Power Systems Laboratory Experiment 1

Aim:-To observe the power flow and different modes on the network with different Load Variation Curves (LVC) Power System Diagrams:

Important Points: 1. There are 4 modes to operation of the transmission line sensors, based on the MVA power limit of the line: a. b. c. d. Normal Mode: up to 80% Alert Mode: 80%-100% Emergency Mode :100%-150% (The Transmission line will function only for a few hours, Contingency Mode: 150% (Circuit breakers will break the circuit at this point to save transmission line damages)

2. 3.

4.

The Software has several errors in garbage collection mechanism. There is need of resetting the values to zero , otherwise we get erroneous results such as 375% power flow through the lines without circuit break er action. Care has to be taken to maintain the proper circuit and area number in all the components of the po wer system. Otherwise, it leads to miscalculations and illogical results. The SAVE button has to be clicked on changing attributes of any component for proper effect. Proper limits have to set on the generators and transmission lines, for realistic modeling of the given power system. For this experiment we have maintain the generator to have a capability limit of 600MW , the Slack bus Generator to have capability of 1000MW and the transmission lines capacity is 100MVA. All other values are default from the experimental setup

Load Variation Curves Base load value is 300 MW.

Observations

Time 00 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Load variation : 1.5 Both lines closed Bus 1 to 2 Bus 2 to 1 MW MVA MW MVA 0.26 0.3 -0.26 0.3 0.18 0.2 -0.18 0.2 0.33 0.3 -0.33 0.3 0.48 0.5 -0.48 0.5 0.26 0.3 -0.26 0.3 0.41 0.4 -0.41 0.4 0.48 0.5 -0.48 0.5 0.27 0.3 -0.27 0.3 0.20 0.2 -0.20 0.2 0.20 0.2 -0.20 0.2 0.20 0.2 -0.20 0.2 0.20 0.2 -0.20 0.2 0.20 0.2 -0.20 0.2

Load variation : 2.5 Both lines closed Bus 1 to 2 Bus 2 to 1 Time MW MVA MW MVA 00 0.35 0.4 -0.35 0.4 30 0.22 0.2 -0.22 0.2 60 0.32 0.3 -0.32 0.3 90 0.31 0.3 -0.31 0.3 120 0.17 0.2 -0.17 0.2 150 0.29 0.3 -0.29 0.3 180 20.20 20.4 -20.07 20.4 210 45.85 46.1 -45.22 46.1 240 75.27 75.5 -73.57 75.5 255 55.39 56.6 -55.42 56.6 270 40.32 40.6 -39.83 40.6 285 14.84 15.0 -14.77 15.0 300 0.19 0.2 -0.19 0.2 305 -0.31 0.3 0.31 0.3 315 -0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 330 -0.18 0.2 0.18 0.2 360 -0.38 0.4 0.38 0.4 Load variation : 3 Both lines closed Bus 1 to 2 Bus 2 to 1 MW MVA MW MVA 0.34 0.3 -0.34 0.3 0.33 0.3 -0.33 0.3 0.28 0.3 -0.28 0.3 0.47 0.5 -0.47 0.5 0.45 0.5 -0.45 0.5 36.90 37.1 -36.49 37.1 74.38 74.6 -72.71 74.6 94.84 95.0 -92.14 95.0 115.69 115.8 -111.67 115.8 136.18 136.2 -130.61 136.2 149.44 149.4 -142.74 149.4

Time 00 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 255 270

285 300 305 315 330 360

122.98 97.45 66.95 40.69 21.82 -0.91

123.0 97.6 67.2 40.9 22.0 0.9

-118.44 -94.59 -65.59 -40.19 -21.68 0.91

123.0 97.6 67.2 40.9 22.0 0.9

Time 05 50 100 160 210 240 280 320 360

Load variation : 1.5 One line open Bus 1 to 2 Bus 2 to 1 MW MVA MW 0.96 1 -0.96 0.78 0.8 -0.78 0.56 0.6 -0.56 0.73 0.8 -0.73 0.76 0.8 -0.76 0.79 0.8 -0.79 0.79 0.8 -0.79 0.79 0.8 -0.79 0.79 0.8 -0.79

MVA 1 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Time 10 30 60 90 130 170 190 240 280 300 330 360

Load variation : 2.5 One Line Open Bus 1 to 2 Bus 2 to 1 MW MVA MW 0.84 0.9 -0.84 0.52 0.5 -0.52 0.66 0.7 -0.66 0.86 0.9 -0.86 0.5 0.5 -0.5 15.13 15.3 -15.06 55.95 56.2 -55.00 147.9 147.9 -141.33 48.12 48.4 -47.42 -0.88 0.9 0.88 -0.67 0.7 0.67 -0.47 0.5 0.47

MVA 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.5 15.3 56.2 147.9 48.4 0.9 0.7 0.5

Time 05 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 160 180 210 225 235 245 270 300 320 343 360

