Chemistry Unit 2 Sheet 4 PreIGCSE

Atomic structure and the Periodic table

Key ideas

➢ The atomic mass is determined by the weight of the protons

and neutrons, as the mass of electrons is negligible as shown
in the following table:

Particles Relative Mass Relative Charge

Proton (p) 1 +1
Electron (e) 1/1840 -1
Neutron (n) 1 0

➢ The unit of measurement of the mass of the atom is the

atomic mass unit and its symbol is AMU and it equals the
mass of one proton

proton

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 Chemistry Unit 2 Sheet 4 PreIGCSE

s the relative atomic mass in AMU it equals the sum of protons and neutrons , it is the sam

umber of protons + number of neutrons

ngement of elements in the periodic table : periodic trends

➢ In the periodic table , the elements are arranged in order of

proton number. Elements with similar chemical properties are
placed in the same group

➢ Elements in a group have the same

Chemical properties

Outer electron distribution

Valency in most cases

➢ Moving across a period (from left to right) the elements

change from metallic to non-metallic. The number of
valency electrons increases across the period but the
number of occupied energy levels stay the same

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Chemistry Unit 2 Sheet 4 PreIGCSE

➢ The periodic table is divided into 3 areas; metals, non-

metals and metalloids

Chemical differences between metals and non-

metals:
Chemical
Metals Non-Metals
Property
– 4, 5 ,6 or 7
valency
– 1, 2 or 3
electrons.
valency
electrons.
Electronic – Either gain
distribution and electrons to
– These are lost
bonding form anions
to form
(negative
cations
anions) or
(positive ions)
share electron
pairs.
Type of Form ionic – Form ionic
compound compounds with compounds
non-metals with metals

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Chemistry Unit 2 Sheet 4 PreIGCSE

– Form
covalent
compounds
with other
non-metals
– Metal oxides – Non-metal
are usually oxides are
Class of oxide basics, a few usually acidic;
are a few are
amphoteric neutral
Many react with
Reaction with dilute acids to give Do not react with
acids a salt and dilute acids
hydrogen

Physical differences between metals and non-

metals

Metals Non-metals
Usually have high melting and Melting points and boiling
boiling points points are low
Exceptions: Group 1 metals Exceptions: those non-metals
have low melting points and with macromolecular
mercury is a liquid structures – carbon, silicon,
boron , germanium
Good conductors of both Poor conductors
heat and electricity Exception: graphite
Hard Soft
Exceptions: Group 1 metals Exceptions: those non-metals
are soft with macromolecular

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Chemistry Unit 2 Sheet 4 PreIGCSE

structures- carbon , boron,

silicon, germanium
High densities Low densities
Exceptions: Group 1 metals
have low densities
Malleable (can have their Brittle
shape changed by Exception: graphite
hammering)and Ductile (can
be pulled into wires)
Sonorous (think of a bell) Not sonorous
Shiny ( can be polished to a Have a dull surface
lustre) Exception: graphite, iodine

Exercise 2-1:

1- Calcium and phosphorus are in the same period in the

periodic table .

a- Which one will be the better conductor of electricity ? Give

a reason for your choice

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b- Complete the following word equations. If the substances

do not react, write “no reactions”

Calcium + hydrochloric acid →

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Chemistry Unit 2 Sheet 4 PreIGCSE

Phosphorus + hydrochloric acid

→--------------------------------------------

1- Selenium is a non-metal in Group VI

a- Predict three physical properties of selenium

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b- How many valency electrons are there in one selenium

atom ?
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1- Germanium is a non-metal in Group IV

a- Complete the electronic distribution of a germanium

atom. Two numbers are missing
------, 8 , 18 , -------

b- Carbon and Germanium are both non-metals. They are

both poor conductors of electricity. Predict which is the
better conductor, giving a reason for your choice
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Chemistry Unit 2 Sheet 4 PreIGCSE

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