PSY 201: Mind and Brain W14

Study Guide: Exam 2

In general, use !at e "#$ered in "lass t# guide !at y#u %#"us #n in t!e readings& 'eading: (#"us #n) Neural Plasticity pdf on the movie Brain Transplant Chapter 4: pp. 1 1!1"# Codin$ of Contrast pdf % pa$es& *erms+,#n"e-ts+.ames !i"! y#u s!#uld /n# 0#rgani1ed 2y t#-i"3: Neural Plasticity 'ovie Brain Transplant: (hat happened in the movie) *ascinatin$ story a+out tissue transplants done to help reverse a neurolo$ical disorder ,no-n as Par,inson.s /isease (hat is the +rain0s a+ility to repair dama$e) The +rain has a limited a+ility to repair severe dama$e 12 it can.t produce ne- cells. 3ne approach to help people recover from +rain dama$e is to replace lost tissue -ith tissue from another +rain 12 i.e.4 do 5+rain transplants56 (as the operation performed on 7 of the patients successful) Par,inson0s /isease symptoms! /ifficulty startin$ and stoppin$ voluntary movements4 ri$idity4 immo+ility4 and tremors. synthetic heroine- drug (MPTP)- MP*P 014met!yl444-!enyl41,2,5,64 tetra+!ydr#-yridine3 The cause of cell death in 8diopathic Pd is un,no-n ho-ever it is reco$nised that the neuroto9in 'PTP is selectively to9ic to the cells in the su+stantia ni$ra resultin$ in the si$ns and symptoms similar to 8diopathic Pd. !!: northern C: ille$al dru$ dealer synthesi;ed a modified version of heroin fo street sale. This synthesi;ed version of heroin %i.e.4 a 5desi$ner5 dru$& turned out to +e a poison -hich caused 5Par,insonian5 symptoms in its youn$ victims. !!<u+se=uently4 this synthetic neuroto9in has +een investi$ated as a possi+le cause for 5naturally5 occurrin$ Par,inson.s /isease4 and has +een used to study the disease and its possi+le treatments !!tissue transplants +rain structures involved: Basal >an$lia? <u+stantia Ni$ra in 'id+rain dopamine Neural su+strate: 8nvolves de$eneration of <u+stantia Ni$ra %<N& cells. <N is a nucleus in the 'id+rain -ith "ells containin$ /opamine neurotransmitters and pro@ectin$ to the Basal >an$lia %motor structures&.

<ensation: Sensati#n !! initial codin$ of messa$es from the senses.

7 Per"e-ti#n !! interpretation of those messa$es.

Averythin$ you do depends on sensoryBperceptual processin$ %e.$.4 -al,in$4 o+tainin$ food4 interactin$ socially&. C <ensory processin$ is fast and accurate. 8t needs to +e for <urvival. Continuous process: Can thin, of sensation and perception as the transformation of incomin$ si$nals into useful information % or representations& a+out the -orld. various human senses: vision4 hearin$4 touch4 taste4 smell4 +alance %5vesti+ular5 sense&4 lim+ position and movement %5,inesthesis5&4 temperature4 and pain. receptors4 speciali;ed structures that respond to a physical stimulus +y producin$ electrical chan$es that can initiate neural impulses. Deact directly to stimulation from the environment. <timuli!!li$ht4 sound4 motion4 chemicals4 pressure4etc. sensory neurons! carry neural impulses from the receptor to the central nervous system. sensory areas sensory neurons and path-ays lead to specific sensory areas in the corte9/efinitions transduction! Transduction!!the conversion of ener$y from a physical stimulus %e.$.4 li$ht& to neural responses%action potenatials& codin$ of stimulus! Depresentation of the stimulus in the pattern of action potentials. =uality different receptors are tuned to respond to different forms of ener$y. specific nerve ener$ies A.$4. retinal receptors %li$ht& vs. touch receptors %pressure&. =uantity a stron$er stimulus %e$4 more

intense li$ht& 12 lar$er receptor potentials 12faster rates of action potentials in sensory neurons %i.e.4 hi$her firin$ fre=uency&. the eye is constructed li,e a camera: cornea E lens 12 focus incomin$ li$ht rays photoreceptors %rods E cones& of the retina 12 are li$ht sensitive %Fli,e the film in a camera& parts of the retina: fovea!area of retina -here the receptor cells are especially densely pac,ed. 4 +lind spot rods E cones: distri+ution in the retina) -hat are their sensitivities) rods!!3utside of the fovea. Not sensitive to color. Gery sensitive to li$ht. 3perate at ni$ht.

