FACTS Devices

Electronically Controlled Compensations and Network Controllers
FACTS Devices
Dr. M. EL-Shimy
2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU
References

Kundur, P. (1994). Power system stability and control. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Miller, T. J. E., & Concordia, C. (1982). Reactive power control in electric systems. Ekanayake, J., Jenkins, N., Liyanage, K., Wu, J., & Yokoyama, A. (2012). Smart grid: technology and applications. Wiley. Milano, F. (2010). Power system modelling and scripting. Springer. Acha, E., Agelidis, V., Anaya, O., & Miller, T. J. E. (2001). Power electronic control in electrical systems. Newnes. Mathur, R. M., Varma, R. K., & Varma, R. K. (2002). Thyristor-based FACTS controllers for electrical transmission systems (pp. 147-149). IEEE.
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Power flow control by FACTS devices and FACTS connections (Shunt, series, and hybrid)
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Static VAR Compensators (SVCs)
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SVCs
SVCs are static shunt compensators Ideal SVC
From equivalent circuit point of view an SVC is constructed of controllable shunt reactor (CSR) and controllable shunt capacitor (CSC)
Dr. M. EL-Shimy
An ideal SVC can fix the AC voltage a specific desired value given that the reactive power capability limits of an ideal SVC are infinite and the response time is zero
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Realistic SVCs do not have infinite capacity and their response time is limited
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Simplified power system V-I characteristics
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Composite SVC power system characteristics

System SVC
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Effect of switching capacitor
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Thyristor Controlled Reactors (TCRs)
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Harmonics
TCRs injects only odd harmonics
For single phase TCR
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Three phase TCRs
Delta connected all triple harmonics are eliminated by the connection
In Y-connection the harmonics are of the same orders as the single phase TCR
2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU 22
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TCR-FC SVC
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Examples
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Report
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SVC Voltage Regulator
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The SVC voltage regulator processes the measured system variables and generates an output signal that is proportional to the desired reactive-power compensation.

Different control variables and transfer functions of the voltage regulator are used, depending on the specic SVC application. The measured control variables are compared with a reference signal, usually Vref , and an error signal is input to the controller transfer function. The output of the controller is a per-unit susceptance signal Bref , which is generated to reduce the error signal to zero in the steady state. The susceptance signal is subsequently transmitted to the gate pulse generation circuit.
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Implementations of current droop (slope) in the voltage regulator
The SVC current is explicitly measured and multiplied by afactor KSL representing current droop before feeding as a signal VSL to the summing junction. RR = response rate
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In certain cases, it may be difficult to faithfully obtain the current signal.
This occurs when the SVC is operating close to its oating state, that is, zero MVA reactive power.
The current signal then comprises a predominant harmonic component and a fundamental resistive component corresponding to the real losses in SVC.
Dr. M. EL-Shimy
To overcome this problem, in certain SVC controllers the reactive power is computed and fed back instead of using the SVC current. The reactive-power signal is calculated by multiplying the phase currents in SVC by a fundamental-frequency voltage lagging behind the actual phase voltage by 90o.
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The other easily realizable option is the susceptance-droop feedback demonstrated It is implicitly assumed that the SVC bus voltage remains close to 1 pu; thus the SVC current that is strictly equal to Bref
Dr. M. EL-Shimy
The previous loop can be simplified to the gaintime constant form
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SVC Applications
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Improveme nt of HVDC link performanc e
Increase in steady-state powertransfer capacity Enhanceme nt of transient stability
SVC Applicatio ns
Prevention of voltage instability Augmentati on of powersystem damping
SVC mitigation of subsynchro nous resonance (SSR)

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Increase in steady-state power-transfer capacity
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Let the transmission line be compensated at its midpoint by an ideal SVC.
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Enhancement of transient stability
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STATCOM (or SSC)
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The STATCOM (or SSC) is a shunt-connected reactive-power compensation device that is capable of generating and / or absorbing reactive power and in which the output can be varied to control the specic parameters of an electric power system. A STATCOM connected to the distribution circuits is normally called a D-STATCOM.
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It is in general a solid-state switching converter capable of generating or absorbing

independently controllable
real and
reactive
power at its output terminals
when it is fed from an energy source or
energy-storage device at its input terminals. REM: SVCs can not generate or absorb active power
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STATCOM applications
Dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution systems; Power-oscillation damping in power transmission systems; Transient stability enhancement; Voltage icker control; and Control of not only reactive power but also (if needed) active power in the connected line, requiring a dc energy source.
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STATCOM Operation
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V-I Characteristics
Unlike the SVC, the STATCOM can provide full capacitive-reactive power atany system voltage - even as low as 0.15 pu. It is also capable of yielding the full output of capacitive generation almost independently of the system voltage (constant-current output at lower voltages).
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D-STATCOM for load compensation
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Electronically Controlled Compensations and Network Controllers

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

Static VAR Compensators (SVCs)

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

SVCs are static shunt compensators Ideal SVC

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

Simplified power system V-I characteristics

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

Composite SVC power system characteristics

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

Effect of switching capacitor

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

Thyristor Controlled Reactors (TCRs)

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

TCRs injects only odd harmonics

For single phase TCR

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

Three phase TCRs

Delta connected all triple harmonics are eliminated by the connection

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

SVC Voltage Regulator

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

Implementations of current droop (slope) in the voltage regulator

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

In certain cases, it may be difficult to faithfully obtain the current signal.

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

The previous loop can be simplified to the gaintime constant form

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

2014 EPM622_523 PS Control - ASU

Improveme nt of HVDC link performanc e

Increase in steady-state powertransfer capacity Enhanceme nt of transient stability

SVC mitigation of subsynchro nous resonance (SSR)

Increase in steady-state power-transfer capacity