e

2
y d
3
d
3
If - - =0 at x = a, then find ---:!::: . If ---:!::: 0 at x = a,
dx
2
dx
3
dx
3
, 3
then neither maximum nor minimum at x = a. If d Y = 0
dx
3
h
' f' d d 4 Y If d 4 Y . . ' th
atx = a,t en In --. - ->OI.e.+lveat x=a, en y
dx
4
dx
4
. .. d 'f d
4
y . . h
IS ml111mum at x = a an 1 - - <0 I.e. -lve at x = a, t en
dx
4
y is max. at x = a and so on.
Parametric Form of a Function. Let a function
y = f (x) be represented in parametric form by the
equations
y='I'(t).
where and 'I' (t) have derivatives both of first and
second orders within a certain interval of t, and (t) = O. Let
att =t
o
''I'' (t) =0. Then
(a) if'l''' (to) <O,f (x) has a maximum at
x = Xo = q> (t 0)
(b) if'l''' (t 0) >0 the functionf (x) has a mini- mum at
x = x
o
= q>(to)
(c) if '1'" (t 0) =0, the question of the existence of an
extreme value remains open.
Note: Sometimes we also use the term extreme values for
mamimum or minimum values. The points at which f ' (x)
does not exist are called critIcal points. If f' (x) =0, we say
that y = f (x) is stationary at x = a.
Important Instructions
1. According to the given conditions of the problem
determine the function whose max. and min. v alues
are to'be found.
2. It may happen that the above function is not of single
variable but contains more than one variable. In such
cases there will be given certain other relation
between these variables with the help of which by
elimination we shall be able to reduce the above
function to be of single variable.
A function of the form
k f (x), k + f tx), [f (x)] k or [f (X)]l /k ,
where k is a + ive constant will be max. or min.
according as f (x) is maximum or minimum provided
f (x) >0.
Also if y is max. and min. then log y = z is also max.
and min. provided y >0. (Note)
3.
Also Y = f (x ) is max. or min. according as z = 1 / f (x) is
min. or max.
Max. and Min. occur al ternately.
Commit to Memory : In usual notations
(i) Area of a square= x
2
,its perimeter = 4x. .
I
(ii) Area of rectangle = xy, perimeter = 2 (x + y ). I
,
;
I
(iii) Area of a trapezium =! (sum of parallel sid es)
2
x distance between tl 1em.
(iv) Area of a circle = nr2 , Perimeter = 2nr
(v) Volume of Sphere =.i nr
3
its Surface = 47 cr2
3
(vi) Volume of a right cone =! nr2 h.
3
(vii) Toltal Surface of cone = nr (1' + 1)
(viii) Its curved surface is nr10n ly.
(ix) Volume of a cylinder =n/;h.
(x) Tot al Surface =2nr (r + h), .
(xi) Its curved surface is 2nrh.
(xii) Volume of a cuboid = xy z
(xiii) Surface of a cuboid =2; (xy + yz t- zxJ .
Greatest and values IJf a fund ion. The reader
will do well to bear ):n m ind that a Ill8tXimum value of
f (x) at x=x
o
in an interval [a,b] does not m:ean that it is
greatest value of f (x ) in tha't interval. Thf6te may be a
value of the function greater I, han a maxi mum value. As a
matter of fact, there may exist a miniI llum value of the
funcion which is greater tha n or equal i to some maximum
value of the function in [a, b] .
However, if a function f (x) is con' tinuous in a closed
interval [a,b], then great.est (least) value of f (x) is
attained at critical pointE;, or at the end points of the
interval. Thus to find thee greatest (least) value of the
function, we have to compute its valu e at all the critical
points on the interval [a, b] and also t he values f (a) , f (b)
and choose the greatest (least) one out of the numbers
thus obtained. If the interval is no t closed it may have
neither the greatest nor the least vaJ ue.
Sign of f (x) for small values of x. The sign of f (x) is
' governed by the lowest degree terms in f (x). For example,
for small x the sign of _.3.+ 4x + 7x
2
will be governed by
the constant term and hence - ive. Similarly the sign of
x
3
-7 x
11
+ 20 x
15
will be governed by x
3
and so its sigr
will be + ive or - ive according as x is + ive or - ive.
