1 Problem Description

Consider a finite plate in tension with a central crack as shown in Fig. 1. The plate is made of Steel with Young's modulus ! "## $Pa and Poisson's ratio % ! #&'. (et b ! #&" m) a ! #&#" m) % ! 1## *Pa. Determine the stress intensit+ factors ,S-Fs..

Figure 1& Through/thickness crack. 0ote that for this problem) tabulated solutions for the mode/- S-F 1- are a2ailable in the literature. For e3ample) an anal+tical solution gi2en b+ 4.D. Pilke+ ,Formulas for Stress) Strain) and Structural *atrices. is 1- ! C 5 where C ! ,1 #&1 %" 6 #&78 %9.
:

1! cos,%%. 5 %! a b & ;se of this solution +ields 1- ! "<&8=# *Pa%pm.

" >ssumptions and >pproach

".1 >ssumptions

% (inear elastic fracture mechanics ,( F*.. % Plane strain problem. 1

"." >pproach

% Since the ( F* assumption is used) the S-Fs at a crack tip ma+ be computed using the >0SYS's 1C>(C command. The anal+sis used a %t of the nodal displacements in the 2icinit+ of the crack tip ,see the >0SYS) -nc. Theor+ ?eference.. % Due to the s+mmetr+ of the problem) onl+ a :uarter model is anal+@ed. % The crack/tip region is meshed using :uarter/point ,singular. =/node :uadrilateral elements ,P(>0 ="..

' Preprocessing

1. $i2e the Aob a 0ame ;tilit+ *enuBFileBChange Aobname ... The following window comes up. nter a name) for e3ample CCentralCrack') and click on D1.

". Define lement T+pe *ain *enuBPreprocessorB lement T+peB>ddE ditEDelete

% This brings up the ' lement T+pes' window. Click on the >dd... button % The '(ibrar+ of lement T+pes' window appears. Fighlight CSolid') and C=node ="') as shown. Click on D1. % You should see CT+pe 1 P(>0 ="' in the C lement T+pes' window as follows&

% Click on the Dptions... button in the abo2e window. The below window comes up. Select CPlane strain' for C lement beha2ior 1'' and click D1.

% Click on the Close button in the C lement T+pes' window '. Define *aterial Properties *ain *enuBPreprocessorB*aterial PropsB*aterial *odels ' % -n the right side of the CDefine *aterial *odel Geha2ior' window that opens) double click on CStructural') then C(inear') then C lastic') then finall+ C-sotropic'.

The following window comes up. nter in 2alues for the Young's modulus , H ! " <. and Poisson's ratio ,P?HY ! #.'. of the plate material

% Click D1) then close the CDe%ne *aterial *odel Geha2ior' window 9. De%ne 1e+points *ain *enuBPreprocessorB*odelingBCreateB1e+pointsB-n >cti2e CS 4e are going to create < ke+points gi2en in the following table& 1e+point I H Y 1## " #.#" # ' #.1 # 9 #.1 #.1 < # #.1 9 % To create ke+point I1) enter C1' as ke+point number) and C#' and C#' as the H and Y coordinates in the following window. Click on >ppl+. % ?epeat the abo2e step for ke+points I" through I<. 0ote that +ou must click on D1 instead of >ppl+ after entering data of the %nal ke+point.

<. De%ne (ine Segments *ain *enuBPreprocessorB*odelingBCreateB(inesB(inesB-n >cti2e Coord % Pick ke+point I1 then ke+point I" to create a line connecting them ,line I1.. % ?epeat the pre2ious step to create lines connecting ke+points I" and I' ,line I".) ke+points I' and I9 ,line I'.) ke+points I9 and I< ,line I9.) and ke+points I< and I1 ,line I<..

% Click on D1 to close the C(ines in >cti2e Coord' window ,picking window.. % Turn on the numbering b+ selecting ;tilit+ *enuBPlotCtrlsB0umbering .... The below window appears. Check the bo3es for C1e+point numbers' and C(ine numbers' as shown) then click on D1.

% Select ;tilit+ *enuBPlotB(ines. Your graphics window should look like this)

8. Discreti@e (ines (') (9 and (< *ain *enuBPreprocessorB*eshingBSi@e CntrlsB*anualSi@eB(inesBPicked (ines % Pick lines I' and I9. Click on the D1 button in the picking window. % The window opens. nter C9' for '0o. of element di2isions') then click >ppl+. % Pick line I<) then click D1 in the picking window. % -n the below window that comes up again) enter C8' for '0o. of element di2isions') and C#."' for CSpacing ratio') then click D1.

J. Create the Concentration 1e+point ,Crack Tip. *ain *enuBPreprocessorB*eshingBSi@e CntrlsBConcentrat 1PsBCreate % Pick ke+point I") then click D1 in the picking window. % -n the below window that appears) +ou should see C"' as C1e+point for concentration'. nter C#.##"<' ,! a!9. for C?adius of 1st row of elems') input C=' for C0o of elems around circumf') and select CSkewed 1E9pt' for Cmidside node position'. Click D1 =. Create the >rea *ain *enuBPreprocessorB*odelingBCreateB>reasB>rbitrar+BG+ (ines % Pick all %2e lines ,(1 through (<.. Click D1 in the picking window.

