Numeration systems

Numeration systems are used to represent and manipulate numeric values. We have to distinguish between a numeric value and a numeric representation: - a value (abstract concept) is a measure of an attribute of a collection of objects - a representation is the means by which we display a value and manipulate it A value can have different representations. Ex: he numeric value !"# has more representations: 5 (decimal system) V ($oman system) cinci( $omanian language) five(%nglish language) 101( binary system) cinq(&rench language)

At the mental level people wor' with values( but for displaying and manipulating them different numeration systems are used (now the decimal system). )omputers wor' with number representations using the binary system. Numeration system - a set of rules for the representation and manipulation (operations) of numeric values using symbols called digits. he total number of digits is called the numeration base (radi*). ++ ,n the following !value# means the decimal numeric value. Classification of numeration systems: - positional systems and non-positional systems 1. Non- ositional systems: ex: the $oman system - digits: ,( -( .( /( )( 0( 1 values: 2 " 23 "3 233 "33 2333 - each symbol (digit) represents a value - ++ the value 3 can4t be represented - is an additive system: the value of a number representation is obtained as the sum (difference) of the values of its digits according to the following rules. - rules: a) the value of two or more identical consecutive digits is the sum of the values of these digits. ex: numeric re resentations: !!! " CCC" ## numeric values: $ " $00" %000 b) the value of a pair of different digits( with the biggest one in front of the

other is the sum of these two digits values: ex: numeric re resentations: V! " C& " #' numeric values: 5(1)* " 100(50)150" 1000(500)1500 c) the value of a pair of different digits( with the smallest one in front of the other is the difference of these two digits values: ex: numeric re resentations: +C " !+ " C# numeric values: 100-10),0" 10-1), " 1000-100),00 d) for big numbers a hori5ontal line over the digit is used( meaning the multiplication of the digit4s value with 2333: ex: t-e numeric value of - is 5000 ++ here are different representations of the same value %*: both representations C'+C and +' have the same value .,0 Exam le: 1)0/,. has the decimal value 23336"33-2336"3623-27 28"9 %. /ositional systems: :indu-Arabic numeration systems - the position of a digit in a representation implies an association with a !positional value# - the numeric value is the sum of the positional values of all the digits from the representation binary system: base 7 ;( digits : 3(2 ( ex: 110010%1 octal system: base 7 <( digits: 3(2(;(=(8("(>(?( ex: %0.2031 decimal system: base 723( digits: 3(2(;(=(8("(>(?(<(9( ex: %$.$ he*adecimal system: base 72>( digits: 3(2(;(=(8("(>(?(<(9(A(@()(0(%(& where: A (2>) 723( @ (2>) 722( ) (2>) 72;( 0 (2>) 72=( % (2>) 728( & (2>) 72" ex: %4501*1 6-e com utation of t-e decimal values of numbers given in different numeration bases re resents a conversion met-od from an arbitrary base into base 10 7 a articular case of t-e substitution method. /et us consider a real number in base b represented as: ( am am 2 a2a3 ( a2...an ) (b ) . he decimal numeric value of this representation is computed as follows: N7 aB3 Ab 3 + a B2Ab2 +... + a Bm Ab m + a B2Ab 2 +... + a Bn Ab n ( where:
a B3 = (a 3 ) (b ) ( ...( a B m = (a m ) (b ) ( a B 2 = ( a 2 ) (b ) ( ...( a B n = (a n ) (b )

 the digits from the representation in base b are converted in decimal and then the operations A(6(C are performed in base 23. if b D 23 the digits of the base b are the same in base 23.
a Bi Ab i

is the positional value of the digit of ran' (position) i in the representation

the decimal numeric value of a number in a base is the sum of the positional values of all the digits from the representation in that base.

