Fed Circuit Re Posner

!"#$%& ($)$%* +,-.
$ ,/ 011%)2*
/,. $3% 4%&%.)2 +#.5-#$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

#$$%& '()* #(+ (&,- ./0-1#2&3 '()*
4567897:; <=6>= ?@ (9,- )68ABC973 '=D*E3
Ploin/iffe-Appellon/e,

F!

G/-/2/%#3 '()* 4=6> <=6>= ?@ G6C676:? .6:BH
CI6=@3 '=D*E #(+ G/-/2/%# G/J'%'-K3 '()*3
DefenJon/e-Croee Appellon/e.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

20l2-l548, -l549
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

AonIs from fho !nIfod Sfnfos IsfrIcf Courf for fho
orfhorn IsfrIcf of IIIInoIs In o. ll-CV-8540, CIrcuIf
Judgo !Ichnrd A. Iosnor.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

ocIdod: ArII 25, 20l4
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

I. JOSH!A !OSIK!AZ, OrrIck, HorrIngfon & Suf-
cIIffo !!I, of ow York, ow York, nrguod for InInfIffs-
oIInnfs. WIfh hIm on fho brIof woro MA!K S. AVIIS,
!ACHI! M. MCKIZII nnd T. VA IIA!CI, J!. of Wnsh-
Ingfon, C; nnd MATTHIW . IOWI!S, TonsogrIfy !nw
Crou !!I, of !odwood Shoros, CnIIfornIn. Of counsoI
wns KATHI!II M. KOII, OrrIck, HorrIngfon & SufcIIffo
!!I, of WnshIngfon, C.

AII!I IC. v. MOTO!O!A, IC. 2
AVI A. I!SO, QuInn ImnnuoI !rquhnrf & SuIII-
vnn, !!I, nrguod for dofondnnfs-cross noIInnfs. WIfh
hIm on fho brIof woro STIIHI A. SWI!OW; I!IA C.
CAO, of !odwood Shoros, CnIIfornIn; KATH!II M.
S!!!IVA nnd IWA! J. II!ACO, of ow York, ow
York; nnd CHA!!IS K. VI!HOIVI, of Snn IrnncIsco,
CnIIfornIn. Of counsoI woro !AYMO . IM!O nnd
AVI I!IH!, of ow York, ow York; nnd AMAA SCOTT
WI!!IAMSO, of ChIcngo, IIIInoIs.

JOI! AVIOW, Cunoo, CIIborf & !nucn, !!I, of
WnshIngfon, C, for nmIcus curIno Tho AmorIcnn AnfI-
frusf InsfIfufo. WIfh hIm on fho brIof wns !OII!T J.
CYKA!.

CHA!!IS W. SHII!IY, Innnor & WIfcoff, !fd., of ChI-
cngo, IIIInoIs, for nmIcus curIno Tho InfoIIocfunI Iroorfy
!nw AssocInfIon of ChIcngo.

II!A J. MCCOMAS, Hnynos nnd Ioono, !!I, of nI-
Ins, Toxns, for nmIcI curIno AIforn CorornfIon, of nI.
WIfh hor on fho brIof wns AVI !. MCCOMIS. Of counsoI
on fho brIof woro MA!TA IICKWITH, CIsco Sysfoms, Inc.,
of Snn Joso, CnIIfornIn; I!IZAIITH !A!I!, !ogIfoch Inc.,
of ownrk, CnIIfornIn; nnd !ICHA! J. !!TTO, J!., osf
!nbs, Inc., of InIo AIfo, CnIIfornIn.

!ICHA! M. I!!I!!, SonIor AdvIsor for comofIfIon
mnffors, !nIfod Sfnfos IodornI Trndo CommIssIon, of
WnshIngfon, C, for nmIcus curIno !nIfod Sfnfos IodornI
Trndo CommIssIon. WIfh hIm on fho brIof woro AVI C.
SHOKA, AcfIng ConornI CounsoI, WI!!IAM COHI, ou-
fy ConornI CounsoI, WI!!IAM I. AKISO, J!., Affornoy
nnd S!ZAI M!CK nf !OSICHO!, ChIof CounsoI for
InfoIIocfunI Iroorfy.

IITI! M. !ACASTI!, orsoy & WhIfnoy !!I, of
MInnonoIIs, MInnosofn, for nmIcus curIno Tho InsfIfufo
of IIocfrIcnI nnd IIocfronIcs IngInoors, Incorornfod.
WIfh hIm on fho brIof woro MICHAI! A. !ISAY, of MIn-
nonoIIs, MInnosofn, nnd II!II M. !ACH, ConornI Coun-
soI nnd ChIof ComIInnco OffIcor IIII, of ow York, ow
York.

IA!! . C!IMIT, Irnncroff I!!C, of WnshIngfon,
C, for nmIcI curIno VorIzon CommunIcnfIons Inc., of nI.
WIfh hIm on fho brIof wns . ZACHA!Y H!SO.

TIA M. CHAIII!!, Irocfor of InfoIIocfunI Iroorfy
IoIIcy, InfoI CorornfIon, of ChnndIor, ArIzonn, for nmIcus
curIno InfoI CorornfIon. WIfh hor on fho brIof woro
THOMAS C. H!CI! nnd MATTHIW . MCCI!!, CIbson,
unn & Crufchor !!I, of WnshIngfon, C.

!ICHA! S. TAIIIT, IInghnm McCufchon !!I, of ow
York, ow York, for nmIcus curIno QunIcomm Incoro-
rnfod. WIfh hIm on fho brIof woro IAT!ICK ST!AWI!ICI,
of Iosfon, Mnssnchusoffs nnd AVI I. SA!MOS, of
WnshIngfon, C.

I!IA !. MATS!I, MorrIson & Ioorsfor !!I, of Wnsh-
Ingfon, C, for nmIcus curIno !nw Irofossors Thomns I.
Coffor, of nI. WIfh hIm on fho brIof wns ATA!II !. !AM.

!OY T. IC!I!T, J!., !obbIns, !ussoII, IngIorf, Or-
sock, !nforoInor & Snubor !!I, of WnshIngfon, C, for
nmIcus curIno, ISA [Tho Soffwnro AIIInnco.

IAT!ICK J. I!I, AIsfon nnd IIrd !!I, of AfInnfn,
CoorgIn, for nmIcI curIno okIn CorornfIon, of nI. WIfh
hIm on fho brIof wns KIITH I. I!OY!IS.

I!IA C. !IOII!!I, McCuIro Woods !!I, of !Ich-
mond, VIrgInIn, for nmIcus curIno !osonrch In MofIon
!ImIfod. WIfh hIm on fho brIof woro !OII!T M. TY!I!
nnd K!ISTI M. CA!!IJA.

