 2 U"3  h 10 'P .'),
   V$  U  {E$ "  @V
@E 
@ " @ @3
"<
 "+ &J
 '$$ "  V 4B @V @"-  @B. N@=J '@P@
F 
@.B =@
@ @
  +P U. 
 , 50 W
,@ 2" " 1 
J 
/"@,/ @3/ @ J@+$ @2 @" 2 @ @ E -

 "&".T

 O
_U- > A-U  $N A

6 
<$J W 1 / " P
(  U
 N2")$" @6+= U. .P
@@3 U@"3 W 
@ @ @ @
D &J 6 
  
(   , m 0 /P $ ) 5 ]J  6+= U.
6.
O "

$ o    $|+< 45

.B  3 WR ,,F m` 2 U"3 B3.
N o W$" J
&  3 ,,F m
= D$ U"3 4 U    5 E.   U.
60  , 40:25 W
2J W.
N o "  J 45 ,,F  45 
6
 &J".
N o"M  |` =  &B  th
 & J .
o   2   2  U. F  4&B.' 3  U. (IM$ U
! ":

V$
  =F 
<" +.:$v
J m
.U
3 
.U
) Te 3F 
32  &,"< T.
.N,
"a ":
 = $) + 4J 6$ J$Fm U 
 .
 J$MJ<  U2"3 .'+$
M".  
. J f
$ " 
 "m  WR "m- "m   .
&
J 4.
$

" A->- 0XJ

 5 Ac 1 O d  e* W"4 e
- T9:93
= 
< {B= 4eV &
.

< {B
&
 
< {BR   26$ W
  j3<"@,- 
@  @ 'B@2 4@.
M@V @] 4e@V=1
 +,
.tV
6JB N -
F  
&
. 4eV=1  & &"  Jp .WJV
6JB =I= .  
< {B
&
. 4eV=1.
I 
 0 6,  45
&
.
 N@, '@@3/ @ .@2 
&"@  '@. @ @@  @@, 30 @
e @
e6 @, 15 @+$ @@@23 W@. N @@
 23 -+$ . 4. & '5
32
J .B N, 6JB 2
 .2 .
45
<BB 
&
  JF N23 4. ,6 ~."<$<", 4&
J   j3  ~."<  ]e&  J
`  J 
B)
  
& +."< - 45` 45 N.$+$
45
<BB eV=1  (R & :4$v
 B 4& YE .5 2 
4&$ (R5 5Y12 . ]
m, . 12 B  3
 4& Y E |  B.2
 4&
J  4&$ @ E 
4&$ 5Y8@M . ]
m, .4 0 "   8 B

R 453 . 4B ,F ] =.5D

&. E )J C
 B EJV 
 T.BEJ .D"m  4&
.E.=- .
..
 3 .J W2
$ '5&  W J- -
h ($  3 .
h 
 . = "6JB
45 $  L3 .   ) "  3".k.2
 A;N* A-.*9.1

3 .  $,6 (A0-A1-A2-A3-A4-A5) ,6 Bm " J 

3+ $ 6 0" J&  
,
3 . 3/BP-  
. 
&
 .
;N *A-.
.1)(m
A0
0.841x1.189
A1
0.594x0.841
A2
0.420x0.594
A3
0.297x0.420
A4
0.297x0.210
A5
0.148x0.210

A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
0.297
0.841

0.594
0.420
1.189
0.841
0.594
0.420
0.210

10

 A1X;N ^!$ A-A

(R&
 
 .   3V 3 & 4 4= 4 f 3F /5 R+"J
1J 0  @ W@ @`"J
" 
@D
&
@@ @@ @ @@ @@ )@@ 4@5 @@`$" 
@@D 4e@@V=1
@ R@@+"J f@@3 . e@@V=1 ~6@@, N@@P @&J@@
F 4" f+V=R+= 4 45 $  '= .J
&
 (R 3
V "$":4$vJ TJB
&
&  &$ m} '5 = 4eV 6JB  
&
  .4eV=1
 `$ '3/ 
F.
 '3/ )"5 JF.
 '3/= . .

9 A!."J tJ

.

&"    .
&", < =@,& @ 4@5 Plain Concrete"@ @ @3 4@ U@+ @ @& 4@5 f.
&"@,
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@=  .@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@V$  @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@2 =@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ R@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@+$  @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
&J@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@$ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@J  .B@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@2J
< =, .< 4     = @ @ @ @ @ @) {E  @2 @2@3F( @ f
@,1@5

 
 .  B.m Wh '.
 U
2$ J W,
$ .
 "$<.=,
"; ! UH A!."J "O

 A!."JX:A:
U< ')  =, 5
    ') U"3 WV"J- 4e.J E
"$="  "= V". ".J 
@ 
@
& p
$ .V  6 N 
$ U  .=,<.
 A!."J"QJ:
U< h &J =,"J- 4e &J U"3"+J WV E @$ @ (R<@ +&@ =@, @] @ 6@ @S
<  N"$ -  &.   & ".. IM
 A!."J
ND:
U< =,".D$ 4 "6 f2 
)$ B"2$
3F F  &  . @
)$ B"@2$@  @

 e
).J B

"  A!."J:ATN

@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@  @@@@@@@@@|= @@@@@@@@@V) @@@@@@@@@ ")
@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@  @@@@@@@@@V 
@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@ |@@@@@@@@@`{ =@@@@@@@@@,<5.'@@@@@@@@@J @@@@@@@@.+
6@@@@@@@ @ <@@@@@@@@@2$ @@@@@@@@@V. =@@@@@@@@@, 6 @@@@@@@@@ 100/1 @@@@@@@@@ 6$"@@@@@@@@@  @@@@@@@@@ 3 @@@@@@@@@|= WR@@@@@@@@@ {`@@@@@@@@@|.".k.@@@@@@@@@2
6 `{ < =, 4@,F @ @
 @ @&$ 4
6@ @, @h @ C @$ {J6 @ @2@ |@`{ @U
& 45 4,,F" 
D".R+

1 0u4 e A!."J #

H  G$0uQ

11

@@@@@@6 4@@@@@@' @@@@@@`{ &@@@@@@ U=@@@@@@,m N@@@@@@&J( "@@@@@@ @@@@@@, 151515@@@@@@"m( @@@@@@ 28 @@@@@@&J @@@@@@ N@@@@@@P<=@@@@@@,
Bm "m-:
& 6 ND= (1  <  45 =, NP N
&.
6  )$ " (2' |`{ 
" / B, & 7 &J  =)
U"3 . 2= (  ]6|`{ 
" /. B, &.
28 &J (3 " 2$/ &  =) 
3 2
" . {,
  A!."J!*O

< P"  &$ 4 ")) J 0 

(  B.<.< =," J ] 45.
!  A!."J
v1 ):

"
MJ E < @J ] =,=@' <"@2$ WR@ '@5 4@5
@V " @ @."@ @ 
3 @V 0<"@2$ @ 4@5 WR 6@

+& ).2" k.2 U.
 <", E   5<). =, 
4. +L.
v1 :GND

<"2 45
V " . 6 ,,F  <", E  .
v1 N:

@@$ < .@@, @  '@@5 =@@,)@@ @@<"@@2$ WR @@

 4@@5=@@ @@V=1 < =@@,
B@@, " ).@@2 @@+"k.@@2
=<"2 E  .
v1 :N#

$ < =,  U.)@ R @.

 @MJ @$@ <"@2 W '<"@2
@6 
"@ e @" <"@, @ W@
&'   E f
,F = '2
.
v1 :

 5 <"2= 4  6 
 N 4e  5 J =- .,  6e5"..
 ,9 e->-  GD>T *-NO

 U"M  $ 5 
/  D.<  =, 45.ND
"  V$
45F 
 , N$"J
 N," .6= 2$ 4 U .ND
:/
 "   V 6 BJ
 D  45 .
+P 
5
V :f
,F  U. @ Vm( @ @ @ 
3 4@5 @J 0@ F 
@B @ N <"@2 - 4@5
@
< =@,
).@2 @J f
@, @"$ @3 '@J ".@D "@ |@ ' @V$ U@. U@ @ @h @I/I . @. @60

D 5 <", ", &J f
,F h &J"M  . '"/,
  :  U. += .P&J  
B  .I .
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@1 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@2` :{E@@@@@@@@@@@@@@  @@@@@@@@@@@@@@V '@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Ne @@@@@@@@@@@@@@V  U@@@@@@@@@@@@@@.@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ =@@@@@@@@@@@@@@,m .@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Vm

 : 
"-  U.  D 3 Vm  @B=
@ `@  E@<$ 4
@  @  4@5 6@2 4@5 N@D@ @D$ -.
51 45 +)$ :  45 3 ` 5  &J J 0 &h ]
V
h $ 
 U"&
. <@P
 J 3 U..

12

 + V
" o"m = V 
h) .
&. N,   h - h - 6E .(N.P
$ o V   "")
 < =,
3F ) I .ND
N o  E$$ eV   U. ."JI
o $  62$ 
 
) N   U=.<.=,
{J$ N o@ @. I@$ - j@)J Ee@D @65F3 @ @$@ &
@ 
&@ `@D @ {`@ WR @
-$   $
& 
45 <"2&
.
$ o kB,+ <
J V  h ND 
 "D VmF 
 <.{.
N o 2 3 I$ - j)J 
&."  U.&J h  3".k.2
|+ o  =<$ kB, J D+$ 6 N,F.
N o ~$+     &J m , " k.2 NP<h =, wJ W J$F/|+

" <",J W 
  
|` .
"$ e->-  GD
|+ :f
,F ")$  < U. =,  h  k)P f
,F &
J k
2 - )J f
,F3 U5

&", f
,F N Ne2 J f
,F.
6 : DJ )J  T  N D J T  .W  U E 3 45 ="  J 0  .U5

F eV=1  |+  J.

6 : ".J  .J  N 45 Rm"-
 
 
)"
   45.
dc
= <E. :{. {.m< = =, 45
 {.m J 45  /m ) {@.m B @ E
@ 4@5 @V@ @V
{.< N& " 10 &, J k 5= 6< 45  
J =, P V( < N@& @" 0.75 '&,   0/ @f
|  D6 < {.< =,  " 
J W 65
 V",- V
. U5 (R) " < N@.6"J {@.
@ @.6$
 N2J

P  "2 .0 U. J .B J B, E. {.m  f
,F  @ 
@ /@I U@. N@.6
&5  U.| I F 
 $  6J 
.B  B.<. 
"2" N.6< ]="$ U"3 {.< =  B. .
 < N :{. 6 - <  {. &J "6 f
,F  6 - 63 &J 5
 .U"3 W
kD< 45 ]=" {. .  6    @ @,<@/ @  @2
)@ @' @) - U@"3 =@D+ 4@3
N - WR   <  {. ]+ Te. N2
 1 A
E. NP<
$ &J =, h B.m   N$=D+  = U. $  E$ -
@ @ J@@ 5 < {@.N@P
< 30 U. =, 45 6 & 20 45 6 ) "   | 40 U 45 6 &@ 304@5 @6
 )  E.", F @ @"+ E@. '@=w5 6J@2 @/@ 5  @ W@V.<  @&J {@. @65
@ @V",-
V
.  ~$ - U"3 W< =, )  h"J e 45 Pm@F )@ @) - U@"3 /@P 54@5 @P
< =,
.J D
)O G ;
Y  A!."JNx  .1  G; yNO 1 A:" ;) e :N
6= o< kB, U. =,F <",J  6 ] J  & J.6
6= o< "2 U. =,   5J W 6 ] <",J  =.x
6= o< "2 U. =, f)$F J W<",J J   .e 45=. NJ
<|   3 -&
J Concrete Pump =,<. <" 3  N,"$ +.
V ) k (7h3 
|<
BJ (8h) k 
J   6$ " 42<", 
|< =,m NP 45 3  . +$<U. =,

P .0  .6 t0 $       B.m +$  U. .B
$ &J - = 6< B..6J2

13

DG
)" GO @;
a- A-93x A-NO:GD
NP 3 45 o) {e
F "" 4  /5 " 2.5 +$ J P-+$ @h @
 N 4@5  @3=@N
M@J @ @ @ W<=@, U. N6+$ " 2.5   E$ - "  @ ND@ (R@)"+ @.+6$ "@ j@3
=.
0/J NP 3 45 o J =,m V+$   U 60 U. ND$ " 
,  40., 50 U
E. o   )$ 6  N@D @ = kB@,@0/J) N@D
@ 
@( @J @ 6@2  .N@D `@ 4 @
6  45 NDF " 4 E @)=- @2 +@P .@
 @
 @MJ @@$ U kB@,<@ = @ =@,
45 Vm /0/ 
 45 Vm 65
F . @|+ -@~  @ N@D
0@6"@@ 4 @ @C
 e ND
.
45 N o  T0  6B ND  NDJ
  I 2e
 =  I.~6,F

A:"T 36 ,O 
A} A:~ )" GO @;

a- :A-93
 V$ .$.1    `D
  $  <",J hh (.
.2  P 45 e, f
,F N '=w5=  < 
J  &hF 2 ]
V  45 "5 f)$
 +6,(.
 .3 
  {.m 45 '
&",<<",J =,  . MJ .,m.
.4 <0/  <
J  &hF 2 ]
V B`$)  6BJ .<  x
J h.
.5  6  (
J Nh ND .
A A!."H yNO GD
` 4 " kB,< =, Vm 
6 "2 L @  @ ~@ '@. N@D @J$F @E @ @L
"
 W@,
@
~  3" I W., h+J k.2 kB,< =, 4= '. ND f
,F |+   kB,< =,
6

J ) U. 
&$ $ < =,  
6< =,) .
NP< =," 4` :.60 U. ND  ..-+$ )J UD  " 3<", o+< f
,) WR

   , m< /m 

$ =,  
  < o+ ).
_ G KT9 A!."J
"a : O  GD KT9 A!."J *:
1 '6 06 )"
 (:
ND$ 5</m  =,  
" ,
J D B  10 D$ , 15 U U6 
.B N@P<=@,
 j)J '. U 53
 ,  $ .+2 45 20L< B.< U. =, 5$
 , @I @&
J N@D k
@2 -
<J <  B.
 , 2"$ - U"3 
( J..m
2  '6 0<:=,
6 B  B$ U6 ND$ j3<  T 0  |J =,
 ,  U  .ND
14

3 e1"a:

    " h U. /B"2 B,=   3 "+ U.E  J +, k"+. .J J`p
.T.
 =,<J `  6BJ ')B, UB
6 
E I
V 45 T5J
  U"3  ND + . 5 I
4 e1"a" 
) 6:
M&$V J f
,FJ 6) I J U=. B,= "
$ NJ U + 5 j3 f
,F
 m + ) )'.
 t+L 3 J .
5 '6 0 <:=,
" 5 =,m   ) 45 (.+.+ ) (   &,   6$ N& " 3 {J$F
 $ I  45  +P 45 ND " BJ
 J 3 45 ) $ j)J {e F 45  " .3 "
,
"..m
=
`  
. W .6$+L  + m< =,"M  
$ =2 < B.< 3 =,  3"k.2
  
$ N6 U
 2 
.B .0  W:4
 W
4= W
| NW
E '.m E + E .')B,
P (10h) k 
J E = 4JJ 
& 4.m (11@h) k@ 
J <"@, @E 4@5@ W< .=@,
  W    U. C
&",  e,
= ` 4 6 CD<" C<h WJ' m 4@5@N@ .W

",- 45@m 4@" U"3 W @65@ @60 @$ @ @ @6 U@. f
@,F kB@2@ =@,<. 4e-
@&J W@J k
@2@ N@2 '@=F W|@ k  Bleeding ~@ E
@ `@@ 4 
@] @E @ @ 3 4.m" k.@2@I @.W
 U N2" -MJ W 3  3F   .6.< =, P TJ2 3E3, " .@= @ k.@2
@ @k
) 11 4.h ) (12 =   < =,I  = j3 ND< 45 =, D F 2= 5 U")$ @ U<"@,
E 
= 4"  = = 
J .2 < 45 =, D =     2 @.& @ J2=-@")$ - @
J @U
<", E.

G-X
& . D). &0 kB2 
& kB, U. = @<"@,J W @  "@2 kB@,@2. &
@ @+ < @P@
$  /JF "2,1  =".

 E$+ +J D). & P  U3 kB, U.='   U).

 

 
  ,   , e  0 U. V 
 ).Te

 | {V
$< =, r   J "  45 L W
 .3<|  <.=,

15

 &J  .3) ND< =,<|(

e)$ .:A!."J
6 < {`|. =, 
"36" @+ 
@ @I E@ @
3 @
J  @@VJ f @$ @ @M

",- " +
 J
 f
@,F@ @+)J W@ &@  @ @, @J 0 @ 
@ @ "<@ 
&@.

D"mJ :T 0  "$
.1   <$ < "B`"J =, VL 
&J 2 + .<". &= 60
.2  5
 
",J   o &".
 R "<.
 

45 .
&"2
&:
.1
.
.2< x
.N0
.3 VLF
=& 2".  ~e+ : W",/ 
= "2 
.
 .4 5 
& "2 , U. 
&$ 4 <.=,
 .5 m    4&B"  x6=V < NV .
0 
&  :
.1`
 
J J h U. ) 45 kB,F 65FF(.
.2 
J ) +3 kB2  J 0    
2 ' +J(.
.3"` x<J B.N0
.4"` ~e+.J B
=& "2 
.
.5
& 
&",J 
 
  )&  J 0.2(.
.6
& <J:
 {` f)$ )`{  ( `"2$  )., (16 - 10 4 {` f)$`"2$  7, 8 U.
& <J <"2$ =D 45< =,E 6& .
 U  +. $  U .
 45 21 ".D
,S  "=1 V N$ "<  EB.m 
 45 +$ )"    E"5 .
6@ @2= @6$@
=- @$
6 " . U..

. A>" :

@  @ N=@|6 N@P @J< =@, W@5@V U@. ~@ "$@ )@ @0 )@ =@ f
@,F
<"@2
., 
& )
 R &", ' 
 @&J MV .W@+ "@V @ "@ -@3 W@+ m@$ @h @V$

2 L .J  N &"$ - </ =,"E D @I  .W@+ @3 U@5
&"@, J f
@,@=/$
 
5 + V < &J V  6$ - 6:$v
.1 = N
F 
&  6 `{ ) , 24 &J 5 
{65  N23 U.)- :$v

16

 
F " 4 +$  :" 3
* ' 3    15 W+$V &J  /I .
* ' 3  15 J 20 /I &J W+$ .
* ' 3  5 20' ., 24 &J W+$

F " 4 +$  :" 3
* ' 3    W+$ 15V &J  J .
* ' 3  15 J 20' &J W+$ J .
* ' 3  5 20' ., 48 &J W+$
.2
 0/  &J = 2 2 + j3 = 0 )J
 ) @6$ - j@)J ."
@J 0/. `PF
@ @
,.
.3  &J J = 4 2 + j3 = J  6$ - j)J ."
J U J
  ,.
$  .4 + 
3F .3 Ee  5
 3 45 TJBR )
@  TJ@B"@ j @3 4 @ /@5 N@D W@5
 6 e &J -=|6   28<$  50"3- " 
|$ 4$  6 U. e 
)"$6IF MJ . @&J
"M  6 < 28 &J =,  "hJ f50 
V.
3 45 .5
&", J f
,=/$  L 45)- " 5 o+<$ 4 )  15  N5  t)R
W5 M$+ V < V  51J , U
 
V  .
: .
" d- -#:


"V" :U.
 E e   +  "& xV ~$ kB2<.=,<. 4
 6 0  +:
" ~$ &  
= @ |@&~ @.$ @+ @
J @+$ @$ @=
J f
@,F@ @J 1:1 @2J
=  ND$" 
 =  f
, @J 3:1 2J @$ j@)J @J  kB@, @ /@.< =@,@"$ @ @,2
2 I  6$  U. kB2 kB2
){ |+ ) .'J<",  =  h  45 (R
F(.
 &  kB2<BJ ""5 4   :
.1
.2
.3
.4

~$ kB2<<",J 4 < x

= ` f
,FJ
 W  6 `D B kB,<  =,
"=].
`.f
,FJ 2
 :V0BJ W =   60 f
,F   kB, U.<.=,
 )
J : =   60 
&J W f
,F {V
$ I , 2:1 W
2J .&$
 (   !
"  23

<  E 
 =,    `D 6P-:U
2$
 =,m  :  3  f.m".k.2
|J =,m : 5 3 2)  V ) .{E
: 5 =,m <", 5 {E.`D
:).2 =,m ,MJ  3".k.2
 .f
,F 
3 =,m : 5 f<",)
 J
=,m/J f)$ :  F.4
 =,m : 

). f. .kB2

17

 :+& =,m 5 

&", .~+m
:Pm =,m $5 +P 5 .Pm
(  !6W
3   =,<. $ " 4.
. $ = 4
 J 
)$ 4&$ 4
6 J " 4. J ',6 = .$
:" "
 NN ,9-! 20 A!."H
@") =,m 4 
"@ 
&@ N@ 200@ @ N@&
. @.
)$ =@,m 4 . @J @ @ $ @= 20 4@,6<"@2$ 4@5
< =@@@@@@@,& @@@@@@@ <"@@@@@@@2$ +@@@@@@@,@@@@@@@6B &@@@@@@@ &
@@@@@@@ 
 N@@@@@@@,/@@@@@@@.

@@@@@@@ '@@@@@@@h5 @@@@@@@5
:" "
 NN ,9-! 40-35-30 A!."H
o@@<"@@2$ =@@,m 4 @@
F < =@@,
6. ).@@2@@ @@
F ~6@@,F
@@ @@ @@ 4@@. @@
)$
@@" 4@@.
 @@J
)
 J ',6 = .$
o6$
' "
J f
,1
& N 
 4 $<| =, .J ',6 10 45 J  "
.
&.N

 \ V (  * .  Qc

$ 
. .2$ &J NDV < V" k.2 U
   
  V"J ND
   {E f
,F/
 .
&.
 
( / @ WR @2)"2 @6$
@ 
@ /@ @ @ @ &@ 
@| ~6@2 @ " @~
 4e+  6$ 6 0
 $ N233 
&- :$v
& N kB2 = ~62 W
, ~62 N& + ~62 2{.
& N kB2 = ~62 {, " + '
, ~62
 
 "
  {, 0 BJ  .~62
& N kB2 = ~62 , J6 45 '
, , 15 ~62{ 
.
& N N& = ~62 ~62
 
R 45
U. ' % 5 + 2 6"3/ F.

 2"3 & N0/ 
 = 0.14/3  4 0
  U.
& N,,F 0/ 
 = 0.1/35 3  
.U
& N
F 

=,m = .%31 k " (RJ  6 4 6$ 6 B ,` @' @
 @ ~@ $
 /
.B R Wh /J 45 C6=  |5

| L $' 4@5
&
 | -  
 
. = V
/m '3 &
.
  A!."JN A
Q:ATN
51 : 4   $  N @ @|$  =@,<.@I < @Pm @2)" {@. @ @ @m <@B.
< .=,E@ J2  @ @ N@,"$@LF 
"@.B @ @, @ E$@ J@B) B@, < {@.
 @ E
 =D< =,
621 < {.
& 4 B$ <"@, 
|@5 M5 @P 4@5 f@.m @B @/ " @.6@ W
 D).  = U.  .


| =,<. 5 4" $ 4 /m  = < B.< =,
 =   f
@,@ 
@ @|$ @U
 <  B. &J< @m @eB1 {@. @r 4@5 @J .B &
@M@J @
. @ @ @|$ @ @&J @ @ E
)  , 66V". < =, L @ 
@V < @$ j@)J =@, 
@ 
@ 
|@@60 +@D =@,<. 5

.+P F  .aci committee 212
 (R51 | @ N@ WR 
&"@, 4@5 -)@- |@  @
.&$ N@23 @V 
&@D @MJ
@.
) 
"-  m 2)$ U. < $=   &"J =,.2e

18

 `  
.
&  =,<. 
)@ @ @2= U@. @5 < {@.@R |@ @ @B.m @ =@,<. @ @E
"5 U
2$ 
& .
 
"2$ U"3 f
,FR 
) U. 5 3 <  =, &@  @ U@.@
"..D
 "$
& kB, B`"J<  6BJ =,  B
 . D)J x<J /@0 kB@,< =@,
&@
 =MJ .  /B ~ h  R+ L 60 
. )  L R /B @ 6"@V  (W"@,/@$ @ @L
(RB   `$ U kB,<.=,
 B )  ) +
  "<@ @"5 @B`"J @ @6BJ kB@2@ 5 "@  @ @L
@
. R@+ .@
|5
"|$ 4  U<`J =, 
& .   2.
)(  :%
 N T6)$

| 5  V :4
)p 66 < 4=,
.B.
 N $ "D  "~.
 N $ - |  B.<.< =, 
.U
 N  -  N2= U. IM$<.{.

 gh
 &$ 5: accelerators WV


 (R 51 D6$  6$ j3 WV &J<3  WV$ =, F 
$  $ &Jh ND.
: etarders WV. tB 5
4" 6$ 4 BJwJ r 45 f
,p WV F ) 6$ & .6"J =

6.
  5 ( .6$<: (w.r.a) water reducing agent {.
(R
 6  6$ U. 
&$ `|=- `V". .J 4B&$ .6$
 I  f
,F 6@ |@`{ `@V". @.J6
|  45/$ 45 E L
.B 45
 
 I < {. 45 ND
 <"@2$ 
@ N@P 4@5@,,F 4@5
3+$  2 
(  5 6, BF.
 5 | : anti bacterial admixtures  ".
<"2$ (R 45 51< =,F =,m ) {e" 5  $ 4" @ "@ @ N@2$ 4"@ .@ 5@ (R
@
 U =  = w5 f
,F f
,F U
2 $| f
,  . ". (R51 $ $ E 
@ @V
) e.  6"  &) +e 
 (  J <"2 R =,m 
 45 f
,FF )@ {e
@3F  3@2 @@  =@D@@F  @+3 =@D
@@M - 5@@1J '@5/m @+) f
@@,FF@@ @ @@&5
"  '=w5 | ) +F  " o&J &+J
3F.
 5 
) : air entraining agent
 
{.<J .
 &  @ (R 5@1@ U< @B.< @
 "@5 =@,@ @ @6+   @eJ @,
"
 "  kB, U.< I"5 B. (R6+  U.< =,B@ @ @.J j@3" `@V|@ |@ U@. I@$
< =,
".D  j3"
 +   45 IM$  
"= ")
 2$ ~@+<$ 45 
 M@V
@.=@ <"@2$
45B 
 eB < =,<) ++ +(.
5 ) 6<: flexin =,
 4 45 6)$< =,
3 45 ).2 66V$  45E 
 U Pm" f)$ 4F 
&@ @J 0.
6$ j)J (R
 
6 " IM" = 4 
)"$ ) & ,+ &J<",- .,
 5 "  : bitumene

(R
   
3 45
V  
I <  J 0BF 
(  5 45/" W/F  ".
 5
 
: coloured concrete admixtures =,<. = .

o&J N.B"$
F 
&
  $ < =, . kB, E@. WR @ @ 5  @B.<. @= ."@@60 @ N@D$ 4
 kB, U. 6< .=, (R51  @  @=& @,@ @m " J@V "@V @5 @$ @.m
@e

19

 `$ =  "& &hF|$ ]

V 
 
B.<. = ." N.B"$ 4 $ < =@, @. kB@, @Pm
 =,<.&    4=I ". 2
 E 2  2.

" gh !

"$  51 " 
V  B V=1 45E  
 3:
@ :5 < 2)$ :=, E  .=,<. 5
: -!x5 
= : Admixture for Mortar "
,F
 E  $  2)$ $+P
 - " D
2J <", `@P E@&. ) 4@5
@= - 4 @,."
@,
60 p  ,- -&E .(2
:Lx=
  +: Joints sealant and covers P

$ P5 U.  $ 5 P=` eV t&$ ,E @ (R + @P @ @" 
3 @J 0 @J$F)@V j@3
P<J E
"$D"- 
= & )
$ =
(
 6 `"$"@ &@  (@
.
 @ @3 4@5
@V @D
$   = ) :I "  - (W.@- <"@, ) 4@5@,,F@ - "@,  - kJ@2 ~6@,
Em= ,  2   5 BL P"
 N23"3- -(.
 :$ e,=: Structural Bearings (0B =&) eV
<"2$ 45
V "3-  e,  4eV=1 2 
& 6.L.
:H)
   D : Corrosion protection
@@ 4 @@ =
@ =@ @@ 
) @Pm@E 
@V < =@,
&=@@ 
&@ & @@ @tJ@@ @, .`@V$
))B ") . & 
 
V ) (.
. & :. 2)$: Surface improvements kB,F
 4  =
  B$& kB,"BV.
TP- :$. {J/ : Tile Adhesive & Grout
 <", / ~."<
J= ' 45
32 
&  J 0 
e `
") '=w5 (
J 
 T@D {@J @+
 6$ (R "+  ,
kJ2
JB 5L. ...
:x=
 
$ & < =,
=: Concrete Repair systems 4
@@@@@@ 4 @@@ <"@@@2$ @@@
F @@@$@@@ @@@t$
@ @V < =@@@,
@@@= 4@@@ @@@ 4 @@@+."<  @@@$ ]@@@,
) @@@ 
 J  <"@@@2$ (@@@2 
&@@@ 
@@@ -@@@3 "@@@ @@@ )"& x@@@V-"@@@ @@@V - @@@63"@@@ @@@
@@D ....@@( . "@@$
&@@ @@hMJ <" @@3 N@@23 @@+."@@ " @@63 @@V3 @@= ) @@$.B @@$@@2=--

@@@ @@@
=-( U@@@. 4$M@@@$@@@h <") '@@@=  @@@+. "
@@@, - @@@ 
 J @@@.  @@@| @@@2 e@@@, {@@@J
.(63
igh  (cc
.  , )(Calcium Chloride

5 .   2 IM$ ' =,<. +   @m o@&J U. < =@,B@ 
".@D k@ $ 4@. @
5
IF .   2  U.<:=,
- WV"J- 4e:4e
3/ '=w5=< 45 +  WV"J- 4e6 U. (IM$ WR "
 @J W,) @ < @ =@,@ )@ & @

<  |+ 5 .   2  B.<.<  %2 2J =, .f
,F
-
6 
:
 N2 .   2 <6 =,  J .6$
6  eE (R  ,F   :
.6$ W5V  U.~D
W5 ,V  U
&",- 
 .U
.
20

 -)
   IM$   :N0
@2= IM"$ @ 6@ J =@,<.@ )@ @$ j@3 
6@  @D6 
@ @J .B@ )@ 37.7
@ @`$
 45 k
6 =< f|+ ).
 e5 $ .   @2 @& j@3< =@,@"& ]@60 4@5 @=M @ (R@e+ @$@ U @ )@ 
" @ @
" +  $I 
&", .   2 45 ) &  @ @ U) @D  U@.
6@ 
~@D= @ @J .B
4@5 /@ @3 21.1@
 E -  3  2
 E.  t 45
6 $   ) 
< @
5 |+
 D)$  t< =,
& .J   2 6 U. 45 &$ 3  '2$< =,` & /I 45 .
 3/ N .   2 
". &= "& - N WR$     45 F  h  "+  3-7
.
5 - e . 5   2:
 E$
6  51J =,<. e U  
6 
  6r "  6 "5 45 %9 /I
,.
  .J" =,<. `VB  +"3- 2J
  U ) f
,F /( ) D  =,m U. . 5
 6 kB,<". =, 
&",J .   2 $ 
6  W." .I
 $"  . D)= 4
&
 J B,< x

 . /I .
65 .6  J 0I < {. .
 2$ U. 2<  {.
.

! ~;U c A_H J

. N -:
| .1 .   2  U
 N - 5
  U .   2 j3 NP
  U. .   2 ,
" ' $  5 )B, 60 N&D."J
N - .2 5 .   2 MJ   N2
.J .B
<"2 .3 .   2  U. .) t J ) )2(.
3 45 .4 5 .   2 tJ N '=w5 +$  =,<. '"5<  =,<
J 0/ 
| 5
$ &' "=J  U.E < B. U. {.m N '=w5 W<
 =,   V M".   <.B.
 N .5 3 J ]/$ . W 2 f
,F.
 .6 45 '
&",
 T0)  B`$ N<.=,
&  E .7 6 < =, $
|  .   2 45 I/ F F U & 6 (R E 45
 F ".

* pgh *q1
! N !* WN ( q

,S 5 VJ< (Accelerator ) =, .   2 ,S h 45<) =, |+ L - "|f
|(.
 m 5 65 6 e 3 1 4 m< 4.2
h (Air Entraining) =, -
3 "
 JD )h " 2&
 =,<J6 "
 45/  -  .6$ WR
 
( 
..
&"2
  ." 5< (Coloring) =, ,
 45 )". e . 
.B .=,<.
 `V$  2 5< J (Workability ) =,  .2 2  `V$  , U. 2 V$<.=,
 mM" 5  45 WV< (Retarder) =, -V -2
3F   m  45 WV ).
6
 5 
( )=  (Water repellant ,F 
  .6"D < (
 =,
B '5/m
.$   .6
; 
Steel reinforcement C-N

":"
a


)$< 6 =,  ~& V   WR N.D m< 45 =, "  
)$  U " V(R
1 U
2 W  3) N.D" (k.2 U
2$< =,<J) =,
.().2
21

 R<", < =,

).2&  f+P 1 

@2 @,F @J @ 3" U@. k.@2@, @ "- `@V
"& = ~D <| .
 '+DJ< =,   6 45 |`{ &6 45 +  VE$ o &" k.2"JR |&~  B",
)  )$ " 45 `V 63/$ - V B",< =,
"V""5 ,'J .D 6 )  6
J (3  .V
 
6J )  
"2 '+DJ 
., m< =, V 
",- 4,,F 
6   &2V I  )$ 45 42e
=P`/ <,F U=, " k.2"J 4.m

! ; 
C-N

.
# i aW ',. ! rc TS (  q ! :
- N.DB & : ordinary mild steel
 k.2$ 45 '
&",<3wJ =,  D ":
o, 2. ) "2 (plain bars 
BMJ B6 "$   5 3 U  50 4 (R,F 4F 45  h

&",- " k.2<.=,
o, 2.  &J
B6 (R,F ) 
&",-.
o, =" ) (deformed bars "2 U 
B6 "= J   0  U.  0
 0`J W  "
  (bond) W,<.=,
 '=  (mesh) h o, /,    ). N.D  &  2 $  V  &J & )"+

$  U. (D3 t  (roll) '+<"2$ (RV "0/J k.2 ~6,FB 0/J F.
o WV

) (expanded metal <"2 " k.20/.

B o  N.D
  '+
 3 h U. ) ( I
  h U. |  W)   <"2$ j3
 k.2".
. 6 
F o&J 45)-   <.=,
<"2 o  N.DB & k.2$ 45<=, "6  E$ 4" 45|`{  180 28 &J 2, /.
- 4 N.D
6 : HIGH TENSILE STEEL
<"2 R 3wJ N.D  D $: "$v
:52 N.P (1 N.P6 4= J"'  52  6$ - V. 2, / 2=  E$ - J .% 0.3 'J
U. & N.P (2 : N.P 4= J  0 N.P  &$ &
. " U. `V VJ  4.
(RJ N2" 4 
.&
. 6  45 50  6$ - V.2 /
`  <",  4 N.D
6 k.2$ 45< =,  45 5
  3" k.2
<"2  "&'  
D"m- 45&J < .2+= =,  U  4 N.D
6 <"2  <=, "6 /6 - 4"  200
 N,"$ U"3 2,/1 
 45 &+$  N.D |`{ 45< =,  6 "
 .W,"  - .2
.2$,F  
D
" &J - 
 "m- 
J .B h  6$ e"J"m- ). "6JB

 D  45 .
+P.