7. >ppl+ Goundar+ Conditions *ain *enuBPreprocessorB(oadsBDe%ne (oadsB>ppl+BStructuralBDisplacementB S+mmetr+ G.C.B...with >rea % Pick line I". Click >ppl+ ,in the picking window.. Pick the area. Click >ppl+. % Pick line I<. Click >ppl+. Pick the area. Click D1. 1#. >ppl+ (oads *ain *enuBPreprocessorB(oadsBDe%ne (oadsB>ppl+BStructuralBPressureB Dn (ines % Pick line I9. Click D1 in the picking window. % -n the below window that comes up) select CConstant 2alue' for C>ppl+ P? S on lines as a') enter C/1##' for C(oad P? S 2alue') then click D1.

11. *esh the *odel *ain *enuBPreprocessorB*eshingB*eshB>reasBFree % Pick the area. Click D1 in the picking window. % Close the C4arning' window. -n +our >0SYS window) a mesh as shown at the top of ne3t page should appear.

9 Processing ,Sol2ing.

*ain *enuBSolutionB>nal+sis T+peB0ew >nal+sis % *ake sure that CStatic' is selected. Click D1. *ain *enuBSolutionBSol2eBCurrent (S % Check +our solution options listed in the CEST>T;S Command' window. % Click the D1 button in the CSol2e Current (oad Step' window. % Click the Yes button in the CKerif+' window. % You should see the message CSolution is doneL' in the C0ote' window that comes up. Close the C0ote' and CEST>T;S Command' windows.

< Postprocessing

1. Moom the Crack/Tip ?egion ;tilit+ *enuBPlotCtrlsBPan Moom ?otate ... This brings up the following window&

% -n the abo2e window) click on the 4in Moom button and @oom the crack/tip region) then click on the Close button to close the window. % Plot the nodes b+ selecting ;tilit+ *enuBPlotB0odes. % Turn on the node numbering b+ selecting ;tilit+ *enuBPlotCtrlsB0umbering ...) then check the bo3 for C0ode numbers') then %nall+ click on D1. Your >0SYS $raphics windows should be similar to the following&

". De%ne Crack/Face Path *ain *enuB$eneral PostprocBPath DperationsBDe%ne PathBG+ 0odes % Pick the crack/tip node ,node I19.) then the :uarter/point node ,node I"J.) and %nall+ the third node ,node I"8. on the crack face. Click D1. % -n the below window that appears) enter C11' for CDefine Path 0ame&') then click D1.

'. De%ne (ocal Crack/Tip Coordinate S+stem ;tilit+ *enuB4orkPlaneB(ocal Coordinate S+stemsBCreate (ocal CSBG+ ' 0odes 11 % Pick node I19 ,the crack/tip node.) then node I"7) and %nall+ node I19#. This brings up the following window&

% 0ote from the abo2e window that the reference number of the crack/tip coordinate s+stem is 11. Click on the D1 button. 9. >cti2ate the (ocal Crack/Tip Coordinate S+stem ;tilit+ *enuB4orkPlaneBChange >cti2e CS toBSpeci%ed Coord S+s ... % -n the below window that comes up) enter C11' for CCoordinate s+stem number') then click D1.

% To acti2ate the crack/tip coordinate s+stem as results coordinate s+stem) select *ain *enuB$eneral PostprocBDptions for Dutp. -n the window that appears ,as shown at the top of ne3t page.) select C(ocal s+stem' for C?esults coord s+stem' and enter C11' for C(ocal s+stem reference no.'. Click D1 in this window.

<. Determine the *ode/- Stress -ntensit+ Factor using 1C>(C *ain *enuB$eneral PostprocB0odal CalcsBStress -nt Factr % -n the below window that opens) select CPlain strain' for CDisp e3trapolat based on' and CFalf/s+mm b.c.' for C*odel T+pe'.

% Click on D1. The window shown at the top of ne3t page appears and it shows that the S-Fs at the crack tip ,node I9. are 1- ! "8&<8J 5 1-- ! # 5 1--- ! # 0ote that the results 1-- ! # and 1--- ! # are ob2ious for this problem. The >0SYS solution for 1- ,"<.<8J *Pa%pm. is in 2er+ good agreement with that obtained from 4.D. Pilke+ ,"<.8=# *Pa%pm.. The discrepanc+ is %! 1Pilke+ - 1>0SYS
-

1Pilke+ !

"<&8=# "<&<8J "<&8=# ! #&99 N

% Close the C1C>(C Command' window. % You ma+ want to reco2er the whole meshed model b+ O selecting ;tilit+ *enuBPlotCtrlsBPan Moom ?otate ...) then click on the Fit button and close the CPan/Moom/?otate' window5 O selecting ;tilit+ *enuBPlotB lements. 8. 3it >0SYS) Sa2ing >ll Data ;tilit+ *enuBFileB 3it ... -n the window that opens) select CSa2e 2er+thing' and click on D1.