Calculus II

Preface
Here are the solutions to the practice problems for my Calculus II notes. Some solutions will have more or less detail than other solutions. As the difficulty level of the problems increases less detail will go into the basics of the solution under the assumption that if youve reached the level of working the harder problems then you will probably already understand the basics fairly well and wont need all the explanation. This document was written with presentation on the web in mind. On the web most solutions are broken down into steps and many of the steps have hints. Each hint on the web is given as a popup however in this document they are listed prior to each step. Also, on the web each step can be viewed individually by clicking on links while in this document they are all showing. Also, there are liable to be some formatting parts in this document intended for help in generating the web pages that havent been removed here. These issues may make the solutions a little difficult to follow at times, but they should still be readable.

Integrals Involving Trig Functions

1. Evaluate

sin ( x ) cos ( x ) dx
3 2 3 4 2 3

Hint : Pay attention to the exponents and recall that for most of these kinds of problems youll need to use trig identities to put the integral into a form that allows you to do the integral (usually with a Calc I substitution). Step 1 The first thing to notice here is that the exponent on the sine is odd and so we can strip one of them out.

sin ( x ) cos ( x ) dx = sin ( x ) cos ( x )sin ( x ) dx

3 2 3 4 2 3 2 2 3 4 2 3 2 3

Step 2 Now we can use the trig identity sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1 to convert the remaining sines to cosines.

sin ( x ) cos ( x ) dx = (1 - cos ( x ) ) cos ( x )sin ( x ) dx

3 2 3 4 2 3 2 2 3 4 2 3 2 3

Step 3 We can now use the substitution u = cos ( 2 3 x ) to evaluate the integral.

sin ( x ) cos ( x ) dx = - (1 - u ) u du = - u - u du = - (
3 2 3 4 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 4 4 6 3 2

1 5

7 u5 - 1 7 u ) +c

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Calculus II

Note that well not be doing the actual substitution work here. At this point it is assumed that you recall substitution well enough to fill in the details if you need to. If you are rusty on substitutions you should probably go back to the Calculus I practice problems and practice on the substitutions. Step 4 Dont forget to substitute back in for u!

sin ( x ) cos ( x ) dx =
3 2 3 4 2 3

3 14

5 2 3 cos 7 ( 2 3 x ) - 10 cos ( 3 x ) + c

2. Evaluate

sin ( 3 z ) cos (3 z ) dz
8 5

Hint : Pay attention to the exponents and recall that for most of these kinds of problems youll need to use trig identities to put the integral into a form that allows you to do the integral (usually with a Calc I substitution). Step 1 The first thing to notice here is that the exponent on the cosine is odd and so we can strip one of them out.

sin ( 3 z ) cos (3 z ) dz = sin (3 z ) cos (3 z )cos (3 z ) dz

8 5 8 4

Step 2 Now we can use the trig identity sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1 to convert the remaining cosines to sines.

sin (3 z ) cos (3 z ) dz = sin (3 z ) cos (3 z ) cos (3 z ) dz = sin ( 3 z ) 1 - sin (3 z ) cos (3 z ) dz

8 5 8 2 2 8 2 2

Step 3 We can now use the substitution u = sin ( 3 z ) to evaluate the integral.

sin ( 3z ) cos (3 z ) dz = u = u
8 5 1 3 1 3

8 8

2 1 - u du

1 9 2 11 1 13 - 2u10 + u12 du = 1 3 ( 9 u - 11 u + 13 u ) + c

Note that well not be doing the actual substitution work here. At this point it is assumed that you recall substitution well enough to fill in the details if you need to. If you are rusty on substitutions you should probably go back to the Calculus I practice problems and practice on the substitutions. Step 4 Dont forget to substitute back in for u!

sin ( 3z ) cos ( 3z ) dz =
8 5

1 27

2 1 sin9 ( 3z ) - 33 sin11 ( 3z ) + 39 sin13 ( 3z ) + c

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Calculus II

3. Evaluate

cos ( 2t ) dt
4

Hint : Pay attention to the exponents and recall that for most of these kinds of problems youll need to use trig identities to put the integral into a form that allows you to do the integral (usually with a Calc I substitution). Step 1 The first thing to notice here is that we only have even exponents and so well need to use half-angle and double-angle formulas to reduce this integral into one that we can do. Also, do not get excited about the fact that we dont have any sines in the integrand. Sometimes we will not have both trig functions in the integrand. That doesnt mean that that we cant use the same techniques that we used in this section. So, lets start this problem off as follows.
4 2 cos ( 2t ) dt = ( cos ( 2t ) ) dt 2