Exam les:
; = 8 = 7 =A233 6 8A232 6 =A23; 6 ;A23= 7 =6836=33 6 ;333 EEEFG =A233 7 = (positional value) EEFGG 8A232 7 83 (positional value) EFGGG =A23; 7 =33 (positional value) FGGGG ;A23= 7 ;333 (positional value) 8 =(2 ; (") 7 8A"2 6 =A"3 6 2A"-2 6 ;A"-; 7 ;36=63(;63(3< 7 ;=(;< EEEFG ;A"-; 7 ;C;"73(3< (positional value) EEFGG 2A"-2 7 2C"73(; (positional value) EFGGG =A"3 7 = (positional value) FGGGG 8A"2 7 ;3 (positional value) ; 3 8 ?(<) 7 ?A<3 6 8A<2 6 3A<; 6 ;A<= 7 ?6=;6=33623;8 7 2=>= EEEFG ?A<3 7 ? (positional value) EEFGG 8A<2 7 =; (positional value) EFGGG 3A<; 7 =33 (positional value) FGGGG ;A<= 7 ;A"2;723;8 (positional value) 2 3 2 2(;) 7 2A;3 6 2A;2 6 3A;; 6 2A;= 7 26;6< 7 22 EEEFG 2A;3 7 2 (positional value) EEFGG 2A;2 7 ; (positional value) EFGGG 3A;; 7 3 (positional value) FGGGG 2A;= 7 < (positional value) ; A &(2>) 7 &(2>)A2>36A(2>)A2>26;(2>)A2>; 7 2" A2623A2> 6 ;A;">7 2"62>36"2;7 ><? EEFGG &(2>)A2>3 7 2" (positional value) EFGGG A(2>)A2>2 7 23A2>72>3 (positional value) FGGGG ;(2>)A2>; 7 ;A;">7"2; (positional value)

6-eorem of numeration systems: Hiven b N A ( b >2 and the natural number N( NI3( there e*ist n and the natural numbers a3 ( a2 ( ( am 2 ( am ( with 3 < am < b(3 < ai < b for i = 3(...( m 2 ( uniJue determined( such that N7 a3 A b 3 + a2 A b2 + ... + a m A b m . 8emar9: he decomposition of N in a sum of powers (with coefficients) of b provides a representation of N in base b: N7 (a m a m2 a2a3 ) (b) his theorem suggests a conversion met-od of a decimal number into an arbitrary base b applying successive divisions (performed in base 23) of N by the destination base b: N is divided by b obtaining a Juotient and a remainder. the Juotient is divided by b obtaining a new Juotient an a new remainder(K the process of successive divisions ends when 3 is obtained as Juotient. the remainders( in the reverse order they are obtained( are the digits of the representation of N in base b.
Exam les 05.:oian1:

;8 7 22333(;)

;"> 7 833(<)

;>"= 7 A"0 (2>)

&or converting a rational number represented in an arbitrary base with integer part and fractional part we use for the integer part the method of successive divisions and for the fractional part we use a complementary method( applying successive multi lications: the fractional part is multiplied by b obtaining a number with an integer part and a fractional oneL we continue with the multiplication of this new fractional part(... the process of the successive multiplications continues until one of the following conditions is satisfied: a) the fractional part becomes 3L b) an established number of digits of the fractional part were calculatedL c) periodicity is obtained.

 the integer parts( in the order they are obtained during the multiplications process( are the digits of the fractional part in the destination representation. Exam le: "8=(2? 7 M(")( with = digits on the fractional part conversion of the integer part: successive divisions by " are applied. "8=: " 7 23< remainder $ 23<: " 7 ;2 remainder $ ;2: " 7 8 remainder 1 8:" 7 3 remainder . 5.$) .1$$051 conversion of the fractional part: successive multiplications by " are applied. 3(2?A" 7 0(<" 3(<"A" 7 .(;" 3(;"A" 7 1(;" 3(;"A" 7 1";" +++ periodicity. 0"12)0"0.011051 5.$"12).1$$"0.011(")

base 10 3 2 ; = 8 " > ? < 9 23 22 2; 2= 28 2"

:ase %)%1 3 2 23 22 233 232 223 222 2333 2332 2323 2322 2233 2232 2223 2222

base .)%% 3 2 ; = 23 22 2; 2= ;3 ;2 ;; ;= =3 =2 =; ==

base 3)%$ 3 2 ; = 8 " > ? 23 22 2; 2= 28 2" 2> 2?