COSTATII !. T!I!A, J!., SIdIoy AusfIn !!I, of
ChIcngo, IIIInoIs, for nmIcus curIno MIcrosoff CorornfIon.
WIfh hIm on fho brIof woro !ICHA! A. CII!OTH nnd
ATHAII! C. !OVI. Of counsoI on fho brIof woro T.
A!IW C!!II!T nnd AVI I. KI!!O!CH, MIcrosoff
CorornfIon, of !odmond, Wosf VIrgInIn.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Ioforo !AI!, Clief JuJge, I!OST nnd !IYA, Circui/
JuJgee.
OInIon for fho courf fIIod by Circui/ JuJge !IYA.
OInIon dIssonfIng In nrf fIIod by Clief JuJge
!AI!.
OInIon concurrIng In nrf nnd dIssonfIng In nrf
fIIod by Circui/ JuJge I!OST.
!IYA, Circui/ JuJge
IInInfIffs AIo Inc. nnd oxf Soffwnro, Inc. (AIo)
fIIod n comInInf ngnInsf ofondnnfs MoforoIn, Inc. nnd
MoforoIn MobIIIfy, Inc. (MoforoIn) on Ocfobor 29, 20l0
In fho !nIfod Sfnfos IsfrIcf Courf for fho Wosforn Is-
frIcf of WIsconsIn, nssorfIng InfrIngomonf of fhroo n-
fonfs. MoforoIn counforcInImod, nssorfIng sIx of Ifs own
nfonfs. AIo nmondod Ifs comInInf fo IncIudo nn
nddIfIonnI fwoIvo nfonfs. Iofh nrfIos nIso soughf
docInrnfory judgmonfs of non-InfrIngomonf nnd InvnIIdIfy.
Affor cInIm consfrucfIon bognn In WIsconsIn, fho cnso
wns frnnsforrod fo fho !nIfod Sfnfos IsfrIcf Courf for
fho orfhorn IsfrIcf of IIIInoIs, Judgo Iosnor sIffIng by
dosIgnnfIon. Tho dIsfrIcf courf In IIIInoIs comIofod cInIm
consfrucfIon. Insod uon Ifs cInIm consfrucfIon docIsIons,
fho courf grnnfod summnry judgmonf of non-InfrIngomonf
wIfh rosocf fo corfnIn cInIms nnd oxcIudod fho vnsf
mnjorIfy of bofh nrfIos` dnmngos oxorf ovIdonco for fho
romnInIng cInIms. WIfh IIffIo oxorf ovIdonco doomod
ndmIssIbIo, fho courf grnnfod summnry judgmonf fhnf
noIfhor sIdo wns onfIfIod fo nny dnmngos or nn InjuncfIon.
osIfo InfrIngomonf boIng nssumod, fho dIsfrIcf courf
dIsmIssod nII cInIms wIfh rojudIco boforo frInI.
OnIy sIx nfonfs nro nf Issuo on nonI: AIo`s !.S.
Infonf os. ?,4?9,949; 6,343,263; nnd 5,946,64?; nnd
MoforoIn`s !.S. Infonf os. 6,359,898; 6,l?5,559; nnd
5,3l9,?l2. Tho nrfIos confosf fho dIsfrIcf courf`s cInIm
consfrucfIon, ndmIssIbIIIfy, dnmngos, nnd InjuncfIon
docIsIons. As dofnIIod boIow, wo nffIrm fho dIsfrIcf courf`s
cInIm consfrucfIon docIsIons, wIfh fho oxcofIon of Ifs
consfrucfIon of AIo`s `949 nfonf. WIfh n mInor oxco-
fIon, fho dIsfrIcf courf`s docIsIon fo oxcIudo fho dnmngos
ovIdonco rosonfod by bofh AIo nnd MoforoIn Is ro-
vorsod. Wo nIso rovorso fho dIsfrIcf courf`s grnnf of
summnry judgmonf of no dnmngos for InfrIngomonf of
AIo`s nfonfs. Insod uon our rovorsnI of fho dIsfrIcf
courf`s cInIm consfrucfIon of fho `949 nfonf, wo vncnfo
fho courf`s grnnf of summnry judgmonf rognrdIng AIo`s
roquosf for nn InjuncfIon. Tho courf`s docIsIon fhnf
MoforoIn Is nof onfIfIod fo nn InjuncfIon for InfrIngomonf
of fho I!A-commIffod `898 nfonf Is nffIrmod. Wo
nddross fhoso, nnd nII roInfod Issuos, In furn.
C!AIM COST!!CTIO
Tho nrfIos rnIso cInIm consfrucfIon Issuos rognrdIng
AIo`s `949, `263, nnd `64? nfonfs nnd MoforoIn`s `559
nnd `?l2 nfonfs. CInIm consfrucfIon Is n quosfIon of Inw
fhnf wo rovIow Je noto. C,Ior Corp. t. IAS Tecle., 1nc.,
l38 I.3d l448, l454-55 (Iod. CIr. l998) (on bnnc).
AIo`s `949 nfonf
Tho dIsfrIcf courf consfruod cInIms l, 2, 9, nnd l0 of
fho `949 nfonf nnd, bnsod uon Ifs consfrucfIon, grnnfod
MoforoIn`s mofIon for summnry judgmonf of non-
InfrIngomonf for fho mnjorIfy of fho nccusod roducfs.
Iocnuso fho dIsfrIcf courf mIsfnkonIy consfruod corfnIn
IImIfnfIons ns monns-Ius-funcfIon IImIfnfIons, wo rovorso
Ifs cInIm consfrucfIon nnd vncnfo fho subsoquonf sum-
mnry judgmonf docIsIon.
Tho `949 nfonf dIscIosos fho uso of fIngor confncfs fo
confroI n fouchscroon comufor. CInIms l, 2, 9, nnd l0 of
fho `949 nfonf nro rocIfod boIow, wIfh fho IImIfnfIons nf
Issuo omhnsIzod. CInIm l rocIfos:
A comufIng dovIco, comrIsIng: n fouch scroon
dIsIny; ono or moro rocossors; momory; nnd ono
or moro rogrnms,
whoroIn fho ono or moro rogrnms nro sforod In
fho momory nnd confIgurod fo bo oxocufod by fho
ono or moro rocossors, fho ono or moro rogrnms
IncIudIng:
InsfrucfIons for dofocfIng ono or moro fIngor con-
fncfs wIfh fho fouch scroon dIsIny;
InsfrucfIons for nIyIng ono or moro leurie/ice fo
fho ono or moro fIngor confncfs fo doformIno n
commnnd for fho dovIco; nnd
InsfrucfIons for rocossIng fho commnnd;
whoroIn fho ono or moro leurie/ice comrIso:
o ter/icol ecreen ecrolling leurie/ic for doformIn-
Ing fhnf fho ono or moro fIngor confncfs corro-
sond fo n ono-dImonsIonnI vorfIcnI scroon
scroIIIng commnnd rnfhor fhnn n fwo-dImonsIonnI
scroon frnnsInfIon commnnd IoeeJ on on ongle of
ini/iol notenen/ of o finger con/oc/ ui/l reepec/ /o
/le /oucl ecreen Jieplo,;
o /uo-Jineneionol ecreen /ronelo/ion leurie/ic for
doformInIng fhnf fho ono or moro fIngor confncfs
corrosond fo fho fwo-dImonsIonnI scroon frnnsIn-
fIon commnnd rnfhor fhnn fho ono-dImonsIonnI
vorfIcnI scroon scroIIIng commnnd IoeeJ on /le
AII!I IC. v. MOTO!O!A, IC. ?
ongle of ini/iol notenen/ of /le finger con/oc/ ui/l
reepec/ /o /le /oucl ecreen Jieplo,; nnd
o nex/ i/en leurie/ic for doformInIng fhnf fho ono
or moro fIngor confncfs corrosond fo n commnnd
fo frnnsIfIon from dIsInyIng n rosocfIvo Ifom In
n sof of Ifoms fo dIsInyIng n noxf Ifom In fho sof
of Ifoms.
`949 nfonf nf coI. l22 I. 3? - coI. l23 I. 2 (omhnsos ndd-
od). CInIm 2 rocIfos:
Tho comufIng dovIco of cInIm l, whoroIn fho ono
or moro hourIsfIcs IncIudo o leurie/ic for dofor-
mInIng fhnf fho ono or moro fIngor confncfs corro-
sond fo n commnnd fo frnnsInfo confonf wIfhIn n
frnmo rnfhor fhnn frnnsInfIng nn onfIro ngo fhnf
IncIudos fho frnmo.
1J. nf coI. l23, Ins 3-? (omhnsIs nddod). CInIm l0 rocIfos:
Tho comufIng dovIco of cInIm 9, whoroIn fho fIrsf
sof of hourIsfIcs comrIsos o leurie/ic for dofor-
mInIng fhnf fho ono or moro fIrsf fIngor confncfs
corrosond fo n ono-dImonsIonnI horIzonfnI scroon
scroIIIng commnnd rnfhor fhnn fho fwo-
dImonsIonnI scroon frnnsInfIon commnnd bnsod on
fho nngIo of InIfInI movomonf of fho fIngor confncf
wIfh rosocf fo fho fouch scroon dIsIny.
1J. nf coI. l24, II. l-?. Tho dIsfrIcf courf fIrsf found fhnf
fho cInIm form hourIsfIc wns nof IndofInIfo, Insfond
consfruIng If ns ono or moro ruIos fo bo nIIod fo dnfn fo
nssIsf In drnwIng Inforoncos from fhnf dnfn. oxf, fho
courf found fhnf fho hourIsfIc IImIfnfIons In cInIms l, 2,
9, nnd l0 doscrIbod funcfIons wIfhouf doscrIbIng fho
sfrucfuro nocossnry fo orform fho funcfIons. AccordIng-
Iy, fho courf concIudod fhnf fhoso cInIm IImIfnfIons woro
monns-Ius-funcfIon IImIfnfIons undor 35 !.S.C. ll2,
6, dosIfo nof rocIfIng fho word monns. Tho courf noxf
found fhnf fho socIfIcnfIon confnInod suffIcIonf corro-
sondIng sfrucfuro cnnbIo of orformIng fho cInImod
funcfIons. 35 !.S.C. ll2. In doIng so, fho courf IImIfod
fho noxf Ifom hourIsfIc In cInIm l fo n hourIsfIc fhnf
usos ns ono Inuf n usor`s finger /op on /le rigl/ eiJe of
/le Jeticeè /oucl ecreen. Insod uon fhIs consfrucfIon,
MoforoIn movod for summnry judgmonf of non-
InfrIngomonf. Tho courf concIudod fhnf fho onIy nccusod
roducfs fhnf uso n fIngor fn In fhIs mnnnor nro fhoso
fhnf como ro-Iondod wIfh n socIfIc rogrnm: fho Amnzon
KIndIo nIIcnfIon. Tho courf grnnfod MoforoIn`s mofIon
for summnry judgmonf of non-InfrIngomonf for fho ro-
mnInIng nccusod roducfs.
On nonI, MoforoIn ngnIn nrguos fhnf hourIsfIc Is
IndofInIfo. In fho nIfornnfIvo, MoforoIn nrguos fhnf fho
dIsfrIcf courf corrocfIy concIudod fhnf fho hourIsfIc IImIfn-
fIons woro drnffod In monns-Ius-funcfIon formnf nnd
corrocfIy IImIfod fho noxf Ifom hourIsfIc IImIfnfIon fo
fho fIngor fn gosfuro. AIo oInfs ouf fhnf fho cInIms
do nof uso fho word monns nnd fhnf fhIs cronfos n
sfrong rosumfIon ngnInsf consfruIng fho IImIfnfIons ns
monns-Ius-funcfIon IImIfnfIons. AIo nrguos fhnf fho
hourIsfIc IImIfnfIons connofo suffIcIonfIy dofInIfo sfruc-
furo such fhnf MoforoIn hns nof ovorcomo fhIs sfrong
rosumfIon.
Whofhor cInIm Inngungo Invokos SocfIon ll2, 6 Is n
quosfIon of Inw fhnf wo rovIow Je noto. 1nten/io AG t.
Tl,eeenKrupp 1leto/or Anericoe Corp., 649 I.3d l350,
l356 (Iod. CIr. 20ll); Ligl/ing WorlJ, 1nc. t. BircluooJ
Ligl/ing, 1nc., 382 I.3d l354, l358 (Iod. CIr. 2004).
SocfIon ll2, 6 sfnfos:
An oIomonf In n cInIm for n combInnfIon mny bo
oxrossod ns n monns or sfo for orformIng n
socIfIod funcfIon wIfhouf fho rocIfnI of sfrucfuro,
mnforInI, or ncfs In suorf fhoroof, nnd such
cInIm shnII bo consfruod fo covor fho corrosond-
Ing sfrucfuro, mnforInI, or ncfs doscrIbod In fho
socIfIcnfIon nnd oquIvnIonfs fhoroof.
35 !.S.C. ll2, 6. Tho ovornII monns-Ius-funcfIon
nnnIysIs Is n fwo-sfo rocoss. nfurnIIy, fhoro Is somo
nnnIyfIcnI ovorIn bofwoon fhoso fwo sfos. In fho fIrsf
sfo, wo musf doformIno If fho cInIm IImIfnfIon Is drnffod
In monns-Ius-funcfIon formnf. As nrf of fhIs sfo, wo
musf consfruo fho cInIm IImIfnfIon fo docIdo If If connofos
suffIcIonfIy dofInIfo sfrucfuro fo n orson of ordInnry
skIII In fho nrf, whIch roquIros us fo consIdor fho socIfI-
cnfIon (nmong ofhor ovIdonco). In fho socond sfo, If fho
IImIfnfIon Is In monns-Ius-funcfIon formnf, wo musf
socIfIcnIIy rovIow fho socIfIcnfIon for corrosondIng
sfrucfuro. Thus, whIIo fhoso fwo sfrucfuro InquIrIos
nro InhoronfIy roInfod, fhoy nro dIsfIncf.