"
+a .
d-D
> T -
C-N

~ N :6- ~$,F   V6   $" DD L
"
.W,
 N :L UI,F 
J |$ '6 BJ.$
" 
N :K-#L ,F  45& 
|  ,. 60 0 
|$ j)J+", `B 
) .k.2".
_ -.W TN P J k
2 :,F ).J N23
+P  U. ,6  ) ,F 
U.  ).6",
   (3)..
.1 -.W |+ :<",   
  
,6 
<",p +. 45 | 
 
.MV
Xu  N :C-N
N y!."J"  6"  W
2`B <  ',6 U=, kB2<,p 4 = U"3
 kB2< MV
. 4) =.U


,- A-.W

22

 45
:
 N 6$ -
52< J D,F 45 6B 3 45
   B 2 , 2.5  6 . 
 .
 N 6$ -
52<60 J D " k.2
"" 45
 
&",J &5 6 BJ +)$ 
  , 2 B
 , 
 .
450/:
 N 2= 6$ -" 45 k.2 ($- 32  % 0.25  42eB6 
.B  U. 0/. %0.15  6$ -

32 N$ ..&+" UB` j)J k.2 T0 5 V
" 2$ 52 " = &J  B / J.  J 52
, " k.2 ~D" 45 42e) $ ( = W
, ~D 0/&"$ - ., 20
 N 6$ -, " k.2

6"2

"  U-$  j.I" k.2

 N
~D" 45 
&"2) B `P
,p  2e
45 
6"2& N  6 6$ -, " &
  U." k.2 ]
m  42e J 52
, " k.2 ~D" 45 42e) $  W
, $ 3 45 0/0/ $- &"$ - ., 20
45 -
F:
 N )" &
 45 4 0 , U.   =' 45 .
F " J  4, 45F  N 0  E -
 , 35  &B6 45 . UD - N , " 52 U. B, J , 30   E$ -, F N
 W2 (R,F =J N Pm  E$ -52 UD J=    6":
B ( 15.4 0 , `P
0 =B 45 . U &
., 25
=,p B U   B U.  13 45 k
2
F F
' 
&",J  10 B==. B U B
 U. 4 0 , 6  6 - =. 3 3  %0.25< 
"2$ =,= &  )E.= m

  N $ = )E.= he 6  e =. ( Bm UD )E.= , 8 4 5/1
 N.B6 
 `P ., 3 ( Bm
  N+"3- BJ < B .fJI
"
 ; 
C-N
 N "
$, F V B   j)J 52  P3 1 

2 {) 45 W,
". 'J,6 ' 0 45 2
 R B6 2   U.6
 F  45 V  2B6 f)$"-.
 N <"2$   '50 '50 BJm  
5 ) " 
j3`",- 
k.2$0/   B  10 2   j)J  2. B  / .{J.
_ -. ; 
C-N
 N .6 P,F  U=.
 3 U
 N "$  U.  %75 F,F 
 J .B B 45 
( J '0/J P $VJ &$ -
 /P NP< =,.
0  = .P  45 V B 2 4 21 

2 45 'J"
.W,
"'  (c X1
   WV"J- 4e  WV 4e" U  

 5
  U.<  +" B. .J =  f
,1 
&$
 TP/$E$ W,
$    $ E
R  '
26= E/I U E 
 45<.=,
F   WV"J- 4e= 4  WV 4e j  "..D
 fD= 6
+P  ,6
)  D.. U. (1991/373 6 -  WV"J- 45  4e NP &J 6<=,
='   R 5
  U ",  E -  WV, 10  4e  f
,p W =/$ &
23

 f
,F =/$ ," .D f
,F)    WV 4eR '5 6+$< B. ) {.m  $

J f
,- "  $ U. 
&$ 4 . . " .D  , 10  28 U.
 ) NP mM$<  =, J , ]
m   J < {.
 /m $ ND "5 4 , 5 w5 f
,-)   &5 f ) k)P f
,- R @ U. I
< =,"5 

D $  =,m 300 ", D)5 &J 
J=@ 250@R 4@5@ & @ 4@5 @ =@,<.
3< =,E 45
+| =w5 =D  0   E$ "5  WV"J- D$ 4e, 4 U.

(.u
 U W5< E &J -"=-  =,m NP 
F.
6 0/", < E:
"M  6",< E.
"M  &J < E.
"M  E
J "65 
(.
"M  .
"M  <J " 6$ J
"V .N6
a.(w !v )
a
] "
#

 N/", V  & "+J ND D , |

 I &J  .ND
 N"M  )
. "6JB  U. , .eV=1
 N"M   6JB&J  6JB   ,..
 N"M    5L J 40.N
 N"M  , =.N
 N"M  "= " 6$  J W   -h m J.

 !v 
"' (   Qc
 6JB&JF &JF B6 45 , ". R+
-+$ 
.B  6, 
.
"M  B   ,F N23 ,.
"M  =  j3 V& BF N23 ,.
"M  ,&

$E
J '/", <{.
"M  =&   ]
. kB,<.=,

24

   xV&$ 6h = 2 EJ  `B <.U=,

]=$ ND <.=,
/", F EJ  ) .
 " " {J.

{m k
F & .
=" $ )  45F  BL   =.C6
.m&
 2 NVm   LV 0 .'5/m
 2$ <  =,V I .ND
$  /&
Vm  E  2$  '0$ .(/
 U. ND&5   , 50 W`ELE.
)J W+ & 2 2.
<", 3 &J U. 5)
. W",/J) .
 Wh.f
,F
 45 . xm)   +)  V<.0 =,

(M ' (,  3 ca


  B2 4
 &  &eh
&",- 0/J 
(solid slab) "
D 
 
<"2$ =w5 J .6 -3 45
&  )+  4.+$ & 
- P ' 3 45 
 B,
  -3 m <"2$ 5 45(R

 "  N.P N." k.2$ kD j3 k.2)   {2 45 4.+2 )  & . & .   ]+J 4.+2
45 $

  B2<"2$ 
 

 J .6 +$ &' 
& h  / ., m .'5/m
@ 4@5
@  @B @ 
@D$ "@ B@2
@ @&$ F @ " ~@D)@ @ 
@D@ T-Sec @ @mv&
@
E 
D R-Sec U. W" 
 6$ m
 U  f2
   ,50="2"5 50 f T-Sec
J . L-Sec
45
 
45 T,  ]&$ J .6"F 
D 0/J kD$ ~62 +,
 , @ N23 U. 4"J&@E @ @B6

<")", +. + 45 
J&
T  3 32".k.2
 $ 6 B 2J  3" "25 k.2
 45 '=F 4)" )  6, 4.+2  V)  & @. 6@, |@`{
~D" 45
 &]  
F )  6, 4.+2 |`{ )  & . 6, .V

  (,
Q  Qc /!M7 # /M /MW
25

 4, B  )   450/ " "6BJ k.2$ 4" 4 

, 4  , 20R B6 )
 ' 56B
&  . + `B & . , 45 6 ~6,FR B6    :e6 ) 45 4,'+$
) N2:4$v
+$  = 4,+$  W
, 2- 0/ +<  3 B 4 =,"  3 B2 k.24,
 :. J
J" J f35 "6B
   .&. .+2. mF 0 /
 "`  `$
J 52,F.
!
u
" X ( 
 N W< =, D).  B  =,m U.  m"& " xV  D$  L+ < " =, & <",
E 
= 4 |5 W e,< =, .
 "$ W 6 B. 65":
` .1 E 45< =,
 VJ  B 52 U. "
 ) 3
 (" ~D= 4 10L  =I 30 U(
  .
 "$`  U  6B
2J J D{J N)2.
.2  NP<60 U. " =, L N '=w5 E  U  6B
 3 J D"m  6B"'")$ 4
., 15  6$ - 52
J
.3 = f 0/ 
, ) L 
5 E e VJ U"3 465  f)  U. WR `

E 45 J<.=,
N .4<"2 - E  6< =, F =  &5  W  U=D+  = $&.+
 N2  W  =,<.I P r U   "& xV+L =V  3"/, U. I 
 k.2

 U.eV=1
"*  ( 
&" 
L<
J =, 
"2 +DJ h P &JJ  .D$    " N2< m =, P ,,F
6 |`{ 6 =+ 
 "$ .
&  B`"J< x<J =,

J .  W",/ |+ $ 
&
& 
/ kB,F 65F0/ 
J 
`J  T 0 $2J "03.4.

J 
`J )" U  
5 (W
 U. 3  N
) U. 5< =, &J 0h ND MJ 
 6 0 &,  6$ - .

26

"Q (. g  T (   23

 5
  U< 45 B.
 " .
 2 ND $ U  m 45 < $  ~&| 5 =, 2

$ . < =,$ )  45,,F   .E
 $  .J"6) B.<. `V  (   ND   
6
) R$ 45 "  3 45) <=@,
  = N5 <", Super plasticizer" T6)$ 4 IM$  m U. < =,3@h @
 45  $
= 6< =,
   5 (R
=..
w!# \ V (    Q
+$  ) D5 45 ~D U V    .6$ < =, | "J <",  J
  B.<. 45 ND) R   T 0 D
J<.=,
 N$ N 45 ND ) Pm f 2)"2 45 NDD  2.
\W "

V  U.
  ND Rm&   45.
 N<", E 
= 4 -"+ WJ )J  3F "  W L 45   ,

  20 3" .
 N"M    E
 /",  3"   k.2
 
V   f  $  <.=,
E.
 
+$ ./m 3V ",)  ) UD t&$ f< 45 =, (3V R f 45"R
/m |+ D5 ~D5/m L ,=.~D
N$ 45 ND ) 
.&+$
E. 23
 < $ 
U"3 '.0  =,  < =, " +DJ 
. 5 .PJ 3 N" ~ $
5  P.ND
"*   23 ]3 [V
"m   D$ U"3 <|
. N, 
 UF 
 P )  6
|< &J P 3V  J -
& "R 
  65M"= U"3 3V  
. "6JB+P 
,J .B
   k.(/
= "m  =V  U. Rm & <.=,
\ V a

= 3/ 
0m) 4.J W2 < (=, &' E MJ . " kB,  2< =, 4e- U
E$  0  J -    
" &J&
 "M  U.  f.W
\ V<a S
 
4.J W2
J W2 " <2" VJ =, 
EJ W2  |  &' (
 2" Vm kB2 =,<. 4er L" . DJ".
\ V
S
= 3//"m =  4.
<"2 | 5 ND. ' ] k" W",/J&' +,F ' PV T N2J

 
EJ W2 ]+= U5 h " '&   f "   U. 'J= NV < 
  V$- 
) U"3 ND  W .=,<.
27

"' 3 [ (,c V<a S

 $  P5 M2  '5/m M2 ND  
 ,& U. B",  k/m U. ",   )$ 45
P5  ND =
J T)". . ", =& U="R P+$'  :U
.1E UD  ' " ~D" 45  $ " max positive moment) E UD " max Negative ',
" 5  $ moment .Ee
.2 E )$  U {6=  " min moment " ( 6$ +D=/6 &E  J ]
m) . 6$
.3  UD  T
) &J U.  $ " max shear force" CB6  (2 / E.
.4   ~D"   $ "min shear force" C)  E UD "." max moment
)   )" v 
( 
"2  " BJ 3 
, 60 T 0.25 =)" NP P5  )$
I NP (R
.
-1 A.W) y A."Y :(zero shear "-+
 ) 
 . &$ ,  4=B  P5  ND 
'  6  C6  " ~D'   U5
" ~D
 1.5 &J  0 
 6B 45E UD  ' 
. . T.B  W < =, 4"
)"$ 4
  N5 C6  < J 
)"$ U"3 =,+  $  4 '. D5 " WR<  =,  C6.
 U"3 W  " {J< =, J 
6  J  F  6B 45 W   C$  6$  U+D
")= - 45 (R
 6B 
&$< J =,+ $   C6 
    W.$
 6B) 6B
  (C 6B 4E UD  '...
 $ W.$ J
 , ...
&E  h $`{ U. h ..... +,@B6 @`{  U@.@ (/ ( @6F@ 4@5&@E @ 4 @V=@' " @  U@.@E
  U.+2B6 6 U& natural axis f)$   , " {65 k.2@]  @
)"J @/ =@,<.@ &@E .@
  |`{ 
 E&. = I)5=' ]  = @D5 4@5 '.@V U< @6B 4@5 =@,|@`{ ]@.5@ @Bm 4@5
{`|$<.|&J U. =,
-2 A. ) A-!L A."Y : ( zero moment K
 ) 
 , . &$ 
D  P5  ND  &E @B6=  U=/@6 &@E @ U@5
 ]
m J
  E   5/3 E   6B UD   6$ C@T@.B @ W
E&.  h $`{ BmF U. 
e
 MV   .
)" V, " k.2=  6B 45 D+< =,
$  " '3 '6B h = $1 
I  . ) < =, 
6  6 BJ
 
J .B(R
V  N") 2"$ - U"3 5  3 U. ., IM$"@DJ k.@2 .@w@5 WR  @6B@ @ @E @$ @ 4@
 T0 , $V '  " U. IM, " U"3 k.2 3 V. , $ P )  " @ k.@2 T0@ 4@5
 E.

 P5 45 ND< , =, 6B 45 I -|`{ =  6B E  6 | U. BL<=,
 
    W.$
 6B) 6B E( 6B U  UD ... C
 $ W.$ J
 , ...
=& W.$
 6B 6B 4  UD  C =   .
)" C6)  '
6J( 45
  45 
" /=
) =  /   45 C60/ }' ].5 
$ = m U    D5< 6B 45 =,UD  
J .C $ 6B 45 D+E UD ~D" 45) =   = 3 h "&, $
=  $ &E 1 
W.$ U. I
 6B P N2  3" T0
J k.2E UD
  45 D+<=,
&,< J 
&$ - =,+ 
)"" $  UD  U.MJ BLB6  ( E UDF   W.$ 45
.6B
 45   " 4, T+
 U. ", P5 N ND )   
 
U. 
D , " R+$
5 PV",J ND  65V", 
 <", 3  {J e,< =, J 
6.
  E$ dTNXD 

AJ

28

" :. <" = N23 U. ~. & D 4eV=1

 'J   D 3  , " k.2 <"2 45 5
)  & . 45& P eV=1
<".+.
"! :9R  3 U. T.B ,
=- R  45& P 60  6
  E  eV=1 J 70={  4
 )  451& . 45 ~62  5 
F 45 ~6,F/
  5 
 45 ~6,F
 .

 :"-9 4   3" k.2R  3 )"+  )"5 
 45 ~62/
  <"2 R J ,-
&
   3 U." k.2R  )   ~D" 45 4.+, 45   E).
0-)9 T 0-19 :T   )$ U. T.B k.BD
52 J, )  45
"  .3
c9 -T :   $ U. T.B k.BD  )< E(.
 :e 4   3" k.2& . R  45 ) J< (  VJ  $ .  3) 4,, (42e
 $)   45 m h ., & 45" k.2 "
$ m 
  = 0 ~D .4 J
" J D6 :" =MJ'  45E `P   
) )
2( & o&J 45 UE ) {e~6,F
 
=E .
$ U& 4 = U L 4R. ...
  ~P : B.
+ : 0  25 N6 45 , 20 B 
3F
<"2 45 L
 .
 :C-X   N6  45 ,12 B =.'2+
"O :- 4 + P J "
,F B 
 4 $ 3 45  0.5., 1.0 U
-T9 , :0T)"+  J 6 N 45 W mF ) 
.J6" . ~6 4(.
 0 .   6 B  E.=1 
 D 
6 4 |5B 
3 <"2 C<$)  {e 25
 '6 0m  ). {e 37.5  N=.~D
T "  : 4
 
= "  $ 4 +, ')"5 N6V   4. 4. WJV )"+ ' .'62 '
,

" :e 4 } 45 'J 0 m

   45 U
  V I 3<{  
J W '.
$
4J
.
! # "-L :
h E.=- R = m J j.  ."  .6 T 0 U
2$ =3
D   6 | '6 0 U
.+
J ) 6 4
.+J ) 6E.=-  J 4=
F |  V 
.
"2
 KY :T U   3&
   45  = .
$
! :N+ A= 45  $
 " )  52 U. 2 "2 .
!-O A : U = 45&
h RmM$ U&   3 U. +.&
., ,
! :A#; A U= 
.{65 <, W2
) :  <B R J 'J   2= "' 2 ' 0  V  B 2
<"2 '$e5  W,
$) 
.=,<J
NJ : 
52""$ 4 J)   2$ 45 , 2.5  1 ($ /L     ). 4=,m)  
D.
 :A9# =,m '&B 4 ) W",/J W",/J L (oJ , 2.555 ,6  $ +,)   1 6
< . `B <.U=,
_U :  .P, )  = f 0 D '.P
F |&J U
2$ (R) ) ( hF2$
 40 60 U  B 2
<"2.

$ .
 :0-1 
52 J)  .'|&J
C-+9U$ :   &/ 3  B '.
 2" 2" .N

)  )$ .
 :K-
52 3 U. V < ' 2 V".N
)" :5 4E 
 45 e,F 
 ')2EJ 4  45'  
.R 
'6  , 60  '3 45 60 
&

. , 60  T.
) : E & 

"  E 
 45 e)  
.k2
 :PN$  2& . 45
 /
2 & '. T.=.
 :0 )   45 4.+2
 /
2.
 :  2
 45 k2
 /
2.
>" : )   4.+2 42e  45)  45 `D0/  6 
.).2
Xu :  2R   U.+ "&  45 '.0/  6 
.).2
# :  2 = F) U <"2 |  U. '  .2. J U
2 .(.2

29

 :  2 = " 45  $ 4.mv

@Y- B6= :"6   J "6   )J.
"

:e 2
<"2 k.2$ 45<E= 
3 .32
!) : & R 6 6J  U< .
  0/.ND

") :  4&DR 6 MJ <1J   2$ 
) =,( 6 WR 
&J W  .ND
^ : 4     < N23 U. '.h ~."< NV<",- 
 'J <"2 45
  )
)(
WR '/", | 45/", 
  <"2$ WR kB,  2$ 45< =,  h,6 <" 45 +.(R
).
" :=   
 `P $ 45
V `P 4=,m D ND 
 ...... {e3 'h W

F 51  L = )2 . B6
J 5
;  :A-OX1 " T+
6  
 U. W 
  & J6
J "
J 6 R &
 .'5/m
"# : 4   .
 B   D V f
,F &  ] {65 " $ 45= . U.
P 
 &
 .4
 h
'a# ( 
02J 
.) 6 4  m  
 e U" J`   W m 2)$ " 
)" J
3F

. B.2 " , 4 .. {.2$
  V 'aQ

63 -1"m-:
 , ) . )/m  6 5L " JV 4.   2 
J ).
= B ~DV"=- : 
 52 {,= J) 6 IM$  = U ).6
63 -2V :
R  4.
 N, +L ` " " j3 J .D) .)
J 6 .4 {` f)$ U"
,

E<"2 :'$  |+< J".+    4
B B" 63 & k.D - 4"m-.
 o&J N2  :'JF V
. 
 N2J="+ ".J
63 -3: 5
  , f" 4 {` IM$ f)$  2J  5 e"
J J ).

E 
:'$<",' 
 45= ") J {E  (B
  B) 6  0.5 3 U" "  N6I
., 9 `P 63

30

   !
"  'aQ
 
  :e + .,  D  
E $= <"2$ 45" J`  (R+  J= L

 & '6.  U 3 J .e, &  5 6.
) . 4"
,F:  26$
= .1 &"
  U..f
,1
= .2 &"
  U..B
!
  i ( 
!

!  i !6 ~a:

" &
  I/I T5 3 2e:4
"-QT9 -1 A!."J:A1
2$< =,
).2 
6" 45
 
)  U.
<BB    1 4JE  
F/m 4D 
." |)$ .R+  B2 < =, T0 45 
6"
  J B2  
6  j3
 |   EF 
") V V6( EF 
" VJ 66V 
" e e2|&  + B2
< =, 
6<",J W:
-1) f 1J 
T0
. B|&.+
-2"< x"<  V B2 +2
J .4.
~$ -3 B2 &J+2
J W 
.4e
-2u+ 9= :T
" V$ W)  45< =, 
6Bp 65 " 
 
)  U.
<BB <",J  1.42
 3&
:
|)$) N :+ " )  16  6 - B6J + J 13  6 - T
&J N6 B,= 4 |
 ) D
+3 kB, U. VJ Vm.
~$) ~$ " :+) J + B, 
|` wJ Im h5 - 5  &h  N,"$ B)+ "  )$
" U"3"<  C.` 
  )+ ~$ " I)+ J 
|` .=I
|)$  E E$ :{J& )   U.  E {J
&J N,  45 426  &h 45 ]
V
=~ " <", 
 
) 6<  N  
)E 6 =MJ 0  T
& N,)+  N " {.m
  E {J

 426)+ I ).6
) " :6 &  6)J)+ |
 " VJ e/  
|= j)J  5 B2 
  N665 V$-
eI "V " I W "V J  WI ) m ) 0 U .(V3
 N ="+J k
2 N.D$
. 5  TB$ N23 . 
3V <
J P  BJ N23 3
 
){.
-3u+  A!."J1
:A
6 0":R+

 <", 3  "6 B"" 45

 R < =,
  "6 B 0 .5
 6 B:5
 $  6 B) 5< U. {.$ (~h U< B ":
E N  {J  4"
,1) D  U. ~h  

 45 E") .6) ( | R 
0m  E
D$1 " .< 2 
 {.6 R  N E 
J  /m  < 46.3 
 ' {`|J <"{.
=,<J.5
 6 B:0
3 45 $  6 B$ 0 U< B ":
N .1 " {.m
5 
J
 J 45  &
  5L 45  I" 6. |  0m D$1 )"5 U
6.
 .2 45 L2 5 " " N.D )"5  "56.
N .3B
   5 
|`  )"56  E ,R6.
6
J= = =' 3 45 6 B N 0 :"$
    3  .

31


 "M VJ  |5    P&J  VJ {."m< =,mF.
 D `.  .f
,1
 -$  U. kB2
R6  
.
4B&$=" .
\ Y [V
 N&"J1    5 P ND ) ) 45 3F  t", &
  N 

$ 
 P+ ~$ B2 I}   VJ  ` &J"  0$&
.
 
3 B2 
V 
:
E 
.R6  
32 " J IM"$  4  =  
W RmM$)
  B2. B`$ h 
"  1
J 2 " M '$-  Te  4..$
  =  2L N W B2 
"IM .N.D$  (
J
i"(W ( 
 hF )   $& P eV=1= 6". 
). 4@5
@ 
 @e"@<"@2$ 4 @.
 4@5"@ @
=  5 5/"m    h "$ (R
/P1 @V "@D 4@5
@V  @
6 
@V "@4
IM$ -EJ &  < R  N-"
 RJ & .) j , -"
 J"V  .
 R+$"@
/P1 45
.6"2

32

 A)$"
 U < B / 1 
 U '"3 U .PF )" F Bm U m "3 U5/ V 
m " ~  U. W , eV=1  )$, V Bm 4"J &/ / &/  N .V "
6 
D 4,,FR 45 N2$ (R
, .V  VJ 6.&" W D  J 0 L 
5 V

 46B " h $   N2   42e(   .
UO "+  
!#T 0ANT
-1" ":A-.
V )$ , "= L/"m 
3F 1  eE J
 U 3  
 " 
   MV )$
(RV 45
= 4 
3F 
<" +.-+$ 
" .
/ (RV:
E"J    0 N
 65   U.V " =
J .+6$ "  x h k"+J W 65  $, k.2$  3
&J B  . " I , =
J x V.
-2" :A-1
W
&" R   V  =F Bm )$ j3 (RV ="  6 0 45  $ P D
 j3  B }  h  -"
 N2J
= <", 0 2" L '  .+& 2
/ (RV:
T
&J '"&, "J  I ,
$  5" =
J .
I.
-3" :AN
 "&$ Bm= V $ j3 3 "= L  (Differential Setellement) 5" L W
/"m $  ")
  U." J  ]=$".J
/ (RV:
&, "JV T
&J  "$ I , 5
J . ,  4. 4eE$ 
 W  6J 0 N 
 U.
V " =
J +6 
= ` 
.V " 
 x h k"+J W   U.V  $, &J k.2$  3
B  . " I , =
J x V.

 x h k"5   U.V  , . 3

33

UO "  !#

 OW $9
UO -1 "+  
!# *:A-N-
h 
= 45 4
V   "&$ . h= V ]  Bm )$ J
 < =,
= 4 J

F 
= 4 J E =,m
= 4
  . $ (RV ) 45F &  . U5 
)$ .Pm .6 (RV ="  .:,,
&$ 
). MV  /"m & "
 )  =,<. B.
, 
&D& " {)V 
. W

. 6P/< U=, "6 
=
FJ 4.
/ (RV:
" k"5V  
 2$
 T0|& I +"~  I V0B =
J
|  
 
 
 I (Bonding Agent) BJ
=
J p` 
V =
J   "M  P (R
= T
 U
V.
UO -2 "+ T 0 A-!."J)Y T 0 A-!."J:ANT
)$ V 45 (R =F  <:N2J =,
 .

D$  . R+$ 3  .5" L/ (RV:
" k"5V T
&J  
 I , 5" 
J ,  " .4e ' J
  . " I U2
V  6)J =
J  1h 2  $ 
 "&
. <<",J P  1.U2
UO -3 "+ d-"9 ..W:
h "&$ ,,F  BmV  = = f (RV  5 / N . 3 45 U"3  B ,,F
&"$ . ,,F V. :N2J N " 6$ "$
&
P  3" "= k.2
(  5 

 
 .
="  
3F .<.m" N), N2J J
(  .5
="  U +3 3  .5" L
/ (RV :
"  EF |& "$ I + 5" 
J , .| =
J V0B   =
J .
I BJ
 = 
=/ .J L .
 " & P )  '$+DJ=' 
J  .2
& P )  / "& j3 P  3" 45 k.2& D<  U=,< B  .
 45" "& '=F
& D 45 4,,F< =,
).2R )
   V&E R '.
)"$ -< =,&  P &
5 )  
J
, D ' " 
 0
 MV
) U. 5=' 4eV=1( 
.4
-4aU# :A-!."J
" " 0/. <RJ 2 &$ =,  3" k.2" $ 4 45 0/
j3 ).2=':
P 2= f. )   P) %20 &~( 65 .
&J&/.
 =P 2 )   P) %20 " 65 (L .
&Jm  ".h 4. 
5 .". .
  D+
P 2= -  3" k.2 P) %20 :(~+m
.
 "$" 0/. < =,
 :4.
N.P0/ < =,
 
$ N.P& P eV=1".J IM"$ 4
  `B <  U=,.+,
~$ kB2)    U"3 <",J W., h5 J  1 D & )  =~ .
  3 kB,"
J k.2 =& D.  
 J.(131) 42
  kB2
J =,<. 4.+2 
 J. 104 42
 +  
 J =
J V00 " 104 U2-  = ) (65" ")$ 4  U. f
,{ ( 5) 5"4
   E$ W,
$<. )J =,
P 2= - )  " k.2  P) %20 " :(L

34

N.P0/ < =,

 
$ N.P& P eV=1".J IM"$ 4
  `B <  0/. U=,  3 ~$ .+,  6  D =' 
J 
 J (131) 42
=&
D..
" }<",J  h h UB&$   )J 2 N= N6= (2) 4 0/= m  hF  (, 5) T
&J
m 0/ 45 , 25-50  52 U.$-.
 3 h f$" k.2
"2  ) T 0  V JJ W.2J BJ 45  hF
E 45 0/ hF
= 
E 45
.
  kB,  0/
J +, 
 J+  .104 42  
 J] V00 " 104  0/+,

&",J  = F  = .65
@;
-a- 
_-  G: A-NO O *O#9
"d-

<$ 
 0"3- / )
  
 U

". 5F I .

 R+$/P1 ".
$&
 $ " j)J 
3F 
R+  U.|F eV=1 3 45 .m  U
. 3 =
 .

 V / ")
 )
 451 C6=  $|F eV=1I ".
" $
 U '. 3 
   ". $
 U. UE = j)J "  F &  .U"3..+2
&
 U. I$ - 6 BJ& P eV=1
.

35

 d-"9"
P 2= -1  3" k.2  P) %20 :(~+m
.
 "$" 
. 45 (R)
 :4.
N.P
  N.P T 00/ 
 =  .
E$ 60`B < U=,  3 U." k.2R &$ D..
~  3" k.2  D 
&",J  W., h5  h U.  5.
$ EF < =, +,`B < U=,
E 
J 
 J 10442  U `B <
$  U=, + 

 J 104 42 3 45 &J ,= .  3"
J k.2 
 J 131 42
= D.& . `B <U=,
 U.= <",J  =' F  = . 65
" NP`B < U=, +,)  
&",J 42e  =' .Pm
P 2= -2  3" k.2  P) % 20 " :(L
.
 "$" 
. 45 (R)
 :4.
N.P
  N.P T 00/ 
 =  .
 60`B < U=,  3 U." k.2R &$ D. .
~  3" k.2 <",J  h+. W.2
$ N  h)   ]+J 42e&  6I 
 T 0  B6 45
F B   E B6J ( 4-2)  2T
&J
) B ( 7-5)   42e p
$ 6 
J 
 J 165 42" W,
$ U. 
&$ 4< 2J =, N) 
 42e
45 "2 (R. hF
$ N= 
"2  f$ T 0 45  hF 0/ )"5 
 U  45= N
   = 
"2.
$ EF < 45 =, `B < U=,
E R 45)"+ 
&   = 
"2 
J 
 J42
.104

d-"9OW
P 2= -1  3" k.2  P) % 20 :(~+m
.
 "$" 
p 45 (R)
 :4.
  `B < 45 U=, 
p E3F.
$ N
p E3F   ) .( , 75 - 50
  `B < 45 U=,F J.E3F
~  3"  k.2D.
  3"
J k.2 
 J 131 42
= D..
~$ kB2< U=,"M   $ '.=' 
J 
 J E 165 42 "
. W,
 +  "
 kB, V00 " W,&
=
J<.P
P 2= -2  3" k.2  P) % 20 " :(L
.
 "$" 
p 45 (R)
 :4.
  `B < 45 U=, 
p E3F .
$ N
p E3F   ) . (, 75-50
  `B < 45 4=,F J.E3F
{J  hF= 
"2  45 C
6.$-  (, 50-25) 52 U.=<"2  ='  .
& U2E .
 ).  hF ]+J 42e&  B6
 3 45 
&"2" k.2 &. 42e.
$ N)   42e  =    . hFJ ) T 0
"  kB,& 
J 
 J {J 104 42< =, J 
6  U "  /m "5 ,3
 =,m NP.C
6
 +  "
 kB, V00 " W,& =
J  = ).(65

36

 " =,m NP C

6  T 0V < V  5 T 0<.=,
d-"9T 0A-!."J
P 2= -1  3  P) % 20 :(~+m
.
 "$"  (R) 45< B ":
  `B <  3  U"3 {e). U=,".k.2
 3 kB, ~$"<",J k.2 W., h5 <",J  5.
  3"
J k.2 
 J.131 42
 kB,<
J =, 
 J104 42" U. 
&$ UD"-.
kB, V00) Pm =
J {e  = )+  (65  D"-.
P 2= -2  3" k.2  P) % 20 " : (L
.
 "$"  (R) 45< B ":
  `B <  3  U"3 {e). U=,".k.2
" =  kB2< J 4
.32
E$   hF52 U. kB2 ) 45 (, 30 - 25$- $ h1 B6J   B)  
J) "2 2
(_ 4 m$ m B  (5 _ 7)T
&J 0/h1.
E$ 45  hF,,F ]+J&   ) B6" k.2.42e
$  3 h N" k.2 " W.2J BJ$J   hF ,.65F
 kB,) 
J J {e 
 J] 104" U. 2$ 4D"-.
=,m ND$
&",J C
6 Pm =,m  = ) .( 165
d-"9..W
.
 "$" ,,p 45< B ":
) 3 +  6 2 U"3  6 &  .U.+2
 W" J 6 &  &J 
.B  6. 5 .
6
~$ kB,F=  6. < =,&  .

 45  hF 6 &  52 U. J ,30 h.
 kB, 6 < =,&  
J 
 J] 104"   E$ 4 "
 J W,< =,) .
 +  "
 NP " W, E 456   =
J  = ).(65
~$ kB,F=  6. < =,
.).2
 ).  h
| 52 U. , 30.2.  13 B
$  3 N" k.2  6. 
]+J ).2& 6. B6 
).2.
6
 
J kB2 
 J 104 42 NP< =,  =
J  =  .5+
$ 45  hF 6 
C
 
& ).2
F  .

37

Y$
 !#
`  &E 45
V:
E .1  J 0F.
E .2 
F J 0  " U. MV$ 4
  f)$F.
E .3 
)J J 0  .
3 45
E .4   J 0 ~6,F kB,F&. .

&0F "6$ 4  .

V:
.1  5 . .5  <P
.2 .5 0
.3 
J &V 0.
.4 0 2" & . 
(   D 
( 
).J B
4. 
5 =F 
<"6B. +. &  J 0.0  $LF ":5 
&"2$ 4
  =.

  =.= ~D
  ..P

@ - $ A"!:A

 4 E  N,"$ J 0.&  U.) = {e 6)  
)$ U. $   
= 4 ~+B V"$
 &E 
j)J W.$ e/$

J=" ) `$ ) {e
 U
 
26$ U  &J 2e4
":4
-1W :A-!$
4 V 
&"2$  J 0. E
( 45 kB,F) {eF 3 E
 <"2$

 =  h  "&   P  )  .", ].=",1
-2:,-
-#
B6$  U6$ 
 D " < "  ' J J/D= ~D J/D =' ,
  U 4'
=F ":
-"  
" :.D "   B"  B +$ {` f)$  E  .6
<" )" 'J B.  3 UJ/D
<"2
    
3 =   3 < |+ &"2<",' 45
V & .
-"  
 + 
:2 "  2= o+m  U J 45"  
D  C.6$
  E
 .e2" += T 0   ") 4 '"=    E 
 '5 V. '".J 4  , 4"J".`V
6.& - : "J f"+$  "$"  45
 45   2 )""5 6.& U <"2$ .e,  U. 45
E 
=  4"   e22 f,/J2.f$
"  J 45 '.`V$ N.B" j3 " J '<2$ 3  80:60  D  t <"2 &J
(P
  $ 3 'J {e,,F 
I/I J". 2/' "& 5 |&J  h+J D U"3 m,
'
, 2.5 U N -  ' &J -"M  +  '  ' TJ2  < J 'P &J {. <"2  
 f.+,p.4&B

38

 -3 $:5-N A
D$ 2 {.m  e  5 U f EB   e2
.B h+J  
J <T0 U. P

= 4
R+  (
. 2 U. kB,F
 
"-  U. (R
 J 0  , 5:3 = N23 


"&  J 0. (R
"&$ = E .{65
 -4 #:,-N-L

V ,  . <"2
   0.5  6 - '
, 4=
.=' =) 0.5 / 2  

= "4
6$ &=-   $ 
= 4=  W
,R 
 
V "  |+<",' E 45 {65 )

Fh
  ' = .. 5+h+   )J U
2$ (
. E.
--!x $ 6D! A:A#ND
 4   
&"2$ J 0. 45 
e
== 4 E$  2 45 .V$
 
  'E 26$ 4 @ U
= E {65  = E =  =  f.+,F ~e+.
=&  J 0. ~e+. ".+,F T@0
&@
 B Te ".+,1`D.
-1:f.+,1
   J 0.   'J  V. '.
)$& 4&=-  P Dm 
=V  & , '=w5 4 "~.
  F '..<"$
(  N WR <",' &J - Pm ,/I f.+,S = 2e:4
4&0 f.+, 4P f.+, f.+,
. "",
f.+,1 4&B = $3F   
 "J &V  60 45 U. ,2:1.5 
,F 
 E
 .J 0
f.+,1=   5 4D  6J"   P ( B$<",' 45 ~P V E 
(.
f.+,1
 5 ", U.L =F "    {.m f.+,1
B + 60 ,1.5 W
2J3 &4B
+ E .

-2 ~e+.
=& :J 0.
E 45  @J 0 @6B&@  @ J @
&$ @ kB@,p  4 = E = & "&$ =F 
&",
 ~e+  60 3:2. 
5 f.+2 |&JJ TD.$ "   m2 " @ @ )$ @60 @. @ N@23 |@`{

. 4$", 
@ &@' @ @+ @ U
@= 4 @ N @" E@$@' F@ )@ {e"@@ 4 @ @6B
&  " . =
  5  m  
$  LD"-  =F &eh<",- D 45 ~e@+ 4<@x

B6 R ( @B$ @$@@m U  @2=F =MJ@' @5 "@ j@3(  U@. kB@,F
@  @&J @E=@ @' @.)
J @3
"  
2 J m2 1.5/  2F &
  '|&J U. x<.&&J o ,10  6 - TD.
).   "J m2+$ 60 </m ~.m |&J ] x  45 60 ]@ (@$"@ @ @  @3/@
  "J 60 @ m, 2@5 @&J @ @ .@ E@&J @Pm ~e@+  @"$ @J 0 @  ~e@+{ @VJ @+.` "
@,
  TP- W",/J   4)$ j3 .I W.$
 J B, m  @5  ~e@+. T@D @.
 @2$ @5 ~e@+.
U. |&J kB2
.B .'E
- Lx $ AA#ND
 4   
&"2$ J 0. 45 
e
== 4 E$  2 N=J   |&J  = &E {65&o
' mv= &E  &
 D3 : 4$M 
5
-1 :4"
,F

 &

 E = & -=' <"2 4
 E  U. C '=w5 
   f
,F45 '. 4
=  3 & -='   (R
 = ")$  U/P =P.$
-251 & 
.:

39

  4 {.<$ .e,
 =
. 5 U. 2$~ =+  
(   T 0 +L 3 J < =, 
=
51J U, &
.
 e<VJ P Wh.f
,F
 (R
:
 
 4e )| 4 J )  
 2 L  

 e)  F  f .'5/m D$@(R

  U. )2 t  w@5 .e@, =@ f
@  )@2 @|"5 @ U@ 10:1 @2J f
@,F @ : .@ =@f

 |"5 .e,  U
( 
{.m 45 <"2
= < 5:1 2J =,  : N@2)J N@2
@)
J+@P
< D"J P"
. `V 
<" +. .' = N23
-3 1:
<"2$ 4    E  "V  "  f.+,1  $ (R @F @ 4@5 ""@ @ @m] 
=@

" 45 .J6
= 4 &eh L 4<",- 45  f)= 4  E +$ ,  {@$ @ 2$  L 4

= 4V W .<$ U. 2 
 "J/P J 0
( /m (R 6V  U
=.4
60 -4:W",/
 4 = E = & 60 4 <"2$ &D
E   "& &J E
"$= 
 J 0.) |+   
&", (R
 2$ 45 ) {e,F.
-56 <+:
 4 = E = &   D$ <5   <"2$ " 2 kB,F
 .e 4 &E  J 0.
(
 "&$

&
 4
)$ j3@"+ ~6@,F (@ @ @. 0@BF 4@B&$@h 
@ " @ M@J R @J
@
 /0 
J FJ  1 
J .B  N "$ 5V " 456 
:<"2
$).
 m 6 ".T6V
 ]..kB2

 $' 6 BJ  U. kB,F
  .e" 45 2
J fF.

