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Structural Timber Design

Steel and Timber Design Steel and Timber Design
BFC43003 BFC43003
Department of Structural and Materials Engineering Department of Structural and Materials Engineering
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University University Tun Tun Hussein Hussein Onn Onn Malaysia Malaysia
Introduction
Timber is unique in its structure and mode of growth, results in
characteristics and properties which are distinct and more
complex than those of other common structural materials such as
concrete, steel and brickwork.
Some of characteristic which influence design and are specific to
timber are:
a) the moisture content.
b) the difference in strength when loads are applied parallel and
perpendicular to grain direction.
c) the duration of application of the load.
d) the method adopted for strength grading of the timber.
As a live growing material, every identified tree has a name based
on botanical distinction (MS 544: Part 2: 2001:Table A1).
The design codes, however, adopt a classification based on stress
grading.
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Applications
The Stadthaus, Hoxton, London: Tallest
timber building (9-story).
The University of British Columbia Earth
Sciences Building: A five-story wood
structure.
Applications
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Nelson Marlborough
Institute of Technology, New
Zealand: Stand even during
earthquake 4th September
2010.
Applications
Physical Properties
Physical properties affecting strength of wood:
Moisture content
It is essential that wood is dried or seasoned under a
controlled condition before being used. With controlled
seasoning, moisture is expelled from the cell walls and the
timber shrinks.
This process enables gain of strength.
In MS 544: Part 1:2001, the strength properties or stresses are
given as wet stresses and dry stresses based on moisture
content.
a) Moisture content > 19% wet stresses
b) Moisture content < 19% dry stresses
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Physical Properties
Specific gravity
A nominal specific gravity can be determined based on the
volume of wood at the time of test and its weigh when oven
dried.
Specific gravity is a good indicator of the strength of wood. It
also shows that amount of wood substance a piece of wood
contains.
Defects in timber
Seasoning defects twisting, cupping, bowing and cracking
caused by uneven exposure to drying agents.
Nature defects the presence of knots are often
accompanied by decrease in the physical properties of timber
such as the tensile and compressive strength.
Slope of grain stress parallel and perpendicular to grain
Modulus of elasticity this give stiffness and deflection factor of
wood.
Timber Design Procedure
Permissible stress design
When using permissible stress design, the margin of safety is
introduce by considering structural behaviour under
working/service load conditions and comparing the stresses
thereby induced with the permissible value :
safety of factor
stress failure
loads by working induced Stress
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Timber Design Procedure
Stresses:
= applied bending stress perpendicular to the grain
= permissible bending stress perpendicular to the
grain
= applied compressive stress parallel to the grain
= permissible compressive stress parallel to the grain
= applied shear stress
Whilst not given in the clause, the grade stress, is often
used. Grade stress is defined as the stress which can safely be
permanently sustained by material of a specific section size
and of a particular strength class, or species and grade.
The grade stress is divided into four grades in MS 544, i.e.
Select-80%, Standard-63%, Common-50%and Basic.
|| , , a c