Tho Issonf Is concornod fhnf wo hnvo ImormIssIbIy
Iookod for corrosondIng sfrucfuro In fho socIfIcnfIon
boforo docIdIng fhnf fho cInIm Is In monns-Ius-funcfIon
formnf fhoroby cronfIng n now ruIo fhnf rondors eter,
monns-Ius-funcfIon cInIm form IndofInIfo. J. Irosf
Issonf nf 3-4 (omhnsIs In orIgInnI) (Issonf). ThIs Is
nof our nnnIysIs. Tho Issonf corrocfIy nofos fhnf fho
fIrsf sfo In fho monns-Ius-funcfIon nnnIysIs roquIros us
fo doformIno whofhor fho onfIro cInIm IImIfnfIon nf Issuo
connofos suffIcIonfIy dofInIfo sfrucfuro fo n orson of
ordInnry skIII In fho nrf. Issonf nf 2-3. In so doIng, wo
nnfurnIIy Iook fo fho socIfIcnfIon, rosocufIon hIsfory,
nnd roIovnnf oxfornnI ovIdonco fo consfruo fho IImIfnfIon.
WhIIo fhIs InquIry mny bo sImIInr fo IookIng for corro-
sondIng sfrucfuro In fho socIfIcnfIon, our rocodonf
roquIros If whon docIdIng whofhor n cInIm IImIfnfIon
InckIng monns connofos suffIcIonfIy dofInIfo sfrucfuro fo n
orson of ordInnry skIII In fho nrf. See, e.g., 1nten/io, 649
I.3d nf l35? (If Is roor fo consuIf fho InfrInsIc rocord,
IncIudIng fho wrIffon doscrIfIon, whon doformInIng If n
chnIIongor hns robuffod fho rosumfIon fhnf n cInIm
InckIng fho form 'monns` rocIfos suffIcIonfIy dofInIfo
AII!I IC. v. MOTO!O!A, IC. l0
sfrucfuro.); Ligl/ing WorlJ, 382 I.3d nf l360-64 (oxnm-
InIng fho wrIffon doscrIfIon nnd oxfornnI ovIdonco); Ilo
Heol/lcore Solu/ione, LLC t. Koppoe, 69? I.3d l36?, l3?4
(Iod. CIr. 20l2) (oxnmInIng romnInIng cInIm Inngungo,
wrIffon doscrIfIon, nnd oxfornnI ovIdonco); Lineor Tecl.
Corp. t. 1npolo Lineor Corp., 3?9 I.3d l3ll, l320 (Iod.
CIr. 2004) (oxnmInIng romnInIng cInIm Inngungo nnd
oxfornnI ovIdonco). Iocnuso fhoso InquIrIos nro dIsfIncf,
If Is ossIbIo fo fInd fhnf n cInIm IImIfnfIon doos nof
connofo suffIcIonfIy dofInIfo sfrucfuro dosIfo fho ros-
onco of somo corrosondIng sfrucfuro In fho socIfIcnfIon.
See, e.g., Moeeocluee//e 1ne/. of Tecl. t. AIocue Sof/uore,
462 I.3d l344, l355 (Iod. CIr. 2006) (MIT); Wel/er
Beoring Co. t. PHD, 1nc., 550 I.3d l090, l096-9? (Iod.
CIr. 2008). As such, nof ovory monn-Ius-funcfIon
IImIfnfIon Is IndofInIfo undor our rocodonf; onIy fhoso
fhnf Inck fho form monns, do nof connofo suffIcIonfIy
dofInIfo sfrucfuro, nnd Inck corrosondIng sfrucfuro. Wo
do nof sfnfo or nIy n dIfforonf ruIo In fhIs cnso. In fhIs
cnso, ns wo fInd fhnf fho cInIms connofo suffIcIonfIy
dofInIfo sfrucfuro fo n orson of ordInnry skIII In fho nrf,
wo do nof ronch fho socond sfo of fho monns-Ius-
funcfIon nnnIysIs.
As fho dIsfrIcf courf rocognIzod, whon n cInIm IImIfn-
fIon Incks fho form monns, If cronfos n robuffnbIo ro-
sumfIon fhnf SocfIon ll2, 6 doos nof nIy. See, e.g.,
Ligl/ing WorlJ, 382 I.3d nf l358; CCS Ii/neee, 1nc. t.
Bruneuic/ Corp., 288 I.3d l359, l369 (Iod. CIr. 2002).
ThIs rosumfIon mny bo ovorcomo If fho cInIm fnIIs fo
rocIfo suffIcIonfIy dofInIfo sfrucfuro or moroIy rocIfos n
funcfIon wIfhouf rocIfIng suffIcIonf sfrucfuro for orform-
Ing fhnf funcfIon. Lineor, 3?9 I.3d nf l3l9 (quofIng
Wo//e t. XL S,e. 1nc., 232 I.3d 88?, 880 (Iod. CIr. 2000));
eee oleo 1nten/io, 649 I.3d nf l356. Wo hnvo roonfodIy
chnrncforIzod fhIs rosumfIon ns sfrong nnd nof
rondIIy ovorcomo nnd, ns such, hnvo soIdom hoId fhnf n
IImIfnfIon wIfhouf rocIfnfIon of monns Is n monns-Ius-
AII!I IC. v. MOTO!O!A, IC. ll
funcfIon IImIfnfIon. Ligl/ing WorlJ, 382 I.3d nf l358,
l362; 1nten/io, 649 I.3d nf l356; eee oleo Ilo Heol/lcore,
69? I.3d nf l3?4 (Whon fho cInIm drnffor hns nof sIg-
nnIod hIs Infonf fo Invoko ll2, 6 by usIng fho form
'monns,` wo nro unwIIIIng fo nIy fhnf rovIsIon wIfhouf
n showIng fhnf fho IImIfnfIon ossonfInIIy Is dovoId of
nnyfhIng fhnf cnn bo consfruod ns sfrucfuro.).
Tho Issonf suggosfs fhnf choosIng fo IncIudo monns
In n cInIm IImIfnfIon Is n mInor drnffIng docIsIon fhnf
corrosondIngIy morIfs IIffIo woIghf In n SocfIon ll2, 6
nnnIysIs. Issonf nf ?. Wo dIsngroo. Tho sfrong ro-
sumfIon cronfod by nof IncIudIng monns In n cInIm
IImIfnfIon rovIdos cInrIfy nnd rodIcfnbIIIfy for fho
ubIIc nnd fho nfonfoo nIIko. If hoIs fho ubIIc dofor-
mIno whon cInIm oIomonfs nro oxrossIy IImIfod fo sfruc-
furos dIscIosod In fho socIfIcnfIon (or fhoIr oquIvnIonfs)
nnd rovIdos fho nfonfoo wIfh fho fooIs for roIInbIy
InvokIng or nvoIdIng monns-Ius-funcfIon cInImIng. If
nIso sIgnnIs fo fho courf fhnf fho nfonfoo hns choson fo
nvnII, or nvoId, fho bonofIfs of SocfIon ll2, 6. Wo rocog-
nIzo fhnf fho choIco fo drnff n cInIm In brond sfrucfurnI
forms rnfhor fhnn In n monns-Ius-funcfIon formnf mny
rondor fho cInIm moro vuInornbIo fo nn InvnIIdIfy nffnck.
1J. Whofhor fo drnff n cInIm In brond sfrucfurnI forms Is
fho cInIm drnffor`s choIco, nnd nny rosuIfIng rIsk fhnf
omnnnfos from fhnf choIco Is nof n bnsIs for fho courf fo
rowrIfo n cInIm In monns-Ius-funcfIon formnf. See iJ.
Iy focusIng on fho cInIm forms fho nfonfoo choso, fhIs
rosumfIon nIso ronffIrms fho rImncy of fho cInIm
Inngungo durIng cInIm consfrucfIon, ns oufIInod In Plil-
lipe t. AWH Corp. 4l5 I.3d l303 (Iod. CIr. 2005). Horo,
ns In nII nsocfs of cInIm consfrucfIon, fho nnmo of fho
gnmo Is fho cInIm. 1n re Hini/er Co., l50 I.3d l362, l369
(Iod. CIr. l998) (quofIng CIIos SufhorInnd !Ich, 1x/en/ of
Pro/ec/ion onJ 1n/erpre/o/ion of CloineAnericon Per-
epec/itee, 2l InfÌ !ov. Indus. Iro. & CoyrIghf !. 49?,
499 (l990)).
In fhIs cnso, MoforoIn bonrs fho burdon of ovorcomIng
fho rosumfIon fhnf SocfIon ll2, 6 doos nof nIy by n
roondornnco of fho ovIdonco. See Apex 1nc. t. Iori/on
Conpu/er, 1nc., 325 I.3d l364, l3?2 (Iod. CIr. 2003). Tho
dIsfrIcf courf mndo sovornI orronoous fIndIngs fhnf Iod If
fo IncorrocfIy concIudo fhnf MoforoIn robuffod fhIs sfrong
rosumfIon. Tho dIsfrIcf courf mIsnIIod our rocodonf
by roquIrIng fho cInIm IImIfnfIons of fho `949 nfonf
fhomsoIvos fo dIscIoso n sfo-by-sfo nIgorIfhm ns ro-
quIrod by Arie/ocro/ Teclnologiee. Arie/ocro/ nnd roInfod
cnsos hoId fhnf, if o po/en/ee loe into/eJ conpu/er-
inplenen/eJ neone-plue-func/ion cloining, fho corro-
sondIng sfrucfuro In fho socIfIcnfIon for fho comufor
ImIomonfod funcfIon musf bo nn nIgorIfhm unIoss n
gonornI uroso comufor Is suffIcIonf for orformIng fho
funcfIon. Arie/ocro/ Tecle. Aue/l. P/, L/J. t. 1n/`l Gone
Tecl., 52l I.3d l328, l333 (Iod. CIr. 2008) (roquIrIng
dIscIosuro of nn nIgorIfhm whon If Is nof dIsufod fhnf
cInIms woro drnffod In monns-Ius-funcfIon formnf); WMS
Goning 1nc. t. 1n/`l Gone Tecl., l84 I.3d l339, l349
(Iod. CIr. l999) (snmo); ePlue, 1nc. t. Loueon Sof/uore,
1nc., ?00 I.3d 509, 5l8 (Iod. CIr. 20l2); T,ploon Toucl
Tecle., 1nc. t. Dell, 1nc., 659 I.3d l3?6, l385 (Iod. CIr.
20ll). Bu/ eee 1n re Ko/c 1n/eroc/ite Coll Proceeeing
Po/en/ Li/ig., 639 I.3d l303, l3l6 (Iod. CIr. 20ll) (fInd-
Ing fhnf dIscIosuro of n gonornI uroso comufor Is
suffIcIonf corrosondIng sfrucfuro for monns-Ius-funcfIon
cInIms).
In nII fhoso cnsos, fho cInIms rocIfod fho form
monns, fhoroby oxrossIy InvokIng monns-Ius-funcfIon
cInImIng. In nddIfIon, fho nrfIos In fhoso cnsos dId nof
dIsufo on nonI fhnf fhoso cInIms woro drnffod In
monns-Ius-funcfIon formnf. Honco, whoro n cInIm Is nof
drnffod In monns-Ius-funcfIon formnf, fho ronsonIng In
fho Arie/ocro/ IIno of cnsos doos nof nufomnfIcnIIy nIy,
nnd nn nIgorIfhm Is fhoroforo nof nocossnrIIy roquIrod.
Tho corrocf InquIry, whon monns Is nbsonf from n IImI-
fnfIon, Is whofhor fho IImIfnfIon, rond In IIghf of fho
romnInIng cInIm Inngungo, socIfIcnfIon, rosocufIon
hIsfory, nnd roIovnnf oxfrInsIc ovIdonco, hns suffIcIonfIy
dofInIfo sfrucfuro fo n orson of ordInnry skIII In fho nrf.
Horo, fho nnswor Is yos.
Sfrucfuro fo n orson of ordInnry skIII In fho nrf of
comufor-ImIomonfod InvonfIons mny dIffor from moro
frndIfIonnI, mochnnIcnI sfrucfuro. Ior oxnmIo, IookIng
for frndIfIonnI hysIcnI sfrucfuro In n comufor soffwnro
cInIm Is fruIfIoss bocnuso soffwnro doos nof confnIn hysI-
cnI sfrucfuros. Indood, fho fyIcnI hysIcnI sfrucfuro fhnf
ImIomonfs soffwnro, n comufor, cnnnof bo roIIod uon
fo rovIdo suffIcIonfIy dofInIfo sfrucfuro for n soffwnro
cInIm InckIng monns. !nfhor, fo ono of skIII In fho nrf,
fho sfrucfuro of comufor soffwnro Is undorsfood
fhrough, for oxnmIo, nn oufIIno of nn nIgorIfhm, n
fIowchnrf, or n socIfIc sof of InsfrucfIons or ruIos. See,
e.g., T,ploon Toucl, 659 I.3d nf l385 (|T]ho nfonf nood
onIy dIscIoso suffIcIonf sfrucfuro for n orson of skIII In
fho fIoId fo rovIdo nn oornfIvo soffwnro rogrnm for fho
socIfIod funcfIon.); Iinieor Corp. t. DirecTV Grp., 1nc.,
523 I.3d l323, l340 (Iod. CIr. 2008).
l
!oquIrIng frndI-
fIonnI hysIcnI sfrucfuro In soffwnro IImIfnfIons InckIng
fho form monns wouId rosuIf In nII of fhoso IImIfnfIons
boIng consfruod ns monns-Ius-funcfIon IImIfnfIons nnd
subsoquonfIy boIng found IndofInIfo.
l
Wo cIfo fhoso cnsos ns oxnmIos of sfrucfuro fo n
orson ordInnrIIy skIIIod In fho nrf of comufor soffwnro.
Wo do nof cIfo fhoso cnsos for fho rIncIIo fhnf wo musf
rovIow fho socIfIcnfIon, rosocufIon hIsfory, nnd roIovnnf
oxfornnI ovIdonco whon docIdIng If n cInIm IImIfnfIon
connofos sfrucfuro. See Issonf nf fn. 2. As dIscussod
horoIn, fhoro Is nmIo suorf for fhnf roosIfIon oIso-
whoro. See, e.g., 1nten/io, 649 I.3d nf l356-5?.

