Cisco Service Provider Wi-Fi

Service Provider Wi-Fi: Architecture and Design
Session BRKSPM-1200
BRKSPM-1200
2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
Agenda
1. Mobile DataDrivers for Change 2. Addressing the Economics 3. Access Offload Requirements 4. SP WiFi Architectures 5. Summary
Mobile Networks: Drivers for Change

Growth in Mobile Data: x18 over 5 years (CY11-16)
180% increase in signalling traffic due to smartphones
Lack of spectrum and inability to rapidly increase # cell sites
70% of mobile traffic to be video by 2016
A shift from outdoor consumption to indoor
Economics of indoor offload and small cell systems
WiFi already used to support >30% of US smartphone usage
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Drivers for Change:

Scaling Supply Delivering 18-Fold Increase in Supply
2012 VNI Traffic Growth Estimate Macro Capacity
1000
Growth
100 10 1 1990
Average Macro Cell Efficiency Spectrum
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Source: Agilent & Cisco

BRKSPM-1200 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5
Drivers for Change:

Wi-Fi Availability & Usage Pattern
Majority consumption occurs indoors (home, office, venues) Wi-Fi coverage readily available at most locations According to Millennial Media, 39% of the impressions comes from
Smartphones connected over Wi-Fi networks (Nov/11) 4% rise in 5 months

Evolution Toward Heterogeneous Networks

Today HNB GW RNC
Femto Tomorrow
BYO WiFi
BBU/RRH
Small Cell GW
Metro GW
RNC
Femto
SP WiFi
Metro Wireless
BBU/RRH
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Delivering Converged Control

Packet Core Radio Network Controller Macro Coverage Cell Packet Core Packet Core Femto Controller Licensed Femto Cell Packet Core WiFi Controller Trusted Unlicensed SP WiFi ePDG TTG UnTrusted WiFi AP
UE
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UE
HS2.0 Inter-Tech H/O

I-WLAN IPSec Access

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Market Summary
Mobile Broadband demand growth means only a matter of time before carriers will need to start to aggressively deploying more cells Site/zoning limitations may restrict ability to deploy many more conventional macro cells in capacity situations As consumption rises, it becomes increasingly cost effective to offload onto indoor broadband networks Status quo operation will not be an option if supply side restrictions are to be avoided
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Agenda
Breakdown in Cost of Production

Source: ABI/Cisco May 2011
Single Cell $ per GB Percentage
Cell Site CapEx (1 Carrier, 3 Sector) Cell Site OpEx IP RAN CapEx IP RAN OpEx RNC CapEx MPC CapEx Core OpEx Total
14% 45% 18% 18% 1% 2% 2% 100%
95% of Cost of Production
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Three Parallel Tracks for Macro Access Metro/Hotspot Offload Residential Access Office Based
Access
Metro WiFi deployments driven by spectrally challenged operators Stadium traffic set to dwarf any licensed capacity installed by MNOs Hotspot becoming an integral part of MNO offload strategy Metro WiFi operators leasing real estate/ power/backhaul to MNOs for Pico deployment Peak consumption occurs 10pm/indoors drives compelling macro offload economics and MNO offload targets MVNO economics motivating MVNOs to accelerate residential macro offload deployments Community deployments enhanced with seamless mobility allows increased macro offload in dense urban environments Guest WiFi evolution facilitates ease of use of WiFi offload using enterprise infrastructure Enterprise femto provides inbuilding coverage and enterprise capacity offload from macro cell Enterprise GWs allow optimized access from enterprise employees to business services (LAN access, UC&C, etc)
Macro-Cellular Offload (Cell Site, Backhaul and Controller)