Maxima, minima of algebraic functions.
1. (a) If f (x) = x
5
- 5x
4
+ 5x
3
- 10 has local max. and
min. at x = p and x =q resp., then (p, q) =
(a) (0, 1)
(c) (1 , 0)
(b) (l.
(d)
















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i
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d
i
a
.
c
o
m
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(b) The function f (x) = + lS. has a local minimum
x 2
at X =
(a) -2
(c) 1
(b) 0
(d) 2 (AIEEE 2006)
(e) Suppose the cubic x
3
- px + q has tllree distinct
real roots where p >0 and q >0. Prove that the
cubic has minima at and maxima at - H.
(AIEEE 2008)
n
If a; E R then the expression
L
) 2
a
i
assumes Its
i =
least value at x =
(a) '[.a
j
(b) 2La
j
(c)
(
1
(d) - La
n 1
The real number x when added 't inverse gives the
minimum value of the sum at x to
(a) -2 (b) - 1 (c) 1 ( (d) 2
(A.I.E.E.E. 2003)
. x
2
+x+1
The max. and mm. value of are
x
2
-x+ 1
(a) (2, 1) (c) (1, 0) (d) (3, 1)
2
For all real x, the minimum value of 1- x + x is '
. 1 + x+ x
2
(a) 0 (b) .1 / 3 (c) 1 (d) 3
(M. N.R. 1992)
r x
2
-3x+ 2.
The functlOn J (x) = 2 IS equal to
Y + 2x-3
(a) min. at x =- 3, max. at x =1
(b) max. at x =-3
(c) Increasing in its domain
(d) Decreasing in its domain
The maximum value of (log x) / x is
(a) 1 (b) 2 / e (c) e
XX has a stationary point at .
(a) x =e (b) x =1 / e (c) x=1
(d) 1/ e
(d) x =..Je
(Karnataka 1993)
or When x is positive, the minimum value of XX is
(a) e - 1 (b) e - l /e (c) e
l le
(d) ee
Greatest value of (1 / x) X is
(a) e
(b) (e) lie
(c) (1/e)e (d) None of these
(P.E.T. Raj. 1991)
The value is
(a) 1 (b) e (c) el /e (d) None
Objective
11. The minimum value of ax + by when xy = r2 is
(a) 2r.JQb (b) 2ab.Jr (c) -2r.JQb (d) none
12. Given that f (x) = xl i x, x >0 has the maximum value
at x =e, then
(a) ell >rc
e
(b) ell <rc
e
(c) ell =rc
e
(d) ell
13. On the interval [0, 1] the function X
25
(1 _ X)75 takes
the maximum value at the point
14.
(a) (b) (c) .! (d) 0
234
[I.LT. 1995]
In a sub-marine telegraph-cable the speed of signalling
varies as x
2
log (1 / x) where x is the ratio of the radius
of the case to that of covering. The greatest speed is
attained when this ratio is
(a) 1:e (b) 1:Je (c) 1:eJe (d) none
15. If y = a log I x I + bx
2
+ x has its extremum
values at x = -1 and x = 2, then
(a) a=2,b=-1 (b) a =2,b= - 1/2
(c) 0 = -2,b = 1 / 2 (d) None uf these
16. (a) The function f (x) = X4 - 62x
2
+ ax + 9 attains its
maximum value on the interval [0, 2] at x = 1. Then
the value of a is
(a) 120
(c) 52
(b) The function
(b) - 120
(d) none of these
f(x)=2x
3
- 9ax
2
+12a
2
x+l=0 has a local
maximum at x = (1 and a local minimum at x =
such that = (1 2 then a is equal to :
(a) 0 (b) 1/4
(c) 2 (d) either 0 or 2
17. (a) Letj(x) =(1+b
2
)x
2
+2bx+ 1 and letm(b) be the
minimum value of f (x). As b varies, the range of
m (b) is
(a) [0,1]
(b)
(c) (d) ]0,1]
L2 (LLT. Sc. 2001)
. 3 2 '
(b) Iff (x) =2x - 3x -12x+50n[-2,4]thenrelative
maximum occurs at x =
(a) - 2
(c) 2
(b) - 1
(d) 4 (AIEEE 2002)
18. If minimum value of f (x) = ... i + 2bx + 2[;2 is greater
than maximum value of g (x) = - x
2
-7fx+b
2
then for
x is real
(a) Icl>lblvlz
(c) 0 <c <.Jib
(b) Iclvlz >b
(d) no real value of a.