, , a m

, , adm m

|| , , adm c

Timber Design Procedure

Modification factor
Modification factors are multiplied with grade stresses to obtain
the design permissible stresses. Modification factor for solid
timber are K
1
K
9
.
K
1
Duration of loading
K
2
Load sharing
K
3
Length and position of bearing
K
4
Notched ends
K
5
Form factor
K
6
Depth factor
K
7
Minimum MOE for trimmer joist and lintels
K
8
Compression members
K
9
Effective length of spaced column
n g adm
K =
6
Timber Design Procedure
Duration of loading, K
1
(Cl 9)
The strength of a member is dependent upon the time of loading.
Wood has a unique structural property in that it can support
higher stresses if the loads are applied for a short period of time.
Group of load duration:
a) Long term no increase in the stress (DL + LL
permanent
, ie. for
design floor) : K
1
=1.0
b) Medium term increment of 25% in stresses is allowed (DL+PL
for floor or DL+LL for roof design) : K
1
=1.25
c) Short term increment of 50% wind load of 15sec Class C
Building : K
1
=1.50
d) Very short increment of 75% wind load 35 sec Class A and B
: K
1
=1.75
Timber Design Procedure
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Timber Design Procedure
Loading Sharing System, K
2
(Cl.10)
1) 4 or more elements in a system acting together
2) Spacing no more 610 mm c/c
3) Lateral load distribution
When all criteria are fullfilled, therefore K
2
=1.1
E
mean
is used for K
2
=1.1, and E
min
for K
2
=1.0 (no load sharing)
Timber Design Procedure
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Timber Design Procedure
Bearing Stress, K
3
(Table 6)
At any bearing on the side of timber, permissible stress in
compression perpendicular to the grain is depended on the
length and position of the bearing.
For a bearing length less than 150m long located 75mm or
more from end of a member as shown, K
3
should be
determined according Table 6.
Timber Design Procedure
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Timber Design Procedure
Shear at Notched End, K
4
(Cl. 11.4)
Square corner notches at the ends of flexural member cause a
stress concentration which should be allowed for as follow:
Timber Design Procedure
Form factor, K
5
(Cl. 11.5)
Grade bending stresses apply to solid timber members of
rectangular section, K
5
= 1.0 and for other shapes of cross
section, as folllow:
K
5
=1.18 for solid circular sections
K
5
=1.41 for solid square section loaded on diagonal
Depth factor, K
6
(Cl. 11.6)
The grade bending stress is applied to timber having a depth
of h>300mm. The grade bending stress should be multiplied
by the depth modification factor, K
6
where:
for solid and glued laminated beams.

+
+
=
56800
92300
81 . 0
2
2
6
h
h
K
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Timber Design Procedure
Lateral stability (Cl. 11.8)
The depth to breadth ratio of solid and laminated beams of
rectangular section should be checked to ensure that there is
no risk of buckling under design load. Alternatively the
recommendation of Table 7 should be followed:
Solid Timber Beam Design
Beams are the most commonly used structural elements, for
example as floor joists, and as trimmer joists around opening,
rafters, etc.
The crosssection of a timber beam may be one of a number of
frequently used sections as those indicated in figure below.
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Solid Timber Beam Design
The principal considerations in the design of all beams are:
i) Bending
ii) Shear
iii) Bearing
iv) Deflection
v) Lateral stability
The size of timber beams may be governed by the requirements:
The elastic section modulus (Z), to limit the bending stresses
and ensure that neither lateral torsional buckling of the
compression flange nor fracture of the tension flange induce
failure
The cross section, to ensure that the vertical and/or
horizontal shear stresses do not induce failure
The second moment of area, to limit the deflection induced
by bending and/or shear action to acceptable limits.
Solid Timber Beam Design
Generally, the bearing area actually provided at the ends of a
beam is much larger than is necessary to satisfy the permissible
bearing stress requirement.
Lateral stability should be checked, it is frequently provided to
the compression flange of a beam by nailing of floor boards, roof
decking.
Most timber beams are designed as simply supported with
effective span.
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Solid Timber Beam Design
i) Bending
The applied bending stress is determined using simple elastic
bending theory:
where:
= maximum applied bending stress parallel to the grain
= maximum applied bending moment
= elastic section modulus about the axis of bending (xx)
The permissible bending stress is given by:
where:
= grade bending stress parallel to the grain
Z
M
a
|| , ,
=
a m

|| , , a m

a
M
Z
6 5 2 1 || , , || , ,
K K K K
g m adm m
=
|| , , g m

|| , , || , , adm m a m

Solid Timber Beam Design
ii) Shear
The grade and hence permissible stresses given in the MS relate to
the max. shear stress parallel to the grain for a particular species or
strength class.
In solid beams of rectangular crosssection the maximum
horizontal shear stress occurs at the level of the neutral axis, and is
equal to 1.5 times the average value.
where:
= maximum applied horizontal shear stress
= maximum applied vertical shear stress
= crosssectional area
The magnitude of must not exceed given by:
where: = grade stress parallel to the grain
A
V
a
5 . 1
|| ,
=
4 2 1 || , || ,
K K K
g adm
=
|| , g