Modelling Economics of Indoor Small Cells

Macro Networks Mobile Internet Economics significant incremental cost of production Ranges from ~$2/GB (3 carrier config) to ~$6/GB (1 carrier config) Indoor offload solutions deliver very low incremental cost of production, similar to fixed Internet economics As consumption rises, becomes more cost effective to offload traffic: Compared with a 1-carrier macro cell, femto delivers improved economics for users with >750 MB/mo consumption
Macro
Busy Hour Mbps
Femto SP WiFi
Busy Hour Mbps Compared with a 3-carrier macro cell, SP WiFi delivers improved economics for users with Source; ABI/Cisco Cost of Production Analysis, >500 MB/mo consumption assuming CPE offered without cost to consumer
and depreciated over 3 years
Modeling Economics of Macro/micro/pico

Holistic model of an entire mobile SP (or MVNO) Initial focus on cost optimization current burning platform
Non-uniform demand across geography Wireless Economic Impact of indoor versus outdoor demand
Source: Cisco IBSG Research & Economics Practice, 2011
Non-uniform demand across users
Multiple and overlapping technology choices Multiple types of offload
Model
Example Model Assumptions:

Large Western European Market
Market Data
Assumption Population 3/4G covered area 3G cell sites Spectrum Value 60M 215 km2 15,000 3x5MHz
Metro offload Assumptions

Assumption AP radius One-off cost/AP Recurring cost/AP Capacity/AP Value 50m $2950 $1740 5Mbps
% of network wide traffic
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
Traffic Distribution % of sector wide traffic
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
Metro Usage Distribution

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20 40 60 80 100% % of all cell sites

20 40 60 80 100% % of sector area

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Metro Small Cell: Progressive Deployment

Macro cell splitting challenged to economically deliver increase in supply Operators will need to switch to microcell deployment to deliver more cost effective capacity Metro Small Cell is justified in areas of high traffic density model estimates $0.5bn savings compared to macro cell split Metro roll out is progressive as traffic grows, and by year 5, there are 4 mesh access points for every 3/4G macro-site
BRKSPM-1200 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Investment ($B)
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Macro Cell Split Macro + Micro Deployment Macro + Small Cell Deployment
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LTE a Saviour or a Stop-gap?

LTE + 3G + WiFi LTE + 3G 3G Only
Investment
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Both LTE and Wi-Fi contribute to reducing SP network spend as traffic grows
Agenda
Macro Radio Access Offload

Future Networks supporting the Mobile Internet will need to seamlessly integrate a lot more smaller cells Shifting from 104 cells to 106 cells will require a change of mindset and management tools Key decisions that need to be considered: Whether to use unlicensed, licensed technology or both? Unlicensed already being deployed for BYO offload Unlicensed better suited to very high density deployments If using unlicensed, what does the architecture look like?
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Different SP WiFi Standardizations Activities:

No Single Forum Driving SP WiFi
2003: WiFi Alliance Best Current Practices for Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP) Roaming 2003: GSMA IR.61 WLAN Roaming Guidelines 2004: IEEE 802.11i
AAA and Transferred accounting procedures 802.1X/EAP based authentication and secure WiFi access network 802.1X based access network and IPSec for accessing home services First Internet draft of CAPWAP protocol Web based (UAM) and 802.1X based access
2010: Wireless Broadband Alliance: WiSPR 2.0 2010: 3GPP Release 10: IP Flow Mobility and seamless WLAN offload
Simultaneously connection to cellular and WiFi with policy based access via WLAN AAA support for HTTPS and EAP EAP support over non 802.1X
2010: Cablelabs WiFi Roaming Architecture 2010: Cablelabs WiFi Management Object
2004: 3GPP Release 6 I-WLAN
2006: IETF CAPWAP Working Group
2011: WFA Next Gen Hotspot
TR-069/SNMP SP WiFi Configuration, Performance and Fault management Standardized delivery of newly created credentials to Connection Manager (HS2.0) Stations can be aware of network conditions, including interference and to load balance clients between APs
2008: 3GPP Release 8 Trusted non-3GPP

Common core network and peer trust agreement for integrating non-3GPP access networks
2011: IEEE 802.11v
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Small Cell Wholesale Integration

Able to leverage Conventional MNO client capability for heterogeneous mobility when available
E-UTRAN UTRAN GERAN
S2a
SP WIFI Access Network
S6a
MME
S1
Integrated EPC Based HSS Subscriber Control