(Screening 2003)
















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c
o
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19. If the function f (x) = 2x
3
- 9ax
2
+ 12a
2
x + 1, where
a> 0, attains its max. and min. at p and q respectively
such that p2 =q then a equals
(a) 1 (b) 1 .(e) 2 (d) 3
2
(A.I.E.E.E.2003)
20. For the curve y = xe
x
, the point
(a) x = -1 is a point of minima
(b) x =0 is a point of minima
(c) x = -1 is a point of maxima
(d) x =0 is a point of maxima (M.N.R. 1990)
21. Divide 20 into two parts such that the product of one
part and the cube of the other is maximum. The two
parts are
(a) (10,10) (b) (12,8) (c) (15, 5) (d) None
22. Divide 64 into two parts such that the sum of the cubes
of two parts is minimum. The two parts are
(a) 44,20 (b) 16,48 (c) 32,32 (d) 50,14
23. A particle is moving in a straight line such that its
distance at any timj3 t is given by
4
X _2t
3
+ 4t
2
+ 7. Then
4
(a) velocity is max. att =(6 -2"3) / 3
(b) acceleration is min. at t = 2
(c) min. distance is att =0,4
(d) None of these
24. The points on the curve 5x
2
-8xy + 5y2 =4 whose
distance from the origin is maximum or minimum are
(a) (../2,../2) (b) (-../2,-../2)
(c) ,- (d) (-
25. The longest distance of the point (a, 0) from the curve
2x2 + y2 -2x=0 is given by
(a) + 2a + 2a
2
(b) +2a-a
2
(c) + 2a
2
(d) a
2
26.
The point on the curve y = x / (1 + x
2
) where the
tangent to the curve has greatest slope is
(a) (0, 0) (b) (.13,
(c) [-.13, -:)
(d) none
27. The co-ordinates of a point of the parabola
y = x
2
+ 7x + 2 which is closest to the straight line
y =3x-3is
(a) (-2,8)" (b) (-2,-8) (c) {2,-8) (d) none
28. The point (0, 5) is closest to the curve x
2
= 2y at
(a) (2"2,0) (b) (0,0)
(c) (2, 2) (d) None of these
2 2
29. Find the point of the hyperbola - L = 1
24 18
which is nearest to the line 3x + 2y + 1 =0. Compute
the distance between the point and the line.
(J.E.E. W.B. 1992)
30. The maximum distance of the point (k,O) from the
curve 2X2 + y2 - 2x = is equal to
(a) + 2k -e (b)
(c) + 2k + 2k2 (d) + k
2
31. The co-ordinates of a point on the parabola y2 = 8x
whose distance from the circle x
2
+ (y + 6)
2
= 1 is
minimum is
(a) (2,4) (b) (2,-4) (c) (d) (8,8)
32. Two towns A and B are 60 km. apart. A school is to be
built to serve 150 students in town A and 50 students
in town B. If the total distance to be travelled by 200
students is to be as small as possible, then the school
should be built at .
(a) town B (b) 45 km. from town A
(c) town A (d) 45 km. from town B
33. The fuel charges for running a train are proportional to
the square of the speed generated in miles per hour
and costs Rs. 48 per hour at 16 miles per hour. The
most economical speed if the fixed charges i.e. salaries
etc. amount to Rs. 300 per hour.