|| , a

V
A
|| , a
|| , adm

|| , || , adm a

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Solid Timber Beam Design
For other type of cross sections:
where:
= the shear parallel to gain stress at level being considered
= the vertical external shear
= the area of beam above the level at which is being cal.
= the distance from the neutral axis of the beam to the centre of
the area A
u
= the complete second moment of area of the beam at cross
section being considered
= the breadth of the beam at the level at which is being cal.
If is evaluated, this gives the total shear force parallel to
grain above the level being considered per unit length of beam.
x
u v
bI
y A F
=
x u v
I y A F /

u
A
v
F
x
I
b
y
Solid Timber Beam Design
iii) Bearing
The behaviour of timber under the action of concentrated loads,
e.g at positions of support, is complex and influenced by both the
length and location of the bearings, as shown in Figures (a) and (b).
The grade stress for compression perpendicular to the grain is used
to determine the permissible bearing stress.
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Solid Timber Beam Design
The actual bearing stress is determined from :
where:
= applied concentrated load
= actual bearing area provided
b
a c
A
P
=
, ,

, , , , adm c a c

P
b
A
Solid Timber Beam Design
The actual bearing area is the net area of the contact surface and
allowance must be made for any reduction in the width of bearing
due to wane.
In timber engineering, pieces of wood with wane are frequently
not used and consequently this can often be ignored.
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Solid Timber Beam Design
iv) Deflection
In the absence of any special requirements for deflection in
building, it is customary to adopt an arbitrary limiting value
based on experience and good practice.
The combined deflection due to
m
(bending) and
s
(shear)
should not exceed (0.003x span) or 14mm whichever is the
lesser (Cl.11.7).
These limitation are intended to minimize the risk of
cracking/damage to brittle finishes (plaster ceilings), unsightly
sagging or undesirable vibration under dynamic loads.
The calculated deflection for solid beams is usually based on
the bending action of the beam ignoring the effects of shear
deflection (this is considered when designing plyweb beams).
( ) mm L
s m total
14 ; 003 . 0 +
Solid Timber Beam Design
To determine
m
:
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Solid Timber Beam Design
To determine
m
:
Solid Timber Beam Design
To determine
s
:
The maximum shear deflection induced in single span simply
supported beam of either rectangular or square crosssection
may be determined from following equation:
where:
= the cross section area of the beam
= the maximum bending moment in the beam
AE
M
s
max
2 . 19
=
A
max
M
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Solid Timber Beam Design
iv) Lateral Stability
A beam in which the depth and length are large in comparison
to the width (i.e. a slender crosssection) may fail at a lower
bending stress value due to lateral torsional buckling.
Unbraced length
Buckling shape
Solid Timber Beam Design
The critical value of bending moment which induces this type of
failure s dependent on several parameters, such as :
i) the relative crosssection dimensions
ii) shape of beam
iii) modulus of elasticity
iv) shear modulus
v) span
vi) degree of lateral restraint to the compression flange
vii) type of loading
This problem is accommodated in BS 5628Part 2: 2001 by
using a simplified approach based on practical experience, in
which limiting ratios of maximum depth to maximum breadth
area given relating differing restraint conditions. In Table 7 MS
544: Part 2, values of limiting ratios are given varying from 2
when no restraint is provided to maximum 7 for beams in
which the top and bottom edges are fully laterally restrained.
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Example 7.1 : Timber beam design
e actual bearing area is the net area of the contact surface and
allowance must be made for any reduction in the width of
bearing due to wane.
Example 7.1 : Timber beam design
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Example 7.1 : Timber beam design
Example 7.1 : Timber beam design
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Example 7.1 : Timber beam design
Example 7.1 : Timber beam design
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Example 7.1 : Timber beam design
Example 7.1 : Timber beam design
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Example 7.1 : Timber beam design
Example 7.2 : Timber beam design
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Example 7.2 : Timber beam design
Example 7.2 : Timber beam design
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Example 7.2 : Timber beam design
Example 7.2 : Timber beam design
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Example 7.3 : Timber beam design
Example 7.3 : Timber beam design
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Example 7.3 : Timber beam design
Example 7.3 : Timber beam design
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Example 7.3 : Timber beam design
Example 7.3 : Timber beam design
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Example 7.3 : Timber beam design
Example 7.3 : Timber beam design
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Example 7.3 : Timber beam design