GE Digital Energy

Transformer basics and more

Transformer Basic & More

Power Transformer as an expensive device

Transformer Basic & More

Power Transformer Name Plate

Transformer Basic & More

Generator Step- Up transformers Step- Down transmission substation transformers Distribution substation transformer

Distribution transforme r

Location

Transformer Basic & More

Transformer types
Generator Step-Up (GSU) transformer Transmission step down transformer Distribution substation transformer Distribution small transformers Autotransformers Voltage regulating transformers Scott transformers Reactors Split-Phase autotransformers

Transformer Basic & More

GENERATOR STEP- UP (GSU) TRANSFORMERS

GSU xfmr
52

52

Aux. xfmr

1300 MVA
343 2x1.9% / 25 kV 60 Hz 3-phase

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STEP- DOWN DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION TRANSFORMER

24 MVA

138 / 13.8 kV 60 Hz 3-phase FOA

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AUTOTRANSFORMER

1000 MVA 346 17x3.66 kV / 225 kV 60 Hz 3-phase OA/FA/FA (self-cooled/ forced air cooled)

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SMALL DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

Single-phase transformers

100kVA, 14.4kV/347V Pole-Mount

100kVA, 14.4kV/240V/120V Mini-Pad

500kVA, 14.4kV/600V Platform-Mount

Three-phase transformers
45kVA, 24.94kV/480V 3-phase Pole Mount Up to 300kVA Prim. voltage - up to 36kV 3-phase substation installation 2 MVA, 13.8/600kV Pad - Mount

Transformer Basic & More

Transformer components

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Transformer components cooling system

OIL PUMP

COOLING FANS

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Transformer components tap changer
TAP-CHANGER

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Transformer components Buchholtz relay

BUCHHOLZ RELAY

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Transformer components gas pressure relay

SUDDEN PRESSURE RELAY

CHANGE PRESSURE RELEIF DEVICE

Transformer Basic & More

Winding connections and phase shift

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Transformer electric parameters - relations

VS NS IP = = VP N P I S

PP = VP * IP = VS * IS = PS

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Transformer losses
copper losses - I 2 R

Stray loss - stray capacitance and leakage inductance losses Apparent loss loss due to magnetizing current in the primary winding Iron loss loss due to varying flux in the core( hysteresis and eddy losses) - hysteresis loss

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Transformer inrush
The steady state flux lags the voltage by 90 degrees

As the flux builds, the exciting current grows with the flux.

The flux builds up from zero, when the voltage is applied at zero crossing, and can reach 2 times the maximum flux. The magnetizing current becomes even higher, if the transformer is energized at zero point of the voltage wave, and there is residual flux

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Transformer faults and detection
EXTERNAL FAULTS Overloads Overvoltage Underfrequency External system short circuits INTERNAL FAULTS Incipient faults Overheating Over-fluxing Overpressure Active faults Short circuit in wye-connected windings Short circuits in delta windings Phase-to-phase faults Turn-to-turn faults Core faults Tank faults

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External faults:
OVERLOADS
In most cases, no protection is provided, but an alarm is used to warn the operating personnel of the conditions. A TOC protection with definite time delay can be set. It can be either due to short-term transient conditions, or long term power frequency conditions. Transient over-voltages, cause end-turn stresses and possible breakdown. The conditions are detected by Volts/Hertz protection. Under-frequency is caused by some system disturbances resulting in unbalance between generation and load. This low frequency creates overfluxing in the transformer core, leading to overheat. Volts/Hertz protection is used with typically 1.1 pu pickup ratio setting. Large external fault currents can cause high mechanical stress in the transformer windings, with the maximum stress occurring during the first cycle. The transformers are not protected during such external conditions. It is a matter of transformer design, and application, to deal with these conditions.

OVERVOLTAGE

UNDERFREQUENCY

EXTERNAL SYSTEM SHORT CIRCUITS

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Incipient transformer internal faults
Caused by: poor internal connections, in either electric or magnetic circuit loss of coolant due to leakage

OVERHEATING

blockage of coolant flow loss of fans or pumps Buchholtz relay and thermal elements protections such as Hottest Spot temperature, Aging Factor and Loss of Life are normally used

OVERFLUXING

Continuous overfluxing can gradually lead to isolation breakdown. The detection is provided by Volts/Hertz protection Overpressure in the transformer tank occurs due to released gases that accompany localized heating. An example is the turn-to-turn fault, that can burn slowly, releasing bubbles of gases, which increase the pressure. Sudden Pressure relay, or Buchholtz relay

OVERPRESSURE

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Protection elements

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Active internal faults detected by 87T protection
I1 prim D/Y30 I2 prim

Phase-to-phase faults Three-phase faults Ground faults Core faults Tank faults

*
WYE connection T60 T60 i1 sec i2 sec
Id ,p u

WYE connection

* *

DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL: IDIFF. = I1COMP + I2COMP RESTRAINING SIGNAL: IRESTR. = max ( |I1COMP| , | I2COMP|)
S1 M in .P K P B1 B2

S2

Ir, p u

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T60 BIASED DIFFERENTIAL (TRIP/NO TRIP DECISION)

NO TRIP

NO

Id > PKP

YES NO

Ir < B1

YES

Id/Ir%>S1

NO NO

B1 < Ir < B2

YES

Id/Ir,% >S1&S2

YES

YES NO

Ir > B2

Id/Ir, % >S2

YES

TRIP

NO

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Restricted Ground Fault protection
Fast detection of winding ground faults Very secure performance on external ground faults Configurable pickup, slope, and time delay

Igd, pu

Igd = 3I 0 + I g Igr = max( IR 0, IR1, IR 2)

Slop e

M in. P K P I =m ax( IR 1, IR 2, IR 0), pu

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Questions