A IImIfnfIon hns suffIcIonf sfrucfuro whon If rocIfos n
cInIm form wIfh n sfrucfurnI dofInIfIon fhnf Is oIfhor
rovIdod In fho socIfIcnfIon or gonornIIy known In fho
nrf. See, e.g., Ilo Heol/lcore, 69? I.3d nf l3?4 (Wo wIII
nof nIy ll2, 6 If fho IImIfnfIon confnIns n form fhnf
'Is usod In common nrInnco or by orsons of skIII In fho
orfInonf nrf fo dosIgnnfo sfrucfuro.`) (quo/ing Ligl/ing
WorlJ, 382 I.3d nf l359); PereonoliceJ MeJio, l6l I.3d nf
?04-05. In PereonoliceJ MeJio, wo found fhnf fho cInIm
form dofocfor, by IfsoIf, connofod suffIcIonf sfrucfuro fo
n orson of ordInnry skIII In fho nrf. l6l I.3d nf ?04-05
(ngrooIng wIfh A!J fhnf 'dofocfor` hnd n woII-known
monnIng fo fhoso of skIII In fho oIocfrIcnI nrfs connofnfIvo
of sfrucfuro). Thoro, wo confrnsfod fho sfrucfurnI form
dofocfor wIfh gonorIc, non-sfrucfurnI, forms such ns
monns, oIomonf, nnd dovIco. 1J. nf ?05; eee oleo
Apex, 325 I.3d nf l3?3 (fIndIng fhnf fho form cIrcuIf,
couIod wIfh IdonfIfIors such ns Inforfnco, rogrnm-
mIng, nnd IogIc, connofod suffIcIonf sfrucfuro fo n
orson of ordInnry skIII In fho nrf).
Sfrucfuro mny nIso bo rovIdod by doscrIbIng fho
cInIm IImIfnfIon`s oornfIon, such ns Ifs Inuf, oufuf, or
connocfIons. Tho IImIfnfIon`s oornfIon Is moro fhnn jusf
Ifs funcfIon; If Is how fho funcfIon Is nchIovod In fho
confoxf of fho InvonfIon. Ior oxnmIo, In Lineor, wo
found fhnf fho cInIm form cIrcuIf hns n known sfrucfurnI
dofInIfIon nnd fhnf fho nfonf doscrIbod fho cIrcuIf`s
oornfIon, IncIudIng Ifs Inuf, oufuf, nnd objocfIvo. 3?9
I.3d nf l320-2l. SImIInrIy, In Ligl/ing WorlJ, wo found
fhnf connocfor hnd n known sfrucfurnI dofInIfIon nnd
fhnf fho socIfIcnfIon doscrIbod Ifs oornfIonnI roquIro-
monfs, IncIudIng whIch cInIm oIomonfs If wns connocfod
fo nnd how fhoy woro connocfod. 382 I.3d nf l36l-63. In
bofh cnsos, wo found fho rosumfIon ngnInsf monns-
Ius-funcfIon cInImIng wns unrobuffod.
Ivon If n nfonfoo oIocfs fo uso n gonorIc cInIm form,
such ns n nonco word or n vorbnI consfrucf, roorIy
consfruIng fhnf form (In vIow of fho socIfIcnfIon, rosocu-
fIon hIsfory, ofc.) mny sfIII rovIdo suffIcIonf sfrucfuro
such fhnf fho rosumfIon ngnInsf monns-Ius-funcfIon
cInImIng romnIns Infncf. 1J. nf l360; eee oleo 1nten/io,
649 I.3d nf l356-5? (CInIms nro Inforrofod In IIghf of
fho wrIffon doscrIfIon suorfIng fhom, nnd fhnf Is fruo
whofhor or nof fho cInIm consfrucfIon InvoIvos Inforrof-
Ing n 'monns` cInuso.); M1T, 462 I.3d nf l354 (Tho
gonorIc forms 'mochnnIsm,` 'monns,` 'oIomonf,` nnd 'do-
vIco,` fyIcnIIy do nof connofo suffIcIonfIy dofInIfo sfruc-
furo.). Ior oxnmIo, In 1nten/io, fho cInIm IncIudod fho
gonorIc form dovIco. 649 I.3d nf l354 (rocIfIng nf Ionsf
ono noJernicing Jetice nnd connocfIng fho nf Ionsf ono
noJernicing Jetice fo snId fIoor formInnIs nnd snId nf
Ionsf ono comufIng unIf.) (omhnsIs nddod). Howovor,
fho socIfIcnfIon doscrIbod fho modornIzIng dovIco`s Inuf,
oufuf, InfornnI comononfs, nnd how fho InfornnI com-
ononfs woro Inforconnocfod. 1J. nf l358-59. As such,
fho rosumfIon ngnInsf monns-Ius-funcfIon fronfmonf
wns nof ovorcomo. See oleo Ilo Heol/lcore, 69? I.3d nf
l3?4-?5 (nofIng fhnf mochnnIsm Is n gonorIc form, buf
fhon IookIng fo romnInIng cInIm Inngungo nnd wrIffon
doscrIfIon boforo fIndIng fhnf fho fuII cInIm IImIfnfIon
connofod sfrucfuro). Thoso cnsos fonch fhnf, If n IImIfn-
fIon rocIfos n form wIfh n known sfrucfurnI monnIng, or
rocIfos oIfhor n known or gonorIc form wIfh n suffIcIonf
doscrIfIon of Ifs oornfIon, fho rosumfIon ngnInsf
monns-Ius-funcfIon cInImIng romnIns Infncf.
Tho IImIfnfIon nood nof connofo n sIngIo, socIfIc
sfrucfuro; rnfhor, If mny doscrIbo n cInss of sfrucfuros.
See, e.g., PereonoliceJ MeJio Connc`ne, LLC t. 1n/`l
TroJe Conn`n, l6l I.3d 696, ?05 (Iod. CIr. l998) (Ivon
fhough fho form 'dofocfor` doos nof socIfIcnIIy ovoko n
nrfIcuInr sfrucfuro, If doos convoy fo ono knowIodgonbIo
In fho nrf n vnrIofy of sfrucfuros known ns 'dofocfors.`);
Ilo Heol/lcore, 69? I.3d nf l3?4-?5 (fIndIng fhnf cInIm
form hoIghf ndjusfmonf mochnnIsm dosIgnnfos n cInss
of sfrucfuros fhnf nro gonornIIy undorsfood fo orsons of
skIII In fho nrf). Indood, ovon If fho nfonf doscrIbos nII
sfrucfuros fhnf orform fho rocIfod funcfIon, fhIs, by
IfsoIf, doos nof ovorcomo fho sfrong rosumfIon fhnf
monns-Ius-funcfIon cInImIng doos nof nIy whon fho
form monns Is nof rocIfod In fho cInIm. Ligl/ing WorlJ,
382 I.3d nf l36l-62.
Iy confrnsf, If fho cInIm moroIy rocIfos n gonorIc
nonco word nnd fho romnInIng cInIm Inngungo, socIfIcn-
fIon, rosocufIon hIsfory, nnd roIovnnf oxfornnI ovIdonco
rovIdo no furfhor sfrucfurnI doscrIfIon fo n orson of
ordInnry skIII In fho nrf, fhon fho rosumfIon ngnInsf
monns-Ius-funcfIon cInImIng Is robuffod. In M1T, for
oxnmIo, fho cInIms rocIfod n coIornnf soIocfIon mochn-
nIsm. 462 I.3d nf l353. As nofod, mochnnIsm by IfsoIf
doos nof connofo suffIcIonf sfrucfuro, nnd fho form coIor-
nnf soIocfIon wns nof dofInod In fho socIfIcnfIon or
ofhorwIso known fo n orson of ordInnry skIII In fho nrf.
1J. nf l353-55. Iurfhor, fho nfonfoo usod fho forms
mochnnIsm nnd monns InforchnngonbIy In fho socIfI-
cnfIon. 1J. nf l354; eee oleo Moe-Honil/on Grp. t.
LoGorJ 1nc., l56 I.3d l206, l2l4-l6 (Iod. CIr. l998)
(cInIm rocIfod oIomonf nnd mombor nnd nfonf rovId-
od no furfhor sfrucfurnI doscrIfIon of fhoso gonorIc
forms); Wel/er Beoring, 550 I.3d nf l096-9? (cInIm rocIfod
n mochnnIsm wIfhouf furfhor sfrucfuro doscrIbod In
socIfIcnfIon). Thus, If n cInIm rocIfos n gonorIc form fhnf,
roorIy consfruod In IIghf of fho socIfIcnfIon, Incks
suffIcIonfIy dofInIfo sfrucfuro fo n orson of ordInnry skIII
In fho nrf, fho rosumfIon Is ovorcomo nnd fho nfonfoo
hns Invokod monns-Ius-funcfIon cInImIng.
WIfh fhIs rocodonf In mInd, wo furn fo fho cInIm IIm-
IfnfIons nf Issuo In fho `949 nfonf. Wo fInd fhnf hourIs-
fIc hns n known monnIng nnd fho `949 nfonf nIso
doscrIbos fho IImIfnfIon`s oornfIon, IncIudIng Ifs Inuf,
oufuf, nnd how Ifs oufuf mny bo nchIovod. AccordIngIy,
fho hourIsfIc cInIm IImIfnfIons rocIfod nbovo hnvo suffI-
AII!I IC. v. MOTO!O!A, IC. l?
cIonfIy dofInIfo sfrucfuro, fo n orson of ordInnry skIII In
fho nrf, for orformIng fho rocIfod funcfIons.
IrondIy sonkIng, fho funcfIon of fho rocIfod IImIfn-
fIons Is fo IdonfIfy n commnnd bnsod uon nrfIcuInr
fIngor confncfs. To nchIovo fhIs funcfIon, fho nfonf
doscrIbos hourIsfIcs. oondIng uon fho cIrcumsfnnc-
os, hourIsfIc Is nof nocossnrIIy n gonorIc, sfrucfuroIoss
nonco word or n vorbnI consfrucf wIfhouf nny monnIng,
such ns mochnnIsm, monns, oIomonf, or wIdgof.
Tho dIsfrIcf courf corrocfIy doformInod fhnf n orson of
ordInnry skIII In fho nrf wouId undorsfnnd hourIsfIc fo
monn ono or moro ruIos fo bo nIIod fo dnfn fo nssIsf In
drnwIng Inforoncos from fhnf dnfn. In fhIs sonso, hou-
rIsfIc Is sImIInr fo words fhnf dofIno n cInss of sfrucfuros,
such ns connocfor, cIrcuIf, nnd dofocfor, nnd If doos
nof IncIudo nII monns for orformIng fho rocIfod funcfIon.
See, e.g., Ilo Heol/lcore, 69? I.3d nf l3?4 (Wo wIII nof
nIy ll2, 6 If fho IImIfnfIon confnIns n form fhnf 'Is
usod In common nrInnco or by orsons of skIII In fho
orfInonf nrf fo dosIgnnfo sfrucfuro`) (quofIng Ligl/ing
WorlJ, 382 I.3d nf l359); PereonoliceJ MeJio, l6l I.3d nf
?04-05. Tho fncf fhnf hourIsfIc Is dofInod nrfIy In forms
of Ifs funcfIon doos nof dofrncf from fho dofInIfonoss of
|fho] sfrucfuro If mny connofo. PereonoliceJ MeJio, l6l
I.3d nf ?03-05. Indood, mnny dovIcos fnko fhoIr nnmos
from fho funcfIons fhoy orform. GreenIerg t. 1/licon
1nJo-Surger,, 1nc., 9l I.3d l580, l583 (Iod. CIr. l996);
eee oleo M1T, 462 I.3d nf l354; Ligl/ing WorlJ, 382 I.3d
nf l359-60.
Wo nood nof docIdo horo whofhor fho form hourIsfIc,
by IfsoIf, connofos suffIcIonf sfrucfuro fo mnInfnIn fho
rosumfIon ngnInsf monns-Ius-funcfIon cInImIng bo-
cnuso, In fhIs cnso, fho cInIms do nof nnkodIy rocIfo hou-
rIsfIcs wIfhouf furfhor doscrIfIon In fho romnInIng cInIm
Inngungo nnd socIfIcnfIon. To fho confrnry, fho cInIm
Inngungo nnd socIfIcnfIon dIscIoso fho hourIsfIcs` oorn-
fIon wIfhIn fho confoxf of fho InvonfIon, IncIudIng fho
Inufs, oufufs, nnd how corfnIn oufufs nro nchIovod.
In nII cnsos, fho cInImod Inuf Is n fIngor confncf. Tho
socIfIcnfIon oxInIns fhnf fho fIngor confncfs mny bo
fns, swIos, doubIo fns, or fIngor roIIIng, nnd mny
InvoIvo ono or fwo fIngors confncfIng fho scroon nf dIffor-
onf InIfInI nngIos. See, e.g., `949 Infonf nf coI. l9, II. 30-
46; coI. 65, II. 2l-24; coI. 66, II. 4?-5l. Tho cInIms rocIfo
hourIsfIcs wIfh vnryIng objocfIvos, IncIudIng vorfIcnI
scroon scroIIIng, fwo-dImonsIonnI scroon frnnsInfIon,
movIng fo fho noxf Ifom In n IIsf, nnd frnnsInfIng confonf
wIfhIn n frnmo. Tho cInIms nIso oxInIn fhnf fho Invon-
fIon dIfforonfInfos bofwoon vorfIcnI scroIIIng nnd fwo-
dImonsIonnI frnnsInfIon bnsod uon fho nngIo of InIfInI
movomonf of fho fIngor confncf.
Tho wrIffon doscrIfIon rovIdos furfhor dofnIIs ro-
gnrdIng fho hourIsfIcs` Inufs nnd oufufs. !ognrdIng
ono-dImonsIonnI vorfIcnI scroon scroIIIng, fho socIfIcnfIon
oxInIns fhnf In rosonso fo nn uwnrd swIo gosfuro
393? by fho usor fhnf Is wIfhIn n rodoformInod nngIo
(o.g., 2?) of boIng orfocfIy vorfIcnI, fho wob ngo mny
scroII ono-dImonsIonnIIy uwnrd In fho vorfIcnI dIroc-
fIon. `949 Infonf nf coI. 64, II. 2l-25. !ognrdIng fwo-
dImonsIonnI frnnsInfIon, fho socIfIcnfIon dIscIosos fhnf
In rosonso fo nn uwnrd swIo gosfuro 3939 (IIC. 39C)
by fho usor fhnf Is nof wIfhIn n rodoformInod nngIo (o.g.,
2?) of boIng orfocfIy vorfIcnI, fho wob ngo mny scroII
fwo-dImonsIonnIIy nIong fho dIrocfIon of fho swIo. 1J. nf
coI. 64, II. 30-34. Tho socIfIcnfIon dofInos fwo-
dImonsIonnI movomonf ns sImuIfnnoous movomonf In
bofh fho vorfIcnI nnd horIzonfnI dIrocfIons. 1J. Tho
socIfIcnfIon oxInIns how n usor cnn movo fo fho noxf
Ifom In n IIsf vIn n fIngor fn gosfuro on fho rIghf sIdo of
fho scroon, n rIghf-fo-Ioff fIngor swIo, or by fnIng n
noxf Imngo Icon. 1J. nf coI. 30, II. 42-6?.
Tho socIfIcnfIon nIso dIscussos fho sfrucfuro bohInd
frnnsInfIng confonf wIfhIn n frnmo rnfhor fhnn frnnsInf-
Ing fho onfIro ngo fhnf IncIudos fho frnmo. 1J. nf coI.
l23, II. 6-8. Ior orformIng fhIs funcfIon, fho socIfIcnfIon
doscrIbos nn M-fIngor frnnsInfIon gosfuro 42l4, whoro
M Is n numbor dIfforonf from fho numbor of fIngors usod
fo frnnsInfo fho onfIro ngo. 1J. nf coI. ?5, II. l8-26. Tho
socIfIcnfIon nIso oxInIns fhnf fho dIrocfIon of frnnsInfIon
mny bo fho dIrocfIon of fho movomonf of fho M-fIngor
frnnsInfIon gosfuro. 1J. nf coI. ?5, II. 34-35. AIfornnfIvo-
Iy, fho dIrocfIon of frnnsInfIon mny bo doformInod by fho
nngIo of fho movomonf of fho M-fIngor gosfuro, nccordIng
fo n nrfIcuInr ruIo, I.o. n socIfIc, IdonfIfyIng hourIsfIc.
1J. nf coI. ?5, II. 39-44.
Tho fIguros In fho `949 nfonf rovIdo furfhor sfruc-
furnI dofnIIs. IIgs. l2A, 39C, 42A, 42I, nnd 42C IIIus-
frnfo fho fIngor confncfs doscrIbod In fho socIfIcnfIon
fhnf rosuIf In vorfIcnI scroIIIng (393?), fwo-dImonsIonnI
frnnsInfIon (3939), furnIng fo fho noxf Ifom (l2l8, l220,
nnd l2l2), or frnnsInfIng wIfhIn n frnmo (42l4).
AII!I IC. v. MOTO!O!A, IC. 2l
numbor of fIngors mnkIng confncf, fho dIrocfIon of movo-
monf of n fIngor confncf, n socIfIc swIIng gosfuro, fnIng
n corfnIn IocnfIon on fho scroon, or fho nngIo of movomonf
of n fIngor on fho scroon. See Wel/er Beoring, 550 I.3d nf
l096-9?; 1nten/io, 649 I.3d nf l359 (ThIs Is nof n cnso
whoro n cInIm nnkodIy rocIfos n 'dovIco` nnd fho wrIffon
doscrIfIon fnIIs fo Inco cIonr sfrucfurnI IImIfnfIons on
fho 'dovIco.`). Thus, fho `949 nfonf rocIfos n cInIm form
wIfh n known monnIng nnd nIso doscrIbos Ifs oornfIon,
IncIudIng Ifs Inuf, oufuf, nnd how Ifs oufuf mny bo
nchIovod.
AccordIngIy, fho hourIsfIc cInIm IImIfnfIons rovIdo
suffIcIonfIy dofInIfo sfrucfuro, fo n orson of ordInnry
skIII In fho nrf, for orformIng fho rocIfod funcfIon, nnd
MoforoIn hns nof robuffod fho sfrong rosumfIon ngnInsf
monns-Ius-funcfIon cInImIng. Wo rovorso fho dIsfrIcf
courf`s consfrucfIon fhnf fho hourIsfIc cInIm IImIfnfIons
woro drnffod In monns-Ius-funcfIon formnf nnd vncnfo Ifs
summnry judgmonf of non-InfrIngomonf.
AIo`s `64? Infonf
!ognrdIng AIo`s `64? nfonf, fho nrfIos dIsufo fho
monnIng of fho cInIm forms nnnIyzor sorvor nnd IInkIng
ncfIons fo fho dofocfod sfrucfuros. Tho dIsfrIcf courf
consfruod nnnIyzor sorvor ns n sorvor roufIno sonrnfo
from n cIIonf fhnf rocoIvos dnfn hnvIng sfrucfuros from
fho cIIonf nnd IInkIng ncfIons fo fho dofocfod sfrucfuros
ns cronfIng n socIfIod connocfIon bofwoon onch dofocfod
sfrucfuro nnd nf Ionsf ono comufor subroufIno fhnf
cnusos fho CI! fo orform n soquonco of oornfIons on
fhnf dofocfod sfrucfuro. AIo nrguos fhnf bofh con-
sfrucfIons nro orronoous. Wo dIsngroo wIfh AIo nnd
nffIrm fho dIsfrIcf courf`s cInIm consfrucfIon.
Tho `64? nfonf dIscIosos n sysfom for rocognIzIng cor-
fnIn sfrucfuros (such ns n foIohono numbor) on n
fouchscroon nnd fhon IInkIng corfnIn ncfIons (such ns
cnIIIng fho foIohono numbor) fo fho sfrucfuro. Ior
oxnmIo, n usor mny bo nbIo fo cnII or snvo n hono num-
bor If hns rocoIvod vIn foxf mossngo or omnII sImIy by
fouchIng fho numbor on fho scroon of Ifs dovIco. CInIm l
of fho `64? nfonf, wIfh roIovnnf cInIm IImIfnfIons omhn-
sIzod, rocIfos:
A comufor-bnsod sysfom for dofocfIng sfrucfuros
In dnfn nnd orformIng ncfIons on dofocfod sfruc-
furos, comrIsIng:
nn Inuf dovIco for rocoIvIng dnfn;
nn oufuf dovIco for rosonfIng fho dnfn;
n momory sforIng InformnfIon IncIudIng rogrnm
roufInos IncIudIng on onol,cer eerter for dofocfIng
sfrucfuros In fho dnfn, nnd for lin/ing oc/ione /o
/le Je/ec/eJ e/ruc/uree;
n usor Inforfnco onnbIIng fho soIocfIon of n dofocf-
od sfrucfuro nnd n IInkod ncfIon;
nnd nn ncfIon rocossor for orformIng fho soIocf-
od ncfIon IInkod fo fho soIocfod sfrucfuro; nnd n
rocossIng unIf couIod fo fho Inuf dovIco, fho
oufuf dovIco, nnd fho momory for confroIIIng fho
oxocufIon of fho rogrnm roufInos.
`64? nfonf nf coI. ?, II. 9-24 (omhnsIs nddod). Tho
dIsfrIcf courf ngrood wIfh MoforoIn fhnf nnnIyzor sorvor
shouId bo consfruod ns n sorvor roufIno sonrnfo from n
cIIonf fhnf rocoIvos dnfn hnvIng sfrucfuros from fho
cIIonf. AIo nrguos fhnf fho nnnIyzor sorvor nood nof bo
sonrnfo from n cIIonf. Insfond, AIo nrguos fhnf
nnnIyzor sorvor shouId bo consfruod ns n rogrnm
roufIno(s) fhnf rocoIvos dnfn, usos nfforns fo dofocf
sfrucfuros In fho dnfn, nnd IInks ncfIons fo fho dofocfod
sfrucfuros.
Wo ngroo wIfh fho dIsfrIcf courf`s consfrucfIon of nn-
nIyzor sorvor. As fho dIsfrIcf courf rocognIzod, fho InIn
monnIng of sorvor, whon vIowod from fho orsocfIvo of
n orson of ordInnry skIII In fho nrf, onfnIIs n cIIonf-sorvor
roInfIonshI. ConsIsfonf wIfh fhIs orsocfIvo, fho socI-
fIcnfIon dIscIosos nn nnnIyzor sorvor fhnf Is sonrnfo from
fho nIIcnfIon If sorvos. Tho nnnIyzor sorvor Is nrf of
fho rogrnm l65 of fho rosonf InvonfIon. `64? nfonf nf
coI. 3, II. 38-39. IIg. l shows fho rogrnm l65 nnd fho
nIIcnfIon l6? ns sonrnfo nrfs of n rnndom-nccoss
momory (!AM):