"O N - "BW O1#X $:A
60 -1   45 J 0.) :{e

 .<  60 f.+,1 2 U. , 2.5:1.5 W
2J 5 ,15+  2  +D @
 @6 0@ (R @6B@4
6$ 
= 5 4 ,F <J U=@,@+$ @5 @,15 F@ kB@, o@ @I
@= 4 @=
J 4@65F f
@,F@ @2J
300/  2" 3  kB2 2 2  +L T.<$
 / + I 5 60 @.<  60 (R
f.+,1 " W
2J m, 4 + , 2.5:1.5 J =   60  5 f
,F @ 5 
$ , 1 W
2J
= 4) .\{e
60 -2   J 0F:
$ o F  60 U. W
,   , 25 (
J 
J 2 I  kB2& . +$ ' 5
 60 f
,F .,3:2 W
2J
$ o F |)$ ' J  U. .)
J "  &
J / 400.2
 o '   "J U. 2&
J m2 1.5/.2
 60 
&$ o 2 4E
  "J 42
2 3 45  ( 
&"2< x
V
 "J 42

 2  2=F .3
o '  4=I"  
.2

40

  =I 60 
&$ o 2 4E
  "J 42
.2
o '  jI"  
.2
60 -3  .:
60 -  :65
J 
 o =
J V<$ f
,F 3002J/ 
 ~  3F E  FJ  5 , 8 B 60
<.=,
$ o  ' |)$  U. .)
J "  &
J / 400.3
 o '   "J U. 2&
J m2 1,5/.2
 60 
&$ o/ 2=F "$  P   "J 42 4
.2
o '  4=I"  
 2.TJ2
 60 
&$ o 2 4E
  "J 42
.2
o '  jI"  
.2
 60 
&$ o 2 4E
  "J 42
.2
o '  J" .
 60 ND$ o< =, 5 ,5 W
, +  6B& h ." $ &J
60 -  :,
" 
.":4
J 
 o =
J V<$ f
,F 300 2J/ 3  2" WJ kB2 J 
 ~  ~ $
F FJ.
o ' |)$  U.  "  400 2J/ U. 2 .
o '   "J U. 2&
J m2 2/.2
 60 
 o 2 4E
  "J 42
.2
o ' U. 4=I  "J.m2
 60 
 o 2 4E
  "J 42
.2
o '   "J U. jI 2.m2
MJ ]+JJ o {e3  ,4 & J 0 ~D= 4 6B&  U.
p+ =
J f
,F   B
= =  N2 f
,F.6J2

&$ o +,MJ =,m
=  
) 4/P 6B &  ,.65F

41

60 -4  

). 
(:
" 
.":4
J 
 o =
J V<$ f
,F 300 2J /f
, 3 "2   kB2 E  T.<$

/.
o ' |)$  U. .)
J   "J&
J 2/ 400J U. 2 "< '5+ &J V.
 60 
 o D  4E
  "J 42
.2
o '  4=I"  
2.m2
 =I 60 
 o D  4E
  "J 42
.2
o '  jI"  
2.m2
5 o  60 
E f)$ ,5 W
2J/.
 60 -5  ).:{e

&$":4
J 
 o
J V<$ = f
,F 3002J/ 3 WJ kB2 J.
o ' |)$  U.  "  /400 2J U. 2 .
o '   "J U. 2&
J m2 2/.2
 60 
 o 2 4E
  "J 42
.2
o ' U. 4=I  "J.m2
 =I 60 
 o 2 4E
  "J 42
.2
o '   "J U. jI 2.m2
J o {e3$  J 0 ~D= 4 5 ( 
J ,3 J 6B&
p+ =
J f
,F  B
60 U. =  N2= ]+J.f
,F

&$ o +,
=  4< = f" =, 6B & 65F.,
o$ o) &J {e =
J W f
,F 400 2J/ 3.
TD. o/  U. 4=V6E   4.+2) J {e+$ ." 1.5
60 -5   J 0:kB,F

&$":4
J 
 o =
J V<$ f
,F 300 2J /f
, 3   2" W kB2 E  T.<$

/ .B
.

42

 o ' |)$  U. &

J /400.2
 60 
 o D < 4E   "J 42
2' '  D3 '. ""2 <JF 
) .,
o '   "J U. 2&
J m2 1.5/.2
 60 
&$ o D  4E
  "J 42
.2
o '  4=I"  
U. 2.m2
5 o  60 
E  T.<$ D j)J 
.B
$ o/J N  5 kB2  60.
_>  A$ .W
PDN A-1-#X1#X $A
~."<$
+P 
 J .B
& /"mJ F " E ", 4/"mJ W `{ 
( &0" J
=4

. 6:4. 
5 C<."$
 N $ N6B & "  J U.  V<$   = "
,  2 2  E  ~
F.
 N $ 60 
R J |)$  2
2 
2  U."
 J W, 6B& < =,

.
 /,<",J TD. "  
.2
"  TD6B & "   j)J   52   = ,10  6$ - N 52   
.,15  6$ "  
2
<"2 45 N TD. $ 3  '$<",-  160:140 . t
 N   kB2R '5 TD.$6B & = + 
$  5 ( ), " kh"M  
$ + .kB2

 
F " R+$ 5 6B &.
 U TD.$
& )J
"2 6BJ {e J+$  J UB`$ ,30:25.
$ N6B "  45= 6B 2) 4B`$ j)J 6J 6B  .+2  - $ N6B 
"& 45
$ ".&06
 N  6B & 65F h , $ &J BJ " T, 4.
- O Y$:
6$ 
 
 6B &  "
@J ,
kB@2@  '@ = N@23 U@. @3 4@5
&"@, @6B &@ 4@5- ~e@+.
) N2  |&J U. ~e+.
 = 3 45
&", 60  @ @F 
&=@ N@2) -@5  @, @B
F  |&J U. N2")$ - WREF "w
" 4 m m) {e
 " - 52 5&E 
  5U@"3 ,
+$ U. ,15) {e kB2 U&E 465FE 3 45 W kB,F&2)J 4+" J  .  kB2&E .{65 465F
_ T

.V
":
=  (R
.V"D  6
J F 45 .
 6B& J Pm <w5 . 
.V
T 
 C6 "= ,

V N2JD "~ &  1 &
 E
" 51J , <J @.@+$ @ )@ = @2/@F &@
V 
(  5IM$ , (R&   V 3 P )  45
J 6B @( @ . @  @k
P  3" 45 k.2
V < =, 
"@,- &6 @ 4@5@ 0& @ 4@J < @.&@m '@ J 4@J
I 45"D (R E"2  45
 /P1 )
  V
. & < P  J -<", 3
B )
  /P 
V  4. 5)
.  .0
, $ D:
" D  ' J =" &$ )   . 
 < "&BJ =,  )$ 2 J 0  WR3 4&B
P J  ).@|J ]@ @ !!! .m @3 @D  4@5 @ ).<- =@, <@ =@,  @ .@& 4@
3p @2
43

w5 4"J < 6$ =,  

)J)   D "J  . 603 
$ + D ) .( .@, @ 
3 60 )@ @D
=" 60 2$)
   .2 r D   3 kB, 4.".k.2
 r 3 P ) :
 P  3" 45 k.2"  =6 45 ( Pit Formation ) (`PE$ I 2 (R 6 ) )$  
 J
D & . , m " D 4"  .   N`J 4 J"J 6$  )"J/F 
3F 4
o
3 " WR  )  .
 N2D& . D  &J {$   "6B 45 J 0 )
  '2eI J (  -& 45 D  N WR") W.$ 45&  & kD D - j)J .
.V N2  4.
MV &6  !!...
    .D:
    m&/ $)+  4.
V &6   "& D.   W@ &@ 4@. @r+3@  .@0
" +$ P  3" 45 k.2<
J 6"J =,+P " 
@D" R@+@$wJ @ 
<" @+.< 
@D"J @P@B6
< =," .6$ 4. 
&$ 4-
"3 3 D  3 45" .k.2 &  

  
3 45
= 4<@P  =,
 3" 6 0 k.2<", < =, ")  )$ f
,1-"
 &
J < =,I ".R+
0  
3)   D:
 0 <"  3  
) +."  k.2D 
  .1 :=@ @D @ @
"&  @= 4@ F  @ 
3 U@.@6B
 3 .2  3" k.2 &"
  L $  4. mvF 2 m< .2 .=,<", ) @ 
Galvanized @+.
Bar &" )  
 +. +  4=
. P Dm ,"&"$ 4  .3 .'J.@ @ 3" J-J k.@2 4@2@ (R@6 B
 e"= fB  J  ) Pm" k.2
& 
( )@@= Stainless Steel "@, ]."@, @ 3 4. -@+$ ~@$@R
  )  w5 <",' " B= 45 )  
3 .5 kB,<  =,+   W <"@,J @ "@ '.e@, @h
=  60  
B . ( membrane ) W",/
.. #
,,F foundations 46 MV
 U.+2  , J 
" =-
3 6   U" J
 $(
 U.F $ ."JI $ ,,F 45&  45 = 5F  " ],M". N, T
 U."m(  &$ 
MV
., " 
D 
)$" .J  N "$ J$ 45 5" ],MV F &J":
-1
"= )$ - 4 5=)0B -
3 IM"J 
MV 
  6 ,,FJ.
-2" )$ - 4 5=-E =" = E " " 5 J =  $ - 6"2 . )$ - 4
5=5 5 f)= IM"J .m
( .5
-36",-)$ /t `$ 5 V$  IM"J 
3 45 J 0 ) 
 5 4e "
@ N@.B @(R
V J$ 45" ],ME 2
J =3 " ],M U
   " ""J J". Pm & N.B @ E
 J 0 " N.B =3"m 0 = m ,,p .  w5 ," J
 " m @ )" @. ],M@P
  )"J $+P ) .
 .6  =  )$   UL - ,F Jp '

D$
V |<
 .@ @JF
&  
D"5 62 $,,  $"h0  +P " J"  j)J =
 " ],M&
TR 5 W R
& 
D$,,F R+$  B$  0$ W= .&J  6I" JR & <J U " J .$+P
! ..W
~D$,,F :45 6
 N2)J,, V U. 2,M$ T
  E - )B, " ,, 
2,M$ T
  E 6
V U. ".
~D$,,F 45 =F ":
..W >"
4,, 45 )B,` $ N  )  < =,
).2 =F " :,F 
&@E @ @R )
@

3 .,F 
"V R )
 
  ,F 

"2@ @R )
@ @ @,,F 
@+
44

< =,
45 ND$  ).2
 = '2+ $  62$ " D   45
= 4
62 D @& 45
@V
2 f)$ , 5 4 W
2J 5= =,m 60 ND$ JF,F 
@+ < 4@5 U=@,< =@,& @ @ 150@ @
N& "  f
,1.3

&"2$< =,&   250 /  U.,,p F 
+ < L =,
).2 =,m 350 /3
 U.,,p F < =,
).2 300/,,p 3 
+ < =,
R+ f)$
.
"-DT
4, 45 4)B,`   32 
V N
M@V @. )
@ @ @
F 
&@ @$ )@D @ <=@,

.).2
/@ "@D @ @E @2
J " ]@,M@ U
@ @ @ @$ 6@ "@J
@"  @. @ 
@D$ U)@D @3
@D)J "5 +& )B2 $ @ )
@ $ &@ "
@  kB@, U@.@ "@ N@0B)=- 
@& 
@ @T6@V$ U
 
MV . 45 ND$& U@. @, 5 W
@2J @5= =,m 60 f@)$ @F)@D @ < =@,& @ @ 150@
/f
, <"2 < =,)D 6 f
, " .  $ " J " 
( E&$ )D @ 
@(  @5
45 (R)
J =&  J 0.) )B2  B2.(  .,  ,$ L . "V 45@,, <=@,

).2
+ )|6  
3 60 5 $ eD " k.2., 3  6$ - 5B
->9 A-19..W
@+3 
@V$  @|)$"@J 
|"$
 R+$,,F  5 R+$ U,F =  2+< =, ) (@L
@
 @@@@@@5@@@@@@E @@@@@@,F @@@@@@.
 @@@@@@$=@@@@@@ @@@@@@ E@@@@@@. o@@@@@@&J 4@@@@@@5 
@@@@@@V$)@@@@@@- @@@@@@ 
@@@@@@(
" 45 4+& R+$  ,,F wJ )B2 " JE  P .  2 U " ],M - = f""@5 +& J
) + T
 U" ],M
 .N,   2 " 5 ],M  2 
(   5 V +3 R+$ " 5 @ $

 ++m /@=- @" @ @ k+@D"J @
 @+3 R@+$ &
@ T@ " .+&@ @J@ @
B  = 
  2 " @2 f@)$ ]@,M 
@(   @$ N@5 @5=@ N)@+ @`$ @=& @$ ke+@DJ 4@5@6B "
@
|$
(  
h 2 R+$ 45,F.

"-B -.cAT_ A"9 yNO "+#
(R3 4 ,,F &
 $  6 " J 6
 )D "5 P  R+"JF$  Ee"`$ 4 U"3
 P   m .5 " ")  T6 P  UR 
 2 
"  $
|  `=-  IM"J &
 |J.


AT_ "-B A"9 yNO -.c
45 (R) "  .  R+$ Uh  PmF$  $ Ee 2 =3 = N @h @Pm@ 
@B6
6 U. 
&$ -
3 
M@V @"3J @J"J @= '3 B@, @" <"@, @h &@6 @ @,, @J @
$)@D
/ 6)J 2)$ @
J @"$ @0/
/
F$ E . o&J 45)- <V
. P 

 "  $" $ J
) "J.(".+,
; A..W
N@2$
@(  @@5
.@V@@ @,,p @@, @ @@)$ @ 
 @@ @@ I@$@ 4@@5 E@,F @@E@@ "@ WR
@,,F @
J @,  @"J @  4@.@  4@. m@2 @E @,,F /@J J  @"J
@) f@5E @,F(  @

F 
F  D 
 R , N@ @&J @
5 @$ @$ @
J @' /@J) @
J (  @"J@
 N  ~ 4$M$ (R
 J 45 `    
3,,F   J 0" 
 <.=,
O ">T
45

  45
 ) 
 N +"< {B
 45 , 
 
E=@  kB@2 @V" @J @J @&B@ @5&
J
 "< 45 CD
F 
32"
 "< {B
E=  @ @h1 @"  @+3@ 
@V @B< @60&
@
 U&
T
 45 , &JMJ 6
J  E$  , 50) <  =,<.&  ,,p ) ( @V +3@]@+= U
3 60/31 
6 
t2   (3& 
@,6 ") ")@P @ T@6@ @
 @ $ )@P @ WR=@
 ,J  U. &B 
.2$ h1  2$ " . ) +'  <",J , E = @&J @0 @V 
 D). U+  U. W
.B) .  6" 602( $ 
.)@J 
" 6 BJ + @ ~@ $ @6B)B@2
 2 U "  ],M "$ - 
  +3  = J E ) @h .@, 24 @ @/3 "@ P
R+$
 )60 +  <P ,, 
 U.&5
6 < B h1 
&   W@D3 ") @ @6 B

 2". ,1 . $  2  ) +
 2 
 45 , "  R+  6$2 U@. N@5
@6

p ) +E J"J e/31 
R U"3
 2 
.B ")
 ) 
6 
  J- W @D ( W ~
) +E e J$ WR/31 
 U"3 t
 2 " N .4

D V = $)&J " +DJ + @  @ @,,F
  6$ - 52
J = ~D+$ = $) + 
T) + 
   )$  J-) . ",+",- @ =@ $) @+ "@,
"<  C. R   60  $) +  45<",- - -  @ 6" 60 W@2 ( .
@ @,N.@P
 = U. N N
6  ,= N=  ) + E 6, 
 F =-E E  " @J"@+ @ ~@.$
V
. 
  +).  3 F N,= 45 E   = N & =  ) + 4@5 ~.$
@V

 "  U
6  '"6+= U.6 
J3/P1 / 45 
J W) +@ @ " @J
@ @3 4@5 @m
) " .+). 

D =' |J -"
  2J= N) @, @+ @VJ < @V @L@ W @ )"@ @F@U

 m 2 T = N
 
@ & @F@ N @F @ @65 1
@  @, 4@5=@ N) @+@@ M@V @65 U
"< =  C. $) $= 3/P  )$ +)  t2 '  +
 
V "  6"J =&",-" J 4<",
60 /3F -1 @2 5 " -2 ]@,M @ @ @
)$" @J&@ @  IM@$ @6B
@(  @5 @ 
3@,,F @
IM$  N 60 R+$ /31 J"J @ " @J .@PF  U@.@2 @F  @ @" R@+$ @60 U@. @&" -
W
, , 30 6B @ W$ @ @ @
J  @P . @ U U@D@ @ @MJ W @" <"@, @ 
@ 6" @60 N@,
2  4. N5 WR
 
 
D +L @ 6$@2 @ @ 6$ @ WR@2 @  @6 B
 N)@2 4@.
@(
 5/m 3/  W 4" 45F
.
A"9^;U
J$ -1  :{E <"2$  2 5 " ],M   
)$" @2 @ @J " @ {@.<J ]@,M@ {E@
2:1 2J .1:1
-2/31 :{EJ 
&"2$
 kh = (
. ~ D$ &J 5  =,m,,F )"$ j3 /m
(  5
/@@@@@@31 {E@@@@@@J@@@@@@ @@@@@@R `@@@@@@.
.6"@@@@@@2" @@@@@@65=
@@@@@@ @@@@@@D @@@@@@ @@@@@@J$ @@@@@@ @@@@@@, 15 W
@@@@@@,
-3/31 =,<J|&) +/31 
$ -  :(f ~ D$ e,
(  4@5 5@"< @ C.@ 
@(  @5
  2 " 60 R+$ ],M/3  < =,|& .. + f
,F 
( ) m@$ j3 (.+.+
@(  @B.m 4@5 @5@(R
< =,|&.+
-4/31 <"2 :J   5
 2 o+<$1  U." J= .PF  
I Cm = 2 <"@2
 < V 6B/3 3 45" J+"=/ .J6 
& j3D"- = 6B +"=-   $" J..PF
60 -5 :5<"2$  3 $ J". N
 @5  @J". @.@ 4@5 W@ 
@(  @5<"@2$ @60
 , 20-15 W
2J  {E " R+,,F J$  5/31 "  @. @ @ @$ " @J@L .@PF
MV
. ],M". ')P
 "'  . 3/P":45 
" J
. $ " J  4.+$  N," -
3F 6  
 MV m} MV  N,"$ 
3 .
. $ "  J+"=- E$ `$ $)
 
J P 
(  3 45 6$+ 
 4
IM$ Bm  4.
.MV
. $ "=/ ' '.J  J 
J  = 2J2$ "= J J 0 ( | - ) =-  WR &$

 V 4 Bm | .MV
J
. $ " J 2  .PF " 
)$ B"2$ - ],M
3F 6  
 - U =    N," - .
W.$
3F 
 "5/31  E    2 " ],M 60 W
,/31 " ~  4. R '.
)$ B"2$
 6B" 
 " 4/31  . J"$ N23 "J6B 45
 
"2   6$  '..'2
. = 2/F .   "  3 &' N23 
  41 ,,-J -" 2
) " 2= 5 4]  I  6$ N23 C)+
<" 
 = "")$ ( J  U", - ]

46

 .JJ  45

  J Pm -"E 3 
 
  /m (R" J  2J " J
<"2
45/31 N5 $ 
  'm&  6J2 J" / -/31 J"J J$ 4& - .PF/31 -
"&
  ."m = .],M". ')P

6"$9= A"
N
 W  3 N$$ "BJ J  5  {65L " J " <",J W = e, "  C6= W
5 3 45L   45 5" .J <" ~.  W"MJ N.D mF 0 $   (
. 4" J
&V
<",J   
"2 N3D 45 C6= W).
  *  ,">T
  ) +  P  
3 B"2$ 2=" "JI J$ ],M". )P J$ U
3F  &  
2"J U
"  5 45 WR . = f" J 2=" , 1.2  6 - T
 U.  ")= /5  .& U
= f" ],M". )P L J &3wJ &5 + :"6 B
o = f" +& J   60 .+, 4 J 52 U.  8 U 2 f)$ ) 6= =w5 + " 6 6J
3F
 60 U" ],M  6= 6 U. 

D"JR ,F  
&J m ) k .(T
o = f" +& J   60 .+, &J 52 U. 6= =w5 .
&J/3  J". 4  
.",
 J".|& + 1  6$ - 52 +)J W "  J2"3" 
D $   =~ 5( 60 U. 30 W
2J
$ 60  , 
J D= U"3 W$ U  % 97 W.],M". )P kD$ 4"J
 GND"X ) ( mailed steel
35  3 U
2R & U 6"'  35 V.  /   <| 33 6 - /  B",-2
% 20 <"2 45
V 
&= < ++
 ='  ].  .kB2" '.V$ 
.x ' 
& k2 45  .
 2  U.+ t.
=N.":

{J :
< W.,, " k.2=.
=
  ) :20
  1 .6 = 200.
=
  ) :21
 0/  1.6 = 270.
=
  ) :220/ ~6,F&  1 = 330.
#
H J

 "m  
  V. 3,F E$ 0 10  &$ 3 45 ,6  06,F 45

  3
 "m h6  3 .(3 4.
TNXD > Au ) A-(A$D

 :x   Bm  = 45)  * 10 ' 0 0  * 4 '+$ 3 4.( 45)  ].F'"+r
 W,
$)  .=,<J
< . :   $ 5 J)  
   45
F &  , 2.5 45,,F  6 ,, 5
2" '"+r m )   (  &
 BL .4=,m
 :f 2   B< =,&J( 2.5* 5 * 5   BhMJ W",/ <" 5 +. )+  4.)
  
J .B
. ).
" ) {26 :( '", { .
 4
52 J, )  =.
  :2   45 (2EJ 2  90 +, 2 $ 45&
* 10  0 $ "+r |`{.
 6 :0 4 )   .
<"2 :+6 45= 10 * ' 0 , 10  6 - ) '"+r {J=.

47

 /P<"2$ : 45 T) 3  %25 4 `V  45 ' 0 * 60 V 45|`{ * .40

' : 0/J 4.~62
: hF )  <  6  0/J  ~62 " 1   0  1.5 4 {J$ $e5 '|&J
&$
F "2 45 3 &$
 MV.." (3
 :4  2R  m} 45 = " m} 45  $ 4&

.
 + :$  I/I &J, 0/J 45  $  45 ~62 {,  $ 45 B 5 U
2$  0 $ 45
& 5 U
2$  $ 45E  5 U
2$ = $ + $  $ B   B )  
45 
&"2
k.2$.0/
 :  2R  45  = " 45  $ 4 &

.
E : .
 4 {J3 )  <
| NV .'&  45 '$I
kh $& :/  3 hBJ /  B.' $  2 2
"{ .&" hBJ .
 " : )  " U"3". 2J {26
 :"5 V , 4 <"2 45 4 J
3  32Em= 
(.
 + 5  :$  h   0  F  N  )
  4.
  (B 6 -
12 " 6 'J) .
 V :, & h RmM$  3 J k.2$ 45 J0/  .
,9 "_O" UL
-1
-2
-3
-4

-5
-6

 :{2 )  &  4.+2R  45 +,

 /
2 " k.2.42e

& :T. )  & & . R  45 4.
 /
2 " k.2= .
J ,=<"2 :  +$ 
  , 60  ~D" 45
J 52 2& .  4.+2  {J$=
.
 :  2
 k2  3 45 42e
 /
2 " :
  : E & .   2  46".  45E- & ..
E- & . : = J6$ 'B6     )  .(.",
 ) .", ( : 4E 
  e 2
.k2
)J : E &  4.+2  46".  45E- .4.+2
E-  :4.+2 = )J J6$ B6   ) .", (.
 , $ 4. 
&$ :5
52 J, )  " 2 m < =,  3 m" k.2   3 |5
 $  2  . 5 4
 TJ2 :T3/  <, )2 3
 TJ, T3- mF 4,  $@ (R@J N @ @ @6 B
)J
   5 TJ, ~D T3- mF N233 . eV=1  k2 45 TJ2<
]  @= N@23 @2

.
U ,9 "_O  ) 61# (A- 1O

+ : )   4.+2R  45) | 45 T0/ < =, 6.

`B : )  R & .+  45)  450/ < =, 6.
" 45 
&"2 :N& ~62 6  U." 45 k2 2 
m . = ~D+ & .  ]
m)  U.5B
0/J 45  ~62  Wh ND I (R&
<",J . 
/ .
  :4, 0/J 45 ~6,F  " )  .~62
C-N91 OATN
  ).2$  , $ .+,  3 45)  `D U
2$+ ,  3 U.+ U
2$`B 45)
. B
U
. ; C-N9..W ) 1(O

"M  =  3 5" k.2  P.

& = B  3" k.2 0.
V$ )   ,. 60.

48

 &   3  h

F =J BJ.
& B  0  3  h
F.
"M  {J$)  .
$ N= &J  hF
F.
$ N  ). 4,& ..
C-N9OW
E$ -1, )  &J BF N23 ,.
$-2 .   h "6 4 3 45 2.* 40F 
".
6 -3 ) k.2$  3  J
F &J"=-  
 V < D j)J V U6  J . E$ 
$ I '.+, N= &J J " {26
.B  ,J.
C+6$ " -4&
 V"J W)  m V {J= I 'Jm " '06,wJ k.2 &53   45 U.m
&
  3/ 0 = 45 , 5 C6$   B &  &J B &
  .m , 2.5
  = ~.`" N)   =,<J)R  &J U N2" - U"3 mh 45 W &
IM$ f)$|`{.
{J$ -5, " k.2     hFD   ~62 4.+2  6 BJ N23
+P.
U
. ; C-N9OW
.1"M  =  3 5" k.2  P.
 .2& = B  3" k.2 0.
 .3&  = B26$,FJ BJ.
.4"M  $ N= &J 
p.
.5"M  = 5&  ".+6
C-N9" U
  k.2$
  N$ < B :$v
x$.10 ,F 
&  k2$,F 
 23 
  )2$ 
52 /  2 B`J x
.4=,m
=  6$ &J.2  = /  E$ N23
.B B  2  . 6.

$.3 ,F 

6"2
& 6. m= J T.&$ B, 5)$ F / =.  {J$ I,F 
&6.
J.
< W., B,

$.4 , " k.2

6"2 m=  {J$=  .W.2J .+,

$.5 ,F 
 ')2 m= J & f$ B,.W.2
E$.6  
U"3 5 " D+6,F 
& 45 6.
 
).
 .7 4
  )  
& T. {2
 N23 k2 ,  ,< &
E V .  6 J 45 
=  .2
$.8 U /P N23
+P  ,6
 D WR J,F.
49

U
. ; C-N9" U
"M  =  3 5" k.2  P.
& = B  3" k.2 0.
&  = B26$,FJ BJ.
"M  = 5&  ".+6
~;U C-N9 yNO" U
.1
 /
2  5 k2$ B2,F 7\1 45).
.2
 /
2 

"2 5 k2$,  5\1 45)  ' &
 ~D" U    
 4\1) 
 $ ,F &  . .+2"  U.
&. F.
k2$.3,   U.  45   62   ,60 U.  60   62  ., 60
C-N961
 "6 0   3"0/J 45 k.2 :~6,F
 6 B. : " 5 +  +"3- I $ 2J" W
, N23 U.  .
J N I 0/ `B.
:4.  " j)J 6 B " :4=5- = ~D+
-1 , "   2
 45 45 " J.".
" -2  5\2`B 45)   1\5 =.N
" -3 2\1+  4R ,  h ND.
" -4  5\3`B 
".46

 {J$ -5"&06   $ W.2JJ.
 -6 
 U" N/ 45.0/
 6$ 
 
-7 450/ )  4 +.$
; C-N9 61. A!."J ATNU
.
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

"M  =  3 5" k.2  P.

& =  B ,  3".k.2
& /P 0 ,  3" N23 k.2 ,.
& &J =
  ~62 WR 52 U. B26$ "2  N23 ,
 2J k.2$  3 +,0/ JV  = N
.
k.2$  3 {J
 & .   4.+2= W.2JJ  BJ.
U
. ; C-N9..W ) 1(O

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

"M  =  3 5" k.2  P.

& = B  3" k.2 0.
V$ )   ,. 60.
&   3  h
F =J BJ.
& B  0  3  h
F.
"M  {J$)  .

50

$ -7 N= &J  hF

F.
$ -8 N  ). 4,& ..
C-N9OW
E$ -1, )  &J BF N23 ,.
 -2 &
 N23 'm, '.h N23  {J =J  U  " ., {26" " {J
 U
$ .   h "6 4 3 45 2.* &Oslash; 40F 
".
6 -3 ) k.2$  3  J
F &J"=-  
 V < D j)J V U6  J . E$ 
$ I '.+, N= &J J " {26
.B  ,J.
C+6$ " -4&
 V"J W)  m V {J= I 'Jm " '06,wJ k.2 &53   45 U.m
&
  3/ 0 = 45 ,5 C6$   B &  &J B &
  .m
 ,2.5 = ~.`" N)   =,<J)R  &J U N2" - U"3 mh 45 W &
f)$
IM$|`{.
{J$ -5, " k.2     hFD   ~62 4.+2  6 BJ N23
+P.

U
. ; C-N9OW
-1"M  =  3 5" k.2  P.
 -2& = B  3" k.2 0.
 -3&  = B26$,FJ BJ.
-4"M  $ N= &J 
p.
-5"M  = 5&  ".+6
C-N9" U
  k.2$
  N$ < B :$v
x$ .10 ,F 
&  k2$,F 
 23 
  )2$ 
52 /  2 B`J x
.4=,m
=  6$ &J .2  = /  E$ N23
.B B  2  .6.

$ .3 ,F 

6"2
& 6. m= J T.&$ B, 5)$ F / =.  {J$ I,F

& J 6..
< W., B,

$ .4 , " k.2

6"2 m=  {J$=  .W.2J .+,

$ .5 ,F 
 ')2 m= J & f$ B,.W.2

51

E$ .6  
U"3 5 " D+6,F 
& 45 6.
 
).
 .7 4
  )  
& T. {2
 N23 k2 ,  ,< &
E V .  6 45
J  =  .2
$ .8 U /P N23
+P  ,6
 D WR J,F.
U
. ; C-N9" U
"M  =  3 5" k.2  P.
& = B  3" k.2 0.
&  = B26$,FJ BJ.
"M  = 5&  ".+6
~;U C-N9 yNO" U
.1
 /
2  5 k2$ B2,F 7\1 45).
.2
 /
2 

"2 5 k2$,  5\1 45)  ' &
 ~D" U   
  4\1) 
 $ ,F &  . .+2"  U.
&. F.
k2$ .3,   U.  45   62   ,60 U.  60   62  ., 60
C-N961
 "6 0   3"0/J 45 k.2 :~6,F
 A1"XN# : " 5 +  +"3- I $ 2J" W
, N23 U.  .
J N I 0/ `B.
:4.  " j)J A1"X@
"!) " : = ~D+
.1 , "   2
 45 45 " J.".
" .2  5\2`B 45)   1\5 =.N
" .3 2\1+  4R ,  h ND.
" .4  5\3`B 
".46

 {J$ .5"&06   $ W.2JJ.
 .6 
 U" N/ 45.0/
 6$ 
 
.7 450/ )  4 +.$
; C-N9 61. A!."J ATNU
.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6

"M  =  3 5" k.2  P.

& =  B ,  3".k.2
& /P 0 ,  3" N23 k.2 ,.
& &J =
  ~62 WR 52 U. B26$ "2  N23 ,.
 2J k.2$  3 +,0/ JV  = N
.
k.2$  3 {J
 & .   4.+2= W.2JJ  BJ.
! !

h=  +$ = <",- ,=.

52


0 = +,10  6 - +6
45
F 
 /
2 
 &J" ")$ 4 4 4. ).2$ 45, .{65
= P
= &J

0 = +, 10  6 - +6
45
F 
 /
2 
.B"2" ")$ 4 4 4. ).2$ 45, {65
= P
= .B"2

0 = )+ & * +(10, 10  6 - +6
45
F 
 /
2 
 &J 
.B"2" ")$ 4 4 4. ).2$ 45, {65
= &J
)2 2 + + B +& ( &Oslash;20 1,4
45
F
" ")$ 4 8 4. ).2$ 45, {65
= =

= 3
 B + 2& 4 + 2\3 B &Oslash;20 +
<"2$ B 45 
F 8,
= W$ $
 B + 2& &Oslash;20 + 4
<"2$ B 45 
F 6,
=  3
+ + 610 + 20&Oslash;57 +
<"2$ 45
 "/V 
&
  +3
52 J)  "JI<"2$ | 45
 /
2
= xh
= x"h
= h
*
2 0 = )+ & * +(10,10  6 - +6
<"2$ 45
 
3 h U. J .6 " $  " L 45B.
= 
= J
2 =* &Oslash;20 + T
<"2$ 45
F  e
=  e

0 / =
<"2$ 45/2
= .
= , + 20&Oslash;+ 10T
<"2$ 45
F  e
= &J  e
U$ W
 O
-1
-2
-3
-4

  V$ N)  N23 +D 

J B6 .
 4&J )   " &J IM +" J 0 3 D j)J 'J 3 D (B  `  )J
 .'$+P
 4    V$)   m '&B6$VmF 
&    2)  4   " V
&J   J$F 
<+..
 N $  4)  '&B6$ )  45P ) &  .
 2 U"3" &J N.W

53

-5
-6
-7
-8

 4 6  3< 

J 0/ 5 V <  V I - U"3 4. /, 4. WV
.,
 $ N 5  )  45 NP< =,
0 ).2 "5 /P1 ND  " ~.I 
..ND
 4 <", =  <"  +.)  45".k.2
  4 5)  J  = x UF & .  <h ..+,
 (Wv#h:

(W -1 (" Y :d u

<"2$  2 5 " ],M   

)$" 2  J "  {.<J ],M {E  2:1 2J 1:1
-2v#h  :d u


&"2$
 kh = (
. ~ D$ &J 5  =,m,,F )"$ j3 /m
(  5 .6"2" 65=

D  J$  , 15 W
,/31 {EJ R `.
-3v#h  (  ) M*%v#h :(]6

 $ - ~ D$ e,

(  45 5"<  C. 
(  2  5 " 60 R+$ ],M/3  <=,
|& + .. 
,F
( ) m$ j3 (.+.+
(  B.m 45 5 (R< =,|&.+
-4v#h  (":Y

<"2   5
 2 o+<$1  U." J= .PF  
I Cm = 2 <"2  < V6B
/3 3 45" J+"=/ .J6 
& j3D"- = 6B +"=-   $" J..PF
a6w -5 :

<"2$  3 $ J". N

 5  J". .  45 W 
(  5 <"2$ , 20 -15 W
2J 60
   {E  " R+,,F . 5
U$ W
 O
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8

  V$ N)  N23 +D 

J B6 .
 4&J )   " &J IM +" J 0 3 D j)J 'J 3 D (B  `  )J
 .'$+P
 4    V$)   m '&B6$VmF 
&    2)  4   " V
&J   J$F
<+..
 N $  4)  '&B6$ )  45P ) &  .
 2 U"3" &J N.W
 4 6  3< 
J 0/ 5 V <  V I - U"3 4. /, 4. WV
.,
 $ N 5  )  45 NP< =,
0 ).2 "5 /P1 ND  " ~.I 
..ND
 4 <", =  <"  +.)  45".k.2
  4 5)  J  = x 4F & .  <h ..+,
JP

+ &$ |3:
E F : 
"2  5 $ N   .3 45".R+
C)5  6$ -"-"investigation Report Geotechnical J
-"=I
<BB p eV=1$ Structural Drawings for Piles-
.2$ -"I 
 TeI "R+
E = :4   E$ 3&
   R+"JF$.

 ) +
 -"-
& )(Trimming

54

 .3-"=I) 2 U"3 + +, 6 60. 5


)  )$ - 
V )< E(.
6 06,  EF$
=6 J -" '    E$ .3 45&

E  :j R+$ 3
 F$ < 45 =,
 .

& F ".B J 
 R+$F$.
& 6
J Pm F$ <=,
 " =bentonite slurry :f
$ "5   J) + NP JF$

.;
":"
a



2 :< - TF$ - - Ee /  4=& &
 Piles |& 5&.o
"D<h D5<", :
.F$ < =, 4" 45 <",M, 4 (R
V.
45R    .$= F$  0 

D$
<"M, J +. U. E <"," 45
= 42
"  ) (Cast in situ bored PilesR+$ } U. 45
 ) , $" - DJ W  
 <BB

V .
35 5 ! qu~ P 1 T* u+ "! : c c

E F  
"2  5 $ N   .R+"J
E =   E$ 4&
   
MJ ".R+
E  R+$ j
 F$ 45
 .
E  JP )+ <
MJ P F$ .
<.(*W#%.:

  VJ  R+$ 3

 F$ <M, =, =  {2J C<. E F$ 
 45 '3h (R
V 51J
 .& U  ,,F$.
Cast in situ bored Piles

= f)$ ~D F$ 

Replacement piles U
2
R {2J ~P  :
45R   F$ " ", " J +3  $  =,<J $
).2
  45 J D&
   

2 )F (cast in situ  W= m  $  62 Pre-cast ,NDL  ....  " h
<"," 45
= 4 2"  R  . Cast in situ bored Piles.R $ V" .' 3
" M. U
p 
D$:
"  .  UF$ <3 45 =, 

D 60 " J
 ],M$
V  
)$ B"2$  .
3F
" 

D
    6
 U W |&~ (R6B -+$  2 
(   J) ... & W.$
3F .
.. ..