Step 2 Now we can use the half-angle formula to get,

cos ( 2t ) dt = (1 + cos ( 4t ) )
4 1 2

2 dt = 1 4 (1 + 2 cos ( 4 t ) + cos (4 t ) ) dt

Step 3 Well need to use the half-angle formula one more time on the third term to get,

cos ( 2t ) dt = 1 + 2cos ( 4t ) + = + 2cos ( 4t ) +

4 1 4 1 4 3 2

1 2 1 2

1 + cos (8t ) dt cos (8t ) dt

Step 4 Now all we have to do is evaluate the integral.

cos ( 2t ) dt = (
4 1 4

3 2

1 3 1 1 t+1 2 sin ( 4t ) + 16 sin (8t ) ) + c = 8 t + 8 sin ( 4t ) + 64 sin (8t ) + c

4. Evaluate

2p

5 1 . cos3 ( 1 2 w ) sin ( 2 w ) dw

Hint : Pay attention to the exponents and recall that for most of these kinds of problems youll need to use trig identities to put the integral into a form that allows you to do the integral (usually with a Calc I substitution).
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Calculus II

Step 1 We have two options for dealing with the limits. We can deal with the limits as we do the integral or we can evaluate the indefinite integral and take care of the limits in the last step. Well use the latter method of dealing with the limits for this problem. In this case notice that both exponents are odd. This means that we can either strip out a cosine and convert the rest to sines or strip out a sine and convert the rest to cosines. Either are perfectly acceptable solutions. However, the exponent on the cosine is smaller and so there will be less conversion work if we strip out a cosine and convert the remaining cosines to sines. Here is that work.

cos ( w ) sin ( w ) dw = cos ( w ) sin ( w ) cos ( w ) dw = (1 - sin ( w ) ) sin ( w ) cos ( w ) dw

3 1 2 5 1 2 2 1 2 5 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 5 1 2 1 2

Step 2 We can now use the substitution u = sin ( 1 2 w ) to evaluate the integral.

cos ( w) sin ( w) dw = 2 (1 - u ) u du = 2 u - u du = 2 (
3 1 2 5 1 2 2 5 5 7

1 6

8 u6 - 1 8 u ) +c

Note that well not be doing the actual substitution work here. At this point it is assumed that you recall substitution well enough to fill in the details if you need to. If you are rusty on substitutions you should probably go back to the Calculus I practice problems and practice on the substitutions.
Step 3 Dont forget to substitute back in for u!

cos ( w) sin ( w) dw =
3 1 2 5 1 2

1 3

8 1 1 sin 6 ( 1 2 w ) - 4 sin ( 2 w ) + c

Step 4 Now all we need to do is deal with the limits.

2p

cos3 ( 1 w) sin 5 ( 1 w) dw = ( 1 sin 6 ( 1 w) - 1 sin 8 ( 1 w) ) 2 2 3 2 4 2

2p

1 = - 12

Alternate Solution As we noted above we could just have easily stripped out a sine and converted the rest to cosines if wed wanted to. Well not put that work in here, but here is the indefinite integral that you should have gotten had you done it that way.

cos ( w ) sin ( w ) dw = 3 1 2 5 1 2

1 2

6 1 8 1 2 1 cos 4 ( 1 2 w ) + 3 cos ( 2 w ) - 4 cos ( 2 w ) + c

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Calculus II

Note as well that regardless of which approach we use to doing the indefinite integral the value of the definite integral will be the same.