1J. nf IIg. l. Iurfhor, fho socIfIcnfIon sfnfos fhnf fho
rogrnm l65 of fho rosonf InvonfIon Is sforod In !AM
l?0 nnd cnusos CI! l20 fo IdonfIfy sfrucfuros In dnfn
rosonfod by fho nIIcnfIon l6?. 1J. nf coI. 3, II. 3?-4l.
Thus, fho socIfIcnfIon doscrIbos fho nnnIyzor sorvor nnd
fho nIIcnfIon, whIch If sorvos, ns sonrnfo sfrucfuros.
AIo doos nof oInf fo ovIdonco suggosfIng n dIffor-
onf ordInnry monnIng, nor do wo dIscorn such ovIdonco In
fho rocord boforo fhIs courf. Indood, AIo`s roosod
consfrucfIon confrndIcfs fho cInIm Inngungo bocnuso If
ronds nnnIyzor sorvor ouf of fho cInIm. Tho cInIm rocIfos
rou/inee IncIudIng nn onol,cer eerter for Je/ec/ing e/ruc-
/uree In fho dnfn, nnd for lin/ing oc/ione fo fho dofocfod
sfrucfuros. AIo`s roosod consfrucfIon rocIfos ro-
grnm rou/inee fhnf Je/ec/ e/ruc/uree nnd lin/e oc/ione fo
fho dofocfod sfrucfuros, wIfhouf nny monfIon of nnnIyzor
sorvors. AIo`s consfrucfIon ossonfInIIy fnkos fho cInIm
foxf nnd romovos fho nnnIyzor sorvor, IonvIng fho rosf
bnsIcnIIy unchnngod. Thus, AIo`s consfrucfIon confIIcfs
wIfh fho cInIm Inngungo by IgnorIng fho cInIm form
sorvor. See, e.g., Merc/ & Co. t. Teto Plorne. ISA,
1nc., 395 I.3d l364, l3?2 (Iod. CIr. 2005) (A cInIm con-
sfrucfIon fhnf gIvos monnIng fo nII fho forms of fho cInIm
Is roforrod ovor ono fhnf doos nof do so.); Pouee Tecl.,
LLC t. TiVo, 1nc., 4l9 I.3d l326, l334 (Iod. CIr. 2005)
(In consfruIng cInIms, howovor, wo musf gIvo onch cInIm
form fho rosocf fhnf If Is duo.); S/ro//ec Sec. Corp. t.
Gen. Au/o. Speciol/, Co., l26 I.3d l4ll, l4l? (Iod. CIr.
l99?) (hoIdIng fhnf If wns IognI orror for fho dIsfrIcf courf
fo Insfrucf fho jury fhnf fho cInIm form shoof wns nof
roorIy consIdorod nrf of fho cInIm); 1xxon Clen.
Po/en/e, 1nc. t. LuIricol Corp., 64 I.3d l553, l55? (Iod.
CIr. l995) (Wo musf gIvo monnIng fo nII fho words In
Ixxon's cInIms.). Iy confrnsf, fho dIsfrIcf courf`s con-
sfrucfIon comorfs wIfh fho ordInnry monnIng of sorvor
nnd Is suorfod by fho socIfIcnfIon. AccordIngIy, wo
nffIrm fho dIsfrIcf courf`s consfrucfIon of nnnIyzor sorv-
or.
Tho dIsfrIcf courf nIso ngrood wIfh MoforoIn fhnf
IInkIng ncfIons fo fho dofocfod sfrucfuros shouId bo
consfruod ns cronfIng o epecifieJ connec/ion bofwoon
onch dofocfod sfrucfuro nnd o/ leoe/ one comufor subrou-
fIno fhnf cnusos fho CI! fo orform n soquonco of oorn-
fIons on fhnf dofocfod sfrucfuro. AIo nrguos fhnf fho
dIsfrIcf courf`s consfrucfIon Is orronoous for fwo ronsons.
IIrsf, fho dIsfrIcf courf IncorrocfIy nddod fho socIfIod
connocfIon IImIfnfIon. Socond, fho cInIms roquIro IInk-
Ing muIfIIo ncfIons fo onch sfrucfuro, rnfhor fhnn nf
Ionsf ono. AIo confonds fhnf fho corrocf consfrucfIon Is
oeeocio/ing dofocfod sfrucfuros fo comufor subroufInos
fhnf cnuso fho CI! fo orform n soquonco of oornfIons
on fho nrfIcuInr sfrucfuro fo whIch fhoy nro nssocInfod.
Wo ngroo wIfh fho dIsfrIcf courf. AIo nrguos fhnf
fho cInIms roquIro onIy nssocInfIng bofwoon fho sfruc-
furo nnd fho subroufInos buf Ignoros fhnf fho cInIms
rocIfo IInkIng. Irom n gonornI sonso, fho InIn monnIng
of nssocInfIng roInfos fo n moro commonnIIfy, whIIo IInk-
Ing Infors n joInIng. AddIfIonnIIy, fho socIfIcnfIon horo
domonsfrnfos fhnf IInkIng Is moro fhnn jusf nssocInfIng.
Tho nfonf consIsfonfIy dIfforonfInfos bofwoon nssocInfIng
nnd IInkIng nnd ImIIos fhnf IInkIng Is n moro socIfIc
connocfIon fhnn moroIy nssocInfIng. Ior oxnmIo, fho
socIfIcnfIon oxInIns fhnf ncfIons nro nssocInfod wIfh
socIfIc grnmmnrs or nfforns, nnd fhnf IInkIng
occurs onIy nffor fhoso grnmmnrs or nfforns nro dofocf-
od. See, e.g., `64? nfonf nf coI. 5, II. 59-6l (uon dofoc-
fIon of n sfrucfuro bnsod on n nrfIcuInr nfforn, oc/ione
oeeocio/eJ ui/l /le por/iculor po//ern ore lin/eJ 825 fo
fho dofocfod sfrucfuro); coI. ?, II. 38-39 (whoroIn fho
nnnIyzor sorvor lin/e fo n dofocfod sfrucfuro /le oc/ione
oeeocio/eJ wIfh fho grnmmnr); coI. 3, II. 65-6? (nnnIyzor
sorvor 220 lin/e oc/ione oeeocio/eJ wIfh fho rosonsIbIo
nfforn fo fho dofocfod sfrucfuro, usIng convonfIonnI
oInfors); coI. 5, II. 3l-33 (nnnIyzor sorvor 220 lin/e /le
oc/ione oeeocio/eJ ui/l gronnore 4l0 nnd sfrIngs 420 fo
fhoso IdonfIfIod sfrucfuros) (omhnsos nddod).
AIo nrguos fhnf roquIrIng n socIfIod connocfIon
IImIfs fho cInIms fo fho uso of fho oInfors doscrIbod In
fho socIfIcnfIon. Tho dIsfrIcf courf oxInInod fhnf n
oInfor Is n form of nrf In comufor ongInoorIng fhnf
sforos n comufor momory nddross. Tho socIfIcnfIon
oxInIns fhnf oInfors mny bo usod fo IInk fho nssocInfod
ncfIons fo fho dofocfod sfrucfuros. `64? nfonf nf coI. 3, II.
65-6? (uon dofocfIon of n sfrucfuro, nnnIyzor sorvor
IInks ncfIons nssocInfod wIfh fho rosonsIbIo nfforn fo
fho dofocfod sfrucfuro, usIng convonfIonnI oInfors); coI.
4, I. 64 coI. 5, I. 5 (|!]on IdonfIfIcnfIon of n sfrucfuro In
fho foxf, nrsor IInks fho ncfIons nssocInfod wIfh fho
grnmmnr fo fho IdonfIfIod sfrucfuro. Moro nrfIcuInrIy,
nrsor rofrIovos from grnmmnr fIIo oInfors nffnchod fo
fho grnmmnr nnd nffnchos fho snmo oInfors fo fho
IdonfIfIod sfrucfuro. Thoso oInfors dIrocf fho sysfom fo
fho nssocInfod ncfIons confnInod In nssocInfod ncfIons fIIo.
Thus, uon soIocfIon of fho IdonfIfIod sfrucfuro, usor
Inforfnco cnn Iocnfo fho IInkod ncfIons.).
AIfhough fho dIsfrIcf courf sfnfod fhnf fho socIfIcn-
fIon mnkos cIonr fhnf IInkIng Is nccomIIshod fhrough
oInfors, If dId nof, ns AIo nrguos, ncfunIIy IImIf fho
cInIms fo oInfors. !nfhor, fho courf Inforrofod IInkIng
fo roquIro n socIfIod connocfIon, nof jusf n connocfIon
osfnbIIshod wIfh fho uso of oInfors. Tho socIfIcnfIon
oxInIns fhnf IInkIng mny bo nccomIIshod fhrough fho
uso of oInfors buf doos nof roquIro fhoIr uso nnd noIfhor
dId fho dIsfrIcf courf. Thus, fho dIsfrIcf courf`s consfruc-
fIon comorfs wIfh fho socIfIcnfIon, IncIudIng fho roonf-
od dIfforonfInfIon bofwoon IInkIng nnd nssocInfIng nnd fho
oInfors ombodImonf doscrIbod fhoroIn.
AIo Is nIso Incorrocf fhnf fho cInIms roquIro onch
sfrucfuro fo bo IInkod wIfh muIfIIo ncfIons. AIo oInfs
fo fho cInIm`s rocIfnfIon of fho IurnI ncfIons. See `64?
nfonf nf coI. ?, II. l?-l8 (nn nnnIyzor sorvor for dofocfIng
sfrucfuros In fho dnfn, nnd for IInkIng oc/ione fo fho
dofocfod e/ruc/uree) (omhnsIs nddod). Tho InIn Inn-
gungo of fho cInIms doos nof roquIro muIfIIo ncfIons for
onch sfrucfuro bocnuso fho cInIm rocIfos IInkIng muIfIIo
ncfIons fo muIfIIo sfrucfuros. As such, fho IurnI nc-
fIons mny bo ronsonnbIy rond ns nf Ionsf ono ncfIon or
sfrucfuro. In fncf, IIg. 4 dIsInys nn oxnmIo of fho
InvonfIon wIfh onIy ono ncfIon IInkod fo n socIfIc sfruc-
furo.
AII!I IC. v. MOTO!O!A, IC. 2?