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 40
34. Petrol burnt in driving a motor boat varies as the cube
of its velocity. The most economical speed when going
against a current of e miles per hour in m.p.h. is
(a)e (b)e/2 (e)3c / 2 (d) none
35. (a) Ifafunetionf (x)hasf ' (a) =Oandf" (a) =O,then
(a) x=ais a maximum for f (x)
(b) x = a is a minimum for f (x)
(c) It is difficult to say (a) and (b)
(d) f (x) is necessarily a constant function
(b) Iff" (x) <o,x E (a,b),f (e) attains maximum value
at (e,f (e)), where a <c <b, then f ' (c) is equal to :
(a) f(b)-f(a)
2
(b) f' (c) =0
(c) !'(c) f(a)-f (b)
2
(d) f' (c) =2(/ (b) - f (a))
2 4 2n b
36. Let P(x)=a
O
+a
1
x +a
2
x + ... ... +anx " e a
polynomial in a real variable x with
0< a
o
< a
1
< a
z
< ..... < an The function P (x) has
(a) Neither a max. nor a min.
(b) Only one
















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(c) Only one minimum
(d) None of these
37. The largest value of 2x
3
- 3x
2
-12x + 5 for
- 2 ::; x ::; 4 occurs at x =
(a) -2 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) 4
(M.N.R. 1993)
38. (a) The difference between the greatest and least
values of the function
f (x) = sin 2x - x on [- 1t / 2, 1t / 2] is
(a) 1t
(b) J3 + 2!
2 3
() J3+..f2 1t
(d) c +-
2 6 2
(b) The difference between the greatest and the least
values of the function
f(x)=.b (at
2
+1+cost)dt,a>0,xE[2, 3]is:
(a) 19a+l+sin3-sin2
3
(b) 18 a + 1 + 2 sin 3
3
(c) 18 a-l+2sin3
3
(d) none
(c) If p and q are positive real numbers such that
p2 + q2 = 1, then the maximum value of(p + q) is
(a) 2 (b)
2
1
(d) ..f2 (c) -
..f2 (AIEEE 2007)
39. The function
f(x)=r {2(t-l)(t-2)3 +3(t-l)2 (t -2)2}dt
attains its maximum at x =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3
. (d) 4
40. The function
f (x) = t (e
t
-1) (t -1) (t _2)3 (t _3)5 dt
has a local minimum at x =
(a) 0 (b) 1 tc) 2 (d) 3
41. The points of extremum of the function .
e-
t/2
(1-t
2
)dtare
(I . LT. 1999)
(a) x=o (b) x=l (c) x=1/2 (d) x=-l
42. (a) f(x)=1
x
t(t-l)(t-2)dttakesonits
minimum value at x =
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none
{
X o <x:S;l
(b) Let f (x) = 2 - e x - 1 : 1 < x ::; 2
x-e ,2<x::;3
and g'(x) =.b f (t) dt , then:
43.
44.
45.
46.
(a) g (x) has local minima at x = e and local maxima at
x =l + In 2
(b) g (x) has local maxima, at x = 1 and local minima at
x=2
(c) g (x) does not have local maxima
(d) g (x) does not have local minima (I. LT. 2006)
(a) A cubic f (x) vanishes at x=-2 and has relative
minimum/maximum at x = 1/ 3 such that
L\ f (x) dx = 14 . Then f (x) is equal to
3 .
(a) x
3
+ x
2
- x (b) x
3
+ x
2
- X + 1
(c) x
3
+x2 -x+2 (d) x
3
+X2 - x -2
(b) Let three degree polynomial function f (x) has
local maximum at x = -1 and f (-1) = 2, f (3) = 18,
f' (x) has a minima at x=O, then:
(a) the distance between (-1,2) and (aJ (a))
where a denotes point where function has
local max/min is 2.J5
(b) the function decreases from 1 to 2.J5
(c) the function increases from 1 to 2.J5
( d) the function decreases from -1 to 1
(I.LT.2006)
The minimum value of ax + by where xy = c
2
is
(a) 2c JOb (b) 2ab JC
(c) -2cJOb (d) none of these
If a
2
x4 + b
2
y4 =c
6
the maximum value of xy is
3 3 3 3
(a) _c_ (b) _c_ (c) (d)
JOb .J2ab ab 2ab
The minimum value of
f (x) = 13 - x 1 + 12 + xl + 15 - x 1 is
(a) 7 (b) 10 (c) 8 (d) 0
47. (a) The interval into which the function
48.
y . 2 x -1 transforms the entire real line is
x -3x+-3 _
(b) [- 1 / 3, 1] (a) [1/3, 2]
(c) [-1 / 3,2] ( d) none of these
(b) The set of values of A. for which the function
f (x) = (4A. - 3) (x + log 5) + 2 (A. -7). cot l! sin
2
l!