5. Evaluate

sec ( 3 y ) tan (3 y ) dy
6 2

Hint : Pay attention to the exponents and recall that for most of these kinds of problems youll need to use trig identities to put the integral into a form that allows you to do the integral (usually with a Calc I substitution). Step 1 The first thing to notice here is that the exponent on the secant is even and so we can strip two of them out.

sec ( 3 y ) tan (3 y ) dy = sec (3 y ) tan (3 y )sec (3 y ) dy

6 2 4 2 2

Step 2 Now we can use the trig identity tan 2 q + 1 = sec2 q to convert the remaining secants to tangents.
6 2 2 2 2 sec ( 3 y ) tan (3 y ) dy = sec (3 y ) tan (3 y ) sec (3 y ) dy 2 2 2 2 = tan ( 3 y ) + 1 tan (3 y ) sec (3 y ) dy 2

Step 3 We can now use the substitution u = tan ( 3 y ) to evaluate the integral.
6 2 2 2 sec ( 3 y ) tan ( 3 y ) dy = 13 u + 1 u du 2

6 4 2 1 1 7 2 5 1 3 =1 3 u + 2u + u du = 3 ( 7 u + 5 u + 3 u ) + c

Note that well not be doing the actual substitution work here. At this point it is assumed that you recall substitution well enough to fill in the details if you need to. If you are rusty on substitutions you should probably go back to the Calculus I practice problems and practice on the substitutions. Step 4 Dont forget to substitute back in for u!

sec ( 3 y ) tan ( 3 y ) dy =
6 2

1 21

2 1 tan 7 ( 3 y ) + 15 tan5 ( 3 y ) + 9 tan3 ( 3 y ) + c

6. Evaluate

tan ( 6 x ) sec (6 x ) dx
3 10

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Calculus II

Hint : Pay attention to the exponents and recall that for most of these kinds of problems youll need to use trig identities to put the integral into a form that allows you to do the integral (usually with a Calc I substitution). Step 1 The first thing to notice here is that the exponent on the tangent is odd and weve got a secant in the problems and so we can strip one of each of them out.

tan ( 6 x ) sec ( 6 x ) dx = tan (6 x ) sec (6 x )

3 10 2 9

tan (6 x )sec (6 x ) dx

Step 2 Now we can use the trig identity tan 2 q + 1 = sec2 q to convert the remaining tangents to secants.

tan ( 6 x ) sec ( 6 x ) dx = sec (6 x ) -1 sec (6 x )

3 10 2 9

tan (6 x )sec (6 x ) dx

Note that because the exponent on the secant is even we could also have just stripped two of them out and converted the rest of them to tangents. However, that conversion process would have been significantly more work than the path that we chose here. Step 3 We can now use the substitution u = sec ( 6 x ) to evaluate the integral.

tan ( 6 x ) sec ( 6 x ) dx = u - 1 u du = u - u du = (
3 10 1 6 1 6 2 9 11 9 1 6

1 12

1 10 u12 - 10 u ) +c

Note that well not be doing the actual substitution work here. At this point it is assumed that you recall substitution well enough to fill in the details if you need to. If you are rusty on substitutions you should probably go back to the Calculus I practice problems and practice on the substitutions. Step 4 Dont forget to substitute back in for u!

tan ( 6x ) sec ( 6 x ) dx =
3 10

1 72

1 sec12 ( 6 x ) - 60 sec10 ( 6 x ) + c

7. Evaluate

p 4

tan 7 ( z ) sec 3 ( z ) dz .

Hint : Pay attention to the exponents and recall that for most of these kinds of problems youll need to use trig identities to put the integral into a form that allows you to do the integral (usually with a Calc I substitution). Step 1

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Calculus II

We have two options for dealing with the limits. We can deal with the limits as we do the integral or we can evaluate the indefinite integral and take care of the limits in the last step. Well use the latter method of dealing with the limits for this problem. The first thing to notice here is that the exponent on the tangent is odd and weve got a secant in the problems and so we can strip one of each of them out and use the trig identity tan 2 q + 1 = sec2 q to convert the remaining tangents to secants.

tan ( z ) sec ( z ) dz = tan ( z ) sec ( z ) tan ( z ) sec ( z ) dz = tan ( z ) sec ( z ) tan ( z ) sec ( z ) dz = sec ( z ) - 1 sec ( z ) tan ( z ) sec ( z ) dz
7 3 6 2 2 3 2 2 3 2

Step 2 We can now use the substitution u = sec ( z ) to evaluate the integral.
7 3 2 2 tan ( z ) sec ( z ) dz = u - 1 u du 3 9 3 7 3 5 1 3 = u 8 - 3u 6 + 3u 4 - u 2 du = 1 9 u - 7 u + 5 u - 3 u +c

