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Free Discharge
Submerged Discharge
Question
Two identical long pipes with different setting height are shown in the figure, The relationship between the two discharges in the pipes is:
A. Q1<Q2 C. Q1=Q2
B. Q1>Q2 D. uncertain
Question
A L-length short pipe is connected to an external wall of the water tank. The free discharge with a Q1-discharge is shown in Fig. A. Submerged discharge with a Q2-discharge is shown in figure B, the relationship between Q1 and Q2 is:
A.Q1=Q2 C.Q1<Q2
B. Q1>Q2 D. uncertain.
Example
The reinforced concrete inverted siphon through the road base is shown in figure . The pipe length lAB=60m, lBC=80m, lCD=60m,=20. Frictional factor = 0.0167 Determine: (1) When the water surface elevation difference 27.4m19.4m=8mthe pipe diameter d=2m, check the discharge Q; (2) If the discharge Q'=25.14m3/s , the pipe diameter and downstream water surface elevation are constant, what is the upstream water surface elevation?
the velocity
The discharge
(2)
Because the length, diameter, material of the pipe elements and the piping system don't change, the loss coefficient is not changed, so
The pipe diameter is 100mm and has length 15m and feeds directly into the atmosphere at point C 4m below the surface of the reservoir (i.e. za zc = 4.0m). The highest point on the pipe is a B which is 1.5m above the surface of the reservoir (i.e. zb za = 1.5m) and 5 m along the pipe measured from the reservoir. Assume the entrance and exit to the pipe to be sharp and the value of friction factor to be 0.32. Calculate a) velocity of water leaving the pipe at point C, b) pressure in the pipe at point B.
a) for entry loss kL = 0.5 , Pressure at A and C are both atmospheric, uA is very small so can be set to zero, giving
u2 l u2 u2 zA = + zC + + 0.5 2g 2g d 2g
L u2 z A zc = 1 + 0.5 + 2g d
Substitute in the numbers from the question
pB 1.26 2 3.2 5.0 1.5 = + (1.5 + ) 1000 9.81 2 9.81 0.1 pB = 28.58 103 N
Basic concepts of pipe system analysis apply also to multiple pipe systems. However, the solution procedure is more involved and can be iterative. Consider the following: 1. pipes in series 2. pipes in parallel
1 Pipes in Series
the piping that is connected by several pipe elements of different diameters in order.
1Energy equation
Where n is the numbers of pipe elements ; m is the numbers of minor resistance. 2Continuity equation Without discharge output With discharge output
Example
Consider the two reservoirs shown in figure, connected by a single pipe that changes diameter over its length. The surfaces of the two reservoirs have a difference in level of 9m. The pipe has a diameter of 200mm for the first 15m (from A to C) then a diameter of 250mm for the remaining 45m (from C to B).
For the entrance use kL = 0.5 and the exit kL = 1.0. The join at C is sudden. For both pipes use = 0.04.
2 pipes in parallel
Parallel Piping is the piping that the fluid can flow from one location to another location by two or more pipe elements.