Load variation :3 Both lines closed Bus 1 to 2 Bus 2 to 1 MW MVA MW MVA 0.77 0.8 -0.77 0.8 1.05 1.1 -1.05 1.1 0.95 1.0 -0.95 1.0 0.44 0.4 -0.44 0.4 0.46 0.5 -0.46 0.5 0.90 0.9 -0.90 0.9 36.66 36.9 -36.25 36.9 75.07 75.3 -73.38 75.3 99.21 99.3 -96.25 99.3 155.69 155.7 -148.49 155.7 241.9 243.1 -224.17 243.1 289.78 293.2 -264 293.2 322.7 328.6 -290.33 328.60 311.55 316.5 -281.5 316.5 191.17 191.4 -180.19 191.4 75.14 75.3 -73.44 75.3 -0.65 0.7 0.65 0.7 -0.19 0.2 0.19 0.2 -0.34 0.3 0.34 0.3

Both closed Initial ckt + Extra load ( load variation :1.5) Bus 1 to 2 Bus 2 to 1 Bus 2 to 3 Bus 3-2 Time MW MVA MW MVA MW MVA MW MVA 05 0.44 0.4 -0.44 0.4 104.5 107 -101.07 101.1 15 0.28 0.3 -0.28 0.3 106.7 109.3 -103.11 103.1 25 0.24 0.2 -0.24 0.2 108.93 111.8 -105.19 105.2 35 0.46 0.5 -0.46 0.5 111.26 114.3 -107.34 107.3 45 0.5 0.5 -0.5 0.5 113.7 116.9 -109.59 109.6 60 0.48 0.5 -0.48 0.5 116.8 120.3 -112.43 112.4 75* Ckt breaker Action on Line between Bus 2 and 3 120 0.21 0.2 -0.21 0.2 0 0 0 0 150 0.16 0.2 -0.16 0.2 0 0 0 0 180 0.34 0.3 -0.34 0.3 0 0 0 0 210 0.49 0.5 -0.49 0.5 0 0 0 0 240 0.25 0.3 -.25 0.3 0 0 0 0 280 0.25 0.3 -.25 0.3 0 0 0 0 320 0.25 0.3 -.25 0.3 0 0 0 0 360 0.25 0.3 -.25 0.3 0 0 0 0

Both Closed Bus 1 to 2 Time MW MVA 05 0.19 0.2 15 0.22 0.2 25 0.31 0.3 35 0.3 0.3 45 70 0.21 0.2 90 0.46 0.5 120 0.21 0.2 150 0.17 0.2 170 7.56 7.6 195 32.49 32.7 240 72.35 72.6 280 26.4 26.6 300 0.83 0.8 330 -0.4 0.4 360 -0.34 0.4

Initial ckt + Extra load (Load Variation : 2.5) Bus 2 to 1 Bus 2 to 3 Bus 3-2 MW MVA MW MVA MW MVA -0.19 0.2 107.11 109.8 -103.49 103.5 -0.22 0.2 114.09 117.4 -109.96 110 -0.31 0.3 120.61 124.5 -115.96 116 -0.3 0.3 129.13 134 -123.74 123.8 Circuit Breaker Action -0.21 0.2 0 0 0 0 -0.46 0.5 0 0 0 0 -0.21 0.2 -0.17 0.2 -7.55 7.6 -32.19 32.7 -70.77 72.6 -26.23 26.6 -0.83 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.34 0.4

One open one closed Initial ckt + Extra load (Load Variation : 1.5) Bus 1 to 2 Bus 2 to 1 Bus 2 to 3 Bus 3-2

Time 30 60 70 85 120 160 200 240 280 320 360

MW 0.47 0.77 0.64 0.72 0.52 0.77 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74

MVA 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

MW MVA MW MVA -0.47 0.5 109.86 112.9 -0.77 0.8 116.84 120.4 Ckt brk action Bet.n bus 2 n 3 -0.64 0.6 0 0 -0.72 0.7 -0.52 0.5 -0.77 0.8 -0.74 0.8 -0.74 0.8 -0.74 0.8 -0.74 0.8

MW -106.04 -112.49 0

MVA 106.1 112.5 0

Initial ckt + Extra load (LV : 2.5) One open one closed Bus 1 to 2 Time MW 15 0.91 45 0.11 75 0.81 90 32.66 120 116.69 150 212.67 160 Bus 2 to 1 MW MVA -0.91 0.9 -0.11 0.1 -0.81 0.8 -32.34 32.9 -112.6 116.7 -199.04 213.2 Blackout.. Bus 2 to 3 MW 113.46 135.03 155.8 165.09 187.7 213.2 Bus 3-2 MVA 116.7 140.7 165.0 176.4 206 244.4 MW -109.38 -129.09 -147.63 -155.75 -174.97 -195.28 MVA 109.4 129.1 147.6 155.8 175 195.3

MVA 0.9 0.1 0.8 32.9 116.7 213.2

Initial ckt + Extra load (LV : 3) One open one closed Bus 1 to 2 Time MW MVA 10 25 100 125 165 205 10 25 50 85 125 170 0.45 0.37 0.29 9.57 56.51 112.31 0 0.95 1.06 0.8 19.95 134.15 0.5 0.4 0.3 9.7 56.7 112.4 0 1 1.1 0.8 20.1 134.2 Bus 2 to 1 MW -0.45 -0.37 -0.29 -9.54 -55.54 -108.52 0 -0.95 -1.06 -0.8 -19.83 -128.75 Bus 2 to 3 MW 113.91 125.54 0 Bus 3-2 MVA 117.2 130 0 MW -109.79 -120.47 0 MVA 109.8 120.5 0