Note that well not be doing the actual substitution work here. At this point it is assumed that you recall substitution well enough to fill in the details if you need to. If you are rusty on substitutions you should probably go back to the Calculus I practice problems and practice on the substitutions.
Step 3 Dont forget to substitute back in for u!

tan ( z ) sec ( z ) dz =
7 3

1 9

3 3 3 sec9 ( z ) - 7 sec7 ( z ) + 5 sec5 ( z ) - 1 3 sec ( z ) + c

Step 4 Now all we need to do is deal with the limits.

p 4

9 7 5 3 3 3 1 tan 7 ( z ) sec3 ( z ) dz = ( 1 9 sec ( z ) - 7 sec ( z ) + 5 sec ( z ) - 3 sec ( z ) )

p 4

2 315

(8 + 13 2 ) = 0.1675

8. Evaluate Step 1

cos ( 3t ) sin (8t ) dt

2007 Paul Dawkins

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Calculus II

There really isnt all that much to this problem. All we have to do is use the formula given in this section for reducing a product of a sine and a cosine into a sum. Doing this gives,

cos (3t ) sin (8t ) dt =

1 2

sin (8t - 3t ) + sin (8t + 3t ) dt =

1 2

sin (5t ) +sin (11t ) dt

Make sure that you pay attention to the formula! The formula given in this section listed the sine first instead of the cosine. Make sure that you used the formula correctly! Step 2 Now all we need to do is evaluate the integral.

cos (3t ) sin (8t ) dt = ( 1 2

1 5

1 1 1 cos (5t ) - 11 cos (11t ) ) + c = - 10 cos (5t ) - 22 cos (11t ) + c

9. Evaluate

sin ( 8 x ) sin ( x ) dx .

Step 1 There really isnt all that much to this problem. All we have to do is use the formula given in this section for reducing a product of a sine and a cosine into a sum. Doing this gives,

sin ( 8 x ) sin ( x ) dx =

1 1 2

cos ( 8 x - x ) - cos ( 8 x + x ) dx =

3 1 2 1

cos ( 7 x ) - cos ( 9 x ) dx

Step 2 Now all we need to do is evaluate the integral.

1 1 sin ( 8 x ) sin ( x ) dx = 1 2 7 sin ( 7 x ) - 9 sin ( 9 x )

3 1

1 14

1 1 1 sin ( 21) - 18 sin ( 27 ) - 14 sin ( 7 ) + 18 sin ( 9 ) = -0.0174

Make sure your calculator is set to radians if you computed a decimal answer!

10. Evaluate

cot (10 z ) csc (10 z ) dz

4

Hint : Even though no examples of products of cotangents and cosecants were done in the notes for this section you should know how to do them. Ask yourself how you would do the problem if it involved tangents and secants instead and you should be able to see how to do this problem as well. Step 1 Other than the obvious difference in the actual functions there is no practical difference in how this problem and one that had tangents and secants would work. So, all we need to do is ask ourselves how this would work if it involved tangents and secants and well be able to work this on as well.
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Calculus II

We can first notice here is that the exponent on the cotangent is odd and weve got a cosecant in the problems and so we can strip the (only) cotangent and one of the secants out.

cot (10 z ) csc (10 z ) dz = csc (10 z )

4 3

cot (10 z ) csc (10 z ) dz

Step 2 Normally we would use the trig identity cot 2 q + 1 = csc2 q to convert the remaining cotangents to cosecants. However, in this case there are no remaining cotangents to convert and so there really isnt anything to do at this point other than to use the substitution u = csc (10 z ) to evaluate the integral.

cot (10 z ) csc (10 z ) dz = - u

4 1 10

1 du = - 40 u4 + c

Note that well not be doing the actual substitution work here. At this point it is assumed that you recall substitution well enough to fill in the details if you need to. If you are rusty on substitutions you should probably go back to the Calculus I practice problems and practice on the substitutions. Step 3 Dont forget to substitute back in for u!