Swx
Serving Gateway
S5
PDN Gateway
Gx
IP Services
Integrated Mobility
3GPP AAA
PCRF
S2b Gxb
Client MIP Enabled Device
SP WiFi Access Network Trusted non-3GPP IP Access
Swm
ePDG
Multi-Vendor Standards
STa
SP WiFi as Trusted Non-3GPP Access
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Target Architecture
Build a converged approach that allows SP WiFi to be treated as trusted non-3GPP access 3GPP has defined an architecture based on PMIPv6 for trusted non3GPP support SP WiFi with 802.1X/EAP meets all requirements to be considered trusted non-3GPP IETF based, S2a profile already specified by 3GPP
Delivers multi-vendor interoperability
SP WiFI Standardization effort limited:

Need to define an Implementation Agreement on how to populate defined attributes Simple enhancements defined to be able to support web based authentication (out of scope of 3GPP)
Hotspot 2.0 specifying L2 authentication procedures, Network-Discovery/Selection procedures and credential management
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BRKSPM-1200
SP WiFi : Trusted Non-3GPP Access Network

Strong Link Layer Security Roaming Selective Offload EPC Integration
802.11i (EAP/802.1x) Hotspot 2.0: Standardize on EAP-SIM/AKA, EAPTLS/FAST, Secure Online Signup Hotspot 2.0: Standardize N/W Discovery & Selection Procedures Standardized GSMA Settlement and Fraud procedures
Multiple Offload Points: Client, Premise, Aggregation
3GPP S2a interface: PMIPv6, PMIPv6/IPsec Multi-Vendor WiFi Roaming/Mobility
Common WiFi/3G User Policy
3GPP Policy Framework: PCC/Gx PCEF services: Gy and LI
4G like experience over WiFi

Dense Deployments Driving Fast Mobility Requirements

RNC xGSN
NodeB AP control & distributed QoS AP
Centralized Radio Resource Management (RRM) Caching keying material Composed User Plane Anchor
Centralized AAA IP Point of Attachment
WLC HREAP MME
Centrally Coordinated RRM Centralized AAA, Caching keying material
Fast Mobility across metro deployments

PGW
WLC Local Mode SGW

User Plane Anchor
s2a
IP Point of Attachment
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Controller-based vs Controller-less
Residential
(single AP)
Hotspot
(single AP)
Hotzone
(multi AP)
Metrozone
(High Density)
Management Plane Control Plane User/Data Plane RF Control
Non-real time/ Remote management Autonomous Control Plane
Real time/Proactive Remote management, Management GUI Centralized Policy, Seamless (Fast) Mobility, Rich User Analytics
Centralized Policy Enforcement
Scalable Tunneled Data Plane Centralized Policy Enforcement Decoupling of Data and Control Plane Real time/ proactive RF management Co-ordinated RF Optimization, Coverage Hole Detection/ Mitigation, Real time air quality visibility
Autonomous RF parameter setting
Controller-less
BRKSPM-1200 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Controller-based
25
SP WiFi - Addressing the Challenges

Architecture Issue
Unlicensed spectrum and interference No single entity responsible for SP WiFi architecture definition
SP WiFi Functionality
RF is always a probabilistic environment. Clean air provides unique insight into RF domain 3GPP has defined an architecture for trusted non-3GPP baseline for target architecture PMIPv6 based architecture for seamless mobility across WiFi. IP Persistence can be delivered across inter-technology access Ability to integrate Consumer CPE into architecture Able to leverage client functionality whenever available
Challenging to deliver seamless experience Current Bring Your Own (BYO) WiFi approach devalues SP to bit-pipe provider Diverse range of client requirements
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Client Requirements
The fundamental difference between SP WiFi and licensed small cell solutions is the ability to enhance user experience through support of additional client functionality Diverse set of requirements/functions
Discovery, Connection Management Security, 802.11i and overlay IPSec Quality of Service Flow Policy, Static and Dynamic Automated Log-on, Credential Management
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Client Functionality
Heterogeneous or Homogeneous?
OS Connection Manager
Enhanced CM/ WISPr 1.0
EAP/ 802.1X Supplicant
I-WLAN IPSec/IKEv2
WMM QoS API
HS 2.0 Management
ANDSF
802.11r Fast Roaming
CMIP/DSMIPv6/ Virtual Adaptor
IP Flow Mobility Optimized offload/load balancing
Homogeneous: One size fits all
VoIMS
GAN + IPSec + EAP
Heterogeneous, Supports Various Approaches to Client Evolution