MVA 0.5 0.4 0.3 9.7 56.7 112.4 0 1 1.1 0.8 20.1 134.2

109.9 126.69 0 0

112.8 131.3 0 0

-106.1 -121.51 0 0

106.1 121.5 0 0

Inferences
1. There are two types of buses in the first part of the experiment. Bus 1 is the Slack bus .Bus 2 is the PV bus. However, during analysis, we treat the slack bus as PQ bus absorbing negative real power (as discussed in the power systems minor 2). The second part has three buses, Bus 2 is still the PV bus, although now Bus 1 is the slack bus, and Bus 3 is the load bus. The Slack bused take are of any losses incurred on the transmission lines, apart from fulfilling the shortfall by the PV bus. The PV bus features both an AVR and an AGC. AVR maintains the constant voltage in 1.0 PU, and the AGC adjusts the power generation so as to

2.

compensate the increasing demand for power .Although the power from the Slack bus could be used, but has to be transmitted fr om another generator leading to more losses and increased economic costs. 3. In the first part, the given experimental setup is designed for the 1.5 load variation, in which the system runs under normal mode , for most of the time , drawing bare minimum power from the Slack bus. This is attributed to transients on the network and slo w operation of AGC. The network also adjusts for the load variation case 2.5. However, when there is a high power demand , as in the load variation 3 case, the sensor trigger an alert mode initially and then escalating to emergency, although no contingency mode is detected. (No circuit action is detected.) When the third load is connected, the Transmission line between bus 2 and bus 3 is already overloaded triggering an emergency mode , and finally due to high power transfer on the line. However, the system blackout is not prevalent in the load variation 1.5 case. However, in case ,of load variation 2.5 and 3 , there is a system wide blackout to high power (150 MVA ) on both the li nes , causing circuit breaker action. 5. Contingency Mode was prevalent on the two wire, and the three wire case one of the lines between bus 1 and bus 2 was disconnected. Losses on the power lines are proportional to amount of power flowing through it.

4.

6.

Remedies
As stated formerly, the given circuit was designed for the 1.5 load variation cases , and barely withstands the 2.5 load variation Therefore proper surveying should be conducted for current and future trends in the network. The power transfer capability of the transmission systems is limited by current (thermal) related constraints, voltage related constraints and operating related constraints . The strategies employed in dealing with these are: a. Voltage Uprating: Transmission systems are typically submitted to two voltage constraints: a maximum operating voltage equal to 105% of the nominal voltage and a minimum operating voltage equal to 95% of the nominal voltage. It is possible to increase the power transfer capability of a transmission system by increasing the operating voltage within a voltage class, by controlling reactive power flows and consequently reducing voltage drops, and by increasing the operating voltage of its transmission lines and substation equipment. This is called Voltage Uprating. This kind of uprating can be a good option when: the line loading is limited by voltage drop or stability considerations; the line has margins in terms of electrical clearances; the uprating can be done with minimal line modifications or it will be applied to several circuits simultaneously or the line design criteria can be relaxed. Some of the techniques for voltage uprating are described below : 1. Adding insulator units to transmission line insulator strings 2. Keeping appropriate conductor to ground clearances while increasing transmission line voltage by re tensioning the string, or by performing sag adjustments. 3. Bundling the original line conductor with another one. or replacing the line conductor by a bigger one, to assure a good corona performance 4. Converting HVAC lines to HVDC lines. Thermal Uprating: It is possible to increase the power transfer capability of a transmission system by increasing the current carrying capacity of its transmission lines and substation equipment. This is called Thermal Uprating. This kind of uprating can be a good option when the line loading is limited by thermal constraints and the line has margin in terms of maximum allowable conductor temperature. Some effective techniques are as follows: 1. Performing Dynamic Thermal Rating Monitoring. 2. Bundling the original line conductor with another one, or replacing the line conductor by a more conductive me, to increase the line current-carrying capacity.

b.

However , reliance only on circuit breakers isnt enough to transmission line tripping of a single power line will eventually load the other ( maybe already overloaded ) power lines, into a cascading effect leading to a system wide collapse. In such a case, we need to increase the number of transmission lines , which probably is an expensive and not possible in case of underground power lines . One solution is to increase the capacity of generator near the loading areas, so that less power flows on the transmission lines as shown in the image. This also reduces the economic cost of the system, since we use the cheaper locally generated power. Although Series capacitive compensators are used to increase the transmittable active power over a given line but they are unable to control the reactive power owin g, and thus the proper load balancing of the line. With a Inter Line Power Flow Controller (IPFC), it is possible to equalize both active and reactive power ow between the lines , reduce the burden of overloaded lines by active power transfer and increase the e ectiveness of the overall compensating system for dynamic disturbances

A Basic IPFC can be modeled as shown above. Here SSSC are the Static Synchronous Series Compensator .