'64? nfonf nf IIg. 4. In IIg. 4, fho dnfo grnmmnr
sfrucfuro onIy hns ono corrosondIng ncfIon, uf In
oIocfronIc cnIondnr. ThIs dIrocfIy confrndIcfs AIo`s
roosnI fo roquIro fho cInIms fo IInk muIfIIo ncfIons fo
onch sfrucfuro. `64? nfonf nf IIg. 4. AccordIngIy, wo
nffIrm fho dIsfrIcf courf`s consfrucfIon of IInkIng ncfIons
fo fho dofocfod sfrucfuros.
AIo`s `263 Infonf
Tho `263 nfonf dIscIosos n sysfom for rocossIng dnfn
In ronIfImo. Tho nrfIos dIsufo whofhor fho ronIfImo
nIIcnfIon rogrnm Inforfnco (AII) In cInIm l musf IfsoIf
funcfIon In ronIfImo or whofhor If musf jusf fncIIIfnfo
ronIfImo rocossIng by ofhor subsysfoms. Tho dIsfrIcf
courf concIudod fhnf fho AII nood jusf fncIIIfnfo ronIfImo
rocossIng nnd consfruod ronIfImo AII ns nn AII fhnf
nIIows ronIfImo InforncfIon bofwoon fwo or moro subsys-
foms. MoforoIn nrguos fhnf fhIs consfrucfIon ronds
ronIfImo ouf of fho cInIm. Wo dIsngroo nnd nffIrm fho
dIsfrIcf courf`s consfrucfIon.
CInIm l, wIfh fho roIovnnf IImIfnfIon omhnsIzod, ro-
cIfos:
A sIgnnI rocossIng sysfom for rovIdIng n IurnII-
fy of ronIfImo sorvIcos fo nnd from n numbor of
Indoondonf cIIonf nIIcnfIons nnd dovIcos, snId
sysfom comrIsIng:
n subsysfom comrIsIng n hosf confrnI rocossIng
unIf (CI!) oornfIng In nccordnnco wIfh nf Ionsf
ono nIIcnfIon rogrnm nnd n dovIco hnndIor
rogrnm, snId subsysfom furfhor comrIsIng nn
ndnfor subsysfom InforoornfIng wIfh snId hosf
CI! nnd snId dovIco;
n ronIfImo sIgnnI rocossIng subsysfom for or-
formIng n IurnIIfy of dnfn frnnsforms comrIsIng
n IurnIIfy of ronIfImo sIgnnI rocossIng oorn-
fIons; nnd
nf Ionsf ono reol/ine opplico/ion progron in/er-
foce (AP1) couIod bofwoon fho subsysfom nnd fho
ronIfImo sIgnnI rocossIng subsysfom fo nIIow fho
subsysfom fo Inforoornfo wIfh snId ronIfImo sor-
vIcos.
`263 nfonf nf coI. ll, II. 28-43 (omhnsIs nddod). Tho
dIsfrIcf courf nofod fhnf, gonornIIy, fo bo ronIfImo, n
sysfom musf snfIsfy oxIIcIfIy (boundod) rosonso-fImo
consfrnInfs or rIsk sovoro consoquoncos, such ns dogrnd-
od orformnnco.
MoforoIn confonds fhnf fho dIsfrIcf courf`s consfruc-
fIon ronds ronIfImo ouf of fho cInIm bocnuso If doos nof
require fho AII IfsoIf fo funcfIon In ronIfImo. MoforoIn
oInfs fo Indoondonf cInIm 3l, whIch rocIfos nn AII
wIfhouf fho ronIfImo qunIIfIor, nnd nrguos fhnf, by
IncIudIng ronIfImo In cInIm l, fho nfonfoo Infondod fhnf
fho AII IfsoIf oornfo In ronIfImo. See Plillipe, 4l5 I.3d
nf l3l4 (fIndIng fhnf uso of fho word sfooI In fho form
sfooI bnffIos sfrongIy ImIIos n dIfforonco bofwoon
sfooI bnffIos nnd non-sfooI bnffIos).
Wo ngroo wIfh fho dIsfrIcf courf. Tho socIfIcnfIon
doscrIbos fho AII ns nn Inforfnco fhnf sonds commnnds
nnd nrnmofors fo fho ronI-fImo ongIno, whIch ncfunIIy
orforms fho ronIfImo dnfn rocossIng. Tho socIfIcnfIon
doos nof doscrIbo fho AII IfsoIf ns moofIng nny socIfIc
rosonso-fImo consfrnInfs or ofhorwIso noodIng ronIfImo
funcfIonnIIfy. Insfond, fho AII`s roIo Is fo sond commnnds
nnd nrnmofors fo fho ronI-fImo ongIno. See, e.g., `263
nfonf nf coI. 6, II. 33-38 (onch Inforfnco rocoIvos com-
mnnds from nn nIIcnfIon rogrnm, fhrough fho hnndIor
44, nnd Insfrucfs fho ronI-fImo ongIno fo cnrry ouf fho
nocossnry frnnsforms); coI. 5, II. 22-25 (fho nrfIcuInr
frnnsforms fo bo orformod nro sonf ns commnnds fo fho
ronI-fImo ongIno from fho ndnfor hnndIor 44 vIn suIfnbIo
nIIcnfIon rogrnmmIng Inforfncos 48); coI. l0, II. 40-44
(In rosonso fhorofo, fho AII 48 whIch rocoIvos fhoso
commnnds suIIos fho ronI-fImo ongIno wIfh fho nro-
rInfo nrnmofors for orformIng fho frnnsforms In fho
roquIrod formnf). Iy confrnsf, fho ronI-fImo ongIno Is
doscrIbod ns orformIng fho ncfunI rocossIng, such ns
foxf-fo-sooch convorsIon or vIdoo rocossIng. `263
nfonf nf nbsf. (n dnfn frnnsmIssIon sysfom hnvIng n
ronI-fImo ongIno for rocossIng Isochronous sfronms of
dnfn); coI. l0, II. l6-l8 (fho ncfunI moduInfIon nnd
domoduInfIon of fho hnrdwnro Inforfnco ndnfor`s Isoch-
ronous ICM dnfn sfronm Is nccomIIshod onfIroIy by fho
ronI-fImo ongIno); coI. 9, II. 65-6? (fho hnndIor hns no
InvoIvomonf wIfh fho Isochronous dnfn sfronm cronfod by
fho ronI-fImo ongIno). Thus, nIfhough fho AII Inforncfs
wIfh fho ronI-fImo ongIno, If Is fho Inffor fhnf ncfunIIy
orforms fho fImo-consfrnInod rocossIng.
Confrnry fo MoforoIn`s nrgumonf, fho dIsfrIcf courf
dId nof rond ronIfImo ouf of fho cInIm. Tho AII Is nn
Inforfnco. As such, If communIcnfos nnd Inforncfs wIfh
ofhor subsysfoms fhnf rocoss dnfn In ronIfImo wIfhouf
nocossnrIIy rocossIng nny dnfn IfsoIf. ThIs Is whnf fho
socIfIcnfIon doscrIbos nnd whnf fho dIsfrIcf courf corrocf-
Iy undorsfood. Iurfhor, fho dIsfrIcf courf`s consfrucfIon
doos nof preten/ fho AII from funcfIonIng In ronIfImo, If
jusf doos nof require fho AII fo funcfIon In ronIfImo. ThIs
Is consIsfonf wIfh fho cInIms nnd wrIffon doscrIfIon,
whIch onIy roquIro fho AII fo fncIIIfnfo fho funcfIonnIIfy
of fho ronI-fImo ongIno. Wo nffIrm fho dIsfrIcf courf`s
cInIm consfrucfIon.
MoforoIn`s `559 Infonf
TurnIng fo MoforoIn`s nssorfod nfonfs, fho `559 n-
fonf dIscIosos n mofhod for gonornfIng ronmbIo so-
quoncos, whIch nro usod In communIcnfIons bofwoon coII
honos nnd bnso sfnfIons. Tho dIsfrIcf courf consfruod
cInIm 5 of fho `559 nfonf fo roquIro fhnf fho fhIrd sfo
(muIfIIyIng fho oufor codo by fho Innor codo) fnko Inco
onIy nffor fho fIrsf fwo sfos (formIng nn oufor codo nnd
formIng nn Innor codo) nro comIofod. Insod uon fhIs
consfrucfIon, fho courf grnnfod summnry judgmonf of
non-InfrIngomonf fo AIo. MoforoIn nonIs onIy fho
cInIm consfrucfIon docIsIon. Wo nffIrm.
CInIm 5, wIfh roIovnnf IImIfnfIons omhnsIzod, ro-
cIfos:
A mofhod for gonornfIng ronmbIo soquoncos In n
CMA sysfom, fho mofhod comrIsIng fho sfos
of:
formIng nn ou/er coJe In n mobIIo sfnfIon;
formIng nn inner coJe In fho mobIIo sfnfIon ufIIIz-
Ing fho foIIowIng oqunfIon:
c
!k" # s
]
!k -]P"
M-1
]=0