Leveraging Client Functionality Whenever Available

On-net Access
802.11i delivers trusted non-3GPP access with EAP-based trust indication PMIPv6 delivering IP persistence to simple IP clients HS2.0: auto login, service advertisement, and online sign-up
Off-net Access
WISPR 1.0/802.11i/HS2.0 support for AAA based roaming HS2.0 management object for discovery and selection of access networks I-WLAN tunnel over 3rd party untrusted network to access home operator services
Inter Technology Handover

Simple virtual adaptor for basic inter-technology offload DSMIPv6 and DSMIPv6/IPSec for handover between trusted/un-trusted networks IP Flow mobility for static policy based offload Enhanced ANDSF for dynamic policy offload
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An SP WiFi Architecture Supporting a Phased Evolution of Functionality User-Plane Automate Client Authentication Integration Integration
MAC-TAL Username/ Password AAA Roaming EAP-SIM/AKA No Integration PMIPv6/GTP Integration Static Offload Rules Dynamic Offload No Client HS2.0 I-WLAN Mobile IP
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Converged Subscriber Policy Enforcement

All Client-less and Client-based configurations supported
Multiple Applications Simultaneously Running on SessionCentric Operating System
Devices Clientless IPSG IP
Clientless MAG PMIPv6 Clientless
eWAG GTPv1 Per User PMIPv6 Tunnel
GGSN
Converged Policy, Charging and Billing Systems
Trusted Wi-Fi
VPN MAG
IP Core
Un Tunneled User Data (IP)
IPSG
Per User PMIPv6 Tunnel Per User GTP Tunnel
eWAG
P-GW
Clientless 3GPP2 Clientless 3GPP Secure Client based iWLAN
HSGW
Per User GTP Tunnel

SGSN
3G Cellular
Per User IPSec Tunnel
TTG
GTP (Gn)
Untrusted Wi-Fi
Mobile Packet Core

31
Evolving Security Requirements for SP WiFi

Transitioning to Trusted Non-3GPP
Today Web Authentication, no over the air security, open to simple MAC-spoofing attacks MPC/EPC integration requires I-WLAN IPSec overlay Charging records can be repudiated WiFi Security is largely an enterprise concern Tomorrow 802.1X/EAP based authentication and over the air encryption Clientless MPC/EPC integration with seamless access to operators service LAN environment Non-repudiation requirements WiFi Security moving centre stage for Service Providers
Now, it may be considered by operators that the security strength and ease of use of WiF is as acceptable as 3G/LTE security. For example, the operator controlled hotspot with 802.11i could be treated as the trusted Non-3GPP Access.
3GPP S1 U/MME:
Integrated IPSec Security
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IETF PMIP:
Integrated IPSec Security
IETF CAPWAP:
Integrated DTLS Security
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Hotspot 2.0 Vision

Cellular Mobility Experience on Wi-Fi
GSM
Turn on phone and get secure cellular connectivity
Hotspot 2.0
Turn on device and get secure Wi-Fi connectivity
Automatic
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Secure
SIM/AKA Based
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Next Generation Hotspot / Hotpsot 2.0

Discover, Roam, Authenticate, Monetize
1
Next Generation Hotspot
Mobile concierge service
Auto SIM credentials Encrypted Wi-Fi Link
Pre-Association Pre-Authentication
Seamless authentication & Wi-Fi roaming
RELIABLE
Carrier class solution
SEAMLESS
Simplified network discovery and selection optimizes offload
SECURE
SIM-based authentication techniques over encrypted Wi-Fi
MONETIZE
Location-based and value-added services
ROAMING
Seamless WiFi Roaming via standardized authentication and settlement
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Next Generation Hotspot Technology Enablers

