HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 1

Current and
Voltage
Energy Sector
Siemens AG 2008
Voltage
Transformers
Performance
Requirements
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 2
2
1
1 2
N
N
= I I
R
1
jX
1
jX
2
R
2
I
1
I
2
Z
b
S2 P2
Ideal CT
S1 P1
I
m
N
1
N
2
Z
m
U
2
Equivalent current transformer circuit
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 2
X
1
= Primary leakage reactance
R
1
= Primary winding resistance
X
2
= Secondary leakage reactance
Z
m
= Magnetizing impedance
R
2
= Secondary winding resistance
Z
b
= Secondary load
Note: Normally the leakage fluxes X
1
and X
2
can be neglected
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 3
Current transformer, simplified equivalent circuit
jX
2
i
2
Z
B
i
1
1 : N
2
i
R
2
1
'
1
1
I
N
I =
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 3
R
2
R
B
i
2
L
W
L
2
<< L
W
i
m
1
2
1
I
N
I =
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 4
N
1
I
1
N
2
I
2

I
1
.
N
1
N
2
Current transformer:
Phase displacement ( ) and current ratio error ( )
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 4
I
2
Z
b

I
m
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 5
Accuracy class
Current error
at nominal
current (In)
Angle error
at rated current
In
Total error at n x In
(rated accuracy limit)
IEC 60044-1 specifies the following classes:
Current transformer, Standard for steady-state performance
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 5
current (In)
In
(rated accuracy limit)
5P
10P
1 %
3%
60 minutes
5 %
10 %
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 6
Current transformers, Standard for transient performance
IEC 60044-6 specifies four classes (1992/3):
Class
Ratio error Angle error
Maximum error at
rated accuracy limit
TPX
(closed iron core)
30 min 0,5 %
% 10
Error at rated current
Remanence
no limit
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 6
TPY
with anti-remanence
air gap
TPZ
linear core
60 min
180 18 min 1,0 %
1,0 %
only) current (a.c.
% 10
% 10
TPS
closed iron core
Special version for high impedance protection
(Knee point voltage, internal secondary resistance)
< 10 %
negligible
No limit
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 7
Accuracy class
Current error
at nominal
current (In)
Angle error
at rated current
In
Total error at n x In
(rated accuracy limit)
IEC 60044-1 (Edition 1.2 2003) specifies the following classes for
low remanence:
Current transformer, Standard for steady-state performance
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 7
current (In)
In
(rated accuracy limit)
5PR
10PR
1 %
3%
60 minutes
5 %
10 %
The remanence factor K
r
shall not exceed 10%
s
r
r
K

=100
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 8
IEC 60044-1 (Edition 1.2 2003) specifies the Class PX:
Current transformer, Class PX
Rated turns ratio: turns ratio error < 0.25%
Rated knee point emf.
Max exciting current at rated knee point emf. And/or at a stated percentage thereof
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 8
Max exciting current at rated knee point emf. And/or at a stated percentage thereof
Max resistance of secondary winding
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 9
Current transformer saturation
Steady-state saturation with AC current
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 9
Transient saturation with offset current
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 10
CT saturation
Currents and magnetising
saturation flux
t
I
P

Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 10
saturation flux
t
t
I
S
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 11

P
primary current
T
N
B
total flux
t
d.c. component
) (

1
TS
t
TN
t
S N
S N
~

+ = e e
T T
T T
B
B

TN TS
TS
S
N
S
Max
1
~

\
|
|

|
+ =
T
T
T
B
B
T T T
Course of CT-flux during off-set short-circuit current
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 11
a.c. flux
transient
d.c. flux
B
Max
B~
t
B~
N
S
N S
S N
Max B
n
T
T
l
T T
T T
t

=

tan
1
B i
W
S

=
+
=
R R
L
T
[ ]
[ ] ms
10900
min
S

= T
For 50 Hz:
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 12
CT transient over-dimensioning factor K
TF
K
TF
T
S
[ms]
30
40
50
60
500
1000
5000
(K
TF
1+ T
N
)
Closed iron core
N S
S
T T
T
S
N
S TF 1

\
|
|
|

|
+ =
T
T
T K
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 12
50 100 150 200
10
20
30
100
250
Linear core
T
N
= network time constant
(short-circuit time constant)
T
S
= CT secondary time constant
T
N
[ms]
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 13
CT with closed iron core,
Over-dimensioning factor for a specified time to saturation (T
M
)
15
20
K'
TF
T
M