"&$ 4"JF$  6 (R
3F  ,, 
V "  45 U
2$ 4 (R)  F$ ) ( Pile Cap
$  Raft foundationF$.
$wJ 3  "6 B"":
End-bearing

55

  P $ J U 6B  <D&

 660 +, " " J")
 ..
Friction pile
6 0 4")
  T 0"3  6BJ $" J
).'J B

  E$-;W 
d
O $ ,-
1"X
u S : i  !
(W V+ Y63
6  "( c# !~M

C<.$ (R
 .3
"2 ) <BB  +P (...

 "5 $ 4` 4   .3
J"h  R+  45
 +"& &  4 6 ": )$ 4
ZQ (.(aW "N !( investigation Report Geotechnical

 
& . ='   
D$ 45 V " @60 @, " @6 C"@< @"< T@ 0 @ @J @R (@ 6$  @6"J @mF

3  D+" J $60 
(  5") 
    @6$ @ ,@ @ " @P "@ @
"& 4

@D
 VJ . ")  = F$ ,F ~P $< .. =, U"3 " T@
&J U@P  6 @$
@.B @6 @


2 45 'J N.L3F . "&$ 4"J (R"6     " 
D
.
 R+ e)  &./

 "  6 |" &6 UB )

 " .`V6  .
)$ U. 6 (Pile Capacity) $= .(B6J
w5 4"J  
/m  .&, End bearing ", 
D C)5"6 J 
T P . $  U 6B .D
 ", 6 BmF )25 
T /m  $ = "/m  $6BJ J "  6 | ".
 
& . =' 
&60 5 " " J Rm  B +" ( borehole) U
2$  15  32 N23

 |" "+ 
T (R& &0 N23
V   &0F   m/m  . (R& "
  $ 60 k $ " J`$  $ kB2 U"3&
T
.B ,
 " k $= " .60  JW

& N
 J/P"  J +D UD$ VJ U..
" /  q1hWStructural Drawings for Piles-

/.W
Piles Cap U
2
J ~ &$ F$ : 4 6 ,, 
V 
 M5 . 3 (R
. &
5 .3
a. , [ Y* i  q1hW V. /.
(!.:W
.1
.2
.3

.4
.5
.6


3F " 

D U. 
1 
 )  ( shear wall
  
V.
C)5  6$" JR $h1 ' .(/
N23
3F  ( Pile Cap) 
@D$ "@ @$ @,, 
@V @
p @ @ )$ F@$ 
@ @ @J .B
) 
5

   W 2 3 
  F$ f)$  (  N23 W)
 " 4

@D
) @2

 6  /m (R
F.
 VJ  )$ ) h ", 
  T
 ( &J 
5 $ (B.').2$
 )$
+P < =,<J P)  ) ( (Fcu , Fy  6$ - "L <p =,$  . 40N/m2 .
 )$ 
2 52 J JF$ : 45   N23 
" 6$ - - (R
  52@ E @$
 U E $
  ., 80 4@5@  @6$ - "8004BS " 4=@B@ (R
cm 100 @ 5@2@ @W
U@P @$ 
 @J 5@@2@@ EF@$ @@2   @I/@@&  @B ,@@$@ @@/& W@ (R
@ 5@@2@@1

"  45" J
) .B -= = N.L
 6 

D  )"J
52  J EF$ @B ~&|J @$
o&J"
"2 .{65   $ , 60 B6 
 J 52E "  $  , 130 " 6$ 4
 .6J (R
MJ 52 3   6$) F= U
 D  45 '. .

56



D"
 3F)
 $ U. $ +P
. "6JB  M". $F U. .
 .B
" m-)  $ .7
.(63-  4$M, 4")
Pile cap  "O1 N-D>9 0XJ Pile Layout 9 N-D>9 0XJ $ dD 1 1 5 T9 $
:93 e-
T Z-T *-NO 9W 9 Layout
..PF V
 
) 2J $F   
 .1
.(

D"
 3F N23 $p B  "
 - 
D
 M.  ) $F B .2
.( V
 45 (
 2
 D
 = N23 42"< )  2
 = )  $F k.2$ .3
.$F T
 .4
- @&
&@ J ) 4e@@ $F U@.@ 2 U@& @ 5&

@ $ '@"5& N@ "  k.BD Cut off level .5
E@ "T@5
 @ $F@~ . U@. /@0-@ @ V R@@ + ) .@ 6 +, 2 4"J  ( 3h 4$M,
@ @BJJ @BB<
 U@. Pile cap level @$F @ kB@, @ 2 @ )"J 
@D
@ 6 j)J sec.X-X) U.
BJ .(V
 +P ) "+
 
 T B 2 ( -60 )) $  " /
5 .V
 +P 2
W@@ h 4$M@, ) k.@2"@  h@ +$@ 5& "@ "@|  ' $  2  )$ " ( pile cap)  6
 ,
.(63... ).2$ & $& JMJ Pile Cap    D+$ .6
~M! ; 
q ic W /"  

TeI  .2"J 

D
 h1  6 j)J 42e 6
 4$M (/ 
) B<="  
 -& J
:R+"  U"
. Approved Structural Drawing  
&"
eV=1 BB<
 .1
.
D
 
&"
   J" C)5  6$ .2
, ..J .B
 P )+ ,  ) ,=,< $F +P    - V
. P< + +P 
.3
.Bench mark V
 +P "
site layout.
&   .2$ .4

57

 u (" : 23" uW Y# * Y63 Y

6 ! ~MSW
&J/",  " 
 R+ TeI
R 45
 .3F U/", 
V $    E$ .3&
 D<.
6J ":
-1"M  .mF  Bm J 
 -D$- ` ...$wJ W 1 <RJ P   /m
 
<".D
 )$ -2 
 U/m  ) 2e e 
32 
 (."M  /m  
  {B<
 "6JB

V "M  WR
52 JE  
)  V
 U . ... 6= I (R6 
) U
.
m U 
V +). $wJ . B 
32< .WR P (R< B 6  5 
 45

V ,  W$ .-
+P  )$ -3
V /m  bench mark V",- e 
32  )  . $ "L  2  T 0
 U(..
2 5& -4 F V
. &B 2J +P U
V   T 0 E  2
 6 +P
V
 2 I F V
. &B 
 E= h E .F
- 4.D+$ {B< 
 offices & plants Layout -5 
 N$ 2 
 f " V 
 T0
)  "  51J - UF 
<   DD
& < 
& PF$ < ... =, Rm"
 
"N
V",- R 
<.{B

 -61 / D 1 < 
"   J -D$    U&
.
Trial Mix 
 -7 
D$< B.<2=  )$ - 5 " j)J 
"& "< T 0  =,<. Mix Design =,
f
,-
 ) D  - . ,6 =  )$ 51 =6  )$ "2  .J"workability =,<. `V
2=  )$
 < Durability - =,= 2
2

2 ... . J "&0 (R N23 '.
+P  < =,
J .B
 
 +P 3
V  F$ U"3~6,F

F . &J RmF"- $ < 2 f)$ =, F 6 /p ,, SRC 5  "2 F (
) = Super structure N23 OPC" " . &0 ~P
-8 Rm  )  
"& "< T 0  D)5 |" .
 .(MQ:
45
V " ")$ 4  U.$   ".3 W 3) + -
:
Y63 /N * ): (Trimming
V (R
 N .3"B  0 U
2  U  $&+ 0  $:4.
0  $&+ : 0  2  $ +, 6 U"3&
T
.B 60 +, " JR  B "4

D
&+ .$ .


"' ~ P *c

=' &J"=-  NPF$ = 6 2"J  52

J $
J .B "- P cut off level UR 45 "6J, '+ &$ $
J
<BB  - ( eV=16J1  U.  h)  -,p W ":
)+  U.  h)  I 
+3 . NPF$ |
 3  , 
&  3 U"=-  (R&
..
=' I NP 45 $)+ ",/"m   =,<." 51J J U
 < P" ND$ 4I )" +
 = N" J") U
2$ 4" = (f 6 BJ|`{  .
  $ "", ND (R 6B U. $N WR
2$.
 U ("=- N.L
+P J U. C$  ,10 $ m  ( pile cap ) $  2 kB,
 $ &J 4e" 2 2  U. 60 kB, pcc .,10
 c#(" /  " T!# (MQ YM a
a6w :
58

 4&
." 6= 4 
 45 J
V 
&" $ &J"=-  R+$
 F$ < 2  )" J =,
6.PCC.
  " ) VJ + 3 T F$ " N1 .J
: ' $
(R
$ - .3 )  )$  - 
V ) F$ R 4$M,  " =V . i
=6 J -" '    E$ .3 45&
:
45 .1 N.L& 6 &" 
@6  t@2 4@2e @ @ 
@D$ @,F@$ "M@  ,@. '@ N@.B@/@m @ W
6  (&$ $ @
"& pile subcontractor@ Cm
W@.@+ 
&@ " R@+@ (R@
F U@. . @6
6 F$ wJ ,F$ 
  J UP
 
D = @5 @, @3 B@ ).@2$ 
@6 U@"3
 /m  W C)5  6$" J6 
3F " U. 

D 6 
+P V
. +.
4@5 .2 N@.L@3F @6 @6 F@$ @
"J = ]@+
<@BB @D @ @V",- /
@  ( 
@D <@ @

@ 

@@D @ 

@@D@@@6 U @$ @@ @ 
@@D"J"
@( @P $ U@@. @@6 F@$ 4@@5@@

<BB eV=1".D
.3 4P $
+@P @ @|J 
@ Pre-construction pile ) 4@ $ C@)5Preliminary Pile
@@  4@@5&
@@ M".@@ @@ 
@@D$ )@@PF@@$ @@V
. "M@@ @@ C@@)5 @@ 6$" . @@J@@  @@
) @@$@@
3F
" 

D 6   
)$ T 0  W $" 
3FJ 4 "  

D @&J RmF@"- @ @F
) 4$M, R 4.D+$ 
 (.
.4 6 U.&5 W F$ BB<  6$  shop drawing .D+$F$ &JwJ .P+$ @ 6$ @& T5
C)5" J=" C)5 e $"  51J 4 U k $ , @6 B
"&@ 
@D$ 4@5F@$ "@ N)J@2
"  calculation sheet 

D R+"J
 F$.
.5  B6mF " N 4" ' @ @ @/ f@$ @ EF@$ 4@5 
@V @ @|<, @m @U
 "M  3 U. $   W J )+ 45 
&J @ $F@$ @ @|+@$  T@ B=@ @
0   )$ EF$  f -" $ 4h1  45
V .6J2
.6  
$ .F$ " 3h $ 4 (/  `J"@6 J  T2 F@$ @ 
@.) @+@ @ @J

   6$ " j)J p 4$ 
  +3 45 4"J@ "M@ @ @ E@ (RF@$  @ @"6JB

<BB .   {J & < =,
mM   $ R  .$ WR) 45"m- mF

R J .B .
u  (" : ~MW Y# SW (   23

!*W~ P (
, c# Tc W 6 ! iW(  ( c#   23" uW *.Y
. Bm 45 (R
 C<.$ N .3  E$ N  /m &
 45
 ".3 "6J2 (R ":4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

+$-  6 F$ /", 

<BB " .D+
'/m  6)J2 " 

D
  
D$ )DF$.
 Rm
"- /  V",-  
<".D
Mix Design e"= Rm"
  V",-  
<" .D WR) 2J  3 U" k.2 |.
/", 3 F & 2 5  +D I , 2  )$ F V
. &B 51J . )$ U
 " V &J ) ,"M .m  "&0F  Bm m (.
N$$ 
 N$< 
& P
6 V",- 5L& , D 
 JJ 
 ...
= "=-  
  U. Preliminary Pile "   )$ R  $"  45 4 `  p$ mF
)  - ) R   45 $ E 3$ 
V .(,,F
 /m =" C)5 e")
 " "M  )P"- p eV=1$.
2  )$ ) .3
. +F 2 ) U F$ ( "=-  
 ) ,+5 60 
$ ]J"
&
 
&.

59

 -76, 
) @V
. 2e ) 
@ <@ E ( 6@, )@ F@$ @ @
$ f@$@, @ @  3
@ @$
B@J "6J@, '3h@ (RF@ @$ "@  {@B< U@.F@$ &@ @$ j@)J @/@I W = @ @2@ (R
<@BB
V",/ " ,, R+6 F$.
~ &$ ",/ :

 =MJ + &$ 6B/  

= " 
4 4B`$ , kB,F = =@,m f @=/"m@J 4 = @ @`J
 @P @ U .@P  "@2 kB@,= @
)"$ @+"@IM  @ 
) @J @B
@ N@23 .@V$@LF 
<@ @DD

. 

D
 $ = NB@V". e @
  @|)$ @m $@ N @. T@D.$ @ f<"@,@=  @6B
m  U. , U
2$ =w5 .e kB, f<", =  6B .m
 = +, kB@,F @65F 
 @.e @,
J U
2$ =w5    W.$ W
,  6B  , 1.5-2 J -3 45 E."@2 @Pm @F @ W
@,
   .W
 +P o&J

45 <"2
 :

 :  m& D  $ 45<=, =MJ 

<" +. "V  R  4m/@F  @VNe

@@  @@ &|@@  @@V. k.@@D |@@ 
@@ @@ U
@@ 
< U@@. @@$= 
 @@0 .@@"$ N@@2J ~@@h @@J
 %80:35
 f
,F| =3 h/" 25 2J .B.<. 5| f
,
@ : J U
@2@  ~@."< `@D)@ @' @ @' < @" @V @ @3 @ E$  .@2 <"@2 @
)D  N   4m J$F.+B   Lm  N @ @ 
<"@2 @3 &"@
=~ <",/ kP  )"  +0 %1.5 U.
 @"m( 4@5
@ @ /@m @&' 4@5
@ R$@' @ )$
=.'$=  N2
 : "  )  '. )$ $ U 2 2 45 3  900:100   t
 '. )$@U
+01J 2 ) 
J  EJ  5
 ' ")  I   U  4= U  26 @ U=@  @
  ) 4  4=B.2   
.4+B
 
4+B& : =  $ ) j 3 4) 

J 4+B 5 &J( , 40 W
2J@  
&"2 - @,
 .'+0
 
4+B
<"2 45 N :  =3 $=  + 3 .P
  E .3 =  &,
  :4=B.2    ~D oJFV T 
) J .e
] : 
 & , WV  ~  
 +$$ j3 3 2J $ "
"5 45 W, E =3 $
3F  2 =' . e oJ  " {.m N.B
 @
J '@ .. |@
 @,<"@, @] 4@5

F 
'.D$  J .B <"2 45 
 + mE = x J
F.

 :CD  =  = ] F =&   =' h oJ 10 <= &J N.D" T 5 Te  5
@ @' @B$
  WV   ~&|$ &J '.
)$"w5 N.D  ~ '
@ @ @ 
@ @ @$ "@ N.@D @ @" @
& "6 ] U
2$ +.
f
,F& : "  =3 $ 
   B
)"   ., U.   2)   3 
 ='   'h"J- &J 4e 5
 ' 45 6, 10 4e   5
 ' B$ W@V@
&  h 45 M V 50 3 h 0.3.3
f
,F :oJF 3 = f
,F'  5< f
@,p CeD&@ @ '@= .J (E@
$@ o@
"- @P( U@.
m Pm  ( .m ,)  R |~  .   f
,p  '$+P=' , W@V @ @~ @'

   f
,FJ& <"2 45
  |  =  U] 45
 =." 6" x
J ) : )0 $= 4)   4&B 'J "+  $&  | J =& "' 
=  N23
)  U = Vm =&  kB,.
2) m :@ @..J 4 @ @2@3 @ @&0@m +E=@ 4 @" +@D$@ U@3 N@23@3
|$  =  U  D).  U.  kB,  h 
 45F.
 , F : 4 
 T32  e3F  &B 
 D|$ 4 
=   P .  U .

 N,
.B.
=  :",/
J 
2 : J  ')B,J 4e  2
2  p+L { ",.'e

60

J < : J =  h 45 "2 

= /   &D
.J .B
J " :4J J W
, '
 45 o&J 45E ' ) @ @ W@ @&$ 4@5 kB@,F
@.B
B|5 J
 E o W
, o&J 45EF |{ '"6", ",.'e
J  + : J )"   2= U.  
"2+0 )5 
J $3 o&J +$ @J 0 &$
 2
.
J  :B J  +& =BJ U. @  @L"
 @ W@, @B  {e@). < ~6@2. =@,@@r 4 @ @
)$  
 $ J V00"J e &  62..
J  "6 : J Wh &J '.
 $
= 
(|)$ 45 <"2  )$ W.$  
<$
@ @ @

= "$ I RL N2J & &  
&", m &J 5
 $  6+"5 .L 4@5 m@$@ @h@"J-4e
 <",-.
J 
  :&V J h )  &h 6B 45 
e"6 <=, 4=@
J +@,
@ @J@
F

= 4 45
)B2    ,J 
 45 = 5.~6,F
J  :TB6B J 60 ' D+$| &  ,
$ 6B"    " &= N2J =B 

 R+$ .3 J .P5 . 0 
.
J  :V6 J = ' f.D+V6 <  
 )  4D  = f +& =B L
"
  ,| ." &= N2J
J 
:k. ) 45 R "  3 U. 2`$  {e 
J C"
"5
= 4
   B$
U. k.

 )  W  <", f
,F& 2J  U. N2
6.

/ & .:

-1 
 ) {e EL h 
J  +$&] < J ,J.
U. 
 V00 
 -2) {e ~6,F
J h  3P  $2 
 3 .

 -3 F$
. 60+P < `V"J P 
 |
 ", kB,.

 -4  4PF" & J)"+ 2. & 6
. 6JB =
J+P <..`V"J P
4"60 
 -5 =B| 
. 60 ".3 U.+P <.,2 {, " W
2J J P
 -6 45 U
 T0 .32 "2 J 
CDJ 4.m V<$J   2B+J."
,F

 -7E   .m J6$  $) {eE. ~6,F   )$ j3  $+P", $ .J",
-8 
45 
&"2 J-     j 3)  45 4+B) U. 
&"2   <"2 -
&, &J -   .'+0
N -9"M  ", ' 
= 4{  6J R E 
( =) fEF  '  D). U.
. 
$  "2 kB,

 2$ -10  &J 2
$  3 =B . ]+J

45 <"2.=B
 60 
&$ -11  U.
$ &J =B ",
.  60 e+P < J P
,F 
R  . = N23
J 45
=:4
J =  6 |&J U. N
", ). $ ~& U N).{e
J .J 4h =E..
J E 4
.5.
J + 4
.5.
J h  45) {e
) WR 6.
J }  3 45.J 0 ~D= {e
J 3.Te
0 r 0 2.
J & 45 TV) {e E 
2  $ 
  B".W+
-1
 ) 
(
Soil Borings

61

2 +3 4 45

 
 
MJ '5V", <" /m  
+.) D  U. "&". J  = U.
N$$6B ")"
 R+$) +   J& B, } m   $ 0   +).
:

' -1-4&
#$% !

 Test Pits and Open Cuts

" 
 +3"m- 
 5 V  <",J o&JF 
@J <"2
@ @  @ 4@5 k @V@ ) (1 }@ j@)J
k
2$ (R)J +  60 " 45 J&  4&B VJ k @ N @$ @ (R) @ @
@VJ &@2" @+@
"m- (0.75)   6 - j)J 5 . (R) "&$ +"D  3 T@
 U"3 @L"@D  @
F @ @
 W 2 f)$ 
(  5
 J B, (R) 
 +"m-  ($-J 6 465F  4,@  Rm$
" @@J
@@.6.6 @@L
@@1 @@.6.6 @@"m-  @@.<"@@2$ | @  @@, 6@@V 
 5 @@V@@V", @@ T0<@@D
|&~ E. Rm 5 e,) B " /2 ) +  " 
3&   " U"3 &B"=- @ &
@ @J
Rm& 
I J .B (R) + " 2$ BJ  +
.,
-2-4
45
6 Auger Boring
" ~M
6  }    D- +  3 53 @  @+3 U@." @J &
@ 
@6 @  }@ @VJ"@D U@"3

@ 5 T 4@5" @J @.@6  U@.@ =@ @ ) 5 @ @+ "@5
J =&"@,- ~@.`$ @, @"&$@(R
 4@5 @, @6 B) @+"
@ @ 4@5 WR" @J"@ @2= @J 4@ @ ) U@D   <@D @ @ @+3 @ @
2.
-3-4
45
6 ?
> Shell and Auger Boring 9:;<$
`V$ 
6 J } 2
J J 4I/I +3 6 e &5
 23F `D 6B `@D @
@2
J <@D  @
6@  Chisel bit@  U@. 
@6 @" )@ `@/ J @J"J B@,@B @ @
J '@.
&5 
&"2  45) + U
 D$25) U( (B D ( 200) U 50) T
 U"3 4v(
@@ @@D$ @@B  @@,"` ~@@. ) (80) @@ @@+ @ @@ (300) U<"@@2$ @@ (R 4@@5 @@+). @@6 B" @@J@@B
P Dm V  J/D  ,6 45 WR" J . J$ <D |&.+
-4-4 C
6 Percussion Boring

45 
&"2 (R 6 B 6 6" +3 J 2J"  JB 
"  , U. +). +, | 
@ @I
&
 " $= 5) +@ U<@  U@.@&5
@ @ /@m @ (R @6 B) @D @ U@.  J @.6.6 B@,
E <", & 45" J. <D
-5-4 4FC6&$H Wash Boring

" +3"BJ J wJ . } @3 @ 5

@ f@)$|@`{ 4@5=@ @. @J 4@.m  &@D @E
/m = m 45/L 4 " J B,
 
|` <"@, " @J
) @+ @ @J @=F @ 4.m`@/ <@4
$= V j3) +R <  U.F  = U" J +3  D3 $@= @ = 4@5 `$) "@ @+ @6
)h "& j3 +  60  = 45 `$ U" J +3@ @" @P= @J R@m&@ N@| @ J"<@ 

62

 J =FJ  .m 6B  Rm" @J @ "@ J) .@+<"@2$ @ (R 4@5 @6 B" @J @. @
B@B
 k V ) 6 0 (3) (RJ +. 6 B
-6-4 MRotary Boring KL

" ) J + 
6 B,  ]/$ 45 U6$ @ @ ) @+ @
)$@ (R J @
6.  B@, @,"<@  
 @5"@@$ 4
J $  
e/ |@ e@,) 
"@2 @VJ @+@ U  @ +@,F @,"<@  
 @ @5@ @.
 @2$
@' @W) +" $= 5) + U< "  VJ e2  
@
@ 
&"@, @0) @+ @ @J
 = N23EF " J"+3 " 4 " Rm& EMJ .Pm "6 0  +).= 4
:
-1) +
: Open Holes 5 V
" 5) J + B, 
6. " +)$ 4" J 45 .m B Rm$&  "5 mF <"2$ (R
 
 6 B= " J
<" 5 
J +. <D..
+3 -2& : Core Drilling  <D

j)J <DJ +). 4) D  U.&   <D

"2 6B.  U. 
T) J + B, =.'2+
-7-4 MT$>
6 
Continuous Flight Auger QR$

45 (R " 6 B=E )+ <", " U. J )+ J B, 5= J U. 6
 1  0 @ (R@6 B
"&$ ,, B RmF& <"2$ 
 45= ".J
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -2 

 "=-  
.) + Rm&  N /L ) J"J + 5  @5 ND$< =@,& @

= "
,F N2"$ - U"3 W (R) 45 +=|` " J $ 
  (
. 5  Bm m.

M -3  X

M -1-6 
:

" ~ @ @&J@2 @+3@"m- @ 3@2 U@. @|&J

@ 
@.B '"@, 4@5
@ @ "& T@.@F
L BJ 5   
 WR
V 
 "  N23 '.
" / $-
&",  @ = U."j@3 @2+= @J
  (R2 ) @D  @m U@. @60 " @J
@, $
@  @ " @~ |@ @ 6$ e@"= U@.

k2"J- 4e
V ' 45 D+F
 
 2  50 &J U. e 45 @Bm @V @60 ($ "&@
.'. T+"  N23 45
V `D ""$ - 4 5.000) "32@2 @
 
'=w5 (2 4@5@ @ @ @

  5 45 2 U
" ~D 3 45 +$ 45)   66V$ E. '=w5 
 2 "6 J
3@@ 5 U @@ @@ @@ T@@6)$ @@2  &@@ F@@ 
@@ @@ j@@3) @@D @@60 U@@. " @@J
@@, $
@@
  r & " $ 4) D  .  `$ m 45 " V$ J U
  R@m&@ @, 4@5
 P   T+"$ e"= U"` R N '=w5 '"3/ f
$@ @ 4@5 @ @ @2 
@ @0 @"m-
N23"3 
 T6)" F 
   k V ) $ 6 0 (4 2.

63

 X -2-6
:

" ~ 
T2  = U. 
V 
3 +$ .h= /  = U. " J m P
= @ N

V&
60 U. T " J
2 6 U. 
3 
MV J 3 =|` (R  h6B @D3 =@ @5
=  $ C6 45)- "-  T
 6 -V  2 " I/I&   @ 
@ @ @J -
"<$ 2 
 6B L
 , 60 " J|& +&|   U6B 
")  
2
 .P 60 E. '=w5 )B, + "  2 T
 U M".  @ @ @60 @-J IM@"$ @")$ @
 P  U6B  N '=w5  <D"m 1.5 52
J 3 U 60 W
, <D 
  3 45 <@D
"
W@,
6 60 W
, <D 
  3 45 <D .  k V ) (5
  
T@2 <"@ @6B
" J
<".+.

[: 6$
.1
1-7?
^ >T$ \
[::
<"2$ & F kB,  UF h <"2$ & " &
J   "  U. F `$  WR6B
 N Rm) B)R D) - U"3+L "V 60  " @J 
@, `@P
@ @ N @$
@ &@
1 5 "m- 
.J .B
2-7 `%\
[::

&" Rm&    3@

F  @6$ @6$ -
"@' @ @"m- "@"@, 4 R@ @. @ '@=w5|@
)$  )  B Rm& " "t&$ 6 0  
 &B ." J .PF " @ R@m 4@5" @J
@+

"
 , 
.6.6 L
.6.6   E<$" U. Stockpiles J) ":4
 -1 " J
:Cohesionless Soil Sampling +
  N&D) D  U. 4@5 .6.6 L" @J
@+" @J @. " @J"@ @2= @J 4@ @ @ R@m$
 )J=  U J .6.6 B,= NJ Rm&  6) o&J 453F " Rm&  
$ T 0
6B

) &J B J &D) D  U.   '=w5  
 o&J"m- ) 4@5 @.6
@ @" R@m&@

.6.6 @  <"@,J ) @+ @ @  @ W
@ Auger }@ <"@,J &@ ) @+@
FJ @v "@4
) 
 
V  
& W"m  3  =    @J". 4 ~@D$" @J") @.
@= 4@ )$
= 
)$ 2 += "m- 
 eL 45
&
.
-2& 
:Disturbed Sampling :.6.6
4& "  4 J 5" +" J m P
=  `$ I R@m&@
@ R@m @6 BJ @ .@
45" J
"
 
5 ,R@m @I )@6
J @+ @6
J  @, "` .~@.@ 4@5 @
'@=w5 <@D R@m&@ @I
) 6 BJ +"- B ) +=.4

-3& ` :Undisturbed Sampling :.6.6

64

 @$ @ " @@J@ @@"J @+") (R m @P .@PF

@@ ) @D  @@ @." @J
"
 @@6 BJ @,@@J @B6
 D).  ." .3  T 0= <", & ) 5 .&06 45" J "5  <D) D @6 BJ .
) += " j3 4) D 
"2  U.  T
 U.) J + B, =.'2+
 -4 "  JF  "<:Stockpiles Sampling : E
$  " J "J +") (R m P .PF
 ) D   ." J
"
 6 BJ , @D). J B6
 ." .3  T 0= <", & ) 5 .&06@ 4@5" @J "@5  <@D) @D  @6 BJ @.)@+
= " j3 4) D 
"2  U.  T
 U.) J + B, =.'2+
 -5  <D:Rock Sampling :
 <",   <D " <", EF <<",J P  " &J J", @E ) <@DJ @+ @2)"2
V",  ' m &    45 5
 6B=  <D 
@ ") @ @ @ @
)$ <@D@ )@ R@mF
 ' . 45 <D 
"
 " , Rm B,= 1 $ |`{  . 3 45 <D @.@
@5 x
<", & {J f
,FJ 63 &JE  |&J  <D
  /m @ 4@5 f
@,F) @+
"@ &@5
($ N$$"66V 456B . <D
a#\b 3-7\
[::

" t&$& 5 ) D MJ . )  /LF  ",/ 45   W",/ @ $ @I@m
    2 Rm) B)R &J   ]J m  N p
$&     @3 4@5@ &@
 & 

"2 &  <D N. 45 +3 "5 
26$ BMJ &J W2
$ j)J , ` B@ 4@5
3<", & `   
3 N5 .6.6 (R&@ @BJ  @ @,@+ @ @
3 @`$ = 4@5 @-E @
&. 2J 
mM  " J
"
 ,
U@. @ B6@& @t @
'@=w5 U@B`$&@ @ @6BJ @ @

V  $  3 U. /L 45 m ]+= ' 4&J  < NV  " 
) 'JhI .6

65

 Q4L 4-7 ^FcTb\

[::


 45 3F  2$ N= "  Rm& :
o
 &  | U. '3 ,.4
o
& . &  
V.
o )+ &J.
 o &  <",.
$ o Rm& 3.]6B
6 0 o Rm&.
o
32 
 ". 6
2 o 
(  3 45 5". '5V
o ~P .J".
o  & . 3/ m   6  U. Rm&.
 $ 45 NJ=FR DD< Vm ~5 ` M". W  &   45 4, )$ I  6U6$
 U.R   " U"3 45   /",
&
  N |@ @ 
3&@ @ &@h ]
@V)@ &@ @@ WR
"
@ @@" 
3@@I  @@ @@6-"@@E @@ 3 @@B)$ @@ &@@ @@|+@@, &@@ `@@  @@.6.6@@ U
&
@@ @@5
<", 45  E<$ &" ).
6 0 I$ Rm& = .6 E$ 6 0 "m/ 
&
. @P Dm&@ `@  e@"= U@. @ @.6.6@"m
 C6 EJ W {` 45
 E Excess Pore Water Pressure e =<+ 
 45|`{ Effective .&+
Stresses)
  &  (R  J- .6.6$  :4.
o<", = NJ Rm& ) 5 6" $ 4 = 2
B6. 32< 4 5) 4.m- 10 5 J =F
.15
o $ = 0 2 & B U   .4
o"  .6
 "3- m= J Rm&.
o
) U. 5&  =  .6) -"E.
o
) U. 5&   DE$ "m/ 45
&
 )  U. .
o
) 2= U. 5 J 0& &B ".J
o<", = Rm&  = 
] Piston-Sampler 
. .W
o<", e,~  3 Rm  B
.

[? MFMb .1  d
::
Ground Water Table Location
&" 2  )$ 
(   5
F 

 .,  6$ P Dm @ @  @2 
@( @B= 4@5 R@+$
@,,F j@3 &@ 
@V  @@+"@ @@$ @J"J @/ @ 4 N@2J
@@(  @5 @" @  @2 
@( @@5
"6$ I 5V   J  =  &
 "5 45 WR =B6 ) . 0 3 6$ I (W  @ @2
" 2$" e $ RJR$ 2 45 
( U" 5& N '=w5 U. 
@D) T@R "R@JR @ @4
 N,
 J 45 "' = "' )  2 
(  2
J 5 @R @ kB@, f
@( )@ @( "@ @"5 @

2. , -J (
.+$ m  ,  2 U
 2 (
. 4.PF @5 @$ @ (R@"+ @ )@, (24
 B, " J".+   " J|& ++  " J "
"5 B@ (R@"+ @@ U @ J@,
@ |@ f@$
= EJ" J" " N6I 45 2 2 3/ 
(  "5 U. 5  2$  `$ "M  
 @2
 4e D3I ) +=E@3 @J$ @60 f6  (@
.@M E@< .+@, @ @ @J /@5 4@&0@ @ @(R
 6B U  @&J 4.@PF@"=- @ 
@ @2 R@m&@ @ R@m$ @ 
@(  @ @5
@ <"@+.
66

@"<,@ $ 4@"&@ . f+". - . D) 5 

&
 U & ,| + . e
 ") 1
(@
@ 2   3 45  E<" 6 I
] V& h
 "  )  3 "  ,  0  R
(@
 E@ @+@ B. @/ P " U. ,  6$   )" J/5 ,,F" 2 4B` & +$ 5 
.(
  E 6 0  ,,p +) .
 I 5 
: Joints for Concrete =,< 45 P +
@  (cracks) =,< 45 6V" $  ) 45  "`J x
$) J "
$ m  M= ,<
.k)P VJ . B2" ) 
f"@V$ @ $ 
@ T@ 0  W= ,< 66V$  )| 6. J

 D$ " ( joints) P +&
 J W "
=@,<@ P + @ + @ @ .@J 0 @ )@ 4@5 5/"m-( 
  stress forces) 1
VJ " .F 4" +r  $ N '=w5 &5 P + $ U"3 .e L =,m h 3 U
.k)P
:=,< P +=
. Construction Joint ND P5
. Expansion Joint  "
P 5
. Settlement Joint   P 5
. Isolation Joints E& P 5
. Control Joint )" P 5
. Pressure Reliving Joint{`|~ +<$ P 5

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

:Construction Joint ND P5 :

J " 5 4|"
 2 .
&J ND  N2J '.
 N " , =,<. $" "P 
  $ P+
.ND .

F 
 0/. W  , Minimum Shear F C6  45 =,<. ND P5 
 N
.
=  ,< D ND= 
 j)J 45 .e J UF D=' " 
 5 ~
 
6, 45 P+ 
.o&&| J  W,
"$
:  .&
 o&J  ~6= 
" max Negative ', E UD~ ) D" 45  $ " max positive moment" '  E UD -1
.Ee 5  $moment "
. 6$ )
] m J  E& /6={ 6=  ) " min moment "  6$ +D U 6$ ) E  -2
.E (  2 / B6 T
 ) &J U.  $ " max shear force " C  UD -3
. " max moment "E UD~ )  D"   $ " min shear force " C   -4
.4eV=1 B6
|&~   $ - VJ ND P 5  $ N (5-4-6)( 6-4-3) 4 F  N23
.P+ m m- B6  mF 6 C6  6 R<"$ N 0"3-
:0/. ND P 5 -1
& 2 BEAM 2 slabs 0/   span 
j.I U~ D" J 6B
 
 $ N
.]  J 0/J 45 rib DF girders
P+  ribbed slabD&
 0/   2 & 06" 2e 2 girders 2 45 P + -2
: . 6
 . N23 . 2. m "6B   &~ 6$ - 52 U.

67

 5 P N ND  45
 T0"  4 5
  MJ MV  $  5  C6 @ @$@ @f@2 4


 ) F(
 & 45 (R)  ~D" 45
 span  
 VJ P+ @  N@,"
@D
 U. 6 =  N & 45 Rm + P/m  W:
"+  shear keys C6/m  W 
 5 45< =,/m R+$ ) 
6  .3J B  j)J 
" ~ 45(.
" C k$+ Intermittent shear keys $ " VJ 6 0".
<", | . Diagonal Dowels (Starter bars)e VJ W V$
6 0. Shear Transfer Method= C6
5 :=I P"
 : Expansion Joint
`  
 5 P"
  4=
. ") 45 6V ")$ 4  =,<.<6 o+ "
 
=- 45<=,
=" &   &B IM$.t
 N"m F 
 + , P"
  45 ,
= 4"  4

 5 $V  N2J  V65F

. Horizontal stress
)$ 

$ P5 J 52 J m 
$  $ 4. 4 {e3 E ' 6 
D$) 6 {e  V 65F
$ )"+ 45) .. {e J WJh
 P5"
 , 2
52 45 65F
= 4<"$ =, 40 J 60 4   
 5 Pm 45E

 4` " 45 t5 ,& 
$ P5 J 465F } ,p m 

"2 12.
o&J 45
+P   =B ." 30
5 : I P : Settlement Joint
`  R    + P  
3
=  4  J"." N2$ 4 3Vertical Displacement ,
$ 45F E 
 4` " J t5  3   N 0 &0 P+J 
&$ 
MJ 4
'.
3 45 W
, , 2    D+,,F " 45 4 ~6, 4. 
JF  N Rm0"3-  "
D
&   J 0 R  " m (R +.P
<"2$ 5 P 45)- ":
.1/"m = " J +,,,F F   = N23 ~."< MV
. 42 ".J
/"&"$ 4  6 65 6= 4J
.2/"m $ 
3F 45
 U 5/"m)
 )  45 
 2
.L /
/
E 
= 2 - +$  D+"5 k 
4J  2
D5 2
.3/"m "D EF 4eV=1 
 U 5/"m /"m 0 
52 J
F 45 spans
.U
.4 J F   U 
 U   6  ) P6",- ~ $ ) "  
J ( k )   U '
 "+ "+  
( 
.
.5/"m  2 "EF ],M 
 MV  P Dm/"m 60".],M
" R+$ (R + =,m 45 P,,F  5 ,,F 5 R+$ " 
J P"
   kB, U.,,F R 
+    45L <",-.
5 : &J P&E Isolation Joints 5 4
$ P :

"J k
2$ 465F {2  $=
 0/ ,,F ) ,{e
 = 
"J k
2$ 3  4, 
J"J 
 )$ - =  = ".k.2
5 : 2m P"): Control Joint
5 4`|=-J =,<. k
2$ P 
 3 h =  $=
 < N2J =,"` ) " 
0/ .
F "
"J k
2  45 0/ ($- {65 465F J k
2$ -.