whoro sj, j=0,l, . . . , Ml nro n sof of orfhogonnI
codowords of Iongfh I, whoro M nnd I nro osIfIvo
Infogors; nnd
muIfIIyIng fho oufor codo by fho Innor codo fo
gonornfo n ronmbIo soquonco.
`559 nfonf nf coI. 5, II. 20-35 (omhnsIs nddod).
Sfos In n mofhod cInIm nood nof nocossnrIIy bo or-
formod In fho ordor fhoy nro wrIffon. Al/irie, 1nc. t.
S,non/ec Corp., 3l8 I.3d l363, l369 (Iod. CIr. 2003). On
fho ofhor hnnd, If grnmmnr, IogIc, fho socIfIcnfIon, or fho
rosocufIon hIsfory roquIro fho sfos fo bo orformod
soquonfInIIy, fhon fho cInIms nro so IImIfod. 1J.; Lorol
IoirclilJ Corp. t. Son, Corp., l8l I.3d l3l3, l322 (Iod.
CIr. l999) (AIfhough nof ovory rocoss cInIm Is IImIfod fo
fho orformnnco of Ifs sfos In fho ordor wrIffon, fho
Inngungo of fho cInIm, fho socIfIcnfIon nnd fho rosocu-
fIon hIsfory suorf n IImIfIng consfrucfIon In fhIs cnso.).
Tho dIsfrIcf courf corrocfIy nofod fhnf, whIIo In n ro-
forrod ombodImonf fho Innor nnd oufor codos nro formod
boforo fho muIfIIIcnfIon sfo bogIns, fhIs nIono doos nof
IImIf fho cInIms. See, e.g., `559 nfonf nf IIg. 4. Tho
dIsfrIcf courf nIso ncknowIodgod fhnf fho InvonfIon wouId
IIkoIy funcfIon ovon If fho muIfIIIcnfIon sfo bognn boforo
fho fuII Innor nnd oufor codos woro formod. ofwIfh-
sfnndIng fho forogoIng, fho courf consfruod fho cInIms fo
roquIro fhnf sfo fhroo occur onIy nffor sfos ono nnd fwo
nro comIofod.
Wo ngroo wIfh fho dIsfrIcf courf. Tho cInIms rocIfo
muIfIIyIng fho Innor codo wIfh fho oufor codo fo
cronfo n ronmbIo soquonco. Iofh fho Innor codo nnd
oufor codo nro soquoncos of numbors. Tho InIn monnIng
of muIfIIyIng fho codos fogofhor Is fhnf fho onfIro
soquoncos nro muIfIIIod fogofhor nffor fhoy hnvo boon
formod. If cInIm l? wns dIrocfod fo n mofhod fhnf muIfI-
IIod onIy nrfs of fho Innor nnd oufor codo fogofhor, If
wouId nof rocIfo muIfIIyIng fho codos fogofhor fo form
fho ronmbIo soquonco. Tho moro nnfurnI rondIng of fho
cInIm Inngungo suorfs fho dIsfrIcf courf`s fIndIng fhnf
fho Innor nnd oufor codos musf bo fuIIy formod boforo
fhoy nro muIfIIIod fogofhor.
Tho socIfIcnfIon suorfs fhIs rondIng. Whon dIs-
cussIng muIfIIyIng fho Innor nnd oufor codos, fho socIfI-
cnfIon doscrIbos formIng nn Innor nnd oufor codo nnd fhon
muIfIIyIng fho codos fogofhor:
Tho rosonf InvonfIon rovIdos n mofhod for gon-
ornfIng ronmbIo soquoncos In n CMA communI-
cnfIon sysfom. Tho mofhod comrIsos formIng on
oufor codo nnd on Innor codo nf n mobIIo sfnfIon.
Tho mobIIo sfnfIon /len muIfIIIos /le oufor codo
by /le Innor codo fo gonornfo n ronmbIo so-
quonco.
`559 nfonf nf coI. 2, II. 52-5? (omhnsIs nddod).
Iocnuso If Is suorfod by fho InIn monnIng of fho
cInIm Inngungo nnd fho socIfIcnfIon, wo nffIrm fho dIs-
frIcf courf`s cInIm consfrucfIon.
Iocnuso fhIs consfrucfIon wns fho bnsIs for fho dIs-
frIcf courf`s grnnf of summnry judgmonf of non-
InfrIngomonf, wo nood nof ronch fho courf`s consfrucfIon
of n sof of orfhogonnI codowords. AccordIngIy, wo nffIrm
fho dIsfrIcf courf`s grnnf of AIo`s mofIon for summnry
judgmonf of non-InfrIngomonf of fho `559 nfonf bnsod
uon Ifs consfrucfIon fhnf fho sfos of cInIm l? bo or-
formod In fho soquonco doscrIbod nbovo.
MoforoIn`s `?l2 nfonf
Tho `?l2 nfonf dIscIosos n sysfom for oncryfIng dnfn
communIcnfIons. Tho dIsfrIcf courf found fhnf fho
cInImod frnnsmIf ovorfIow soquonco numbor, or TOS,
Is novor frnnsmIffod fo fho rocoIvor In fho cInImod
sysfom. Iocnuso fho counfornrf fo fho TOS In fho
nccusod roducfs ie frnnsmIffod fo fho rocoIvor, fho dIs-
frIcf courf grnnfod AIo`s mofIon for summnry judgmonf
of non-InfrIngomonf. Wo ngroo wIfh fho dIsfrIcf courf`s
consfrucfIon nnd fhoroforo nffIrm Ifs grnnf of summnry
judgmonf.
CInIm l? of fho `?l2 nfonf, wIfh roIovnnf IImIfnfIons
omhnsIzod, rocIfos:
In n communIcnfIon sysfom hnvIng n hysIcnI Iny-
or, dnfn IInk Inyor, nnd n nofwork Inyor, n mofhod
for rovIdIng cryfogrnhIc rofocfIon of n dnfn
sfronm, comrIsIng:
(n) nssIgnIng n nckof soquonco numbor fo n nck-
of dorIvod from n dnfn sfronm rocoIvod from fho
nofwork Inyor;
(b) udnfIng n /roneni/ oterflou eequence nunIer
ns n funcfIon of fho nckof soquonco numbor; nnd
(c) oncryfIng, rIor fo connunico/ing /le poc/e/
onJ /le poc/e/ eequence nunIer on fho hysIcnI
Inyor, fho nckof ns n funcfIon of fho nckof so-
quonco numbor nnd fho frnnsmIf ovorfIow so-
quonco numbor.
`?l2 nfonf nf coI. 8, I. 65 - coI. 9, I. l2. Tho socIfIcnfIon
oxInIns fhnf, In ordor fo oncryf nnd docryf fho dnfn
boIng frnnsmIffod, fho InvonfIon nssIgns onch nckof of
dnfn bofh n nckof soquonco numbor nnd nn ovorfIow
numbor. See iJ. nf nbsf; coI. 5, II. l3-l5.