Authentication and Roaming Network Discovery and Selection L2 Authentication Layer 2 Air Encryption L3 Authentication Hotspot Network IPR Interoperable Hotspot (Today) SSID None None WebAuth WISPr Untrusted No No
NGH (HS2.0 Spec)
802.11u 802.11x 802.11i EAP-SIM, AKA, TLS, TTLS Trusted Yes Yes
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HS 2.0 Information for Network Selection

Roaming related (ANQP) Feature
Venue Info HESSID Roaming Consortium list Realm name list 3GPP Cellular network information Domain name list Operating Class Indication Operator Friendly name
Domestic network connection feature

HS 2.0 Network Indicator WPA2-Enterprise BSS Load (Channel Util.%) Multicast Indicator WAN Metrics ( backhaul link info, including load ) Network Port Availability Proxy ARP at AP P2P Disable at AP
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Agenda
Key SP Wi-Fi Requirements

Seamless end-user experience
Intra-network and inter-network roaming/mobility Wireless performance Reliable coverage
Carrier-grade operation
Interference mitigation
End-to-end scalability
Designed to support millions of users and exponential traffic growth
2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Standards-based
Control of security, management, mobility, authentication, billing, policy
Robust capacity and throughput
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Service Provider Wi-Fi Solution

Four Pillars
Key SP Wi-Fi Requirements

Mobility, Carrier-Grade, Scalability, Security
Intelligent Radio
Unified Architecture
Seamless Experience
Converged Core
Cisco Solution Pillars

Service Provider Wi-Fi Solution

Four Pillars
Intelligent Radio
Complete portfolio of
Unified Architecture
Fast and real time
Seamless Experience
Effortless
Converged Core
Standardized
indoor and outdoor 802.11n APs

CleanAir delivers
scalability and handoff management

Single security and
authentication and roaming

Open or secure
centralized subscriber access control

Per subscriber policy
integrated spectrum intelligence

ClientLink with RRM
inter-operability point
System-wide
access with expanded hotspot eco-system

Ready for migration to
control (e.g. tiered services and parental controls) charging environment
and beamforming
Real time analytics
management and monitoring for indoor and outdoor networks

Residential, Hotspot,
Next Generation Hotspot with simple software upgrade
Standardized policy and
available to venue owners
Hotzone, Metrozone
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Intelligent Radio
Not All Access Points Are the Same
Best in class Radio Resource Management coupled with beamforming to deliver focused power to clients Improves Network Throughput and Coverage Sophisticated spectrum Intelligence to monitor the airwaves; detect, locate and classify interference and reconfigure the network to avoid Improves Network Reliability Optimized RF utilization by moving 5 GHz capable client out of the congested 2.4 GHz channels Improves Network Throughput Extends reliable multicast into the wireless network by converting multicast to unicast at the AP Quality Video over WLAN
2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 41
ClientLink CleanAir Band Select Video Stream

BRKSPM-1200
Service Provider WiFi: CleanAir

Bringing Rich Spectrum Intelligence to 802.11 Networks
Cisco CleanAir
A system-wide feature that uses silicon-level intelligence to automatically mitigate the impact of wireless interference, optimize network performance, and reduce troubleshooting costs
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Service Provider WiFi: CleanAir

Bringing Rich Spectrum Intelligence to 802.11 Networks
Detect and Classify Locate Mitigate Interference

Customer results from live deployment. 2.4 GHz outdoor deployment with >100 interfering public and private access points.
Delivering >8 times performance of 3G.
Cisco CleanAir
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SP WiFi Architecture: Addressing the Deployment and Offload Issues

MNO
3G/4G Mobile Packet Core
Converged Operator
M F
FNO MSO
Fixed BB Infra.
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BRKSPM-1200
E2E SP WiFi User Plane Architecture
On-Net
Internet Off-Net
Three Phase 1 Deployment Models