68

: Pressure Reliving Joint {`|~ +<$ P 5 :,,

4 $.  e"2{ e{ ) e) . '2$ 5 
&$ 4"(Frames)  01 V
 45 465F"
 J Pm P 5 4
.L+
{ e ) 45( L m{  e ) 2$ 45 ) $ , 2 4. {`|~ +<$

69


# a   ,.("Such
""Imperial units
-1
# wS :
U. 
"&$ P 4 `P 3 . . .
6 P J = 12 = 3 ) (P J 36 5,5 = D6  220) D 40 = +(  660.

 )
 " 5 8 = (4& V  1760  5280 3 = ,+.
) 63  
T
(( = 6  (J3   120 = ( )J
45  = 720)  . F
= 608 45)  . E.=1

 ) 45=". = . 6080
 
  4) . 60761 = '=w5
.4& V$  = 115

-2
#  #:
6 
 .&J P J 144 = J 
 9 = &J .&J P J 1296 = &J
 D6
 3025 = &J  . &J+ =  = 4840 &J D 160 .&J

 
5 640 = J.

-3
# * :

. 2J :-  5) :
 = f J 2 8 = W $  .WJ 4 = h

. 2J : =I :.e2
 = 4 .e,  16 =  4 = f . 32 = f J 2.
 = 4 = 128 . =  315 . J" =  42.
:I3 ) :
6 
& .& P J 1728 = N 
& =  27 &.N
: &J3 F :
 = )
 27344F = 16  16 = 0
B6 = 100 45) 0  - 
") 112 = ( F.(=B J 45) /0
 B) 4 F 2000 = (0= B 45) 0  - 
") .( F
= 2240.(=B J 45) 0

-4; -1
 ~ 

":

" = 10 = "
", 100 = "
.. 1000 ."
2
" = " 100" " = " 10." 1000 = " .

Y.QW :N 
# ,.("S T 
# !(:.
 3 |$ U. D)$ 3 |$  "
", 254P J U. D)$  J " 08361 &J
5"00254P J04047" N& "
",163871& P J"
",3048"03048

70

&& "00283N "09144 &16093 N& "07646 " . P J "09464

 J "
",64516 &J 283495   J "00929 J045360 ..
 :3/" 3  32 F
 ". :3 6 3 2 e &  025 ).(N& "
", 1000

 Y.QW : 
# !( . T 
# : ,.("S
 3 |$ U. D)$ 3 |$ "
", U. D)$
 1196 J " P J 03937  00328"
", &J "5 2471 "N& "
", P J 393701
 32808" & P J0061 " & 353147N & 10936" N " & 1308N &
 10567"  0621" .  &J P J 0155 J "
", 00356 " 107639 J
 J . 220460

- -5 : "T :
 ,6  6  )
:
.
6 
t ". Celsius "centigrade
.
6 . Fehrenheit .4"=+
. " ")   
  U "/&. 60 mv"":
( = .32 + ( 18
( = - 32 ) 18 .
  20  )$ 
:W  f=5 U":4
(20 18) + 32 = 36 + 32 = 68.
68 )$ f=5  U   t":4
(68 - 32) 18 = 20.

-O d :A!."J
.1
.2
.3
.4


)"$  .V" NV  J-  3" 45 k.2 45 U J) ~6,F +, 0/<.(=,)  `$ "=  &J/"m  ) /"m  J 0/"m )" < .B." " 
@ )@P5

$(.
 U"3= f< 45 =, $-3 23 -= R+  2. .e" NR &@E@ @ @J- N <4@5 N@2" - U@"3 =@,
P )  .
 :~3E & U=
 =|` 45&
)  fJI 
3 IM$ f)$.E

!6 "a" (  (Compressive Strength) d%c

`  ":J
& 5 
)$< 6 =, |`{ 
,'. 6B "  J$3  )  (N& " 100<.=,
F 
:<"2
 4=& N& N .1 ).(20cm x20cm x20cm
BJ 4=& N| .2 ) (cm 60-50.(16mm) (B

71

 N .3 $   N
& = 
$ + 6BJ e/0 |+  6 f E 
 W" =,<J DW5  2
 6 45 N ".4
6 0"m-:
Rm$ .1&  < =,)  < 45 {.
 = 6  p
J )  (6& N @60 (3) 4@. p@
$ j)J =,<J
W$ I 60 3 4. JB, | N&J W ) (25  $ j)J 60  |J @"=J kB@, 4@.
< =, &J"=-   W6B & 2  . kB,  )B, J N6 B,
, B2 " " J= /
 4.
& N< 4=,  U. & . $  ND <.( =) =,
+)$ .2 6 N

. &J =,<J  &h ]

V "E 
 W )., (24
+)$ .3
& 45
  45  &J-"E 
 4B`$ )  W+$ I (days 24 6 N $ 45 
`$
@
"<$ I& (days 7) &J  I/I @I/@mF .(days 28 ) @&J@@"mJ W @
3 |@`{ @&Jm@
h  
  4 f.0
$ .4 "m  4.
 I "M". R+  m < W.$  T+"$ =,"3 4  ,  N"m )  (6N
  MV  NP  )  N& " 100< 45 =,
 MV  N6 6$ -  6 45 N|`{ 

6 

E 
) .
D".
" 2
& < =, (days 7)
&J)6 5&
 (days 28 < 45 =, 
  $ j)J ,

& } 4)B, J|`{ 6= I ,
" 
3 . TB$ 2)J  /m  (F) 2 
& ":
F = P/ A
=F   2. (kg /cm2)'$3
=P 
3 2

&"2. (kg) '$3
=A 32 4  N& kB2< =,  kB2 B,-= .(2cm) $3
]FJ
& 
2009-10 -2 T5=@D3 'P . f @'  @D&@ @V
J  @' @
3 @0 4r JM@J @2
 F 
 &
 , 60 45 , 60 3+$ )@D @ @, 40 " 
@D=@ @h ]@J '@5 W
@ @ f@6
h ND )   4&
J =,<. 2J 4 +< , 2 P 3 x =, ) = 4  fB
|@@@@@@@@@ +@@@@@@@@@,p J@@@@@@@@@ =@@@@@@@@@E  @@@@@@@@@2 ) @@@@@@@@@.
@@@@@@@@@ U@@@@@@@@@  4@@@@@@@@@, 4@@@@@@@@@5 4@@@@@@@@@.)@@@@@@@@@D @@@@@@@@@J
< x MB  23 +$  J - 4,  MBm
2 2 45 .5
v, P1c /c [ i,Q
.
# (, 
c 1c i" 8
.
# '" q
aW T!# / i,Q!W  
[V

,
J ND <",J 6 <| 2 42|< 36' < =, f.P 6 ').@2 =@,m N@& @" 536@'
" .
' )  
. 3 0 34 <"2
 
"   4 B) :
I (, 100) " 1 ' 0  3 N| &B  U&
J&  U.
E , =' (B N23":4
 6 B  3 
"  0.22 ' 4 BL ..
 8 B  3 
"  0.41 ' 4 BL ..
 10 B  3 
"  0.63 ' 4 BL ..
 12 B  3 
"  0.92 ' 4 BL ..
 14 B  3 
"  1.25 ' 4 BL ..
 16 B  3 
"  1.63 ' 4 BL ..
 18 B  3 
"  2.07 ' 4 BL ..
 20 B  3 
"  2.56 ' 4 BL ..

72

~} {  yz =51 )x )).v8

'9 * =   7 2000 0= '(#'+9 8 %0=5 = = 0z- y7)# *6 =.  9 %1 =
)  ' 0'9 ) )4. )z 'z y# 6 #= y9 %)* )48 =4# # $ y#(7
" % ),*4 " ) #'58 7 )'58 %6#  'z ~' )z %#
~} { z =5
1z 
%7 9 %8= 3$ '9- - ',.  *)z 3z1 %6 y=. 1=5  )6 3# y0'0=. ) )489 87)9
"8 1(6 # 1(6 v)9 )9 y=. # =
',8 z %6 1)= yz) v)91 '0 y#)= *$<= :% )5  )"= $ y#<) $
)7.
)= *$ : ' =")9 $ y# =, )z=0}5.
)= *$ :< )z }z <.
)= *$= :9)z " <')z  =)7<.+
1  # %6 39 ) 1)= y#.%.98

  S :3
 = 
"&$R   " 6= U. ],M@
3 
@ "@2 @ U  @ kB@, @ NF @ U kB@2U@. ]@,M". k@D

 &J  3 45 W  R  kB2
 U. N,
  @ .@R @ @ = U@. @|&J @
"&$@"3- 
@h
j3 0  
"$ 4 45 ) J$ 
( UB&$"3 "0 ,$ N,    @B 

"@ 4@5F ...

 R 
 26$ T.B< T  = U 2e
:
m - TF$:
6=  = U. 
"&$
3 
 U U
  "$ " 8 J kB, f)$ " 25 UF T
 N23kB2

 ... ],M". N, 4=
. 
&"2$ . 
3F .
m - T"3-:

)$ U. 
"&$" J
)<J B 
3p   $
"3-J U 
 ... h ") 0 < 6
J 30
  B ...
 "< R< &" h 
 45 2   "3- 'J J" J
).... B
26$< 3=  T

.
&"2 U=  =R   :4.
< T<:V
p 
&"2$ 4 B @m @ 
&"@2$< @ Tp@ @ @. B  ... @. @ @ U<"@, @R @ @
< @ T @ < N@V
<"@2 @ 4@m&@ @6 I@
. 
"&@ @ @|+
&"@, < N@V&E@ E =@

6"'  J 0.
( ...
 @ N @ $@ (R< @MJ T
@2 f@)$ @. 
@(  @&J @5=@ @
J "@ 
B6 
J 63  6$ U"3 f "& +" ... m @3 4@5 @ T@  N@ @. B @ NJ@ N@&J E@$
'.+, 0 3 ',    )  UB&$ U"3<  "m I .
< T)  :

&"2$ (R< 45 T" J  5& 
3F    2"m (R< ... @ T &
@ @R @ @ @

@ @ ) @  @, .=@,<J p@

$ o@&J 4@5)@- =@ kB@,@ (R< @ T
&@  @J".@  U@.@F
 "@@J @@B6 /@@2J @@e/BJ @@ J @@ @@" 
) f@@ E@@D .
@@ @@ <"@@2$ @@6 0@@ 5 
6@@ IM@@$
` 4@5 20" @ @). @J @ )
@  @5 @J 0@ @
 W@D 4@5@ (R< @ T
@ "@4@5 
&"@2$ 4
m T
D  45 
&",,,F <@)0= 4=@
 P )@2
@ R@, @J 4@5 @&J @
5 @V$

.D W
,  E< o&J 45)- "&  ' "  o" =" D .5/m
< T
:

73

 " R   <   T  "+."< $ m 45 4VmF kB, U"3"m 

 I ],M 4=@,m
D ' 5 kB, U , . &" 
&", < < 2 f)$ 4V 
@(  @3 4@B& @5 @0  N@V<.@ 
&"@,
< 5 =, 
(  45 5 $ 4B& 5,,F.
< T<:=,
 =   < 6 0 U. 
"&$ T  P .  U 6B ]@,M". )D@ (R@B 
@,MJ .@2 @V

R+    h  +P .Pm U.
 
t2  ,,F R ,< 
 U@
. '
&",
 E
3F @6  U@. ")
@ .@ R@mM$ W@V  
@D$ @
  t@2 R@+$@,,F "@@
"& 4 @

V.
26$< T< WR &$ =, U =F :$v
m T< =,
6J, ).2:ND
R  e@h
&"@,- @, 3030 @ @$B ~@."<$@ @, 5050 U@5 4@5 N@D$ @ < N@V ) @ 
&"@2$
E  W< ... =,@B 32  %1,5  6 - ).2$  3 <@ =@ @ .@, 20
6@ @ @
 N 6"$ =  < 
352  B<  - <  28  .'P
m T< =,
45 J D
 :

&$ (R< N6I T 0  = 45 TF B6J&
T
p
I J .BR  =,<J N6&  
.).2
26$ (R< T:U
m :  45 ND$ T  ,& .+,MJ N"$  5
, NP< =,  .m 
J  = :
m :].
,
   ,  B N.D  , 40&@$ .+,MJ N J B@,@ }@ 0@J 4@5F @ U @D$@ UF
@J N@D$ I ],M". )D .m< =@,@$ 
J@ @m 4@5@I @ @5$ W
 @, @6J &@ m@ - U@"3"@
....m & N ,
J 4.+2 "5  45 <   " @.@3  @ @5
 @, @ 
@|$ "+@VJ
 f 
 , )"+$  NP f< =, 5
 , ... ")
  R <  40.0 50 U

m 5=:U
 @ @  m@$ @,@ @|&J U@& @ @2 U@"3 o @P @ U
@ @ @mF @ &
@ &@N
<.  < =,
).@2 "@ 4@5F 
@ @m @( 
. k@h ... @, @6 0 
&"@2@6 
"@ 4@5 &@2
< ")
 R <  50.0 80 U
m 5:
   ,  B N.D  ,40&< N +VJ D+ 40$ (R
 ,  UF )D
E I ],M". & N  , 45 " k.2
.B ND$ I< 5 =, 5$ o+<$
 , 3 80 4 45
 W 
 6< 45 =,< ")
 R < 3 0 60 4 p kP 4 " J m.
m ",=:
R < 'V 3 U m ].
, - & N  
& 4.+2< =,
).2
`B  N&Jj3 N.D
ND$< =, m
 , $ 6J D+$ U"3& N 4.+2 $  " &2 +,< ... ")
 R < 

74

 25 .0 30 U N=J= < T

R  6J,= m ]+J 
&$ .6 B 6J 
)$  m
 = ].J ")
 0 50m ].J ")
 0 60m ].J$ ")
 0 75m ].J$ ")
 90
.0
m =
:

&"2R < 45F 4 @B @2 o@&JF@ 4 " @J`@ 6"@2 "@ @ T6@V"$ 4/"@m  @D+
F T 0  &J  =D6 =  45 J 0 " "&$ WR .J (R"Bm J  45" .4=
. . ],M@3 4@5
   N . P @,F 
@ U@ 4@5 T@
 U" @ j@)J @J IM@$/"@m  @D+  U@."@ @J @
&  
&",  (R< 45 T" ... ],M  $@R <@ @+3 @
& j@3 {@2J J B@,
 N@6
@T@
&. 4

.B  
&"2 =-
 "  , (R)@+ @ @
& W@6 
"@<. &@2
@ 
@ @ @ @
" 45 &2<  .3
m :=I   
&$ TJ 3 "+ , &+$ I N .m< =,@  @B @.
 @, @,40
@  {@, " @.@t
< 4=,R 12  '+.<$ 2
 &$ " 15U F  ],M". )D = (R< T:4$F
m ",:
'V 3 U m ].
, '3h TJ2 -  , < 45 (R) $ J &.N U. 5$ WJ$F
 m
 , J B,E 5 ND$ I Pm< =, ...W$ &
 R < 6 BJm 45F @B
 +)J W J t B,
 N6
4 U p D  I ],M". )D k.2$< 5 NP<'@. =@,
")
 R <  20.0 25 U
m
 ,:
&
 3 B tJ
J ,80 4 <+3 U
2$ 0 D U"3 UF @ @I ]@,M". )@D @ @ @t 
J@
 "2 U
2$ p
I1 2J =,<J t 5 : f
, 10 : V $  
J 60 U
@2$ . @0B ")
@
R <  80.0 120 U
m E V+:
  @,  @3 @B U@"3 @,40 @, 304 @6B @5$ @I ]@,M". )@D @J$F"@@J 4 .m @ @ 3"@J k.@2
")"5 UB`$&3wJ .  $ )"5 P " J 
|` @R {.@2 @m
 @, @B5 @(  k@h"@ @$ 4
ND$ I ..m< 1 2J =, 4 : f
, : V  )  
|` "E @I @5
 @, @6J @
5
 kB2<<. 4.
m
=:
"   Te B,= " |&J m B  , 60 - 40 J U.< B  , 28 20'.+,
 J J .m= B,  "  Te B,F= 45" =,<J t. &J J<.
 3":R+
.1
.2
.3
.4

" E$
 
& . 45&
.
" 
 <",J J". +3 &( ., . T.B Pm
"  k.2$  3< 
  7,   25 B= E.3=  , 15 52  8 B  4 ).$
 3 45< j3 < T
<"2 m 4 T",  15 T
 4. ., 60 B6J
" 6,  )  m)+   
J  "3 J= N).+

75

 &J .5 " "M  &  " k)D 

m  45 ND. E< j3 R  6, 

6 <B.
< j3 3 0 6, =,  
D  4. C   k
2 52 UD $ 6, U"3 " 1 =,<. 3

 D+=- ) =,<. 4 "  4. ND 3 4 " 'P./

$ "$ .6 (R
 45 3 Em j3
52

2 J< 3 T. 6$ , 10 4
&J .7"=-  
 ", < 
 " T
  {J$  . < |&J&J 5 k.2$  )J , 60*60
,  .  16 B .4.+,
" .8) + 4 T
 4 & E$ " I &
 h " f< T " " B6J N6EJ 2  4. 
$465F
EJ  6 30' BJ 16.
, B .9V BJ  32 16     3  R DDm `.
63 
 " .10"J<",J J". 4e  =' .Pm f
,
)V$ " .11E F  V   E R  45 m).6
" .12 5V  45 )<",J 6  RJ Pm '3/  W " 4`. )V"
 J W,< =,V 45
(R
..3
63 " .13" 3 J E  4e m"  JV 
J".

D
45 .14 " " 4 
V. h '. <",J  RJ Pm W  4  ($V ]+= 45 ($V.
 .15= 
'. f$  VV I '3 
DJ =& (
J B",- &= ]+J . f$ .& 4 

.
D5 " .16
  V I 5V 6J `{  4.) +  V .h '3 45
"$ .17.
 4 f$< T  BFJ 0F 
) .62
N .18 "m 4. hV M".  ."3/P
N .19 "m   5  4. $ D < t
0/ T  4.+.$
 .20 "m 
)$< m 4. T 45 I/I
 M".  
)$ "3/P
3F.
$ " .21 
R+$ .V
 ) $ T, 4 
.T

!
D)$
  45 ,,F  )) {e ~6,F
 D <J (V h.J  JB -.
R W o&J
- `V 
&= $ h1  U = 
. J ~ "$ F U. U kB2
) ],M$ 6 BJ (kB2 ))D
  ,  
.B.
 6 ],M"J kB2  =' <"2$ 
& / 45 < & - 6D 
= '. =    
&
"/"mJ ~."<$ 4 =   
.B
 h (R
& E.
9 ,@u  -)
N A>N
J :A

"
:
B 
- `V  
 k  / .]+
| 
- `V &  r 
- `V .
6
  :
 
I  .
`D 3F.
IM$)V.
"D  2 e
)+   ." T6V
=- "- +"=-.

76

 Y-*)9N CX

  N .
 45 ="M  B2 ) 0F  +P I f&", " kD NBV" )P ,,
=.
">D:

 N 
<+.   kB, U.<   NV .P+D m N2$ - U"3 kB2J h  $  '. $ 1
Jh5 B, =. +
UO -$:

 +m V `  /P  

J t 
& |`{ J  5 , B,
& .
3 45  kB2J 6< 3 N NV = .
J  .6 .
 45= 
 VJ   J <NV
` 
<.~+
/ &J & "66V J B,
& "   kB2 U. /+DJ & I F.
o&J, ~.$:

" ~. ,  $ E$<.NV

 6 51 
  kB, U.<.NV
 
$  kB,F + 60  .6J2
 &  6 "66V kB2J
& .
 5  kB, = 
 J=  66VV6 J "   $.
" ~. ,  $ $ N.
 T),=  &$   .B.m
1   5 & 
.',
$ ~&| J k2
~.$  
&",  .t
<", V`  L f EJ .N.D". .J L Dm
<", Dm  . $ 45 N= |J =.&P
<", <++ `.h V
~.$ & .kB2. '"
e/
  VmF 
& )  +DJ ]
V J 
e = V.T6V"$ WR

 V  (c dc
"+ ) D    =,m U." N2= 45 6< {. 6 0< {.<. {.
=,<5 .=,<. V"@ W.
$ - 4
"
, p
 5 5+L J ,   N&D 45  $ 6 N
<  DD , U@. Vm xV&$ "$
kB,< 51J =, .2 =,m U < {.
)"@  U@.@ @ &@ @, "
@,1 @  @2@&' 4@5
 6 51J N kB, U. ' D3 U ].=   C.6"$ =,m  ", W @VJ x
$@ "@, @L"@D 
3=  $"J".+.
5 4"J 
D$< B.< =,
   , , `V". .J6
=,<. 2J J .BB 51J U
"=
 6 /"  N.D$<.=,
 5 < B.< ")$ =,  % (15-10) U. f
, ) % (75-60 = @Vm ) @ % ( 20 - 15 5@1J
@@@ % ( 8 - 5 ) @@@2= U@@@ )@@@ @@@J m<) .=@@@,@@@ (R N@@@2@@@ N@@@2= 4
 =@@@ @@@ U)@@@ .(=@@@,<. 4@@@.

 f
,- =/$ "J + m<@ =@, @J 4@5 @ @
. 4@5< .@B.@5 4@"J f
@,-
@
/V & "
,1" 4@B`$ 4@ @E @ @ )@J U@D m< @&0 .=@,@R " @+
@ 4
@2 4e '@F

77

) CeDm (Hydration<)"$ =, J =  &@ "

@,1
<"@2@ &@ 4@5 "
@,1
@
"&$ @J6
 2= U.
  U 45 f
,-&.
= 2
 - f
,- 
  U.  26 .f
,-< =,  &  N ")$  U. = 2 U
 f
,

 ) D J . " .J U. IM" `V< =,<J PB.

 VJ <",    =,m   51J@ U < N@ =@, @" @& 4@5 6@N@, @VJ N
 N, VJ"- "5 45 J " N@, @VJ N.@D |@@ . @V @ @ <"@,/ N@, 4@5<.=@,
 VJ 5 
 R  - 
' E
 &0 - <"2 {.m 45< =, | o&J
 L@V. k@D
@
<"2 {.m 45<.=,
<",   . 45<"5 U. {65 I  {.  =,<. WV   U. <  ' =,

 @ @ @r U @B
 U.< 51J =,P U  3" k.2 `$ 3 45 e< =, =" .6$<.=,

+P  U. C$ 
  N   4m .   " /F  45 < {.5 - "m- N
$  U.< IM$  )" {. "3 
  U. (R
I . +P 45 < =,.$
 )):(
D
  m @ IM@$ @  @m U@. < =@,= "@  =@' @3 `@V @ (%75-70) 4)@ @.". 4@.
<. =, "  DJ   3 "  <P 45)  3 `P  @mF @3 @
).UD
 5 U  VE F   < =,R & .". 4B< =,6", 6"@  @6. <@
&    
<" +.)  J 0
=- .6 '=5"` )
  
$  $  N.D$ f
@,- @
&$ < J 0. =,+ .R w5  & =" =,<. 4B  
 |5  f.
&",3  f
,-.

 k|"  6J, m  J I$   =" U. .,  < .=,@ @"m @ `@ 
&"@,-
N & =,m 45 @DJ ("=- @ @@.B" @I/I U @ :4"@D  < {@.
6@ @  @.".
" .@D
"=@

)"
 .< .=,  < 

 mF  < =,$ 4 @ T@5) '@$3 "@ . .@V@
N23
6 "- F T). - (1` ) D  U.@ 4=@,m@~ @ N @ @$ @ <=@,
 ,@ @2= @ )"J W@ @ @ < 4@5 @V< 5@1J .{@.@ U@ @ W @$ @3 @ @4@5 @
 /
B2  `V$ .J U.< =,  )$ &5 . B
  
 4@5@3 )@  @$ =@,<.  `@V$ @.J<{@.
   $   , $ WRJ ) 
 
 /  {.<. R J(  U  6 <=,
 .$
 I  U. +. *** .=,<. . DJ  '@=w5 @
.=@ f
@ @ 
@ @ @& @3 4@5
< =, 
.= f< =, $"D     W   Cm.f
,F
` ) D  N " =,m U. "
 E &J @&+J (IM@$& @  @ 
<" @+.@) @ @
=-
"$ 4  W+$ U
  N @ @+$ @D) - @& @J @ @ f
@,F@ 5@@ U @.m
   B 
L 6" U. I$ 4
6  & .f
@,F @ N @ @ =6 @  @+@
 T)2.D  j3  ,D"- h , ]
./)=/ J L 6 ". .
"h-0 <J P:
N . $ 3  'h  )B.+ L |+$ =F   F'.
N . 2=  E$ -D"-  . %.5
N . 6 -   4  . 2.35
N . 2=  E$ - 45 +    "m    %12-10 .
( N .   
<"2 45<B. <" =, 
 3 ) "  V
 T). 45 65 .1
N . <|    2`.<",' 
| W  ( .m
&|  /F |.

D )  V"2 .( ) T '3D |+]  &. - 'J ]
". ' +.'e/E

 # /M !(  
)  =  * 5)

78

 W.0 
"  = 4 B * 5
j3 : 32"  D) 3 " 
 5& D6 5)   B6 32 2
 23 = ""
 
&
/0 7.85 = 5 3   )$ U 3  )2
j3  <  .J  B6 32J J23 " 2 2,
R.5   J- * 100010000U. 
26
" kD 0.785 5 / 4 B
)2  32
B6e =<"2 * 4 / 2 *=2T
:
 2  = &B6 32  8 B6)2, 0.5024 = 4/ 0.8*0.8*(3.14
)2 ='  U.
"  0.394 = 0.502 * 0.785 = 4 B/ ... 4 0R 
 45BF.
 '6 0,
  " 4.
J '2+= 45 B6 W  162 4. '
2 
"  .J.

 E$ 
" A"a 
*-NO GNu
"W c,1
+  P   "  !:O 5
R & 4 6B 45V=1  T
 U." .
  
$ - 5  (  $ ],M) + NP,,F   J- WR

 'J 2 o+<$ @
J &@ -@3 $@ 
@(  @$ @5  @P U@. E@m @ @) 45 @ 4@"JB"@,
2 o+<$ 
J23 " & N), 
@(  @5@ @2 U @ @  @2 " @.
 "@$ U@"3 ]@,M) @+ N@D
@@@@@@@6 wJ 
@@@@@@@. @@@@@@@& N)@@@@@@@2 
 @@@@@@@2 
@@@@@@@ '&@@@@@@@  4e@@@@@@@ 4@@@@@@@&B @@@@@@@m.
@@@@@@E @@@@@@@,,F
-='   = }  m
& "  
 T 0/3  J".  " J .@PF/@3 @J$@m @m
&  -J $  L J$ B ) 
5
& 
5@2 @3 @J @ @$ `@P @ @

$
  -+$ P<J 5  &Vw5 4"J $ (R
52  @3 @3 @$ T 0 ") @J`@ <@P
 2 o+<$ " ( &V 
 45".J
"W c,1 "  w (W
+ !:O 5
 kDJ U. ],M"J" J B |+/3 J$m  -J @$  L @ {@.m@ {E@ @"J 4@3 .N,    .)$2 & 
, 4B  J". B 45 (R)  L
 46B  (R 6B"4
 o&J 45 D$3F V U "F 
!.6
)   45 3 (R) 
 $  - P " @  ]@,M$ @60 U@ @60 +@, @B 
@ 
@ @$
& 
&$,M .fJI) 
. 
$ TJB +3 " 45) 45 45 ," "
$6 ) D$@@60 U
6"2 ],M$(  
  5 B " =E 
3 45
 ") U. 56", 
 )$  = 45 
  .
=< .+R )  {|J   5 
6 @J"5 @J E@
"$ @B 
@ 
"@2@ E@ @I )
@ @.
| .w5 '. 
 <  W"V$ T 6B B)"$ &  ]+J 0
6 U. I$
.MV
"W c,1 "  .(\ (W
+ !:O 5
@@ @@ @@&F o @@. " @@J @@  <@@D @@23=@@ " o@@&J 4@@5 '@@=F @@J@@3F @@ @@+$ 6@@ 6 <@@D@@
< .2+= =, -='  N"& R)J   h" J  <D
 @ N @ @63 U@B&$ @,
" @ @=M@V 4@5
" j3 .. ],M=' 45  3F $  6B  <D  , {65 ) h  $ @60 @ +@,@ J @,
79

 B  4
B ")
@  U@.@ (R@$ ) @V " U@6.@,,F @D @ @J$@m @ @" " @ @. 
@D @
)$ 4"J ! .I
"W c,1 (W
+! "  
M !:O 5
R   "  J Bm= "IM$ J  U.
 
5 MV
& "= J$")
@  {`@|$ @.@$ 4@"J
 U 
 .MV -=' 45R   " '=w5 J  f.P 
( E$ =w5 45)@  @2@+$ 
 M@V@' &@

=/ 
J 
( 4"J (R" @. ],M". k.D$ - J @ @
 N/@3 @ @3 .)@ @J$ @
   )" +.< U. |  $  U ]=@$" m 4@5 @J .@, U@. ]&@ @
 @P `@ @ M @I
")
.
!(   "' :
.
Q
I (,100) " 1 ' 0  3 N| &B  U&
J&  U.
E , =' (B N23":4
 6 B  3 o 
"  0.22 ' 4 BL ..
 8 B  3 o 
"  0.41 ' 4 BL ..
 10 B  3 o 
"  0.63 ' 4 BL ..
 12 B  3 o 
"  0.92 ' 4 BL ..
 14 B  3 o 
"  1.25 ' 4 BL ..
 16 B  3 o 
"  1.63 ' 4 BL ..
 18 B  3 o 
"  2.07 ' 4 BL ..
 20 B  3 o 
"  2.56 ' 4 BL ..

80

J"Y:

).BD:
.1
.
.2< J.
.3 .P
"V.
.4.+6
{m .5
) .

2 .6 
) .
.76.
F 
45 <"2"
 :

" E -  E -  E - V B 432
.h
= VmF 
:<"2
.1E".=.
.4,  .2
.3.+ )
.( J
.4 =".4
Bm R+$&
:
 )$ .1 45 B6= U.F.
6= J {m h .2 F.
 )$ .3
 +,<{ .|&J  J6"$ j)J
f$ " .4
 45F J m B, J<.NV
$ .5 = ]+< B  U. 4-1| .&
.
$ " .6 = ]+< B  U. 5-1| &. " U"3  mv) D  U./F F E<. &J.
)  $ " .7 
F .U
.

.8 
) J
2 B, )  3.
/", < E:
"M  
  < E.
"M  65< E.
 < E m 3 ).+
 6JB
J 52
) 
 .
Bm R+$< E :.&+
 )$ .16.
23 .2 L5  = TB$.
f$ .3
J  U.E .
.4"M  ,
J =2J '"$ .Vm
.5"M  65< E.
/ 1 0 N23  5 9 V. $
10.2 = 106 = 25+ 81 = 2(5)+ 2(9) /
0 , 10 = ".
81

 /2 Bm 
 E  5 9 V.
,= /| .F U
2| . 9 fJ= ,| .= 5 4  ")  V= I  46". U"3 $| .=4
.
/3 ).BD < E
/
 -< J - .P
/"V  {m +6
) 
2 
) 6.
/4 Bm R+$< E
 )$ .1 45 B6= U.F.
6= J {m h .2 F.
 $ .3
 +,<{.
f$ .4
 45F J B,< .J
$ .5 = ]+< B  U. 4-1| .&
.
$ .6 = ]+< B  U. 5-1| &.. mv
)  $ .7 
F.
.8 
) J
2 B, )  3.
/5 Bm /", < E
.1"M  
 E .
.2"M  65< E.
.3 < E m 3 ) 6. + 
.
6JB .4
J 52
) 
 .
Bm .5 R+$
) 
F  6 .&+
f$ .< E.
h .
)   B&   1.50 RmMJ W  . B  " 1.00 &.
.6, 6  
)  UF.
)$ .
F  U.F "B6= RmMJ W  
)  IEJ 
,   " 45 'B, $6.
(  )$ . 6  U.F.
     6
 .

 Bm /",  V. <V

.1"M  ,6 =
  6 <.V
.2"M  &$    6$- F. J
 .3& 
 ". 6
.4"M  ) 6JB .6
 .5& 
) 
6. .3.

,  B
/1 = ) 
/ F : 4. N.D
6.
 = :4 N.DB.

82

 /2 F 
45 <"2
 )
 ( 3 B6( ,
 , J) C.2( ,
/   , "+ , x$  , = ,
.C6
/3 
).BD 
45 <"2
 )
/- {2-
&-T.+-`B- ."2   )J-E---x-"-{26 /P-={-
 V- +-$-'"5=--f 2.4,
/4h 6 0
 )  6.
/
 ) 26$  +DJ  D U:,,
 )$ -
 )  
<"2B.
5& - `V$ +) )  +$) (.

  = & f
,p 5:4
- f
,F =/$ &:
<"2 45
 V=1  ' J  P <"  +.R   f
@,F o@JF@R )"@  @2= U@.@ @
2)  W J} f
, " ) (Oil-Well Cement
<"2 J} B$ 45 " , f
,F WVP
m "& <", .Pm
- f
,F =/$ 
" 45 N.D ) & 
6 " .:
<"2 45)- "3 N.B"$ 4 "& 
$ 45V=1 < =,
& "IM "  B, ".
- , f
,F":N.D
~."<$P @, f
,F" @ N.@D f
@,F&@ @ @ =@ @ 43 = @2)@ @ @ U.@2 =@2
., 4I/I 2 45 , f
,F" $ N.D    45 $/ f
,F&.
 " ~D@R @ J@ =& @
  f
,F& 
  , U" N.D). ,  $<"2 . , f
,F" 45 N.D=V B.
- J f
,=/$ < o+):
)" R    |+< 2= U. " 4I/I 2   4I/I 2 
  U=<+ 45)

" <"2$ .  ,)  2= o+< W  4I/I 2 2= +$$ 4"J 4J   2 )   45
R   .f
,F
- f
,F
6 " .:
)" R    |+< 2= U. f
,F  4I/I @2 "@6J ~@D @ 6 U@.@  "@ N@2J
 = '$ N2J&
. 
<"2 5 WR '"P 45 <"2 45)- "6 N.B"$ 4  " ..

83

 - J f
, =/$:oJ

&"2 f
,F =/$ 
$ 45 oJF
= 4 45<=, 
 P 45 <"  +./.
"m-:
 Rm < B.B:
 N 
$/m C)+ 
."  +< 0/
  E 0/m
  3V @" @ @ J W@ &"@
I " +  )$" + U &  (R` 
 , ~+<$" +  N 
&"@, } 0.2 @m) 3
Rm$& 3 45  %60  (UB,< .B. <0/ `D 5 @ @3 @ " ~@D" .4@+$ @ + =@f
<  B. 
5 fL5 RmE    <"@ @L kB@, U@. @|&J B.m I +. 
@ @ @ 
3 @
= U@"3 ]@6B
N2 65  " Rm& N23
+P  =B  F  +P .. J
"m < =,: B
-1"m " R  N23
+P  =B: BS 1881 102 ,6
.
.
.
.
(.
.
.

  N< h U. C)+ = D C  ke+P- @+ 

@"
. (1.6) W
@, @+. @ ')B@,@4.m
 ]. E  <  MJ  5. Pm" f $ &J(
. 6JB '.P+$+P .,6
 | N D W  - +  B6e "
. (16) B V "
. (600) ' 0 '"53 "@2 U.+2
~D= VJ.
@ 4@, kB@, U@. N@6  "@2=@ @ @L @
. @@|+
&"@, @  "@2 )+@P- @+ 
R@@ @+.
`@@ U@@. @@  kB@@2
@@R @@ f<"@@,J @@65 @@E 
@@ @@ @@&J @@  4@@5 @@D JR@@JR.
-$.

p =,<J N6B 60 U. ""  j)J W

, 6B 3 2   @J@+$  W@$ .N@6@ @60
N23 PF 
&",J | N W&J )  J (25 "=J  U. kB,4@. @&J . 6B @J N@6
2  kB2<",J 4e 
   "2  )"+&.N6.  .
 5 N6 , U{J U. R3  
| VJ 3E3<.=,
  N6 N=J ," .< =," 4 @ 5 @6 @$ <@6J =@, @+ 4@5-@+$ @J N@6U@.
=  B6" .<.=,
"  N "m-  3 = =,<. 465B  5  N6 3  W=-   C@)+
 "&5 < (R TJB L =,
+P.

-2"m & : W

p
.6 & . =,<JB <",J 
`&J " 5 h J k"5 J
{$ j3 .D+<IM$ f)$ =,
= p
" {656 .4.+2
 . U/L 5 B,-=  .+2I 4. 6 & . =,<J J k"5 {" '"J< =, U6 .4.+2
5 .`B  5 < =, k"+$ J
6. .D+  4.+2

. {$ j)J =,<J<  =,6

 IM$ f)$ 4.+2= p
" {65 B,-=.