base 1*)%. 3 2 ; = 8 " > ? < 9 A @ ) 0 % &

8a id conversions: conversions between bases which are powers of ;. 1. Conversion from the source base p=2k , p {4=22,8=23,16=24} into the destination base 2 8ule: %ach digit from the source number in base p)%k( both the integer part and the fractional one( will be replaced by the corresponding group of k binary digits (adding if it is necessary unsignificant 5eroes on the left) according to the above table . Exam le: =;32(8)7 22 23 33 32(;) ?;3"(=8>(<)7 222 323 333 232(322 233 223(;) >3&A(@;<(2>)7 3223 3333 2222 2323(2322 3323 2333(;) ;. Conversion from the source base 2 into the destination base q=2k , q {4=22,8=23,16=24} 8ules: - for the integer art: from right to the left (relative to the decimal point) ma'e groups of k binary digits (eventually we add on the left unsignificant 5eros to have a complete group)L the groups will be replaced by the corresponding digits in base q7;k according to the above table. - for the fractional art: from left to right (relative to the decimal point) ma'e groups of k binary digits (eventually we add on the right unsignificant 5eros to have a complete group)L the groups will be replaced by the corresponding digits in base q7;k according to the above table. Exam les: 2 332 233 322 323 222(;) 7 002 332 233 322 323 222(;)7 228=;?(<) 32 22 33 33 22 33 23 23( 32 23 23(;)72=33=3;;(2;;(8) 3322 3332 3232 2332 2233 2323(2323 2333(;)7=2"9)A(A<(2>) Conversions bet;een numeration bases for real numbers: - t-e substitution met-od - t-e met-od of successive divisions<multi lications - t-e met-od ;-ic- uses an intermediate base 1. =ubstitution met-od: calculus performed in the destination base /et N (b) = ( am am 2 a2a3 ( a2...an ) (b) be a real number in the source base b. We want to convert the number into the destination base h.

Steps: - all the digits from the source representation are converted into the destination base:
( ai ) (b ) = ( a Bi ) ( h ) ( i = n(...( 2(3(...( m 2

the base b is converted into base h: b = (bB ) ( h) we compute in base h the following sum:
( N B ) ( h ) = ( aB3 ) ( h ) A (bB ) ( h) 3 + (a B2 ) ( h ) A (bB ) ( h )2 + ... + (a B m ) ( h ) A (bB ) ( h ) m + + ( a B 2 ) ( h ) A (bB ) ( h ) 2 + ... + ( a B n ) ( h) A (bB ) ( h ) n

8emar9: he method is recommended for b h( because: ( ai ) (b ) = ( a Bi ) ( h ) ( i = n(...( 2(3(...( m 2 ( b= b(h)( and we have to perform only multiplicationsCdivisions by one digit. Exam le 1: ="8(>) 7 M(<) ="8(>) 7 8A>3 6 "A >2 6 =A >; =(>)7=(<)( "(>)7"(<)(8(>)78(<) > 7 >(<) )alculus in base <: 8(<)A>(<)3 6 "(<)A >(<)2 6 =(<)A >(<); 7 8(<)6=>(<)6=(<)A 88(<)7 8;(<)62"8(<)7 ;2>(<) $5.0*1 ) %1*031 Exam le %: 1>?(<) 7 M(") 2>?(<) 7 2A<; 6 >A <2 6 >A <3 2(<)72(")( >(<)722(")( ?(<)72;(") < 7 2=(") )alculus in base ": 2(")A2=("); 6 22(")A 2=(")2 6 2;(")A 2=(")3 7 ;;8(")628=(")62;(")7 8=8(") 1*2031 ) .$.051 Exam le $: 22322(22 (;)7 M(8) 11011"11 0%1);86;=6;26;36;-26;-; 7 ;(8)86;(8)=6;(8)26;(8)36;(8)-26;(8)-;7 7 23(8);623(8)A;(8)6;(8)62(8)63(;(8)63(;(8)C;(8)7 7 233(8)6;3(8)6;(8)62(8)63(;(8)63(2(8)7 1%$"$0.1