C cones!!Concentrated in the fovea. Hess sensitive to li$ht.

li$ht -aves: -avelen$th %determines color& E amplitude %determines +ri$htness& cells of the retina: receptor cells4 +ipolar cells4 retinal $an$lion cells4 hori;ontal E amacrine cells %responsi+le for lateral inhi+itory interactions& visual path-ays: optic nerve 12 optic chiasm 12 Hateral >eniculate Nucleus %H>N& of the thalamus 12 primary visual corte9 %G1& 12 hi$her visual areas contralateral connections: nasal retinal $an$lion cells cross at optic chiasm? temporal $an$lion cells stay on same side codin$ of contrast and contours: retinal $an$lion and H>N cells have concentric onBoff receptive fields +est stimulus 1 spot of li$ht or ed$e? poor stimulus 1 uniform illumination mechanism 1 lateral inhi+ition neural +asis of these contrast effects): induced $ratin$4 +ri$htness contrast4 Iermann $rid4 'ach +ands primary visual cortical neurons simple cells are sensitive to particular contourBed$e orientations

feature detection: at hi$her levels of the visual system cells respond to more comple9 features functional speciali;ation 12 7 streams of processin$ in primate visual corte9: ventralB-hat path-ay %to the temporal lo+e& E dorsalB-here path-ay %to the parietal lo+e& deficits resultin$ from temporal or parietal lo+e lesions: visual a$nosia? prosopa$nosia? visual ne$lect? Balint0s syndrome? etc. patient /* %dama$e to ventralB-hat path-ay& Color Gision: purpose of color vision) perceptual se$re$ation perceptual dimensions of color: hue4 +ri$htness4 saturation see li$htBcolor: directly from li$ht sources or reflected from surfaces su+tractive and additive color mi9in$ 7 theories of color vision: +oth are correct 1& Trichromatic Theory: e9plains the three primaries la- of color %color matchin$ e9periments& mechanism: different cone types in retina 7& 3pponent!process Theory: e9plains opposin$ color afterima$es4 visuali;in$ colors mechanism: D!>4 J!B4 and Blac,!(hite retinal $an$lion and H>N cells Perception: psychophysics /etection 12 a+solute threshold /iscrimination 12 difference threshold: standard stimulus4 comparison stimulus4 @ust! noticea+le difference %@nd&4 (e+er0s la- 12 @nd 1 , 8 %, is the (e+er *raction4 8 is the intensity of the standard stimulus& perceptual or$ani;ation >estalt Psycholo$y: the -hole is different from the sum of the parts fi$ure!$round perceotion4 reversi+le fi$ures %e.$.4 facesBvase& $roupin$ principles: pro9imity4 similarity4 closure4 $ood continuation4 common movementBfate4 $ood form or simplicity perception of !/ form and depth: there are often multiple possi+le !/ interpretations of the same retinal ima$e %e.$.4 Nec,er cu+e& +inocular cues: retinalB+inocular disparity %stereoscope& monocular cues: motion: motion paralla94 optic flo-4 structure!from!motion %e.$.4 point!li$ht!-al,ers& shape and depth from contour: T!@unctions %specifyin$ interposition&4 crosses4 for,s shadin$Bli$htin$ linear perspective and te9ture $radients relative ima$e si;e elevation aerialBatmospheric perspective perceptual constancies: li$htness4 shape4 and si;e constancy perceived si;e 1 %retinal ima$e si;e& 9 %perceived distance& 12 <p 1 <r 9 /p distanceBsi;e illusions: :mes room4 moon illusion4 'Kller! Hyer and Pon;o 8llusions top!do-n %e.$.4 perceptual set4 conte9t effects& and +ottom!up %i.e.4 sensory& processin$