cot (10 z ) csc (10z ) dz = 4

1 40

csc4 (10 z ) + c

11. Evaluate

csc ( w ) cot ( w ) dw
6 1 4 4 1 4

Hint : Even though no examples of products of cotangents and cosecants were done in the notes for this section you should know how to do them. Ask yourself how you would do the problem if it involved tangents and secants instead and you should be able to see how to do this problem as well. Step 1 Other than the obvious difference in the actual functions there is no practical difference in how this problem and one that had tangents and secants would work. So, all we need to do is ask ourselves how this would work if it involved tangents and secants and well be able to work this on as well. We can first notice here is that the exponent on the cosecant is even and so we can strip out two of them.

csc ( w ) cot ( w ) dw = csc ( w ) cot ( w )

6 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4

csc 2 ( 1 4 w ) dw

Step 2 Now we can use the trig identity cot 2 q + 1 = csc2 q to convert the remaining cosecants to cotangents.

csc ( w) cot ( w) dw = csc ( w ) cot ( w) csc ( w) dw = cot ( w ) + 1 cot ( w ) csc ( w) dw

6 1 4 4 1 4 2 1 4 2 4 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 4 1 4 2 1 4

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Calculus II

Step 3 Now we can use the substitution u = cot ( 1 4 w ) to evaluate the integral.

csc ( w ) cot ( w) dw = -4 u + 1 u du = -4 u + 2u + u du = -4 (
6 1 4 4 1 4 2 2 4 8 6 4

1 9

5 2 7 u9 + 7 u +1 5 u ) +c

Note that well not be doing the actual substitution work here. At this point it is assumed that you recall substitution well enough to fill in the details if you need to. If you are rusty on substitutions you should probably go back to the Calculus I practice problems and practice on the substitutions. Step 4 Dont forget to substitute back in for u!

csc ( w) cot ( w) dw = 6 1 4 4 1 4

4 9

7 1 5 1 8 4 cot9 ( 1 4 w ) - 7 cot ( 4 w ) - 5 cot ( 4 w ) + c

12. Evaluate dt . 9 tan 2 t ( ) Hint : How would you do this problem if it were a product? Step 1 If this were a product of secants and tangents we would know how to do it. The same ideas work here, except that we have to pay attention to only the numerator. We cant strip anything out of the denominator (in general) and expect it to work the same way. We can only strip things out of the numerator. So, lets notice here is that the exponent on the secant is even and so we can strip out two of them.

sec 4 ( 2t )

sec 4 ( 2t ) sec 2 ( 2t ) 2 tan 9 2t dt = tan 9 2t sec ( 2t ) dt ( ) ( )

Step 2 Now we can use the trig identity tan 2 q + 1 = sec2 q to convert the remaining secants to tangents.

sec4 ( 2t ) tan 2 ( 2t ) + 1 2 tan 9 2t dt = tan 9 2t sec ( 2t ) dt ( ) ( )

Step 3 Now we can use the substitution u = tan ( 2t ) to evaluate the integral.

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Calculus II

sec4 ( 2t ) u2 +1 -7 -8 1 1 -6 - 1 dt = du = 1 + u -9 du = 1 2 2 u 2 - 6 u 8 u +c tan 9 2t 9 u ( )
Note that well not be doing the actual substitution work here. At this point it is assumed that you recall substitution well enough to fill in the details if you need to. If you are rusty on substitutions you should probably go back to the Calculus I practice problems and practice on the substitutions. Step 4 Dont forget to substitute back in for u!

sec4 ( 2t ) 1 tan 9 2t dt = - 12 ( )

1 tan 6 ( 2 t )

1 - 16

1 tan8 ( 2 t )

1 1 + c = - 12 cot 6 ( 2t ) - 16 cot 8 ( 2t ) + c

2 + 7 sin 3 ( z ) 13. Evaluate dz . 2 cos ( z )

Hint : How would you do this problem if it were a product? Step 1 Because of the sum in the numerator it makes some sense (hopefully) to maybe split the integrand (and then the integral) up into two as follows.

7sin 3 ( z ) 2 + 7sin 3 ( z ) 7sin 3 ( z ) 2 2 = + = + dz dz dz cos 2 z cos 2 z cos 2 z dz 2 ( ) ( ) cos 2 ( z ) ( ) cos ( z )

Step 2 Now, the first integral looks difficult at first glance, but we can easily rewrite this in terms of secants at which point it becomes a really easy integral. For the second integral again, think about how we would do that if it was a product instead of a quotient. In that case we would simply strip out a sine.