Name Access Points Indoor/ Outdoor APs Controller Access Aggregation L3 Subscriber Control 1K ISG Policy Control Broadhop
ServiceMesh Centrally Switched ServiceMesh locally Switched IPSG Integration
5508/ WISM2
Indoor APs
5508/ 7500/ WISM2 5508/ WISM2
AZR & 1K
1K ISG
Broadhop
Indoor/ Outdoor APs
L3
5K IPSG
Legacy Gx, Gy
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IPSG Integration into Legacy PCC

Call Flow Overview
CiscoAR AAA Clientless
Radius.Req Radius.Accept Radius.Req Radius.Accept
User Record Cached
STP
ITP
HLR
MAP MAP
AP
WLC ASR5K IPSG Policy & Charging
802.1X
802.1X EAP Negotiation EAP Authentication / Authorization DHCP Discover DHCP Request / Ack Rad.Acc. Req. Rad.Acc. Resp.
L3 IP PoA
DHCP Relay
Gx/Gy: CCR Gx/Gy: CCA

Build State for User
DHCP Offer (IP Address, Mask, GW, DNS) Radius.Acc. Req. Radius.Acc. Resp
Proxy adds User Info
IP Traffic
Internet
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Two Phase 1.5 Deployment Models

Name Access Points Indoor/ Outdoor APs Controller Access Aggregation L3 Subscriber Control 5K GGSN Policy Control Legacy Gx, Gy
GTP Integration
5508/ WISM2
PMIPv6 Integration
Indoor/ Outdoor APs
5508/ WISM2
1K MAG
5K P-GW
Legacy Gx, Gy
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GTP Integration into Legacy GGSN

Call Flow Overview
Radius.Req Radius.Accept
STP HLR
MAP MAP
CiscoAR AAA
Radius.Req Radius.Accept
User Record Cached
ITP
Clientless
AP
WLC ASR5K EWAG
802.1X
802.1X EAP Negotiation EAP Authentication / Authorization DHCP Discover DHCP Request / Ack IP1 Rad.Acc. Req. Rad.Acc. Resp.
L3 IP PoA
GGSN
DHCP Relay
GTP: CPC GTP: CPC IP2

Build NAT for User IP1:IP2
DHCP Offer (IP Address IP1, Mask, GW, DNS) Radius.Acc Req Radius.Acc Res
Proxy adds User Info
IP Traffic GTP
Internet
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Call Flow Overview

Clientless
PMIPv6 Integration into Standardized P-GW STP

CiscoAR AAA
Radius.Req Radius.Accep Radius.Req Radius.Accep
User Record Cached
ITP
HLR
MAP MAP
AP
WLC
802.1X EAP Negotiation
802.1X
ASR1K MAG
ASR5K PGW / LMA
Policy & Charging
EAP Authentication / Authorization DHCP Discover DHCP Relay Radius.Req Radius.Accep

PMIPv6 Trigger User Authorized LMA/NAI Downloaded
Gx/Gy: CCR Gx/Gy: CCA

Binding on LMA for Client
PBU PBA: IP1 DHCP Offer (IP Address IP1, Mask, GW, DNS) DHCP Request / Ack IP1 IP Traffic PMIPv6
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Standardized Web Based Authentication?

Native 3GPP PCEF (e.g., LMA) assumes user has been L2 authenticated prior to access If PCEF is responsible for IP address allocation, this poses a problem
PCEF is responsible for generating CDRs which will be opened before users authenticity has been confirmed For web auth, user requires IP address allocation prior to authentication
Need to realize a two stage approach if standardized PCEF components are to be used
Stage 1: If MAC address is unknown, need to use captive portal to allow user to enter credentials and then associate MAC address with authenticated identity Stage 2: After user has authenticated, trigger re-establishment of session when MAC address can be associated with a valid user identity and correct CDRs generated
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Cisco SP WiFi: Future Directions