2 2
does not possess critical point is :
(a) [1,00) (b) (2,00)
(c) (- 00, - 4 / 3) (d) (- 00, -1)
Letf(X)={lx l for 0 <lxl ::; 2 .
1 for x =O.
Then at x = OJ has
(a) a local maximum
(c) a local minimum
(b) no local maximum
(d) no extremum
(!.I.T. Sc. 20(0)
















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d
i
a
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c
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and Normals
(a) !!.
7
(b)
7
(c)
7
(d)
7
49. Let(h,k) be a fixed point, where h >O,k >O.A straight
line passing through this point cuts the positive
direction of the comdinate axes at the points P and Q.
Which of the following is the minimu:r:n area of the
triangle OPQ, 0 being the origin
52. Iff (x) =(x
z
_l)n+l (x
z
+x +1),nEN and f (x) has a
local extreamm at x = 1, then n =
(a) hk (b) 2hk
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
1.hk (d) none of these
TRU ANO FAlSE
2
50. The minimum value of 2(X
2
-3'f +Z7 is
(!.I .T.1995)
1. A curve passes through the point (2, 0) and its gradient
at the point( x, y) is x
Z
- 2x for all values of x, then the
(a) 2
Z7
(b) 2
point of maximum ordinate on the curve is ( 0, .
(c) 1 (d) none of these
51. If f(x)=x
3
+3(a-7)x
z
+3(a
z
- 9)x-2 where a>O,
has + ive poirit of maximum then a varies over an
interval of length
MULTIPLE'GH01CE QUESTIONS'
..;
1 . . (ar(b) (b) (d)! ,2: ..
(d) :4" (b}l;
9. (B) 16. (c) , U. (a) 13. (c)'
( (l)')"
18. !(a)
" ....
17. (a) (d)
l'
(b) 20. (a)
26. (ic!) 2?- (ct 28. (d) ;. 30. (b)
35. (a) (c) (b) () ";' 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (a) (a)
... t': .
42. (a) (a, c) . (a, b) 43: (a) ' (c) 41. (b, dJ

(b)
47. (a) (b)
:;': ,
l!) (b;S) " 48.
1
' (d) 49. ,(b) 50; (cy
TRUE AND FALSE
2. Iff' (x) =(x_a)zn (x_b)zm+l then
(i) x = a is a point of neither max. nor min.
(ii) x =b is a point of maxima.
5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b)
14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (a) (a) (b)
(c) .
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (a, b, c) , 24. (a,b,c,d) 25.
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (c)
(b) (a) (e) (d) 39. (a) (a) 40. (b, d)
(b) (a) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (a)
51. (a) 52. (b, d)
(c)
__ __
ints/Sollitr Set (A]
...............
. :.it>"ff!!tj:"" (b) Ans. (d). dy = _ + 1.
dx x
Z
2
1. (a) Ans. (b).
dy 2 ( ) ( . ) 0 3 dy = 0 x
Z
- 4 = 0 :. x = 2, - 2
- =5x x - l x-3 =0 : . X= ,1, dx
dx .
d
Z
yz d
Z
y =- ive at x = 2 and hence minimum.
- = 10x(2x -6'X+3) =+ive, 90 dx
2
x
3
dx
z
(c) y = x
3
- px+q
at x = 3 :. Min. fp fp
=-ive,-10 atx=l .. Max : =3x
z
-
=0 at x =0 : . Neither
2ndMethod. Changeofsign:5x
z
isalways+ive dZy =6x=+iveatx = IE :. min.
dx
2
V:3
dy. dy . H
=-lve
dx dx =- iveat X=- .. max.
Max. at x=l
d ' dy 2. Ans. (d).
x <3,2 =- lve, x >3, - = + lve
dx dx
n
Min. at x=3
i =l
dy. dy.
x<O, - =+lve,x>O,- =+lve
dx dx
dy La
- = 2nx-2La, =0 : . X= _l
.dx 1 n
No change and hence neither max. nor min.
















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