&",J k
2 . | N2
 W < . =,  6 & .  U6  4.+2 6  4.+2U
B,-=  W  " f6D<J B. 6  U.    W U.F .~B.J
(E$ . < =,Ee   "2 B,-= <",J 
W2   45+V 45 465 ($J )2

|&J"J  450 B,-=  |`{  U.) & B,/ .=.

84

 ~$ . B,-=  <    $ . . 6 E 45 23 F )L (10B .   W

B,-= 5 4 L & R  J < =, eE.W
+$ . B,-= & . 60 U. =,<J  W$ ~  kB2< B,/ 4= $ F )(10
L B   W B,-= 5 4 L & R  J < =,
  .J
& N2) . 26"J W < =, eE U. W < =,
  .J
-3"m 3   =,<.B.
-4"m )"  .
.)$ -5< =,B.
"m < =,
".D:
-1"m 
6 :{`|J
 . R "m-  U.< =,
".D  7 
 U.  28   "m- 6 0"m- 6JB

.+P  ,6 BS-1881 =B 
+P  F.ASTM - C39 .
6$ . &J =
F C)+ ) ("
.. 1 kB, 32 N2)$")
  U.R ,F.
N2) .   26"J 2  kB, 32 U. 2")
 F ).2./$ = (0.5
-2"m 6 )=-
-3"m 6  L V
.h
-4 5< =,
".D.
C)5 -5& . (Core Test) .
" R  N6J C)+< =,
J D Rm B,= 2 .= M. UR  C)+  E"$
& " 4Rm 
< =,I P C)+ "&$<
. 6JB =,+P e"= f663 2&   . &) %85  6$ - 3
(  
6 

E 
6 6$ - j)J J .B  2= F    %75
6 

E.
-6"m ")
 45
 :
 @"m ")
@ 4@5
@ @6&. @E @ < =@,
).@2"@
 @6 - 4@ @ .@ 56 @6 "@@&J m
")
 
 6 I , 24 ",- 45" .m  N @ E -"@ @)J @J 50 @ "
..
@J m")
@  @26
 T
 U.
B6 .4eV=1 ",- N5  %75  6 -" m.UDF
C)5 -7
B C)5
 .|J

   !*  Y ( :
 -1 
 
{.m 45 
&"2& <  m =,
|   E  )@V /@F @
3F @ .6

&|   .+

 , = f (R
@ @e & @6. @ @5/m
@ "@ @ 4 @ 4@2 IM@$
 U.<  j3  =,  2
"=.
"& -2
  45DV. kD {.< )P< =, .

&",J k
2 -3 
 LV. kD  3 45 5 $
 V kD  U. $  E -@ E @VN@2= @ '@5 Ne
& )$ 
+P.

85

 @@) -4
&"@@, 
@@ @@L@@V. k@@D {@@.m 4@@5 @@ < =@@, @@&J - @@M@@J @@ < f 6@@ &@@ 
@@/
)(MortarR  
J 'B.m LV. kD 2$  U.6  % (90) F = $" 4 |)$

&",J  V. kP  (7) 
  W  ) ) 28 N23
+P F  . ASTM C-109
 -5 
D$< B.< 45 =,
<"@ 
&"@,J = ]@+
@ @L@V. k@D @R @, <"@,' 4@5<@B.
<. 
J =,
 A-:
-1 
   " 4" +
 J f
,-
.
-2  |  'D"
$ 4) 
D
45 .
&"2<.=,
4B& -3
 < {.
~   < V f
,-   , U. (2$ = ." `V".V
 J -4 

 6 {.m   ) ]+J 
D
  .f
,F
-5 
 &" =,<. 
3 4B  . %20 -15 J
E | -6  
 
 B.m 45< =,I 
."<.
-7 
  &
.  < =,I ..D$
 A# A-^:A-
.
4 J 2 
 ) 
<) +". CD  
 R 'D"
$) (
D U 45 f
,F< .B.|{ =@2

 45< B.
 `J  ~ "$ . < B. "2= D+= 5E66 U. $@ & @  @ @ @J
@@3 $@@ j@@3 @@ 
@@ ~&@@|$< =@@, N@@2$@@D+=- "@@ 
@@2 @@.@@ -"@@  @@."
W@@,
|@@&~ " @@V6@@
=- " .T6@@V@@ "@@ @@)$  @@2
 @@e "
@@,1 @@D6 N@@23@@ <-76):=@@,
(aci 211.3

H
_T K.W
  U. f
,-&   P )+ ")  '$+PM".   '$
. '"6JB+P   (RP )+:
 &= -1. Fineness of Cement f
,F
C)5 -2 6  &. 4,6."
,F
-3  WV"J- 4e. Initial & Final setting time 4e
-4") .
 .f
,/
I -5 .f
,F
6 -6 {`|. f
,F
.h
6 -7 V. f
,-
.h
C)5 -8=-.

 (   Qc
@@@@ @@@@ @@@@m < =@@@@,
".@@@@D @@@@6 4"@@@@  {`@@@@|. @@@@&$@@@@ (R< @@@@ @@@@ @@@@P 3/@@@@P<.=@@@@,
6@@  @@"&$ , @@V< =@@,
6 ).@@2"@@  @@V.@@&~ @@ 6"@@ 
J {`@@|. @@3@@- W <@@ =@@, +@@D
6 )=- , Pm 4 =,<. ,,
).2
 5 6 )=- 6   E$@ 60 @ @2J =@,<. @V
. %100 U
|@ @ <@ =@,<. @,,F
6 ).@2"@  @6  C@6 @$ 6@  4@5 C@6< =@,@ @ 6"@ @V.
)J 20 4. %30 U
45 {2J D 5 < =,  {.m 4&  .& "$  J f
@,@=/$ @ kB@, 4@B`$@ @
</@m @ .@V @+$
@ U
@2 4eM@5 (Hydration) '@F &@ N.@D"$ @ N@2"$ " @V" @.<@D U
@2$
<.=,
86

 /m (R&
E 6$ . J  =,<. U='  4",/JJ  0 < {@. @ @ "@ @&J" .N.@D@(R
+D V$  N, <J U. =, =)0 )2  2 B  & 22 
.
= N2<:{.
"+ ) D    =,m U." N2= 45 6< {. 6 0< {.<. {.
=,<5 .=,<. V"@ W.
$ - 4
"
, p
 5 5+L J ,   N&D 45  $ 6 N
<  DD , U@. Vm xV&$ "$
kB,< 51J =, .2 =,m U < {.
)"@  U@.@ @ &@ @, "
@,1 @  @2@&' 4@5
 6 51J N kB, U. ' D3 U ].=   C.6"$ =,m  ", W @VJ x
$@ "@, @L"@D 
3=  $"J".+.
5 4"J 
D$< B.< =,
   , , `@V". @.J6
=@,<. @2J @J .BB@ 5@1J@ U
"=@
 6 /"  N.D$<.=,
 5 < B.< ")$ =,  % (15-10) U. f
, ) % (75-60 = Vm ) %(20 15 51JU
= % ( 8 5 ) @@@@2@@@@ )@@@@ @@@@J m<) .=@@@@,@@@@ (R N@@@@2@@@@ N@@@@2= 4
 =@@@@ @@@@ U)@@@@ .(=@@@@,<. 4@@@@.

 f
,- =/$ "J + m< =, @J 4@5 @ @
. 4@5< .@B.@5 4@"J f
@,-
@
/V & "
,1"@ 4@B`$ 4@ @E @ @ )@J U@D m< @&0 .=@,@R " @+
@ 4
@2 4e '@F
) CeDm (Hydration<)"$ =, J =  &@ "
@,1
<"@2@ &@ 4@5 "
@,1
@
"&$ @J6
 2= U.
  U 45 f
,-&.
= 2
 f
,- 
  U.  26 .f
,-< =,  &  N ")$  U. = 2 U
 f
,

 ) D J . " .J U. IM" `V< =,<J PB.

 VJ <",    =,m   51J@ U < N@ =@, @" @& 4@5 6@N@, @VJ N
 N, VJ"- "5 45 J " N@, VJ N.D |@@ . @V @ @ <"@,/ N@, 4@5<. =@,
 VJ 5 
 R  - 
' E
 &0 - <"2 {.m 45< =, | o&J
 L@V. k@D
@
<"2 {.m 45<.=,
<",   . 45<"5 U. {65 I  {.  =,<. WV   U. <  ' =,

 @ @ @r U @B
 U.< 51J =,P U  3" k.2 `$ 3 45 e< =, =" .6$<.=,

+P  U. C$ 
  N   4m .   " /F  45 < {.5 - @"m- @N
$  U.< IM$  )" {. "3 
  U. (R
I . +P 45 < =,.$

 = mF:
  
 =@ 4@5 @,,F< j@3 =@,=@' @3 @ % (75-60) @2= @V< =@, 4@"J@ N@"3- @
"m =   
<"2 {@.m 45< @= .=@, @3@ 
@ <"@,' 4@5< U@. @
"& =@,<"@,- @4e
 /
5 =,<.
= 4 B6 `D N.B$  Vm   `D  < @
( 150) B6J V
<"2 J 45 2 < =, ." 
"eE ) D   L N.B @  @D).  U@. U@.@+
 &.  "
,1

 ) D  51J. . UR M5   N  =~  4m  U@. I@$ 

J
< =,.$
J  ":N.D
"5 &J  B2J {.m 5
 f
,- 5 <@ {. 4@5" .@D" .N.@D@ =@ f
@,- @=/$ @
  f
, 4 45 WV"/m  N.D /+$ 
  e
/m . @R " @+@R U
@2=@
M5 (hydration) 'F $ 6 45  /m  E "
" f
,6&J D"$ m /m  "
$ @E 4"
@,

87

}J D" m.

 .  </m  "$ =, 
.  6$< 6J B.@ N N.@D$< @I @B."@2 < @6. @B.

5 < {.m {.< =,   N `V". J  45 6  N U26< {. .N.P kD
/@@m 
@@. @@ 4@@5 6@@@@5 N < @@. {`@@|$ =@@,@@ @@ C.<"@@. W=@@ @@r @@ @@ "& x@@V@@
 62..e < N =, "$ < { h 4+"< U"3 =,
(  N0  5
J @$ '@e+"m 
@."&@
"<",J  2 F < V 
&=.

&:
& <$ =, 
J kB, kD< N.P =,  + {`@|J `" -<@"5 '@. ~@+ 
&@ 
@|$
"@,
"5 'F"2 < 6. =, 
kB, .J .B<@J '@"& "@ =@, 
@  U@.< =@, <"@,J @ @BL
 + 4$ /@ B6 @ kB@, @B`" N@0<@0 .=@, 
&@ @mF @<$ @
$
@( @ <"@m @ =@,
B`$< ",/J BLMJ =, <", hh  0 .Pm & m <"@2$ Pm 4@5@  @, @,6
=3 f  J  )
  < =,"
 @ = <@2". N@J " @ @J m< =@,
,J @D @$ @
.@6J <=@,
0 
.= f@ @ "=@@& . "@=  U@. @
"& N.@D < {@.=& @ f
@,-= N@2< {@. @J 0
"@ 5
51J U 3  
){  & .=,<J < =,
. 4@5 "@$ '@F @VF @ @3 <@ =@,

.-&
J 
"2$ 'F 4BJ & , m .5 4"J <J 
"2$ =,"2  6 6$ 
. J&
.
45 {2J D 5 < =,  {.m 4&  .& "$  J f
@,@=/$ @ kB@, 4@B`$@ @
</@m @ .@V @+$
@ U
@2 4eM@5 (Hydration) '@F &@ N.@D"$ @ N@2"$ " @V" @.<@D U
@2$
<.=,
 /m (R&
E 6$ . J  =,<. U='  4",/JJ  0 < {.   " &J" .N.D(R
+D V$  N, <J U. =, =)0 )2  2 B  & 22 
.

"  A-!."J *#.*:UO

)$ V <,F =,   <" . +. $ (RV  U.  < B  
 45 I$
 .U4. 
5
~D$V 2 +D$ $2 N23  U. 
V " 45 ND$ 4
  62.ND

~D$V:
h -1 L=,F) eV L= (eV=
: E
h 
=- ) :
"  I 
." N.D
 3 = @ @$" @+
@ @J 4e
@ .f
@,1 @&$ @ @L& @P
@2 @D
<J Steam Curing (R
& )   $
   ) /m < .=,  $ < =,@$ x
@$
"- )  45 
Pm  "  /@m "@ L & .@D@ )@ "@  @V)@ @hm
 6 6  
 = .eV   W +& )B, m< =@,
@ =
@ @+ &@ @ @U
, $ (RV &J {J& 62 P. D
h 
=- . :
)$ =" "< 
. 2  kB,< =, '@= 4@I .@D$ .@R "<@   U@. ~@ " @2@ @
@
 ) , ]
V
h & &$ "< &  U. +0
  kB, U.<. =@, @$ @h @
=-
.  D )B, 45 $$ } 45 2 .3 P 3 45
V 6J, ND"@ 4@5 @D$ 4@
` 6. &$ Bm  UV< /5 h 
=- . `D.
h =
 + : Drying Shrinkage Cracking

88

) R   V  J6$& @P@D6 " k.@2 @3 @.6) @6&$ E

@ @3 4@5@D$ = @V
`P =<I 5h 0/J =<I( . 45
  62w@5 @D =@,m@0F 
@ 4@5 N@D$ .@D+ @
/P ".D  62) D .(N6= | T (R
 = .
 2" 2 N@D@)$ 4@5 + @P@L @,
h  "= 6
=-.
5 1 )  : Defferential Thermal Strains
., V=1 45
V  62 U. 2 ND"/"mJ IM  ) /"@m-  ]@6B 4@&B ="@ "<@2
.Steam CurigR $V 45) 
) D    D$  .@" M@V
J
@ )@ 
@ @t+
 j3 m} IM$-@+$ 
4@5 @+@ )@ @ .@2.,@V |@ @3 /"@m @ 4@5@ )@ @J
 0/J 4
 .R "= IM ) 45
V  .2  )@ @V 4@5 &@ @3 @ {e<E=@ 4@5
-@3 @ @ @Pm  e@2
<@E @m<@E m@, @J @ .
@ @)$ @ @"= M@V
J/"@m @
&"$ / &hF ]
V
@h @
""5 @$ @
J @ @3 4@J
M@V
) J 'eE
<"w5 +. 0   
<  "5 |+ r W h    BE  45 
V  . B 
"@ @ .@ =@ @m @
V  )$ f)$R " IM3  P<J |  -"E .6$V   $@
=- @5 @
)  "= 
 MVR & 4 "- E"$ -  3 &J V.
h =" ":
 =  2e  & 2 E$ U.   IM$ "&   U.
 MV< 4=,
:
$  3": k.2

D "E  3  3"h " k.2"J m . 0  W@ 6@, U < =@, @ 3 +@h" k.@2@2$
. @  @2 
@ 4@5< @r U@. =@, @R &@ N
@ U@. @2$@ W @J 0
/F@J &@V 4@5
@T0
 
)$ .32 .   2 w5 4"J Bm $ )  kD$@ 4@5@ (R)@ . @h $@ ) @ @Bm U@.

 
 MV 32 .6$ j3 '.
)$)  45B6 < 4=, (R Bm 45 Pm +DJ< 62 =,1.
=) <:=,
 /+$ 
$ e  W"$ U< =,) F@  @h@  @$ 4@ @"= Ettringit@)$  @ @ f @
45 f
,1 
 .
k. $ 3  & P
 = ' "
 @@ $ @ @+$ U@V 6@, @E
< =,
"" .  .m
 "= 4e"m 3 )w5 
e/ L (UD3 "@ ) @+"@ U@. @$ 4kB@2
< 4&$ 4=, ) 
&E  .f""+$
V :eV=1
&"$ < =,
"- ).2  
)$  V
 MV)$ WR h 45
 )R 4@5 (4@&0=@ N
&@
E IM$ f)$ V. )=-w5 .  " k.2
<"2   VJ
 +$) e/) ( = f< =,   w@5 @(R
V $ 6J 6 $ N" 45 )  .
 w5 (RV   6  @ 0.2 
@,@ f@"I"@
" D " E W
,  E  {65 2JV  . 0.4 o&J $V ="@ "@  C@6 =@f
= $ h 45 (.e)  B m ($, ") k.2" (k2)$  N2J $ 45 {J, )   B6
 < Pm =,  BL )   . W
2   x,F D 
  ~& U J {J, ) 
< =, = f (RV & 45  6) 

2 J V$ .@, U @ @Bm /@5 M@V
. 4@&0@ o@&J 4@5
J@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@Bm @@@@@@@@@@@@@@V$ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@:
)@@@@@@@@@@@@@@- @@@@@@@@@@@@@@$ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@ (R@@@@@@@@@@@@@@V @@@@@@@@@@@@@@r
h E )=-  C6"E 4 
"2 +DJ 2$ .
h )$ 45E < =,
&  {`|.R '  U  .,  L )@ 4@5
 f@"+$ .M@V<4@5 =@,
 T0|`{ )
F 
 0/ 45= N
&  ({`|. (R)   UD < B  U.
.MV
 3  (R =F  V  65  | @$
 M@VE@$ @
3F @5 @&J@@ W @, @D
< 45 .
 MV=  6$ .V 3 45
 MV & +V.
  N,< .  45
3F  U@.
 M@V " @L k.@2@ = @ < =@, @t @  4@5 @0
" . J.
_ A!- d-"9"
 :
 V:

89

 3/ NV  45 $

 MV< U=, r  N"m W
,V ' 0
.'@6@ 
@ @3/
  V "
J 2   f .- 0  <"2$  , @) W<"@, @6J@] @5 @V "@&J
@@@@3 @@@@V 4@@@@5@@@@] <"@@@@,J @@@@ ]@@@@6&@@@@ @@@@J@@@@ @@@@ $) @@@@ ""@@@@  4=@@@@ U@@@@.@@@@V(.
 N ( V$ =)  P
 MV")$ 4 5V <"@,J e@V=1 = {@6
 N@,
& @5
@ @6. )@
| & 5@ @@,,p 4e( @, 6$=@ 
@3/ R@3@6 
<" @+.@ @= @5& U @V @ j@3
.J, I$  L , 45 f.3
 

 v " /&. 6 0 )"( "  6

 / MV 63V   U.W

"*  (1 i"(W 51
V  L  &V) eV=1  $, L=:(eV
 
+ 45 (R) < =,   V  6"
 Bm  U.
",  
)$"w5 .k.2 f
$
&  V = .,  $= f U
. 4&0
 3 45 /P J 3  62 U.&5 ND

D RmM(R
V 45)2 Pm /P  , ' J 65F
 U" N"  &J "& N 4F "  $ 4(R
V ) 2$ 
( /m ( . N 4"J ="   45 W"2   ..m "  "m &
.
 U./P V U. D) m 6 )/P . 66 3 45<",-   4.&+  N  3 
D" k.2 <"
+$( &$ 6 BJ2$ V .Bm L   L  )  L 451
) 2 = eV  )  3
" k.2B6 
 (k2  
  U. ($V 
" & 45  
.U

 w5 " 
D " R+ & B 45 )$ |5V . &$V  L  &Vh ) eV=1

=- .( ~"Jh+J kB2 
&= $ I V 60 U.  63 J...6P- "
,  $
V  6
  &V
  U.  ($ |`{ 45
 
5 MV| 63 (RV <",J  &J 
" "4
3 N.D"$  . | "m  < o+E..
V & |:
   V  
 6 m< D j)J =, U"$ N" '& N5 k.2 )  .@ @3 @R
" 45)  N@5 /@&5@ `@B < 4=@,
` ~@$ @ ). ~@.@, ) @ "@2 `@B 
@E @ =@,<J
`B )  ). 
 45 (R) <", $ `   6P/"  =,<J
6 J 5J <"@,J
 5 (cement Gun f
,1 E
"$  LV 
$  $ < "3J =, @2= U@. e "@ @ .@ @
 | 45 (R)  < =,
& 'J`$ . = fV =  $, =@ )@ @ @
3F
= C6" k.2 <", =,m t  " N5 (J ="M@ @ B@2  U@.@ (R@,F @ @ @$ 4@5
@U
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@V 
"@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@2 4@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@5@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ E.
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Pm =@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ f@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@(R
U@. D)=) / {@J< =@,@
6
   |  `$< =,
& J  60 5< =,  
=,<J  <",J 60   Pm L   @0B <"@,J  .Epoxyde Glue T@P- 4@2@ @
 |  , k.2$  3 45 45 6I ) +  4@5< =@,E@ ) @
6 ) @ <"@,J  =@'
 ) 6P- 2 =6 63V N5&  @"mJ 
@" E@. @R '<"@2, N@$" @65@V $ &@
.
 e" 65).6
= fV = BV "` @ ="@ "@IM ) @ @ @J/5 ="M@ @ @ @r IM@$@  @V@h
   &J V.
/ V <",J 

=:

90

 @@@@@@, ="@@@@@@ @@@@@@ @@@@@@.3 @@@@@@V @@@@@@h @ @@@@. < @@@@@@&J" @@@@@@ =@@@@@@,"
@@@@@@ @@@@@@mF

|@@@@@@ .



: <"2
<"2$  
 &|@  /@ 4@5 f
@,1 @V @, = @V@ @J .{J@ @ 
 &|@  4@5 <"@,
"
@@ e@@V=1@@ 4@@ {J  1 .@@2@@@@ 4 @@ @@ N 4@@,, Epoxy Binders 4@@$  .@@D &@@
 N2J B.m N j3 N.D".
) .. {J  1 Pm 2D"- <J < =,)   .@
=-
@
=@@ @@ @@h@@`{ @@" . &@@ N@@ 
 &|@@  @@&~ 6"@@  T@@ ).@@ )@@ 
 .@@&+$@@{J
 1 4
"$ 2 .D5 U 
 3  " .D$ 
 
V$ 4  I @E  U@.@ @t @ @
B.m
<",- &   ]+=  "2 ..D+ "   /I  ), 4$ 2 {,& .(N.D$
@@ .@@D5@@m @@ @@ {J&|@@  @@"$ @@ @@ 
  Thermoplastic Polymers "@@,/ @@{J
- Acrylamid Binder . & , 4" N.D =@,<J T@D".$ -@ 4 =
@ @ 4@5@  @5@R
w5 <",   42e , 45V -3 45  J 0"6
 V 2$ 
 f
@,1
<"@2 @ @ f
@,1
 @@@=/$ &@@@
@@@ @@@. f
@@@,1@@@
=- @@@@, f
@@@,1"
 @@@J @@@
B.m @@@
N.@@@D &|@@@@ .
"m <:
<"2 f
,)) @6@
 (4=@. "&@VV +@L @
@ <"@2 f
@,1 @2"-@3 o@&J 4@5 N.@D @
V <"2$  
) ",/$ - +DJ ( .@
 2e @V {`@ f@)$
@ @6 1 =@+ 
@.

@@ <"@@2$ | @ @@ 

 3 @@ " .@@D & 4@@B@@ 
 @@  @@D<. (1) T@@5<"@@, =@@ <@@ 
<"@@+.

 .D+<",  
 3  "..D
)  &,V:

 45/$ P V P 45< =,

).2 U) L

2 <$J 'J  :4.

&", < =,  + .
60 M$  5<  3  
) =,"   k.2 " 45 , 2  6 - 
J0/ 
& "IM  

. , 2.5 
F U. 
, 6$ - (R  6B   ) B" k.2
.
&"2

(R
& .   6 | V. "  45 k '+/", & P:eV=1
U
. O ">T
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4

&  2 "  ],M3 .   .J

& &J )
 + ./+
&  B$  = N).+
"M  = " J
R .6J,
U
. "YJ

6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2

" /", &J < E $ j)J   &J )IM$ 

$ 52
J + .+)J
" M". {m h  6",/ < E.

91

-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

"M  
  6$/F <J) J -V 3 45 < E  U.+$   U.F  (&B 
"/m ~.m f . 6$ , 50 52 U.
& 65   ./ < E JE B, 
(.
& 65/ < E   6"-.
"M  E  
) D J/F  L5  = T 0.
"M   3 3 45  6"- J/ -< E MJ "  " 6$.

92

U
. !) 1 O A-!."J$A
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8

 6JB
)  eV=1
) 
&
   $ )PE .
) TJB$  6  
) 
32.))D
& &J  6 .$+$
" +6  = N 6  |&J  2$)"+ J F.
&  f$ { " .
&  )"5 2  4)DJ ...
& " 6 "M  ))P 6 BJ 
$"=".
"M  2 '65 NP6  |&J 4J 6 E
J .6
U
. !)  ATN OU.

6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:

 " -1"  k
)  6  r U. W< =,&  " . '
.2$
h &J -2 " "M   6JB  kh ". 6",$- WR ,  6 /
2.
 3 45 -3 
  h5  +,/
2 " 
  ")$ N, cover 5 $ J 6 & .
U
. ; C-N9..W
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12

"M  =  3 5" k.2  P.

& = B  3" k.2 0.
V$ )   ,. 60.
&   3  h
F =J BJ.
& B  0  3  h
F.
"M  {J$)  .
$ N= &J  hF
F.
$ N  ). 4,& ..
"M  $ 2J N  J= N6 k.2$  3 6.
 U 5= /
2. x"h .
2J 2  6$ -
 N& {B<$  h
F m 6 
.).2
 
  3  h
F J m6   6$ - &
.
U
. !) 5OW A-!."J

6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

& B &
&J )B.
& " +6 /  2$)"+.
"M   2 =   ND  )$+$ J &
.
& " 6  "$  "<.NV
&  = .,
93

 -6& f$" 6 ) (E3F ) 3 45 E3

"  U..(F
U
. ; C-N9OW T0
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8

"M  =  3 5" k.2  P.

& = B  3" k.2 0.
&  = B26$,FJ BJ ., {J$
"M  $ N= &J 
p.
"M   3 ," k.2 4, 65=.
& f$&   45 2 h J &
 3".k.2
&   N,  3  h""p k.2.
"M  = 5&  ".+6
U
. !) 5 61.W KT9) A-!."J(61

6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8

&  6) e&( 
52 .J
&  P&  3 45 |&J-+$ & "M  "= "   6 /P.
&   f$ 
 0/J.~62
& 
  6$ V &J  45 (E =) .e$-  {
6J "$   V  
F ) {e

.J D
&   6$ 
 &J )<",J (]3 .{
6
&  6$ 
F "M  /," 
| 
J  2  &J =,m e.W+
& 6, 0/J 
(   "2 6J0/( (.
& " 6  D$  " |&J TB"M  
  /P .
., 6 BJ

U
. !) 5 61.W
) A-!."J (61
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11

& &JF < TJB$

)  
) .))D
&  N, +$ 0/  U.
 "2 
<".+.
& &J )P  0/J .~62
&  2 kB,V   J"M   2
 '"6JB BJ.kB2
& &J +$ 6, 
.
&  ,= N
.
& +$  = N<  ~62.=<$ 0/.
& 6, 0/J 
(   "2 6J0/ ) (.
& " J  2 " TB J .|&J"6  
  TB$  ~62"6 
  |&J

F  J  
.
&  &J )"5 J / / 4)D"~ /m ...
&  f$ { " "M   "$.

94

U
. C-N9 61. A!."JATN
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11

"M  =  3 5" k.2  P.

& = B  3" k.2 0.
& /P 0 ,  3" N23 k.2 ,.
& &J =
  ~62 WR 52 U. B26$ "2  N23 ,.
k.2$  3 {J
 & .   U.+2= W.2JJ  BJ.
 5= &J x"h  6 -=" 
  U. 5)
." k.2
. U.+2 '&  45I .ND
&  3 k2$"
J k.2 ='  = 45 R+' 
|  ,. 60 0.
& 0/J f 2J ~62
 . /2
& k.2$  3 /2 "M  
 3 45)  h "(.
&  h
F 
E  "M  = .
"M   3 k2$  h
  mF 0/J m. ~62

U
. O !#
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
-14
-15
-16
-17
-18
-19
-20
-21

"M  
 
 F J  3  : -J", ` .  )$ - )"+ . - 
= 4+,

.
"M    N B ) (  h5 U.  .
=.
"M   p&]   B&  "." ) ' (.
3 45) U$ J 0 ~D= {e
)' J &
<6
J =, , 20  6 -  
6  W
NP N5
)  &
.
"M  <", E 
 {m& ,) {e  I/I.W
& ", B2 
 45 k$-.
"M  W
,).  ,., 2   E - 65F
"M  {)V$
= 4 +,
 .~6,F
" "M  {26$+$ 
=  - j)J 4   m} J , 1   E P5 = 4BJ 

0/J .~6,F
 
= 2 4  f
D  + . 4 " ) =,<J (.( 
| W f$ Vm.
 $ N
 
e/
 W
  
$ J  j)J 
0 45 , 
| f
D ."$
MJ J 4=  , 24 &J (
J 
 3  3P2.& 
= 4

 h ) U
J( |{  N,2.  WJV.VF  Jp .WJV
 
 
 mF +, "2J = .  0 kB2 
| f
D .'  f$
 
 $ 0 ]J   f
D MJ f$= ) WJh J( .3= J 3  6$ -
 .2$ =~  <+. 
=.4
" J   4. 3 45 3  4. $.FB3 4= 3 45   UD+$  1.00 4=
..
"  BJ  3 |5 FJ N, )     .(90
&J"=-  
F " & 
 , E
J <{ ,6 )"+.
 U 5
<+. 5&
J
6 U/$ &J
3/ = 
 
F.

95

U
. O Aa"a-#
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

"M  =  N2= 6JB  V0B

. .
&"2+P.
"M  
(  U. kB,F
 .
  "V00.V0B
"M  W
, 6 -., 0.5  V0B
"M   =  $ V0B  "
 , .e, f2$ 
J R6  6  kB, U.
=.4
"M  ]=$ 
J V0B.kB,F
"M  kB,  V0B Vm 6 NJ 60 W,
$.=B
&J " V0B 
(  U. 3P  kB,F2  .  6$ -
U
. O # W9 )- ;(0

6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4

" 
  F$ 52 U. J " 2 U.  E$ -+$ 5 "0.5 kB,F f)$ )J ~620.5 4
".
"M  & ",  F$ E
J , <{ B2
J 65 =
F & )PE  
e6
EJ  
&=.
" J", &J 
)B2  
  F$.
" 2$ " 3 45<"," &J"=-   =B
 " =.
"M  W
,  E - F$  45 , 2.5) {e 45 , 1.5.~6,F
 N {J 
 6`  ]+ 3 ]+J  |&J&EJ) o(  f2 .D+ 5L{J W
'|&J /&.o
/J `  6"2
O *" )"J 
d-a(61.W

6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11

 6JB 
< N23. ,
,6 6JB 
N23 ,
+P.
"M  {J
< .J&
  E.
"M  {J
< 3 .J< J P.
"M  ~$
< 45`.
"M  2 < 0 m &
$ " - j)J ~62 m
 3.
"M  < {J " <
J ~+ "
 .
"M   < {J `-2 =<2 J E 6 "~ MJ < m =
 R`$ h  .3 .
m 0"~ `-2 4J  23<. 16 0
"M    , D . 23 5 4
"M   6JB 3 .   25 {e3 45 ,
&
.
U
. O *" ) 
"(G-

6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1"M  /,
< 45 ~6,F) T 0  {e"m .", 2J
96

-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11

"M   6JB 
< ( J E = N23 ( 5/m  4. ,.
"M   N,& N.<=1J P , 90 4 . , 30 E" <.~+
"M  {J
< 3 .J&
.
"M   6JB"  4. {J
&
. 3 . 45 'J.~62
"M  $ T,$ 
<  ]+= 4.).{e
"M   < {J " +. " E+.  < m =
  <   6"2 E  4 "
 .
"M   6JB= 
,< 0& 
 N. &
N23 'J
2 6
+P&.
"M  /,
 V  
 3 45
| W   , /,F m
.,
& "M   6JB' & N. 0  '  F$.
") 3 x & N.
 3 BJ 
J 2  6 - ,& .& )J .  {e  <", ]
) =
J /0 .({65 f
,
U
. O *" )U.W(

6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

"M  =  /,F 

<"2 B6 32 = N23 W., "`. R
"M   $ 6JB . N23 F. R.S.T
"M  /,/,F 
  T 0 " 5 $ .J 4J
"M  < {J  . 3  T 0  |&J$ 3 .J BJ&
.
"M   06/,F -1 : $v= 
 J 2.2 2 5-2 .2 3 2 J -3 .2 3 2 
 E E
 <, -4. 24 3 2 3 3 .2 6 3 ~$ - 6 .2 4 3 2L -5 .2 3 3

+.$ -7 E+.$ 8 .( ,6 2 )2 R`$ Coxial cable 75 ohm -9 . 

 )-21016 + (11 + 35 3
P .2 25 + 16 + 16 3
U
. *" )@#
H(
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
.1"M   D+" k$+ T 0  P=1  3 .&
.
.2"M  /,
k$+3 3 45 &06. S.C . 2
.3"m $ 
3F . PH 33 4.
.4"m " /J P " +. " E+..
.5"m h h1  E+.". m /+/m 
<.
U
. 61. =#
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
 .1& &  45 B6
" ,F "&.T.
 .2& ", 
 E  &$  3F.
 .3& +$  2 ,F 3 . 60 )  60 W
,(.
 .4& &J  " /P  45 eJ.~62
 .5&  $ J W.,  UJ m (- .
.6"M  
$ h WV  .'J m$ T0
 .7&  )  (, 20-15 "6  /P.

97

U
. O "-=-
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
.1"M  = 5 ".N
 .2& ",  2 &$3F.
 .3& =" Bm ). )&](.
.4"M    5L ~.m.( B$ ) 0/
 .5&  2 
 6B" 
. 60) B.$ $ 4
.B(.
 .6& =" Bh~ 3 / ) (.
.7"M  
$ +  =  .
  TD..62
.8"M $  U=.J 62 f
,F oJF] f
,FJ oJF.
, .9 W)  {e " J T /L 
 " - j)J {26 ~62).{e
 .10 2$ ` 4= U. T /)6J ) {e 1 (.
U
. O U#
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
.1"M  = 5 ".N
 .2& ",  2 &$3F   ,.65F
 .3& ", kB,/.
 .4& =&  kB,/  ( .m< ".] 2
 .5 $ = ]+
 ]+= J 6B/   j3 = ) D.
 .6 $ `  {65 = 45 /
32" ) B.$ " 4  (.
 .7 $ 
 6B" ]+=  B.$ $ 4
 2 
. 60
.B.
 .8& 
", 6,/.
U
. 9 ;N )
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
.1<  NV =F ) 4, N23" (~P$ +.
.2< 2
 NV  4m& 6< R5  4mV.
.3"M  B ) "4 "2 T. " 6 "2 . "7 2
.4"M  
$ 6  e 6 BJ  )
.
.5"5 E + 4)3 T
&J T. ., 1.0 4
.63 < D$ 
., NV   2 L) 
e  "2 3F(.
.7  ) T.  6  +. ., 10.0
.8 $ ) .  
6"2. "+ L
/0 .9 ) .   ' 
J  /2 /0 .,
/0 .10 )  T.< ) E 
 "J ( {e). ]/.