% 6-e met-od of successive divisions<multi lications: calculus in the source base b Nsource base and h- destination base. is the generali5ation of the method of successive divisionsCmultiplications presented before for h723. in the general case N calculus in an arbitrary source base h. 8emar9: he method is recommended for h b( because we need to apply only divisionsCmultiplications by one digit. Exam le 1: A"@(%0(2>)7 M(<) with = digits for the fractional part - conversion of the integer part: A"@(2>) O <(2>) C O 28@ O <(2>) ;" C O ;9 O<(2>) C 8@ C O" O <(2>) "@ C 1 C O3 C $ 5 $ 45:01*1) 51$$031 - conversion of the fractional part: 3(%0(2>)A<(2>)7 2(><(2>) 3(><(2>)A<(2>)7 $(83(2>) 3(8(2>)A<(2>)7 %(3(2>)( 0"E'01*1) 0"2$%031 - the process of the successive multiplications is a finite one. 6-e final result: 45:"E'01*1) 51$$"2$%031 Exam le %: 2;=(=(8)7 M(;) - conversion of the integer part: 2;= (8) O ;(8) C O =2(8) O ;(8) 3= C O 2;(8) O;(8) C 22 C O =(8) O ;(8) 1 C 0 C O1 O;(8) 1 1 >3 1%$0.1) 110110%1 conversion of the fractional part: 3(=(8)A;(8)7 1";(8) 3(;(8)A;(8)7 1"3(8) 0"$0.1) 0"110%1 - the process of successive multiplications is a finite one. 6-e final result: 1%$"$0.1) 11011"110%1

$. 6-e met-od ;-ic- uses an intermediate base N0b1) N?0!1) N@"h1 b - the source base g N the intermediate base h - the destination base a) usually ! ) 10 7 calculus in base 10 - conversion from base b into base 23 N using the substitution method( - conversion from base 23 into base h N using the method of successive divisionsCmultiplications Exam le: =>"(;8(?)7 M(=) with = decimal on the fractional part b7?( h7= and we choose g 7 23 - we apply first the substitution method N calculus performed in decimal =>"(?) 7=A?;6>A?26"A?36;A?-268A?-; 7 29863(;<"?63(3<2>7298( =>?=7298(=>? - we apply the method of successive divisionsCmultiplications N calculus in base 23 298:=7>8 remainder ; 3(=>?A= 7 2(23 >8:=7;2 remainder 2 3(23A= 7 3(=3 ;2:=7 ? remainder 3 3.=3A= 7 3.9 ?:=7 ; remainder 2 ;:=7 3 remainder ; 298(=>> 7 ;232;(233(=) =>"(;8(?) 7 =298(=>> 7 ;232;(2(=) b) if b and h are o;ers of %" t-en ! ) % and ra id conversions are a lied Exam le: 23&A(@)(2>)7 M(<) - b 72>7 ;8( h 7 <7 ;= L we choose g 7 ; and we apply rapid conversions 1054":C(2>)7 3332 3333 2222 2323(2322 2233(;) 7 ) 332 333 322 222 323(232 222(;) 7 10$2%"52(<) Exam le: ;=32(2;=(8)7 M(<) - b 7 87 ;;( h 7 <7 ;= L we choose g 7 ; and we apply rapid conversions %$01"1%$ (8)7 23 22 33 32(32 23 22(;) 7 ) 323 223 332(322 322 (;) 7 %*1"$$(<) c) if b ) 10 and h ) % for efficiency ;e use ! ) 3 or ! ) 1* - conversion from base 23 into base g - the method of successive divisionsCmultiplications is applied

- conversion from base g into base ; N rapid conversions are applied Exam le: ;=8" 7M(;) b 7 23( h 7 ; and we choose g 7< - conversion from decimal into base <: the method of successive divisions is applied ;=8":<7 ;9= remainder 2 ;9=:<7 => remainder " =>:<7 8 remainder 8 8:<7 3 remainder 8 ;=8" 7 88"2(<) - conversion from base < to base ;: rapid conversions are applied 88"2(<) 7 233 233 232 332(;) ;=8" 7 88"2(<) 7 233 233232332(;)