PMIPv6 Standard EPC Integration, Macro Mobility, GW initiated Termination
Packet Core
Core Network Tunneling: GTP/LMA Roaming
SP WiFi Wholesale/Roaming Platform Wireless LAN Controller
CAPWAP Integrated Image Management, Radio Resource Management, Fast Metro Mobility, Security,
Metro WiFi AP
Metro WiFi AP
Residential WiFi AP
Residential WiFi
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PMIPv6 Standard EPC Integration, Macro Mobility, Load balancing, GW initiated Termination, Migrant User support, walk away detection, security, ...
Metro WiFi
52
Agenda
Summary - 1
Its only a matter of time before all operators will need to embrace small cells offloading both bandwidth and signalling load from the macro network WiFi already used to support nearly 40% of Smartphone traffic in the US Compared to femto where an E2E architecture has been defined by 3GPP, no standard defined approach to architecting SP WiFi Over the last 2 years, Cisco has been developing an architecture based on 3GPP standards to enable in integration of SP WiFi users into scalable converged policy and charging infrastructure
Options available: licensed, unlicensed or both
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Summary - 2
Now delivering on the promise of E2E SP WiFi architectures Driving client ecosystems to deliver HS 2.0 capabilities to automate authentication and deliver a seamless experience Small cell installations further allow differentiation enabling direct access to distributed content and services Unlikely that similar techniques will be applied in the macro network driven from a purely economic perspective versus enhanced user experience Small Cells are driving convergence discussions around how to integrate transport orientated QoS with RF QoS and IP level policy and charging enforcement
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Questions?
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Final Thoughts
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Cisco Service Provider Wi-Fi

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Service Provider Wi-Fi: Architecture and Design

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Mobile Networks: Drivers for Change

180% increase in signalling traffic due to smartphones

Lack of spectrum and inability to rapidly increase # cell sites

70% of mobile traffic to be video by 2016

A shift from outdoor consumption to indoor

Economics of indoor offload and small cell systems

WiFi already used to support >30% of US smartphone usage

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Drivers for Change:

Average Macro Cell Efficiency Spectrum

Source: Agilent & Cisco

Drivers for Change:

Smartphones connected over Wi-Fi networks (Nov/11) 4% rise in 5 months

Evolution Toward Heterogeneous Networks

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Delivering Converged Control

HS2.0 Inter-Tech H/O

I-WLAN IPSec Access

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Breakdown in Cost of Production

14% 45% 18% 18% 1% 2% 2% 100%

95% of Cost of Production

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Macro-Cellular Offload (Cell Site, Backhaul and Controller)

Modelling Economics of Indoor Small Cells

Modeling Economics of Macro/micro/pico

Non-uniform demand across users

Multiple and overlapping technology choices Multiple types of offload

Example Model Assumptions:

Metro offload Assumptions

% of network wide traffic

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

Traffic Distribution % of sector wide traffic

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

Metro Usage Distribution

Source: Cisco IBSG Research & Economics Practice, 2011

20 40 60 80 100% % of all cell sites

20 40 60 80 100% % of sector area

Metro Small Cell: Progressive Deployment

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

LTE a Saviour or a Stop-gap?

Source: Cisco IBSG Research & Economics Practice, 2011

Macro Radio Access Offload

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Different SP WiFi Standardizations Activities:

2004: 3GPP Release 6 I-WLAN

2006: IETF CAPWAP Working Group

2011: WFA Next Gen Hotspot

2008: 3GPP Release 8 Trusted non-3GPP

2011: IEEE 802.11v

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Small Cell Wholesale Integration

Integrated EPC Based HSS Subscriber Control

Client MIP Enabled Device

SP WiFi Access Network Trusted non-3GPP IP Access

SP WiFi as Trusted Non-3GPP Access

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

SP WiFI Standardization effort limited:

2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

SP WiFi : Trusted Non-3GPP Access Network

Multiple Offload Points: Client, Premise, Aggregation

3GPP S2a interface: PMIPv6, PMIPv6/IPsec Multi-Vendor WiFi Roaming/Mobility