2 + 7 sin 3 ( z ) sin 2 ( z ) 2 dz = z dz + 2sec 7 ( ) cos 2 z cos 2 z sin ( z ) dz ( ) ( )

Step 3 As noted above the first integral is now very easy (which well do in the next step) and for the second integral we can use the trig identity sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1 to convert the remaining sines in the second integral to cosines.

2 + 7sin 3 ( z ) 1 - cos 2 ( z ) 2 dz = 2sec z dz + 7 ( ) cos 2 z cos 2 z sin ( z ) dz ( ) ( )

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Step 4 Now we can use the substitution u = cos ( z ) to evaluate the second integral. The first integral doesnt need any extra work.

2 + 7 sin 3 ( z ) 1- u2 dz = 2 tan ( z ) - 7 2 du cos 2 z u ( )

= 2 tan ( z ) - 7 u -2 - 1 du = 2 tan ( z ) - 7 ( -u -1 - u ) + c

Note that well not be doing the actual substitution work here. At this point it is assumed that you recall substitution well enough to fill in the details if you need to. If you are rusty on substitutions you should probably go back to the Calculus I practice problems and practice on the substitutions. Step 5 Dont forget to substitute back in for u!

2 + 7sin 3 ( z ) dz = 2 tan ( z ) + 7 cos1( z ) + 7 cos ( z ) + c = 2 tan ( z ) + 7sec ( z ) + 7 cos ( z ) + c cos 2 z ( )

14. Evaluate

9 sin ( 3 x ) - 2 cos (3 x ) csc (3 x ) dx

5 3 4

Hint : Since this has a mix of trig functions maybe the best option would be to first get it reduced down to just a couple that we know how to deal with. Step 1 To get started on this problem we should first probably see if we can reduce the integrand down to just sines and cosines. This is easy enough to do simply by recalling the definition of cosecant in terms of sine.

1 9sin ( 3 x ) - 2cos ( 3 x ) csc ( 3 x ) dx = 9sin (3 x ) - 2cos (3 x ) sin ( 3 x ) dx

5 3 4 5 3 4

cos3 ( 3x ) = 9sin ( 3 x ) - 2 4 dx sin ( 3x )

Step 2 The first integral is simple enough to do without any extra work. For the second integral again, think about how we would do that if it was a product instead of a quotient. In that case we would simply strip out a cosine.

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Calculus II

cos 2 ( 3 x ) 9sin ( 3 x ) - 2 cos (3 x ) csc (3 x ) dx = 9sin (3 x ) - 2 sin 4 ( 3 x ) cos (3 x ) dx

5 3 4

Step 3 For the second integral we can use the trig identity sin 2 q + cos 2 q = 1 to convert the remaining cosines to sines.

1 - sin 2 ( 3 x ) 9sin ( 3 x ) - 2cos ( 3 x ) csc (3 x ) dx = 9sin (3 x ) dx - 2 sin 4 ( 3x ) cos (3 x ) dx

5 3 4

Step 4 Now we can use the substitution u = sin ( 3x ) to evaluate the second integral. The first integral doesnt need any extra work.
5 3 4 2 1- u du 9sin ( 3 x ) - 2 cos ( 3 x ) csc ( 3 x ) dx = 9sin (3 x ) dx - 3 u4 2 -4 = 9sin ( 3 x ) dx - 2 - u -2 du 3 u

1 -3 = -3cos ( 3 x ) - 2 + u -1 ) + c 3 (- 3 u

Note that well not be doing the actual substitution work here. At this point it is assumed that you recall substitution well enough to fill in the details if you need to. If you are rusty on substitutions you should probably go back to the Calculus I practice problems and practice on the substitutions. Step 5 Dont forget to substitute back in for u!

9sin ( 3x ) - 2cos ( 3 x ) csc ( 3 x ) dx = -3cos ( 3 x ) +

5 3 4

2 1 9 sin3 ( 3 x )

1 -2 3 sin ( 3 x ) + c

2 csc3 ( 3 x ) - 2 = -3cos ( 3x ) + 9 3 csc ( 3 x ) + c

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