AP CHAPTER 40 ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 1. What is the definition of animal tissues?

Animal tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function. 2. List four general categories of animal tissues. a. Epithelial b. Connective c. Nervous d. Muscle 3. List six types of connective tissues. a. Adipose tissues b. Bone c. Blood d. Cartilage e. Fibrous Connective tissue f. Loose connective tissue 4. What are the characteristics of the three muscle tissues? a. Smooth musclesi. lack striations (stripes) ii. spindle shaped iii. found in digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, internal organs iv. contract more slowly than skeletal muscles v. controlled by different nerves than skeletal muscles vi. responsible for involuntary body activities like churning of the stomach or constriction of arteries b. Cardiac muscles i. has contractile properties like skeletal muscles ii. branched iii. joined by intercalated discs that relay signals from cell to cell during a heartbeat. c. Skeletal muscles i. Responsible for voluntary movements ii. Striated muscle, filament are striped under the microscope 5. Place the terms in order from smallest to largest group. Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. 6. What is the goal of homeostasis and how is it maintained? The goal of homeostasis is to control the body and maintain balance. IT is maintained by feedback circuits inside of the body that report back to the control center. 7. Define negative feedback, give an example. Negative feedback is a primary mechanism of homeostasis- a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation. An example of this outside of the body is when a thermostat turns the heater on when it gets too cold in the house.

8. Define positive feedback, give an example. Positive feedback a physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify that change. During childbirth, the pressure of the babys head against sensors near the opening of the uterus stimulates the uterine contractions, which cause greater pressure against the uterus opening, heightening the contractions and making childbirth complete. 9. Account for several avenues of energy and molecular use for the food you eat. When you eat food, it is digested by enzymatic hydrolysis, and fuel molecules do a couple of different things: a. Generate ATP by the catabolism in cellular respiration and fermentation, which enables cells, organs and organ systems to keep animals alive. (heat is produced and lost) b. Can be used in biosynthesis for body growth, storage and production of gametes. 10. Compare the energy use of endotherms compared to ectotherms. a. Endotherms are warmed by heat generated by metabolism, which permits long duration activity over a wide range of environmental conditions, which requires much more energy to keep warm. b. Ectotherms are not kept warm by their metabolic heat, and are usually incapable of intense activity over long periods. 11. How do you account for the difference in energy needs of endotherms compared to ectotherms? Ectotherms require less energy because they do not move as much and their metabolisms cannot support a lot of movement. Endotherms tend to follw the idea that the smaller the animal, the greater the energy cost of maintaining a stable body temperature, but this is not proven for ectotherms. It has been proven however that the amount of energy it takes to maintain each gram of body weight is inversely related to body size.

AP: CHAPTER 41: ANIMAL NUTRITION 1. How does glucose metabolism demonstrate a homeostatic mechanism? 2. What role to the various essential nutrients have in animal metabolism? a. Protein b. Carbohydrates c. Lipids d. Vitamins e. Minerals f. Water 3. Why are there only 8 essential amino acids? 4. Identify a few deficiency diseases. 5. Identify some of the modes of hetertrophic nutrition. 6. What are the four main stages of food processing in heterotrophic nutrition? 7. What is the advantage of extracellular digestion over intracellular digestion?

8. What is the adaptive value of alimentary canal? 9. What two major changes occur to food in the mouth? 10. List a few significant aspects of the stomachs physiology.