16
N
N
N TF 1 1
R
X
T K' + = + =
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 13
5
10
7
T
M
= 35 ms
T
M
= 25 ms
50 100 T
N
[ms]
|
|
|

\
|
+ =
N
M
T
T
-
N TF e - 1 1 T K'
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 14
Current transformer
magnetising curve and point of remanence
B
I II III
up to 80%
< 10%
negligible
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 14
H = i
m
w
I: closed iron core (TPX)
II: core with anti-remanence air-gaps (TPY)
III: Linearised core (TPZ)
negligible
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 15
Standards of voltage transformers
Class
designation
5P
3P
Voltage error F
U
Angle error
Permissible error at 0.05 U
N
and 1.0 U
N
3.0 %
6.0 %
120 minutes
240 minutes
VT classes to IEC 60044-3
VT classes for measurement and protection VDE 0141, Teil 3
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 15
Class
designation
at 1.0 U
N
at 0.05 U
N
at 1.0U
N
at 0.05 U
N
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
3
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
3
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
6.0
10
5
20
30
40
40
40
40
80
120
Permissible voltage error in % Permissible angle error in minutes
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 16
Capacitive voltage transformer,
Equivalent circuit
Z
B L
F
C
F
R
F
100 V
3
20 kV
3
400 kV
3
C
1
= 5 nF
C
2
= 95 nF
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 16
R'
B
L
F
C
F
R
F
L
T
R
T
C
T
C
E
= C
1
+ C
2
R
E
L
O
U*
1
= U
P

C
1
C
1
+ C
2
U*
2
L'
B
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 17
Time
Ts
in ms
Ratio
Classes
3PT1
6PT1
3PT2
6PT2
3PT3
6PT3
10 --- 25 4
20 10 10 2
40 10 2 2
% 100
U 2
) t ( U
s
s

t
Measured voltage transients after fault at voltage
maximum and zero-crossing (Example)
Transient performance of CVTs,
Recommendations acc. to IEC 60044-5
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 17
Legend:
U
P
(t) Primary voltage
U
S
(t) Secondary voltage
(1) Fault inception
(2) Aperiodic damping of U
S
(t)
(3) Periodic damping of U
S
(t)
40 10 2 2
60 10 0.6 2
90 10 0.2 2
t
Recommendations to IEC 60044-5
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 18
B CT
BN CT
B
BN i
ALF
i
R R
R R
P P
P P
ALF ALF'
+
+
=
+
+
=
rated CT burden: P
BN
internal burden of the CT: P
i
=R
i
I
2N
2
Actual connected burden : P
B
= R
B
I
2N
2
R
B
=R
l
+R
R
= burden resistance
R
l
= resistance of connecting cables
R
R
= burden resistance of the relay
BN CT
B CT
BN i
B
ALF'
i
R R
R R
P P
P P
ALF' ALF
+
+
=
+
+
=
K
I
K ' ALF
No saturation X B with
CT dimensioning
Theory:
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 18
N
K
OD
I
I
K ' ALF
No saturation
for the total
short-circuit duration:
N
N
N
~
Max
TF 1 1
R
X
T
B
B
K' + = + = =

(
(

+ =

S
M
N
M
S N
S N
T
t
T
t
(

1 e e
T T
T T
TF
K ' '
No saturation for
the specified time t
M
:
m TF OD
K K K
Re

100
Remanence %
1
1
Re

=
m
K
with
Practice:
Theory:
by vendors d recommende values - K of Use
TF
Note: this equation is not fully valid for very small t
M
(less than 1 cycle)
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 19
Distance relays, practical CT requirements
Transient over-dimensioning factors K
TF
(ARC not considered)
2 K
TF

Close-in fault
50ms T if 2 K
N TF
<
100ms T 50ms if 3 K
N TF
<
10 K
TF

7SA510 / 511
Close-in fault
Fault at
balance point
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 19
7SA513
2 K
TF

5 K
TF

s 50m T if 10 K
N TF

Close-in fault
7SA6 /
7SA522
30ms) T if 1 ( 2 K
N TF
<
50ms T if 5 K
N TF
<
Fault at
balance point
Close-in fault
Fault at
balance point
HV Power Seminar Nov 2009 20
Operating
time
ms
140
120
100
80
T
N
= 100 ms
K=10
K= 5
K= 4
7SA6 / 7SA522: Operating time with CT saturation
Influence of CT dimensioning
Energy Sector Energy Automation
Siemens AG 2008
Page 20
80
60
40
20
0
60 100 40 20 80 % Z1
K= 3
K= 2
K= 1