98

U
. "9 G-NT A-#J
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
 .1&  ) /2J T.  E 
. "J {e). ]/
 .2&   = 45).T.
.3"M  f$= J T.)J 2 B, )/6(.
.3 3 45 .4 JF &   0 45  e)., 5  6 - (+) T.
 .5& e ,) J T.E B, <{   m<.
.6"M   ) "2 45 T.  F$ kB,.
 .7  ) T."M  2 45 '$ U." ~D +,).T.
 .8&  B ) T."M  2) 
$& .(.D
.9"M  ") U. x= =
J f
,F  <", ].
 .10 f$)h U. T. ")   2  )  -"+ N"&J.( {65 2.
 .11& 65  Jp  & . E
J WJV. 4.+2 
(.
 .12&   .)J ="  f" ) f 2 h (.
U
. =-9 )
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
2$ .1 < . 3 | 
  +..
.2 .m  E -  +. J  NBV$  = .F . , 1.0
.3 T.`$|  2J +.=& .
.4 $ ,, | ~.
"  {m 4. 465.3
 .5&   45 ", ,
/D+.
 .6& 
",  4,.
 .7&  , f$ NE.
 .8&   45 $| , ~.  +, .4.
 .9& $ N  /J6$ 45 E  
+

99

U
.  GJ
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
.1"M  
 2 
&"
 ) NBV".V(.
.2/", NVm& +."M  B 
  . 2 2
.3"M   <  "J NV"M    3.
.4"M  f$& $ j)J +. 
) J 52  mF 45 , 40 ] ($F$ ($ NVm N" TBU5
($- mv ." 1.50
.5"M  f$&<",J +. = ( J3 ) {e)J "1.50 WR= 
J    . ND f$
 
 
2
J |&J.
.6/",  2 &.+.
.7/",  
<"2 45 & +."M  = '"5 2  = U"3 &.+.
.8/", NVm"  j)J TB  < NV  (1) (
=  2 B  1 4  4m& 6
2 
  +  =" '.
NVm f$ .9"<",J  &J TB M< 2 0 U. ,7.F
.10"M   NVm P".TB
.11"M  B  .4 1
.12"M  f$ <",J 

2 52 U. ." ~D=   E$ -
.13"M  
V$F  .{V
U
. O #e-
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
.1"M  
 2 
&"
 ) NBV".V(.
.2/", NVm& +."M  B 
  .2 2
.3"M   <  "J NV"M    3.
.4"M  f$& $ j)J +. 
) J 52  mF 45 , 40 ] ($-$ ($ NVm N" TBU5
($- mv ." 1.50
.5"M  f$&<",J +. = (J3) {e)J " 1.50 WR= 
J    . ND f$
  

2
J |&J.
.6/",  2 &.+.
.7/",  
<"2 45 & +."M  = '"5 2  = U"3 &.+.
.8/", NVmB  D.+ 4 3/4
2
J +.&J '"$  E$ - j)J
J 52 . .,2  mv
.9/", NVm' "M  ,6 JP'    , J E +$    mF =" .
$ .10 N< NVF <",J 

2 
<.M
.11"M  B  . 4 1
.12"M  f$ <",J 

2 52 U. ." ~D=   E$ -
.13"M  
V$F ) J  .{V6
U
. O ! ... -
 
&
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
E$ .1) {e .  (+P " k"+
2 - 
h) {e"M   TD { V TP/ U.
B`$F.
.2/", 
 ' |)$ )J
(  ) .{e
100

 .3
 & ', 45 4  2 '=I ,  &" ($"
 E 
& 
$ U. +L.
 .4& =  
& 
.<"2
.5"M  & 
 F.
.6"M  
.
& 
 f
$F )-+$ & E  F  6B 4.) {e (.
 .7& 
+P . 
& )=&  .(kB2
 .8&   
$ }I ,
&  4.) .{e
 .9& =&   N. N=J kB2J   .
U
. O ! ... -
 NBV$=
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
./", ' = .J 
.B J 
 " I {6.+D .
./",  ' .J m 
.B  "M   )$ F T0
J6"- DJ  6  U ' J 4$vmF
.:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

& ]
. 3 $ 
 45=) ` )$) 5(.
&   . 2$=.
"M  =  T0D$ ) .~6,FJ {e
"M  =  T0 ) .{e
"M    ' = ]+ 
 45=) `.5
&   "6   ) . {e

&  6   J 3  0.
/", J ) 4D

6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

"M  V ")  

 2 
.B  )..4D
/",  =  U. =B (6
E  V<$ &J.
"M  =  {V
$
$ 45 5+  =B  3  6 - T
&J 65
J 52"
   E$ - |&J
., 3
/", 
 ] <&J P] J J )  4D"M  
$ 65 3 , 5  
T0
J
 .e  I
$ &].
/", |  )  4D"M  . 6  6 - 
,
 
 ] <&J P] ~$&] . 2$
"M  
 +P )  4D EF 
<",J J .B .5 0V
/", 
 

6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

/",   - j)J J 2 .xV&$

"M   2 $ N.
"M   =,m NP ' B6J f)$ , 20 10  $ N.
"M  $ N $ j)J  =  U.<{  U.
 N,
J .B =
J "$."
,F
 ~.m ND <",J < =,&  6J j. h U. U. , 10.F
101

 -6 ). J <",J 

= ."
,F
-7"M  ~$ k"5 &] J.
/", 
 $ N "=F
6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

"M  /", $ N 3 "=F T0

J
.B ".J N
"M   J~ )  U
 2 
.B.
/", 
  f)$ "=F <",J  
=.4
"M  $ N "=F N23 , F 
&"
 "M  
$ $ N T /+ $ N 0/J  2
 5 BV52 3 $ WR &].
"M  B`$ 6,' "=F J~.
"M  "=F J 
= 4
J B V$  U. 5)
.' "=F.
"M  ",  kB2 Ue 
 2 .4e
/", 
 B.<J ~P f.+,1m2

6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3

-4
-5
-6
-7
-8

  D$m  < B. j3 ".+,F='   U.  ".<2

 $ - <
 B.  U.'  )  J <.(B.
&  3 
< ..
"M    = 2 45 f.+,1<) B. 2
 
e/ h 5<B. 452 /6 h U.
.(U
&  = 2= C6 45 f.+,1<) B.
  +"m &
. J &P f)$,(.
"M  W
,+ 
|` ) "  45 , 1 W
2` |`   , 4 W
2 Ue
|` (.
"M    5 45
 N,  B  4 ( 6 ." 4
 m  $ j)J & . 5 4F 5 4 ($) ~P& .  (.
"M    "  
  , 7-3). . B
/", 
 "2 mJ

6 0/",- 3/ J 
&:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8

"M ) " , N F ) ~ $ J ] {e .~ )$

"M 
 ). )&](  =
J  
$ 62 .J 
.B.
"M  ",  kB2.'.6P
"M  ) TJB$   F ) 3 45 U. C.(W
&   h 
$ =" ..B B
"M   
&", 
=  2
= .TD
"M    F "/J6 45E  R+  ,. 60 PF .D
3 45 "M , =  +"J 5 +. E J N23.N.B

102

 ,  <", E 

  65 D)$ e (R
V 4@5< 4@5 N@2" @ @
 =@,|@ @&~ @

F kB,F<.=,
 N$ N 45 ND ) Pm f 2)"2 4+DD  2.


 
 N W< =, D).  B  =,m U.  m"& " xV  D"
 L+ < " =, &@ <"@,
E 
= 4 |5 W e,< =, .
 "$ W 6 B. 65":
` E 45< =,
 VJ  B 52 U. "
 ) 3
 ( " ~D= 4 10@L @ =I 30 U(
  .
 "$`  U  6B
2J J D{J N)2.
 NP<60 U. " =, L N '=w5 E  U  6B
 @3 J D@"m  @6B"@'@")$ 4
., 15  6$ - 52
J
= f 0/ 
, ) L 
5 E @e @VJ U@"3 4@65 @ f)@ @ U@. WR `
@
E 45 J<.=,
 N<"2 - E  6< =, F =  &5  W  U=D+  = $&.+
 N2  W  =,<.I P r U   "& xV+L =V  3"/, U. I 
 k.2

 U.eV=1

103

23 '+
 45 f
,-<",- 
<" ' +.  '&
 4  
f
,  E.  J0 120] .f
,
f
, ,. E. , J " 10].
f
,& )< (=, " & 7 'E. N.
J"J = 32 f 60 E. J " 100 /+] f
, 120 E. J " 200 "32 /5] .f
,
----------------------------------------------------------------- 
5 " J&
.P $ . U  32  J " 1")$ f  .5 , J " 3.5 U " 100 WE
 32
5 J ). ,. {e $ ~62 J " 350 'E. J " 10] ")"5 f
,  35 U] h -
.LJ
------------------------------------------------------------------=  <B. < =,= N2 f
,F
:5 <"2
45 6 1 {.m '2J f
, = .1 (R $ 2
 f
,F
150_ 100 <"2`   3 = f  4B&$
15 
)$ /$ = ..2
45 1 4 {.m 2J f
, = .2 (R $ 2
 f
,F
300-200 <"2`   3 = f  4B&$
18 
)$ /$ = ..2
45 3:1.5:1 {.m 2J f
, = .3 (R $ 2
 f
,F
400 <"2`   3 = f  4B&$
25 
)$ / $ = ..2
(R<B. 4F =,<. 2J  h
).2 L
.).2
 2 : f
, 4 = : .Vm
 . 2J 5  2
f
,S 2J L <"2 U  .3:1 45
& 45 4 1 3 0 .< f
, =  3 200 4` .f
,
h f
,-= 50 . /J J " 12-10 {. . , J " 7-6  {. .W  .J 140-120  4.
D6
D J "10 k2.
 /m 4"J$
  6$ 
f
,- :4$v
 P< =,
 :).2 &,  "
.
&.N
J 0 6 : , 40*20*2.] .'J 0 70  3
f
,
2J ,. "$  :, 2 -1.5 J] . J " 7  3

= f" "
,F :W2] . J " 7  3
------------------------------------------------------------ D<J :,.
]5 J " 10 ]. f
,F D J " 11 U.=3
B.m "
. ,.
& N 7 4 ' = ]

2J J " k2 , 100/7 = 14.3

+P  U. C$ + 
,  N ,. , 1.5   E$ - T6V$  D), -  =  B$ '
2B
 P1J .. J " 11 =  13/143 4"J

 !61
:N 6
= F
 
  +$   6V. ")$ 4 &JD6 )
2- (,.    Pm 5 N,"6
  2=" L  D . ) JB( =,m
F 6h 4 ,   U6".   ~62 6h 4 65
 "  N |5
+P &
.:

104

 -1 B ) JB( 4"

,1
+ 
<"2 45 0  } D U.
6    6$ B D)+

 . 65
 
V.
-2
= 
 
N23 .
&"2
+P 
 &.5

&"2 - -3 B 45  &J - .'&D$ U.   28
$ -4  
J .eJ &J
 /'  , 1 '& W,
"$ 4D6 &J W (~$) )$ N
N -5   "2  =  m
&] )) .( MJ - I 
..
ND$ -6+V < 5 =,  J  J0 11 &J+$  ., 20-15 
3/
$ " -7   , 15  6$ - 52
F < 3 =, f$,  8 B  3 , 20 45 65
F
J B,
6(   )  10 B ,  {J$ =,<J ND$ I 4, h (200J )  N .
 "$
"J. ( N= ,
 : k "." 45 J 2   U."4

4,,
hJ =,m J 200
|  3 N  10 B 34,
 8 B  3 , 20
45 " +,F 6 0  - 
.2"V .
U. -8
6 .2$
    m  "2)"+  './L 
 )"+.
/ Dm  ,)"+ " 0.5   E$ 4. 2
-9 
.6  "5 
  "
J
 J
Rm$ -10
 52&
U"3&
) hVJ(.
 3/:
 
 J 0 +V  M$ ND  
53 J 52J B &  . ~6@2@ @, 63 4 @+$ /@I @ J0
 
= R M".   6J   J0 m} J 52 '=F , 2  E$ ~62 @ @ W @=
J @"t&$ @$) @,.
D6( ), 6h 
, N2J  = D6 " N 4 , 1.5   E$ -  4"V (R  |&J
@
 @I ~6@2 |@ @ (R @)$ - @6 B
.@V)@, 6@h @ +@,@ JB 3
 '=MJ .V @J )@ {e
 eR   U   JBmF   ~62J 6D". 2+ &J 
= 4@5@ JB @) +@,F @ @R
 U 6V.
 B. "m ,,
:
.1 C)+ 4e E+ C)5 V&JF.
C)5 .2 N j3 2 $   B < 4=,
+ 354 28 &J 2,/ R  N | , U.W
3 & 5 ". D
--------------------------------------  2)J
 
 45 .m
F  ,
=
 6$
  
  ,
=:

:
 :ND 2= .<4 : 2 : 1 {.
3 = 4 f
,- ) ND.0 . = 0.315 * ( 3
 = 3 ) ND .... = 0.442 * ( 3.3
) 3 = UD ) ND .... = 0.884 * (3.3
2= .<3 : 1.5 : 1 {.
3 = f
,- ) ND.0 .... = 0.42 * ( 3

105

 = 3 ) ND .... = 0.431 * ( 3.3

) 3 = UD ) ND .... = 0.861 * ( 3.3
2= .<6 : 3 : 1 {.
3 = f
,- ) ND.0 .... = 0.21 * ( 3
 = 3 ) ND .... = 0.450 * ( 3.3
) 3 = UD ) ND .... = 0.95 * ( 3. 3
:=I
 " ND k.2 62 "-  
F :
4 : 2 : 1 {.m 2= .
" 2 / 1 B ) k.2= ( = 3 3 ) ND 62 ( .... = 100 * 3` . 3
3 : 1.5 : 1 {.m 2= .
" 2 / 1 B ) k.2= ( = 3 3 ) ND 62 ( .... = 120 * 3` . 3
:I
 :
. JBJ &JMJ ) , ( 8 * 12 * 243 : 1 {.m 2J
3 = f
,- ) .0 .... = 0.11* ( 3
 = 3 ) .... = 0.24 * ( 3.3
 JB = 3 ) J0 .... = 500 * ( 3.
. JBJ &JMJ ) , ( 8 * 12 * 24 =' .C
 3 = C ) .0 .... = 0.35 * ( 3
 JB = 3 ) J0 .... = 500 * ( 3.
. .J &JMJ ) ., ( 40 * 20 * 20
3 = f
,- ) .0 .... = 0.08 * ( 3
 = 3 ) .... = 0.168 * ( 3.3
 . = 3 ) .J .... = 65 * ( 3.

. .J &JMJ ) ., ( 40 * 20 * 15

3 = f
,- ) .0 .... = 0.08 * ( 3
 = 3 ) .... = 0.168 * ( 3.3
 . = 3 ) .J .... = 85 * ( 3.
( . "2J &JMJ ) ., ( 60 * 24 * 24
3 = f
,- ) .0 .... = 0.07 * ( 3
 = 3 ) .... = 0.164 * ( 3.3
 "2 = 3 ) .= "2I .... = 30 * ( 3

106

 :&J
  2= .< ( 3 : 1 ) {.., ( 3 ) W
2J
32 = f
,- ) ..0 .... = 0.015 * ( 2
 =  32 ) . .... = 0.03 * ( 2.2
2m : CJ , ( 3 ) W
2J .. ( 3 ) W
2J
 = C
) 32.0 .... = 0.042 * ( 2
 = 
) 32 .... = 0.08 ( 2].
,, :
  JB:
= f
,F
) 32.0 .... = 0.75 * ( 2
 = 
) 32 .... = 0.005 = ( 2.2
,&J :
  
&",J f
,- oJF`  
`:J
f
,- 32 = oJF) .... = 0.08 * ( 2].
 
` 32 = J ) .... = 0.01 * ( 2.2
I :
 :D
.") f /V=1(:
 :3
) 32 L .... = 0.35 * ( 2.
 :0
) 32 L .... = 0.45 * ( 2.
/I  :
) 32 L .... = 0.0565 * ( 2.

. :
 :3
) 32 L .... = 0.53 * ( 2.
 :0
) 32 L .... = 0.07 * ( 2.
/I  :
) 32 L .... = 0.1058 * ( 2.

.:, 2
 :3
) 32 .... = 0.03* ( 2].
 :0
) 32 .... = 0.05 * ( 2].
/I  :
) 32 .... = 0.07 * ( 2].
$&, :" 4hJ TB f
,F
6 ( 3 : 1 ) {.m 2J., ( 3 ) W
2J
= f
,-
) 32.0 .... = 0.015 * ( 2

107

 = 
) 32.0 .... = 0.045 * ( 2
 = 4h
) 32 32 / ( 2 .... = 4h.h
&
  :fJV ) ( 2") 3  f
, 0 ( 0.002 ) U.oJ
h :&6 JBJ :C
J0 60 = 
) 32 .... = 60 * ( 2.
 = C
) 32.0 .... = 0.05 * ( 2
V 3 :
 "2:kB
:"60  .1 ) ( 50") 2  J U." ( 200 ) &, 3
  
= ( " 200 &, ) J .B
) 32.J .... = 0.02 * ( 2
P+ J W", .2V
  
= ( " 200 &, ) J .B
) 32.J .... = 0.01 * ( 2
V 4=I:
" {. ) ( 1E 3 0 2.f.+,

, <=,
" 3.2 :+$( = J 4m 0 32  $ 3 J "  4E<J (  " 4 51J4
5 mM$ 2$ .WV
." 12-" -9 " 6-"4: "&,

  " T6)$ < 28 
 &J =,  & .='  % 80 T6)$ 7 
 &J  28 
 U5 87 T6)$
 {65 %& .=' " &' B,-= ))P '6 BJ
. 60+P.
"F 6 <) =,   &+$
 R " W."2 + 3 T.B (hydration heat ) U
2$ 
 6 E
 t E U6"5  +"$  f
,- 4B&$ - WR 6 
100% J .B
R 4e  } 5S.

  , 45=)  1 :

$  .1 & " 42 28 &J  "  "t&$.
.2 =  J U
2 f
,- 
&"2 4=- 45 =3< =,R 4B& f
,- &J , 2  &JW
 28 &J V+ )" 
 0  P . 1 .N,
N .3 Rm$& ). '5 '6 BJ  U.<:U&
J =,
N - Rm  , (3 'B.m 2$ (33  &, 
 U.  =  28 
 U. 3= 45
45 2  28 45 .V5 $ & Rm .))P L '6 BJ

- Rm E. f2$ 
 "m( & 5" ).=,<. 66

108

------------------------------------------    I$:
.1
 f
,-  45
.
.251.
.3)) UD.({E
--------------------------------------------
+
4=I

4
="e
=
E
k.2$
B
k.2$
B
k.2$
B
45
k)D$
8 6 14 6 40 * 20 14 6 40 * 20 14 6
40 * 20
1
B,-=:
20*10
8 6 14 6 50 * 20 14 8 50 * 20 14 8
50 * 20
2
1.2
30
*
15
 8 6 14 8 50 * 20 14 8 50 * 20 14 10 , 45(B
3
1.25
50*25 1.3 45
 = f"p  &J e " 
5 k)D

  . f
,    {  < {..
E

B

4.+,

"k.2
k2

 .

{,

 # /M  S
.
Q [( q1
'z = )7 < * ( * ) =8%
) =8 v9=# = %165/ =8# %*)9 =+
'~ 7 'z0 9:
~' <')z

~' )'

109

=


"m-
&/
&JF &$
B,-=
 45
B,-=
 45
B,-=

60 * 20

14

14

60 * 20

14

14

60 * 20

14

14

60 * 20

16

14

~' +'z

2)J 
 .5
' )  
 &J : 1
+J 0 &
" 3  )2 " 23 0 J . & .
= :4$v

' )  = 25=165/14*14*6*3.5*1 .  14  3

' )  =. = 2=165/8*8*1.2*6*3 .  8  3

R &. 2J.

=W2+

W"&"J

E

 =,m 

).2 =,m

k.2$
4 0

4

0.20*1.60*1.80

0.60*1.40*1.60

14

14

0.20*1.80*2.30

0.60*1.60*2.10

14

14

0.20*1.60*1.60

0.60*1.40*1.40

14

14

 
 U 45 4 J$- +,&
 h

110

&$
<

 , = 6 wJ i"&  U. <  ,

.&
 
 45 5V &
.
 %6

 Pm 
V

 4eV=1  " R+  R .P3  J U.  , 
   V  
V
$ m |J & .& UB 
V = 2+",- .5V
.

 (Q
V
 Pm  4P
) 4P 45 & U. P &' 
 ", $ m 
3 0 U. 
&. h &
 Bm &
 
Bm &
   
).    F.

 u3
V
 Pm 
V
2   0 &
 , )  $ N Bm  $ &
 " U6.2+", &
 
6 . J1

 [(M

&. Pm
& 45 .
 R+  R  
V 
2 45
 f)$ 
 
V

.:.

111


W
7
7


7
7

V
7
7

' <<'0J
6>> 
'
  = N23 U. W 
V = V 
&D  o@&J@V ~@."<$@ <@ @"5 &
@ @$$
m |J h 45 , @5/m @ 
5@V
 @,&
@ @$ @ @<. @3@h WR@ . 
@6
 )  CD<$  Pm
 ,
5V&
 
6  2 4"&@ @= @ @. w@5 @ @
$ m MJ m '@DD<$ L @ @
J&"@, @
J=@2 m '@$<@$5 @P @m @ '@=  @L 6 @P
< =) .W
U
$
  +$  .& {2J &".  U.<hF 45&
 <",J  < <hp ).66

112

)  45

) ~ ."2$
(
:
:
6JB  .1 B6& 
 .3 .
 .2 ) {2=<$ U. (U.+2 &   =6 ":4
n= b-2.5/d+2.5
 :b 

:d B6
<"2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9

   {` += ~D" 45) U.F 

F .+,F
   U. 2 F= .x"h
 P  U"3 {2&
.
 " & . U"3 J) 
.
  
 5/1  k2).
 ~$= 45 3/F   mF <", .k2
 ")
  j3 k)D
  . V {, f)$  {2
 
".V



TD. .
&"22W
$ C< 
5 N/ 2 ) W {e)
 
5 .. JB "6 0 ".:N
-1 6 B..
-2 6 B.4=51
 '6 B.:
" TD 5/ 2h W 5 @60<"@,J '@V0B f
@,F .o@JF "@ @5"@D @/ J {e@)JB@,
f
@@@@,- .. o@@@@@JF j@@@@3 @@@@@ f
@@@@@,F( w@@@@@5 .. '@@@@@= @@@@@L '.@@@@P @@@@/ E@@@@ @@@@@e6.$ k@@@@@D @@@@@ )@@@@@.{e
 &" 6& o  "D 2 {e)J W   .B  L ..  = '
 N- 6J  D"1  .. &= J .B@  @J .B@ @ J =@ @ 
=@ @=  4@5IM@" - j@)J .. T@D.
23 MJ W )$  {e). =
 4"J f
,F oJF" 6", 4 (R)  U2
5 .. W )D
3 3' W.J 45
=3 4& .. 4 h 45 4=@
. Pm) .. W."@ N@P "@ 4@
F @J @&J @5 ~6@2 (W@.
6"$ (RV  =  U f
,F .. oJF N2J=  ='  ', 
)"$ - =w5 '.P (R) @6""5 ..@V @ ..
6"=J @h 6"$ @ U@2 W@R @ /@P@&~ @  =@ f
@,F @5 .. o@JF@2@VJ W4@5 'm
) .. {e D T
&Jm U ) .. {e  V 2""5 &, )V 
 '  U m)
 $ 
3 . /@P
) 2$ W. 4`5 .. {e2 .. W WR) U@. {e"@ @V ..@ @ @V3 @V =@,<J @=
J
&J $ N2 W Bm 4 . 0& - (6 . 4   .. W 
J  |.
f
,- oJF( & ," .. N.D5 " 3 f
,- 5 oJF w@5 'V0B 
@ @6 {. @J @2J @/ @5
@@ f
@@,F @@~ k@@" - @@
 .."@@  {.@@
. @@5@@ @@6 4 &"@@,J @@/ @@ ')B@@,  @@2$ - ..
@@  +@@J @@P
0/ L  6$ T BJ "$ 6@ @|&J @5 .. '@6 @|&J @mv .. &@,@R @ $@ N@/ @
) -@

@@ @@.&5 . U@@2= -@@ $@@ N@@2 W@@ @@ @@ " @@~ @@
 '@@. @@2 W@@( @@] = "@@' {@@65

 .. (RJ '6 B .. 'e=V" f J@ N2J 0/ @ `@ <@ @2J .. '@3 4@5 Wv @J 4@5
I=/ 6 0.
 '6 B:4=51
(R E$ U. 
"&$ '6 B) {e  U.) ":4
113

 60 -1 @60 

 :'V0B '@V0B@@ 4 @ ) + f
@,@ @ +( ) 2 : 1 @2J : f
@,@( @ @ 5
@
@@@@@@@&e '@@@@@@@.&$@@@@@@@  .. ('@@@@@@@E) '.e@@@@@@@, f@@@@@@@2 @@@@@@@ @@@@@@@ 
<"@@@@@@@2 = @@@@@@@+@@@@@@@Vm
@@@@@@@
J @@@@@@@B.<.
"  B.m 45 'V0B    " (R 4B` VJ 6B . @" W
2J @&J .@ 6$ @. 8 - 5 @J
+ 60 " .. , (2-1) 'V0B 
J h 
 7  ..  hJ W2", j3 .. U. 
( @ U.. +@,
)@@@@@@@@@{e
5 @@@@@@@@$ "@@@@@@@@@ WR@@@@@@@@J@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@ 
@@@@@@@@( "@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@|", 4@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@$  @@@@@@@@@5=)@@@@@@@@@

 -",-  $ 3 f"+""25 .. P1J )J "J/P U.  ", 3 45 .. "J/D D$ '.P ' ..D"$ 
3
)J) f"J {e(   &  
= " 4@5 "$=)@ )@ "@2 U@. @&
 @6$ {e 2 5@2 @"$ @3
" ) 0 ( (  &J 
5 " j3 .. |&J" VJ J P) ke$(  
=   Bm  
= J D$
 $ j)J .
$ |&J   "2 )B,
60 -2 =  {.m :,. ,. 4 @ f
@,@ 3 : 1 @2J @" {@.m
=@ =@ /@<J 4=@ =@,m
)) (. $ j)J
 
(  
 
.5 ..
 ( < {. 
. r P5 "66V 60 45.,.
 U   = .. Vm +/
"2$ - & 4
. ,. L  R  45<",    .. 2
 @
5  , 
= .. 
=I  & ="5 " . 
= J B,  @ B`@ @ .. U.F +,  U@.)@{e
"3 N 65 $ ~ .. 'e 
 W
32
 JF$ J 
 " j)J .. @I J 3@6"=-
 J
." 4R . " &J$ W 
= <",J  (6 
F < .. NV 4   " 2  0 '&B10 B
5  $ .. , 5 ,  $ " 6"5 U.F "3 +J 
= .. "  @."@ ~ "@5 @")$ @$ 4 .. @L@&$ @(R
< B R ( ) ) D  "2 kB, U. 
"  . U. ,. 5=) ).{e
" kB, &$<",J ,. "< 'V "@,/ .. '+@,-
@ <"@, @ ) @ "&@  N@2" j@3 kB@2@4@5 W
 '@@@@@@@@@@V0B.+@@@@@@@@@@@2
@@@@@@@@@@m @@@@@@@@@@ 
=@@@@@@@@@@@ < @@@@@@@@@@V$@@@@@@@@@@@ 5@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@65 U "@@@@@@@@@@@6BJ @@@@@@@@@@D
" $ T.<J V<$ ~ 
&$ J J 4= {J J 6B" ) |( ( <",J W @,MJ {V @"$ .. '@J
 .. , 1.5 52 |&J  
T" ~ @)J @$ @. 5-3 @ " @+  U@. @Bm @t "
@ @ E .. @65
)|@@@@@@@(( "@@@@@@@ N@@@@@@@2@@@@@@@. W
"@@@@@@@ {J
@@@@@@@= @@@@@@@60 @@@@@@@J 4 @@@@@@@=B @@@@@@@6B"@@@@@@@
.~@@@@@@$
@@@@@@
J @@@@@@
 
"@@@@@@2 @@@@@@VJ 7 @@@@@@ @@@@@@"$ @@@@@@I .. @@@@@@4

"@@@@@@2  @@@@@@
$ @@@@@@&J @@@@@@,.@@@@@@V<$
+ &J  ),. = ( ",/ $ 45 N/  U. W) ":4
.1
.2

.3
.4

= / RmM {) U. '65)  {e6

J +$ .. +,F '0/J/J  . ) {e/J  3 UDM F.
" L {.m / )
&  5wJ (Tile Adhesive TP/
 @ )@2 U  T@P/@ '@ )$ @2)"2
<", /6 </ R 4eJ ` kD$ U"3&  "=] ) '@V @
J
@  @V "@ @I ('$-
5  U.)<",J {e m  B2  2) '
,
 ((+   B2 ,.
 "J N ~D  +,F/ .. "
' " @6"=-  ~@D.@R & @ ( @.@ " 5 @J T@2/@J @P
F /J ) 3 45 {e  /J F    ).) {e + 45 P) 45 
"2$ {eF.
 <"@,  N.@D 5 @J 4"@,/ @P@/ @ 5 U@. @D)= 4@2" @P  @65 .. @,@ (R.@D
@@"$@@ 5 )@@/ @@ @@ =M@@J <" ~@@."< 4@@B&$ j@@)J @@+.@@h  +@@J @@P @@ @@. 1@@. 12 U@@"3

). &0 
JB= +J kD . 2 P  . 3  /   ) W"=F
&" "5 (T<", 5P
  . 5"$ .. 10 U"3 (R.@D f@$ @&J @= 4@5@/ )@ @+ `@ ) @ @ ( "@ j@3
.&.m


E " 6 BJ N :4=51 
E    (R:'6 B
3 .1 66V$ J '=w5 ..= 
= 
= 
TD. <"2/ )`( w@5 @/ T6@V" -.. @2 -
.. '= 45 f J 45 , )-   60  D+ ,. .2
.2 / " 4=M"J' )" j)J 
 45 {. ", @= kB2 "@,-  .. 6@2 @,.=@  @&$ M@Bm
kB, 45 EJ ,. W
,`.

@ @.3 ) @@@D  5 U@@@.@@@2" @@@P  - @@@0@@@ @@@J@@@/ N@@@2J ..<"@@@, .@@@D  @@@J "@@@,/@@@/
="
.&$ 
 / $ 45'  ' - 5 .. '" = 45  @ "
@6 BJ W@2@. @J @&J @ @R

 WRJ f$/  =" ... U  .

 4"$" N j3 .. .  + P &
J "V)$   +..P

114

115

  WJ 4.m',
P &J ~62I 
. 
J N $ f3-
 J  k3 ` 


]   +P <E =, 
 R5 )   T.6$ -J    N2 :
  65 N2  " J ` +$  f2  f"= ND .'+,
6h  &h&"$- '6  $= . 0.4/"m  ) 
=-.
< N2= 45 .< {.r L xV&$.
)   "66V 4")D= Rm&J :4.
 ( 4
2$" 
J {.<$ ~ .,
&",- "$ @ 4@5 5 @] @ 234@ @ 6$ 25 4"@,/J B@,
 45 
&"2$  &/.m 0.65'B`$ 0.854/h+J TB "60 4. 2  4@5 B@2 1@/2
'60 4. (3" 
" .N.D @ @|)$ N '@+"J kB@2@ @h+J ]@. 
&=@ @
3F "@ k"@5 M
@2
 6,
J kB2.
"  5 h 45  ,1 V  &2   .
2 
&"2 6V )6 2 |`{ 45< =, ]+"J k
2< =,
", ..D$

 " N$ NBV". k)D

60 NP .1< =,&  ). F 4    J(.
.2" 45 2  P $ J.

 .3&  
( 
.JB
$ .4  N ,D  )  4,&) 4J ( =  3 6.
$ .5  N ,"`. R
.6"m  ,D "`. R
, .7)"+ 4= J W. B`$ J.
$ .8 Wh N".].
V00 .9
=.4

 .10F$ .
$ .11 N. NJ )  )J N2)J F$(.
N), .12/,F.
$ .13 .3 N JF )J N2)J F$(.
$ .14 Wh N)
 .
.15
 ".].
.16
 /.
.17
 ].
.18
 ],M$ 
&.
.19 ' F . .4" E
$ .20 NEF  )D eJ R5 JF . EJ
.21 ' . mF .4" E
T2$  J- &0
 3) E
  / 5 R5 =" " N3@P @|)$ ]. R@mF @h
@,6 E@$ R@5
WR) /. 6$ j)J"m F =F ) EI " 4" - j)J ]." ]. -/ 
JR.
 R  ))
 &  
( 
((JB &J U" ]. :N2 
 
F "@ 4@ @ "N@.B"$ ]@.
3   &
 =  6 m <+.   .  
J 6I j)$ @ 4@5 &@E ' @V$'@ "@ 4@"J
 2$  
( 45
E&5 .6"2 " &J"=-  "2,M  eJ )@D @,. ~@$
@ @.@ @/
h.

116

 +P 
  F
"&$=   .3 3" NBV

 45 
J . V$ ~@."<$=@ @= <"@, $@0 $@
 = N23 W  kB2
 '. N /B R 51J U= N
 4R | '+  U.  ,
V m E$ BJ F
 4@5
@ 
@+"$ j@3 N@$ F @J@5F 4$M@$@= " 4@.@(R  E
F  U.  L.5/"m
& /B )(  '=MJ 
 J0 =,m NVm  3) N.P kB, U. h5 
e( ~$
@, 4B&" .D"$
 6  &  D"- 4B`$ kB2
 @
$ @26"$
@ @= @@ U @2 @ @= 
@ 6"@V

   
N.)"2
) 4e (x.F   = 
 6"V E  ) = (x ).(+

&"@@@@@2$@@@@@= )
 @@@@@ @@@@@ kB@@@@@,F
@@@@@I  @@@@@J @@@@@&B@@@@@") 4@@@@@5 @@@@@.  N@@@@@23 @@@@@VF.
 
&",   U.+P 
 N kB,F  6= I kB2. @6= I &
J +@P @
&J @ @m "&@  kB@2'@+$
6= j)J ]+J 2J f 
2 "= I '+$'  U ~ 6= I "J@ N@ @"J @ @60 @' ")|@ @I
60m 4'  60 
&= I =Bm  '  4e U.  $ 4@.$ @60 N@mF @+ @&J @ @'

$ '.D$ '$+P '+$&"' $@' @~ @6= @I @.
&J+@D @ @=I @~ @6= @I "J@ N @6B"@@.$ 4
R .MJ U2= - $ 60 F U. U , kB2 .,D"- $ U. 2$ U"3 60 Nm ..
@@ @@ 
&"@@, @@= 
<@@ @0 .  @@M@@J N =&
@@  @@' F ")|@@ @@ @@& @@"60 @@"B`$@@ kB@@,F
F 45 '  4e <"  N23 U.@R @ @  @+B 
@ @ x@& @
. @0 4@5 kB@,F<@
  4=
. . 
.+B
F 
45 <"2
 :
-1F <:~)J P
4 )~ )+2( 3)~ j3  ~."<$ 4 < = V&  N23 kB2
 .'+3
, -2
& )
)V(:
<"@2$ {@ 4@5 "@, kB@,F
@ `@P @t&$@V  4@5 @D)= j@)J kB@,FJ  &@V @  U@.@
= kB@,

F .D
-3h+:
4=  /"mJ ~."<$  $,6 0  5 &V
<"2 &P 45/"mJ WR =  R  &V@ =& "@'
  E  h+  @,<"@,- 4@5 @Pm@F |@ 6
3@2 `@D @  @J@ @Bm  U@.kB@2

  o&J&V " kB2J TD".$ 4
 Pm = fh+ 
 L <"2 . D
-4 ) B,-= 
(:
<"2$  L 45  4.m< =MJ 4'     r @65 `@P  U@. kB@2
@ @
 V6$ <"2$ - /B < NV)   .`V$ J &D W J &P 45 
&",F | 6 E  (R6 B
,=- 45 Pm
32 
"h+. 2J &2.
6 0 -5:
<"2$ (R/B 6 B <" ~.= kB,F E  = 32  f J "D  @ 4@5 @P Dm@F
  &,  6$   h+J    J &P J 45 
&",F |.6
  U. kB,F<:=,
|)$:kB,F
~ .  kB2
& 6|& +"
 {V6J W,) J W@h5 B, @, @ 3 @r @/ @|J )E$@(
 U.< N5 =,"  2`J    " e < J ~)J " 2$ N5 =,~@3 @3 B@,
 .'Jh

117

 N .  E  )V <",J 
+  = JD   L U. ` 2
J kB2 &R 1@ }@I @$
.
$ ~ kB2
N . $ (R  
$ 5 kB,F 45
   N $ - 
  "5 4| &J -  U.@"=-
@@@@@ 
@@@@@ < =@@@@@,
@@@@@ @@@@@
J @@@@@ @@@@@6$ - 4@@@@@5  @@@@@, ~@@@@@D @@@@@I/I 4@@@@@5 J@@@@@,"@@@@@V.

118

= :
-1 :4" E
<"2  kB,p
&  J 0.& )
 
JB
 T0
& ). 

"2 '.2L 
j3 "
<",'  U..3
.
.

.
.
.5


 .3F:U
 ' , 6 4P  .6.  R U. |   ) RJ f "(.

 .3=:
&
   & &"
 , ) 4P 4$ R | ( MJ E
$ +."< )$5 3  
mv  2" W kB2
.
2  6 " I    
$ ~ kB2 )~  &J '  D).
 kB, U..].

 .3:
 / .  4eE
" W  6B .e
 =BJ " under coat 4  4 $ . k"5

 .3:&J

& &
J 
.
2  6 E " ~  ~) I 
$  D).  kB, U..].

 .3<:2
  J  N23 f E  )
 =
 ~D  .J (4+B 
.B  "` B) ."("2
 kB2. 4 
 65
.

-2 
N.)"2
) 4e:(V.F
<"2  U. kB,F .m
& ). < ++ <"2  U. 3 WR:4
.
 .3F:U
 ' , 6 4e  .6. ' 
J ~+< V. V. kD %30 2J)  UD N23

.&$ V 
".
.
 .3=:
&
   & 
"& 4",/J ,  .J 4e 3F E
 k$5   .
 mv
2  6
" ~  ~) I 
$ &J '  D).  kB, U..].
.
 .3:
 I/I'  ) N.)"2 N23 (V. .  
.B T6) j)J"` B) ." kB,p ("2
 65
 U
.
-3 V.- , :4",/
<"2   U. kB,F< 
&  &.   
<" +.  N I/I U. 3:4
.
 .3F:U
|)$ 
 kB,F   ({6. ) 6+ I .
J kB2 ) =   N, (filler J1 42 
 .
 .I
2
 6 " I  ~) I 
$ ~ kB2.
.
 .3=:
 '  =  V. &"
 < ~+ W 6B, " &
 
.&$ N23 V 
".
.
 .3:
   N23 
"& V.   " NBV
) .J 
.B.
-4 J1 42 U. kB,F<:
<"2   U.  kB,FE< .m= 
( 
= 4 0h   6) , 3<",' :4
.
 .3F:U
|)$ 
 60 kB,F 65 45 |)$ kB,F  &$ < =
J =,| "
,   BJ
,, J 42 & J .
 42 6 " ~  ~) I.

119

 .
 .3=:
 ' J ~+< 42,M  U. " 
.&$ N23 W V 
".
.
 .3:
 ' J 42 .J / 
.B T6) j)J"` B.kB2. .
.
 .3:&J
 ' 4 J 4eI I& N23 pack polyurethane . 
.B.
,  VJ = )  .&J 
5 D+"J
0 "m F:
"m F &" 4h   N&P 45 (R B2  ..63 ,  4. '+"m F  LT
5.k$
F ` :T
 `   &$ ' T F  '. 4B&$ 4J ,23 F (3  4h
"$ 4
  +]+=  k$
 ` .T
  +:k$
43 $ + =FJ k$&   .  <",  + 4

D  k$   h
$3 Bm 
 Pm
)J 
& V ~6,F<",  + . k  k$ & 4B ) 2$-J / | 6
 =' 4. 2r
 .J  '&B  & B= 6. 3
= .J 
 4J 
3F:
$

  4 I =FJ 
3F  '$ V )  ,  .   
3F 4B&$ 5J ,23 =F  <",
 . J 
3F 45 '$ m
@E @3 @&B 
& N@, @
J @V @. 
@@3 4 =@ @IF & "@' "@'
"
  4h = . 4.oJF
 J:'$
 J
J/ R 
  D "
  4h F   = N, TM" T@F  @ 
@,
N@$
6
 ='  3 "
 &  4h F  N, 5  B
.L &B "
 4h @ +@PF@
3F
,F.
F J:'$
F @ )@ 
@2 @&. k @ @5F @ @ 
@ T@) 45@P
@2 .F @VJ 43 @ k$@+
)  R 65)J {$ D 3   F ` <+J 43 5 T 4h
" ' =-F  |mF
+PF.oJF
J 42+:'$
 @@ 4@@2+  4@@.@@ @@ @@ B<@@J {$ & |@@ <"@@2$ @@
. @@  @@+ @@ k$ @@. )@@J 4@@2+

32   4h
" &,
 
3F ,F.
J |mF:'$
 |mF &|J 43 x  &B' &    " ~@."< @ N@,"$ 4F & 4@B@2$-J @,23 @R
) k.D 5 
& V

 | )
 "
  4h +PF 
3F.4
J 4:'$
 4  (3 "2 '$@ F  .@&B@ @@  4 @ 
)@  4J @B 4@J @V <"@2$ '$- @

& @@@@@@@@V
 N@@@@@@@@$
J@@@@@@@@B

@@@@@@@@ "
 @@@@@@@@ 4@@@@@@@@h
@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@
3F.@@@@@@@@|mF
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@)J 4

2 J:'$
 
2 4   &B  4  5'  ~D
 @ <@ 
@2 J '@$& @ @  @.

32
. |+  &, "
  4h 4
  F .oJF
J +PF:'$
 +PF  4@. @2 ]
V"@+ @1  4@.)@ @2"J- @. @ @ E +@PF@1J W@,23 @ @
<" 4=
  +Pp +.==  "
 4h  +PF 4 |mF 
3FF.

120

121

U
. O -#
: V0B:
 U 45 4$v
 :V0B
.1"M  =  N2= 6JB  V0B

. .
&"2+P 
 ,)"+   J V0B . h
.2"M  h f$  V0B
 Wh ke &J ) J (, 15-10  4=,m D
=f '+D= j)J 4
 U.< =, U. mv
= 46
 W "
 
=-  `$  $ ) .J 0
W
, 6 -.3.(, ~D= ) , 2/1  V0B
= .4 $ V0B  "
 , .e, f2$ 
J R6  6  kB, U.
=.4
kB,.5  V0B Vm 6 NJ 60 W,
$.=B
" .6 
(  3P2  .  6$ -
 U 45 4$v
 :

 " .1 52 U. 45 " 2.00 U.  E$ -$- 465FJ 4,+$ = 5 " ~D kB,F f)$
 )J ~62." ~D= 4
 " .2& ",  E
J , <{ B2
J 65 =
F & )PE  EJ 
e6  
&=.
" .3J", &J 
)B2  
 .
2$ " .4 &J"=1   =B
 " =.
J :=I "< V:=B
$ .1 ==  N2  = J  45 N2. 60 =B
+P V
. +.
J W
,  E - .2 ) , 2.5  {eJ W
,  E - ., 1.5  ~6,F
$ .3 6J =B 45$-  ) I/ / 65  (  B / ,"M  ", 6 =."5
.4"M    5L J6 .
V<$ " .5J kB2 &J"=1   6J J 3 45 "< V 3 45 {V
$ =B5+  =B
= N23 | ..

122

 1 OW -#

 =' J "< V) 4.m ... (=B 1 3  h 6 |= ...f
,
 ='  ... 'V0B 1 3  h 9 |= .. f
, $  JE   < .
$"~  60 :
   '60 "~ =" "2 (   kh
F  JB
J )D )
 W.&5$ < B "
"
 ...
E$& / " 2 60  " + U. 4) "... 4
.N.P B.1
.2 .BB N.P
P &D.3.
.  B2.4
.W., h5.5

Bm &
:
:- "~  60 ...
.1 
&", F N.D
2$ 45 BE "~   B .
.2

<+. J B,
 B2& 45 &D6&J    &
.
.3 2L)
J {e &R 
&", h+ 45 W.2 /F " $  4   kB, U. 6 N B =" 2$
( .kh
E$ :=I
= /...
 wJ
 
= / 
 32
. ,
 6BJ "B`$ .
  "V00
= )J "<.(V
{.m
  | 5' N23 f
,F 2 N.
=  U. U. $ ~h I F~ 
  tV5 th"N.6

=  kD$ U"3 
"2 .e, 'h V0B "V    "
.W,
:I...V0B
 4  ) V00( E 
 =
J 'J" T, 4 
&",J W 
 B2   V0B
&
R `.
 U ' ) ) {e N B(  h 
J   C"
- U"3 V0B B  
=.
.
 UB&$3 h =
J V0B J  U.' )) {e B( "$ "~ 4B&$ WRJ6  W,
$ U.6B
=  
= ) 60"<.(V
.
 :&J...=B
/0 4 ' )  6BJ {e
= 60 .&$ , 
,  =  =
J V0B f
,F  =  =  
 5| 3 : 2 2J =  2 f
,F E W ,
$..D$
6 0"...R+
6=.1 =  E"J ]+J =B 6 B U. 6J2    "
  {62$ - U"3 W, 60 U..V0B
N.6$.2
=      U.  4Vm&  kB, U.).{e

123

 6=.3 5J B ) < J (NV2  '.

  
= 
 , J
 U
) " J @
4 "B@,@
E  
= 5(  kB, U.) B`" {e., 2 W
, 6BJ kB2
=.4 
."` kB2 B) {e
  'J|`{  U.
= I 5.
" .5 {, 5
= MJ -  +,) U. {e $  m) UD  V 5 
&",- Ne @ 
=@ 
@E
"$ - U"3 " (N.D"$) WVJ  W h$/",-.
  U. @$ @&" @6B kB@, U@. J.6 B,6 <wJ  V 
. ) ( 2$' 60 0
F )/(.
+ .7 60 )"< 6= (V w@J 
@V<$ @. J kB@2 B@,"< @&B) @V< N@V @( @@)J W
kB,   "2 4 6B . 6B)J @  e 
@ ]=@" U@"3 @++m@
$ kB@2 6"@,- @60

&  J f E  TD )
$ &J {e +.

 "F NBV' ) /"mJ {e =  ...
 U  60 kB, 
 Vm 60 W,
"$
&   .  (R  6B
& e@2J`@

<
J ~+ " .
 . T.B 4"= . &  )I U. {e 60= 
 . " E . 0  N
" " ,) .
2 RJ f EJ ({e). " 
< ~+ N),  W' ) @ @6BJ ('"B`$) {e
&@ @
= @6 @(R
 6B .. 0
3 45 o&JmE     D] " . 
5 f
B)$", mMJ    D
CDW
MJ |)$3 +  W",/"$ 4 45 2 ` 3 
$ 6",-.
 <", (R <2MJ W",/
6$ NDJ
  
& J  )$ &J .m0 +).  3  U. W
2<"2$ 5+ &J  <2
 $ &
.
F  3 J h 45  $ 45  "
 
 
 
  '.

 N  4$v 

. /P 
F $ :
2$E 
 52
J '3/P   32E "~ & =
 W   ")$ +"< 32  2= U.
 J 0"$  4  6, U  6B .
EF 
 
J 3/P &R   
.  V0B 
.) =B 6B" .&$ 4 (V0BW
|
 ,
$  .`.`$ DJ V0B  "=.
 45
&", "<) V . < 4V
& "< kB, V) 45 ({e $ 3"'   e   .
( 
.
)$ .
 2 U"3"< VB1  kB2<  V " - ) J P5   6 .
 
= "  {62$ 4 
. /J U. ) MJ - WV$ - U"3 4B`$/ , 6BJ N&D
" &J.W
 ~$ &
  
 
"<+. ~$& " 4
J .2`J f.
&", D$ - U"3 ++$ 45 +)$-
m  
&",- m E .F
+3< 
"  6&
)  . f
,F] 
 45 (CD &E   J 0
"  J2F.

"
 O -# _*;U

  &J="  .3 V ,. 66V$  & VJ <J P R ,  

45/$"$wJ e  h  L 45F
:

124

.1-"
  
J &] <) 4=
J P B ) -  45 '. T.B< . JB(
 ='  N
 J P+
= 4< =
J =, $ '6 BJ f
,F ))P " WR =& h  ( '",/J
" 45/V J
= 4 <=,.
.2 
= .
  (
J 4  ",/ J- $ 
( 
. 6JB+P V. ')P W
|
  "D  B 
 
= - U"3 R r 4 " B65 "= 4 "
 =  J W,

=.4
 .3 
&", 5 
<
J P   ) j " 4. 2$ 4"D 60 4=
J<=,.
.4 -= ='  4. $ 
.&$ V 
D"<  E  (R
.
N .5" - 60 W
,  45 , 3) {e .~6,p , 2
45/$.6
 " J 2 
   
$ + 60.
3/.7 6 
MJ  45   V) , BJ 4 h 4"J"m   f
WR N,
, 45 .

 ,1 "a) GD "(

0/ {J$ : ]
m 45 /e 0J).

 {J$ : ]
m 45 /e 0J).

F {J$ :
F 0J 45 65   
&..
 {J :.2 .2J  U. /e 5D ]  U..

 
)"   {J$ :k2  3 U. ]
m 45 /e 0J).
 6 
{J$ :).2.+D" 45 /e 0J

  3/  ~ $. zero moment  ND

5 +,2 W/:

 " &|= 4 +,/ 4  ~ <  4  
, .P (R , 5  6B., 10 U
 45 N2<", :  &$
 N,+m "
  F.

  ~- : & "3- UD)J , .. '$3 J
 2  4"J < B. I 0/  ". 
",-w5 e &
$ . ., ")   |`{   $ "5  .0/
 =  f) UD
 &5 2  ".   )"$ "
. 0/ 2$ 
J   0/  N.P 2..+,

(w (W Vg # dq ("X


|.5  &
  N  :4.
 -" N R+ ":4
.1"m   

"  /.
E$.2F 4 5 kB,F
 "B`$ ~"J W kB,F  N,
 .D&|  I

J kB,F  &J W"M    E R+". kB,F=" 
 J .4)D
|)$.3
&.
E$.42
J (
`J W.
.5 Rm
,6 'J
 h 
4) $ ,".

125

 -I " N R+ ":4

.1"m  6 B
 TD. ,2 W 4  =
J C.< ++ 
=  
2 <",J TD. 

< P D 0 " N
=.
60 
.2
2 &J"M    EF.
{6= 
.3 ).(6
.4"M  6", kB,F
 
  kB,p
..e
J.5 
. TD."M  6", + P<",J W 
 U. 
&$ (N /P) '",/J B 6",) ..
.6"M   
  ~.m 6P/2"J 0/ B`$ r 5.0/
.7 &",- <",J (R kB,F  
4V |`{  U. (R.kB,F
.8"M  = 5) .  +$ .
&J" .N
&J"=-  (R
F " T$&
  " I" 2 N + P":
V T
.1
.2
.3
.4

"M  I /.

"M  6",/.
"M   /.
"M    ".B

&J -"=-  
 " N 2 ":4
& kB,F
J B. 
J ~ <  4/F 
3F
= 2< 45 B.< =,

+"$ U"3 B2J 6 BJ ).2:4
 h7 J) f
,=/$(  "
.
&.N
< 3 45 B.< $ 0/ :4$v
h 6.L 3 -- f
,  6.L 4 -- {  2 ( = + B.m $ - ..e,
= B.m 2< =,
).2:4
3" 0.8{ 3" : 0.4 350.00 : J f
,=/$  3 45<", =@ $) @J$ 4@5 @+/@31 f
@,
J=/$ 
 ( &"$ -  " 175<", < {. W
=.4

126

O A
"$ -.W
 ,a;

The quantities surveying of Steel Bars per ton

& 5 ,F 0 45 0 = 3  kB, 32 x 2 x 2.'"5
14.49=0.7851.53812=0.785(4 /1.41.43.14)12= 14 B , /
5 .
 .&
J 1000 = 0 3 . 45 , 69 = 14.49/1000 B .3


 45 'B2$
& ":

& 5 ,F 0 45 B J) = 313500 / (2
 ... 14 B , :/
5 45 'm, B 68.88=13500 / (14*14) = 3 4"&.  6 , 69
 ... 10 B , 45 'm, B ., 135=13500 /(10*10) = 3

B
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
23
24
25
26

2
0.62
0.89
1.21
1.58
2.00
2.47
2.98
3.26
3.55
3.85
4.17

 ,F
135
94
69
53
42
34
28
26
23
22
20

3/:
)   6 4$M  8 4
  4.+ t {65  - 4"J '  , 45.B
4J =IBF $  4
  4. 't, BJ 12 R  B .fJI
)2  ,F p   B,  3"= k.2

" ) 4 B 0)12 * (162 '2+=* B6 )1000 (2  = (B ,F 45.B

 A-
--
 A# -.c!#
 6 2=1
 ,,F @ R@ R@
5 ,@&J@ @ @, 2000"@ N
@ 
&
@ @= 4@ "5 @5
) :/ ,,F 4E  +,F
= 4 .@P @J$ U@.  $ @ @ @3 4@5  @ @@+3 N
 e
F P . ")$  U (R" J
@ @ N"M@ @ @ @ @6I
@= 4 @ @
)$" @J"@ @")$ 4@3 - @
.4=
.
 R 
 = T.B   " MV    D ,,
:
.1,F. Foundation
.2
. BuildingU

127

,F5 E   4.+2

 MVR  6
3 
 MV , . = f
3 " 
3 3 '5/m UF
 .&B
 w5 ,,F  $ "2 +, kB,F ") T6F ":
$ .1 = 
 6
3 
 U 32 U  kB," J.],M". )D
 .2 "+ EF 
 U
<".+.
T6)$ .36",   U
. m IM$  4  BF -E.
" ~ = ,F 
<"2   = U." J
6  .
w5 MV = f"<@P @J w@5 "
@D @, 
@ U
@. M@V
 B2J $ j3 
 32 MJ  
)$"  J ... 45F 4&  ` @ j@3  <P @
"3
N `P "J$ = , (R" J U
. 
& U"3
 
D$ . MV, .N,
R D"6 - U. F = , " J
 "23  . ],M ,,F N J {65 
 ,
I :$v
.1)
 ) U
. e)
 
.(f
.2)
 
"` ) U
.)
 ).(4
{`.3 .
.4 
)$".J
T
.5,F.
.6 "3 ",FJ J.
.7 `{ 
(  U. 5
 U.'
&$
  6I
   U 
)$"3  J 3 
:
. 3  "  U&
J , U
. 
 U '." .@3 &"@ @ @ @ @L U
@J@@3 4@5 W
 B2J &"$ - "
", ...
.  "+ R  U= 
 U.'.
WR
.1
.2
.3
.4

 N"3-    ,,F  V$

= 4 
J W B & :$v
"M  ="V ,,F f)$
 U " '. U@. 2=" 6 BJ '
3F ]@,M". )@P @$ @ @
)$
" 6I  6$ - J
.U
"M   P @ @60 U" @J ]@,M". )@D"@ @$ 4 @ @.
)$ @6I @
)" @5
@=@MJ @. 4 @W
"mJ " J|& + P  U" J .D <.=,
"M  "m = " ],M
 N,
 e/ " J
E".. ],M
2+,
&", EF 
)  32"  (f$ E  U. ,
@M". U@ @ @  @ ="@ @

 UI ".V


  k|" T,
 " V" 2J ],M
= 65 WR 4 4 
V@ @ <@"@,,FJ C = @ 
<"@60 @+.
 " J
3 
 U
. U2" U"3 W 
t2 & 5 =  )$ + ,F 
 U
. N,R @ @60 (@V$
 " J" V$ E 4R 
.U


  45 0V
 -  &' F ":
.1
.2
.3
.4

 .P.
',3 = 45 f" +. 
)
"5  "m 
.J
.`P oJ
"  ." 5  ' 0 6 -

128

 . 
 '.V=' &:5
R 2 , 45 3
"  4=F ( 5&$ 4  '".6=  '$h "3)PF 4 
&. .
  fJ J 
6  " 0 r  3 . U.F   4. <].
 )  4,
 
 45 F <]   r  3" 45 k.2 ~62 J
6"$ U"3
3  <]  U I J U@,,F @ N @ @ 3@
F " @65 .@P @6I @
&J @&J |@
&
45 ~62 , 20 T
&J  6 B ]+J.N|6
" "~ ` &= I 2 6    2=| f  BJ U. , 60 45 F (R @6 @`$ .... 20 5@2
, ".P ". 4+$ , 40 U6
(R 4 J" 4   ,=   $   
.B.

; - O

 6 0 -1D
6 < =,

p ).2:
&"  C
6<  U=,B )  E B 
V < , =,  R 

 MV 4=,m 4=,m {e3

 ,, 
& j3 .E$ U. C
6  B6 < U=,
k.2 4"J   &
 
)$ U.
3F
 & .'.
Bm &
:
J N.P " .1 0/ 3 &

 
 
.' 4=,m C
" .2 `B <R U=, &
)J R3   h |+ "  W  
 3 "E
&J.
~$ " .3 kB2< U=,.
 3 ~$ " .4" k.2 h+J W., 5
J " I sand plast='  1J.U2
")"5 
 " .5  BJ &   U. , 75 - 50  52 $ E$ I , 10B6J )"+  h) 
 10 B6J  12 =
J W  1 2 =
J.
(R {J"  hF= J J E.
" .6 h (RJ $)"+  10 B6J . 12
{J$ " .7= 45  hF 65F" $ 4.
V00 " .8& 2J V00 =
J   f
,  5 (R  
 J BJ
=.
NP =  E$ " .9< 6 0 N23 =, U. ND " 
 Design Mix WR 

D$ B.m " 5 ${
 5 U 5  . ,1.2U  5   ,< =,  1.
ND .10 "$ V
 L =,m  C
6    5 400  6$ - 2J f
,F/3
51 
=& 
=/   BVS f  6  6$ - 2J BVF f/.3
A19..W Y A#N =
" j3  W
, V.
).2  &/ ". 6
Bm &
:
45.1 (R) " 
 )"5 BMJ  ,52 U. 3 45 , 100-75 E 12B6J  3  16).
 1J.U2
$ " .2 N)  451 'BJ$ )'  hFJ
E.
" .3 <  1J =, U2 =,<. 3/ J 
6.
NP " .4<  =,
&", 5 .6$
=-  6 `|=-.

OJ
. 1#a ^;U
.1 2 5 ".],M
.2   
)$".J

129

 .3&   IM$ 6B

(  5  
3,,F  IM$   60 R+$ /31 J"J  "J
.PF  U.2 F   " R+$ 60 U. &" - W
, , 30 6B  W$   
J
 P .  U UD  MJ W.W

! A"9^;U:
J$ -1 :{E
<"2$  2 5 " ],M   
)$" 2  J "  {.<J ],M {E  2:1 2J 1:1
.
-2/31 :{EJ

&"2$
 kh = (
. ~ D$ &J 5  =,m,,F )"$ j3 /m
(  565
" .6"2=
 D  J$  , 15 W
,/31 {EJ R `.
-3/31 =,<J|&) +/31 
:(f
 $ - ~ D$ e,
(  45 5"<  C. 
(  2  5 " 60 R+$ ],M/3 
< =,|& + .. f
,F
( ) m$ j3 (.+.+
(  B.m 45 5 (R< =,|&.+
-4/31 :J
<"2   5
 2 o+<$1  U." J= .PF  
I Cm = 2 <"2 
< V 6B/3 3 45" J+"=/ .J6 
& j3D"- = 6B +"=-   $" J..PF
-5:60 5
<"2$  3 $ J". N
 5  J". .  45 W 
(  5 <"2$ -15 W
2J 60
 , 20  {E  " R+,,F . 5

A
LA!."J
++m =,m -1 :
"$  1000  "5/ 3 2000 U/<",J 3  <"=1 ~+ 5J =,m
J .B
. 60+P.
.6I =,m -2 :
"$  2500  "5/ 3 4000 U/<",J 3  "=1 6 5J =,m
J .B
. 60+P.
 =,m -3   :
<",J f
,F =/$ & f
,F
6 " . J N,"$ +."< `V$ 6 0 ND"$ 6
|`{ &
. 28 &J  100 2,/ 4000 U
. 60 2,/+P 
.J .B
 =,m -4F:
<",J f
,F =/$ & 
6 " . 51  F L  P . .2 
6 |`{ 
J .B
&
. 28 &J  800 U. 2,/
:Pm =,m -5
<",J 3 = 51 <    4  . J 4 J6 2)" '5/m <V. =, V
6"  .E
=,m -6 6 :
" D$ 4 200 U<",J , 24 &J 2,/ 5 Pmm 
D$ 6 .$ |`{ &
. (R ,6
< 200 , 1 &J =, 2 ,/ 300  , 24 &J 2,/+"3 <J =, " `V&  P  2
<", 45
 /P1  =D
F < P" , N.B"$ 4=.

 A!."J" AB *9@$

.

130

< =,  L $-

&",
,  : 4< =,  L 4$-
&",
 :< =,  L  B.m 4 f
,F o&J

  " @Pm '@0/m 45 {.<$ 4@$ j@3 @|$
(R< B. U3 65 e m< U. 2 
 ,B. @ @
3 @+m=@ 
&"@2$@ (R< 4@5 @B.`@@ N
 =,m
 = kB,p ++m =F  5 U=  
= )B, 5  U W.$+L 4@5
 &E )  "&$ kB,p< =,   L
)  , /3 "&$ @ @|5< =@,& @ 
@ 
@
=(  
E .6J,
  :J
"&$< =, V& +@@")$ WR @ U& @ @  R@+".@ $@ N&@E @
j@3 @$ @
F @ 5@U
o&J" 2"D   $ . = ", = ",      D .V N U
@2$ ++m"@2
"@@  4@@B&$ 4@@ @@ @@h @@ .@@V N< =@@,
@@3 @@=  ).@@2 @@.3 {e @@3 {e C@@6)@@ {e@@,1  @@"F

 = mF  .4=
. "2 6 L +D e= - )  {e&@E )@ &@E |@ 4e)
 @ @
) ,T R 
& D 45 f.3
"2I | 6 . &h1 ) .='  "& -V). J  5 U 2
m@ '@
3 @ =@
I @
 <",   6  "2I ." "&$ 4 $ )"@2 @ @." .@J @$ m< =@,
).@2 @m+@L @R N@6
&  4B 
"@ @$ j@3 W@.$ @6 @m& @P
4@B&" 

@D @6  @D6 ]@+= 4@5 @<"@2$ f @ @6 @

< =,  V
" W.$ 4B&$ &06& P 65F &
 ") U. 5 V"$ 4 5<
&",- =, =,m
<" +." T6) 
D")
 F ".B .  B6 $ ,6    32 f J 
&"2$ )@ {e@  @
" W. $ =w5 , B6 & +6" PF.
 P"@, .@, @B6 @V {@V@ WR@ @
@J @$ )@  .@V @+."< -@h 
&"@2$F
& " 4  45 
&"2$
  B6VmF  ,." 
4 "$J N E$
 = 6$D"- @,.
 2J 6$ WR"D / 2 W .')B, U  P",
 $ N@J @ $ 
&"@, F=@ =@
f$ 02J J NP U"3 " "$ |&J U< =, ..m "2  ' ~+m   ='  ' ]
V ,2=- | =' ,"&
 &$ ,@& 
&"2$ @ 
@V @  L
@ @@
WR
) f T6) V 
J .B
  f ~62. 0/='  | /@m " R@+@ 

@E @mF
@
45 V
D ")$ B6  WJV JF 
J "
   eJ
( =' C@.6" N@, 0@2J J&
@
"2 5   ,
&",- , WR&E )
" R  T6)"J<"@,- @ + @F   @I"@4
 "&$ + .t2

 A!."JANJ
"&$< =,<  .3 =   "$ 4 
 
    < =,< ++ " B$ $ 4
J 45  & V  6 
 4 45 ],M$ $ 1943 "=1 D < =,< @ .
4@5 ).@2
=@ @ U@.
 ~  `J =" F 
 ).2  N 4 JB < . 
"& R=} '. 
J3 @I @ 4@5@
<",J  J   ').2< =,< V"  . 45 ~6,FV 5  
<" +. R@ W"@ @5 @|+J &
@

 =  < 
"< 45 DDR 
  B$ $=" < =,<  .
).2 L
DJ ).2 
"2 ] {@65
    ".B  '$ J
<" J +.") T6"
 E    45.
"u (  .c
 J ++m .
 .6= +.$.

131

.V"' 
 .,
.=1 45 ,
.,,p +.$ 
.-E 6
.B2J 5
. D E J 3
.,6
 45   "
.N "45 ,
.U
 R+" 
 
.2
. +.$ 
.V= +.$ 
. 
"3 E
.B. /", 
.3  5 J
.W."2
. +=1 h$
.t. 6 P J 
.MV
.   

.+&"$ - .)"$ -
., L 4. )" $ -
.V3 4. )" $ -
:T )
~   2=   = R U. T.B  Pm 5 J .'6 180  
t 1000 6
 {65 , 15 
,
.f J "<2 

ND
 A!."J H
Properties of Hardened Concrete
:.D"
= ,<. 2e<
. Compressive Strength {`| 6
. Flexuse =)- 6
. Tensile V 6
. Shear C6 6
. Bond W,
" 6
. Modulus Of Elasticity =&  


d% " a" :N
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
:{`| 6
=,<. F 6
 J
J {`| 6= ,< 3/P&    $ U .D"
= ,< m  4
.{`| 6 EJ E$ 2)"$ mF & < j3 .D"

:{`| 6  )$  `
132

 ")  45 =" < 45 =,

 .
 )$
6 

E  " 45 =,<. `V|`{  " 

D 4eV=1R Rm  2
6  D6
.{`|.

133

&  
I 6 U. |`{:


 = =.B.m N2
= 2 /.
0  NP 6= {.m) D .. (W.

&.
&
 r "m-.
0 6 &$ |`{.
"m 6 &$ |`{.

a" :"  (c

1 ![
c
TENSILE STRENGTH FOR
Hardened Concrete
6 :V
6 
  (10) 
$ |`{ j3 < =,
".D   +D@6 4@5 +&@ 4@5 WR@  @V
 @h `@
.h
0 6 &$ :V
 "6 0 "& 6 :V
"m  V
 N&P) h E$ J &D ('e& ) ' 
3F.
"m  V` ) h 6 B .(.

 a" :" QN  (c ![

c
FLEXURAL STRENGTHE
6 )=-:
@@6 4@@ < @@V. =@@,`@@ ) @@h@@ @@ $@@)=-( @@  @@& @@ @@&$ @@&$ U @@2`@@ @@ 6@@ @@)=-
 & &$ 45 2)=- R
 6 
  25-12 |`{  .60 r
6 &$ 6 0 )=-:
"m 6 )=-  =,<.
".D.

* "a" Za
SHEAR STRENGTH
  C6
:h
=2" $   $ " " " I$ `@P 52 U.  "2 45 @ @ .@|&J@  C@6E@&J J )@D @
e
=)  h`{   WR  "m 6  C6
 .h6 @&$@ < @V. =@,@B6 @ @
6"  C6.6 
$ 6  12 C6 |`{.

"  "a" ! X

BOND STRENGTH
6 "
:W,
6 4 <-E=1 =, , " k.2
 J..m
&  
I 6 U. "
:W,
D"-  <.=,
 "3- J,F <.=,
"  45,F.

134

( (.*"  
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
:=&  

 &  &"
 .(V" 6)  
 J/P  & & 
 +=- 45 `". 2J 1 45 `"
:$v D 3MJ =

. Initial Tangent Modulus 4e"J-&  "

. Tangent Modulus &  "

. Secant Modulus 06& 
. Chord Modulus $ & 
:= &  
U. I
& 
. &  = 
.=,< 5
.{`| 6 U. I
 & 
=,< 
& 
 D 0 /{ .< N2= 

 =
Ec = 14000 Fcu
Ec = 0.136 ( )1-5 Fcu
:=& & 
$ 0
.=" &  
m
.=,< 5& $ "m

135

 i"(W .aW (, ( 

UO _ ; 
 C-N  $W 
C-N
" / P  3" 45 k.2
 J  &JF " B<. 60 k.2 ":
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7

" N.P
  N.P T 00/ 
 = .
E$ 60`B <  ) U=," k.2R &$ D..
~  3" k.2  D 
&",J 5 W., 5  W.,  h U. 2 .
  3"
J k.2 
 J 131 42
=& D. " ., 24
$ EF < =, +,`B < U=,
E 
J 
 J 104 42  U `B <
$  U=,
+  
 J.104 42
& `B < 4=, U.= 
&",J  = = )  
 J "
,  =.(65
" NP`B <  ) U=," k.2
&",J 42e  =  "2]   T 0"
&",J x.  =
F  = 65  = =2 ]+.

h  B:
h  B   F -
&", 
" 
/B"2 .. RmM 'h '++"J .D )J '".&
J
.e
 D B  "
D  L+

 ) D
 MJ '. <".+.
 
E o&J= R  B &. '.
)$    &B6"' ). `|. '.
)$ N=J Te & .
  6$
 (  B  N23 4.=" '.h&J( =' '"J/P  ( .m
  '=  ]=$  ,  B2
J (24
&B `P.

&|  
") .P
 "
. 'PD  .5 (
L
  N V  B 45
 45P  E -
 "  +$  6 "J 0
J k
2 VJ +P J P  2JN=J . ~V. W
.
)$  ,
J h E .F

=  B:
 $=    B V$  45
= 4 D"6,/   4. =F  &eV
&",- R, 4. 
5<CeD


E  =  D$ += R  B V$

=. 4
.1 B .4B
.2 B  4..
.3 B <.U=,
.4 B .4".+,F

136

.5
.6
.7
.8

0 <.j
0 .f
 B ).
 B .4E

 B :4B
 26 B  
 4B  = 4 2e
:
- B .
- B .
3F
- B :
 4
2 B |mF  . D &" Cm=  B =  .'&D$ 45 '"e  45 '
&", ~

D 
h  2 & ,  F < .   $/ o&J mF..
 4. = W &  R  B " "$ 4:4$v
< B.
 =  1$ 3 1 + 3 20+ %30 +x 6 J 0 660 4B&$ , 23*11*7
5 e B :
 5 e BJ  ='  ). P $   B 
3F
 =' &, +"3/ )J R 4. 2
45 = 4 B  45"V "   45 ~D 2 W {e3 W
, B     B 
3FR
2 | 4BJ 4. ="6 ) .'/m
  B :
3 .1 {e B 6$ -  J 0( BF.
3 .2 {e B 4  $ B   
& V) = 6 )V "   N)B I$R 2
 4.="V F 45 (R
=.4
T6V$  , .3) &+J {e&    
<" +.R h 4. I
.4
4= 
 D .4 B    = 4=
J f B .
3F
 J 3 {e B   
&"5  J    I B=  'h+J f
,F 4=. ) . 

| '  k.&B  'V  J f E .I/I 
WR
&",  V0B
4. CD(R
) {e 45 (R)  N 
&"2 WV
&= 4

 5 ) f U"3 {e ..

- B :
3F
 h= ' 
45 .
&"2/ & J  B .  (+, B W.2
 " $ 0  
 4.+B
<.

"&$ =   B  I/I 4. 
3F :,,
 = 

  p  &B
mM    B.
E$F  &B.B.m
 ) 
<" 45 +.+.
" t E  B  4B 
: e
   4  B
J B.m &J & 4B&$ B ).  ,   T6V"$ ~$ &$.
 .2 4  
J B.<J J B. J/P 4B&$  F 
$" T6V -.
2)  4
 " 4B&$ 4 . B. 
3F .'3 &J
137

 2 |+ -  "  45 2. B

   D  6 )  " )"$ 4 T 3 .
 45 B
 43  4  B 
J 
&",/ )"$ (R
  4+B  4R  4& 
)$ B.
 D |+ -   45 '$ B F  W  ').
$ 4 J ')B, B`$  k..oJ

` 2 & 4B . B. +PF  '$  k.
$ 4 B  D .
= 4B& E . F  B..
,$ J  B.m  $ 45 B.

=  B :
3F
0 -1 .J:
DR  B  =  B.m ]+ B   TJ2( ~+ I ) .J '
 45 .  R  L
" 3F 45 ]=" L)  . =" '3` ".
0 -2  :(+,
DR  B   0 < 4
BJ 0 .   .  F ,
  45 W2$|$ I Vm N 4.
$) (+2EJ m1 (Vm  5  N6"' ~+ I ) e
 45 5 E . ")
 R    B
`6 B( 45 30 2,/ 4
2R    B = D5 "= (+, ~D +  "J 04. J|J W
+2 < 3=  V3 m1  J B | 2J +, |"5 5  B  = "3 "  0 (R
=F ,6
J 4. $v &"$ -  $,6  = 45 5   D6 B 45 3& 45  2:W
2
,6 0   6  , 25*12*6 3
,6 0   ,1   , 23*11*5.5 3
  =" R  B 
 45   D& 45 J  f) ="  )  ~ $F 4E .J
0 -3 :W., B
0 D  B 0  ]+=  W.2  (+,' ND 
J B6 W., ~+ I 5 ) 455
E .R5 WR    B &" " "   V"=] 45) T ")
 R  B `6 B(
100 400 2,/
 ='  $ '$,6   4.) ":4
23x 11 x5, 5
, 25 x12 x6
"
 ER  B   J (L }I & E$  4..W.2J &B "= J B
0 -4 ]:
0  ]+=  D   (+2'  45 ND ~+ I 4= {` f)$ N ) 455 E &"
R  B   J/P B  TJ2(  ."
. PD
 "
 )J E '5) =" '.h ,'$,6
 ='
")
 `6 B( 600 250/ 2   5 x11 x23 '$,6 5 , 6x12 x25 N23.N.B
0 -5 $ :$
0 + 
3 ~+m " 
" 
& 800-600 N  D .  D.P &" R  B
6  T ). 2 t+ (
J IM" - 
  'J 4 . 
e 6 0) {e ..6
3F .  ' h
,6  :4$v
,19 x19 x9 , 5 x30 x30 , 20 x30 x30 ,9 x 30 x 30 ,15 x20 x30..
0 -6 :
0  ]+=  D   (+2  45 ND3MJ N `P Pm ,4= {` f)$R    B

&"2 ). ( 2 {e .4=
. ,,F  RmM <" "= +.F ,
< &J 0 . f" . D
 =' ")

`6 B( 3180 4.2,/
138

 N=5
&", R  B  2 3 {e
 6 '=5 4  WR&    &m h B . &" 
&", 0
  45
=  4= =V ) {e
E.
<" 0 ~.     B &  45 4+5 '$+P
 T0   6) "V  6 /p J 0
" 45 
J
 T0)D  "V 6 '5"'  .6  +$  ) )    
)
J .
45
 T0 6 IM$ 6DR . 5"= 0   
    B & . &J( $ 65
  B & . ' ~."<$
6  , 6625 )J  eV ., 4423 0 D    0
 )J ].  ' h ,6 <" +. 0 '
, D  ~+m., 24
). /  D  N W

 = J/P f B 
. 
&"2    B &  5 WR, P $
& N  '2" '
&",) .{e
0 -7 :4.+0
0 + &J   D j3  e <"2$ .+0   T0 D 45
 L T0  ] 26B
].J& VJ ,  .3  + )B$ j3 (R .+B |  . 
 Pm e V$ I &$ 6N
} )$ 455 f)$ Pm  45
=D
E .WR
MJ 
. ~$=V E$R   
4 =D"6
J +.= & =D o B mF
 ="'  D
 . 60 4 . , J 0 " R  B ,6
J :$v
25 x12 x5, 6
, 25 x12 x10
, 20 x 10 x 5

&"2R    B J 45  6 0) {e"&"$ - 4 F 
3 45
= .4 2 'e  ' "N6

2
J   R    B 3 B. e  
3F 
 45 (+,   D& J &J P Dm
P )  
  = = &J ~ $F 4E J Dm 4. r+3F 4E.

45   h 

. 4$)$ 4 " 
32  U.
  eR  D 1 'J
(R 
6"& 
.J '5  i 45' 
 &2  . (RJ.F

 $|3  N.0  4

. 
3
 
T5 "J 
.2
/D /2  m U.=F ,  )
 U.P '. i '} U. ')P.,
 )$ ~,

139