Tho koy usod fo oncryf nnd docryf fho dnfn In-
cIudos bofh fho nckof soquonco numbor nnd fho ovorfIow
numbor. Tho nckof soquonco numbors nro nssIgnod
soquonfInIIy u fo n mnxImum. Onco fho mnxImum Is
ronchod, fho nckof soquonco numbor counf roIIs ovor
nnd bogIns ngnIn from numbor ono. Ior oxnmIo, If fho
mnxImum Is l28, nffor l28 Is nssIgnod fo n nckof of dnfn,
fho noxf nckof Is nssIgnod n nckof soquonco numbor of
ono. 1J. nf coI. 4, II. l5-l?. Tho ovorfIow counfor counfs
fho numbor of fImos fho nckof soquonco numbor roIIs
ovor. 1J. nf coI. 3, II. 54-55, 65-68. Thus, ns domonsfrnfod
In fho nbovo IIIusfrnfIon, onch fImo fho nckof soquonco
numbor roIIs ovor, fho ovorfIow soquonco numbor Incrons-
os by ono. 1J.
On fho frnnsmIssIon sIdo, fho ovorfIow numbor Is
cnIIod fho TOS. On fho rocoIvIng sIdo, If Is cnIIod fho
rocoIvIng ovorfIow soquonco numbor (!OS). In fhIs
mnnnor, fho koy fo oncryf nnd docryf fho dnfn IncIudos
bofh n nckof soquonco numbor nnd nn ovorfIow numbor.
Whon fho nckofs of dnfn nro frnnsmIffod, fho cInImod
sysfom nIso frnnsmIfs fho nckof soquonco numbor. 1J. nf
coI. 5, II. 29-32; coI. 9, II. ?-9. Tho socIfIcnfIon doos nof
doscrIbo frnnsmIffIng fho TOS or nny ofhor ovorfIow
numbor. 1J. Insfond, fho rocoIvor couIos fho nckof
soquonco numbor If rocoIvos wIfh n !OS If gonornfos
nnd usos fhoso fwo numbors fo docryf fho dnfn nckof.
Tho socIfIcnfIon suorfs fho dIsfrIcf courf`s con-
sfrucfIon fhnf fho TOS Is novor frnnsmIffod. IIrsf, fho
cInIms rocIfo n TOS, nof n gonorIc ovorfIow soquonco
numbor. Tho socIfIcnfIon InInIy doscrIbos frnnsmIffIng
corfnIn nsocfs of fho sysfom (fho dnfn nckof, fho nckof
soquonco numbor) buf novor suggosfs fhnf fho TOS Is
nrf of fhnf frnnsmIssIon. or Is If nocossnry for fho
TOS fo bo frnnsmIffod. If If woro, fhoro wouId bo no
nood for fho rocoIvor fo gonornfo n !OS. Iurfhor, If
bofh fho TOS nnd nckof soquonco numbor woro frnns-
mIffod, nn onvosdroor couId Inforcof fho en/ire /e,
noodod fo docryf fho mossngo. ThIs wouId dofonf fho
InvonfIon`s uroso of rovIdIng Incronsod socurIfy by nof
frnnsmIffIng fho onfIro koy.
Sfnfomonfs mndo by MoforoIn durIng rosocufIon of n
roInfod Jnnnoso nfonf furfhor suorf fhIs consfrucfIon.
Ioforo fho Jnnn Infonf OffIco, MoforoIn dIsfInguIshod
fho rIor nrf by oxInInIng, wIfh fho IncIudod omhnsIs,
fhnf fho ovorfIow soquonco numbor Is novor frnnsmIf-
fod. MoforoIn furfhor oxInInod fhnf, bocnuso fho TOS
Is novor frnnsmIffod, fhoro Is no chnnco fo Inforcof fho
ovorfIow soquonco numbor; fhus, |fho InvonfIon] rovIdos
n hIghor IovoI of socurIfy. MoforoIn mndo fhIs nrgumonf
on moro fhnn ono occnsIon. Tho Jnnnoso nIIcnfIon
cInIms rIorIfy fo fho ICT nIIcnfIon fhnf Issuod In fho
!nIfod Sfnfos ns fho `?l2 nfonf. Iofh fho Jnnnoso
nIIcnfIon nnd fho `?l2 nfonf hnvo fho snmo socIfIcn-
fIon, nnd fho Jnnnoso nIIcnfIon IncIudod nn IdonfIcnI
cInIm fo cInIm l? nf fho fImo of MoforoIn`s sfnfomonfs.
Our rocodonf doos nof rocIsoIy nddross fho Imncf
of sfnfomonfs such ns MoforoIn`s horo. MoforoIn`s do-
scrIfIon of fho TOS cnmo nffor fho `?l2 nfonf Issuod
nnd wns mndo In fronf of n foroIgn nfonf offIco. ThIs
courf hns rovIousIy found fhnf sfnfomonfs mndo In
roInfod, Infor-rosocufod !.S. nfonfs mny Inform fho
monnIng of onrIIor Issuod cInIms. See, e.g., Microeof/
Corp. t. Mul/i-Tecl S,e., 1nc., 35? I.3d l340, l350 (Iod.
CIr. 2004). In Microeof/, fho courf nofod fhnf nny sfnfo-
monf of fho nfonfoo In fho rosocufIon of n roInfod nII-
cnfIon ns fo fho scoo of fho InvonfIon wouId bo roIovnnf
fo cInIm consfrucfIon, nnd fho roIovnnco of fho sfnfomonf
mndo In fhIs Insfnnco Is onhnncod by fho fncf fhnf If wns
mndo In nn offIcInI rocoodIng In whIch fho nfonfoo hnd
ovory InconfIvo fo oxorcIso cnro In chnrncforIzIng fho
scoo of Ifs InvonfIon. 1J. (omhnsIs nddod). Insod uon
fhIs ronsonIng, fho Microeof/ courf concIudod fhnf fho
nfonfoo`s sfnfomonfs mndo durIng fho rosocufIon of n
Infor nfonf woro roIovnnf fo nn onrIIor Issuod nfonf fhnf
shnrod n common socIfIcnfIon. 1J. Of courso, sfnfomonfs
mndo In unroInfod nIIcnfIons nro nof roIovnnf fo cInIm
consfrucfIon. See, e.g., GolJenIerg t. C,/ogen, 1nc., 3?3
I.3d ll58, ll6? (Iod. CIr. 2004) (oxInInIng fhnf nn
unroInfod nfonf or nIIcnfIon Is ono fhnf doos nof hnvo
n fnmIIInI roInfIonshI wIfh fho nfonf nf Issuo); AIIo//
LoIe. t. De,, L.P., 28? I.3d l09?, ll05 (Iod. CIr. 2002)
(fIndIng nIIcnfIons unroInfod whon fhoy hnd no formnI
roInfIonshI nnd woro rosonfod fo fho nfonf offIco ns
nfonfnbIy dIsfIncf InvonfIons).
ThIs courf hns nIso consIdorod sfnfomonfs mndo bo-
foro n foroIgn nfonf offIco whon consfruIng cInIms If fhoy
nro roIovnnf nnd nof roInfod fo unIquo nsocfs of foroIgn
nfonf Inw. See, e.g., AIIo// LoIe. t. SonJoc, 1nc., 566
I.3d l282, l290 (Iod. CIr. 2009) (WhIIo sfnfomonfs mndo
durIng rosocufIon of n foroIgn counfornrf fo n !.S.
nfonf nIIcnfIon hnvo n nnrrow nIIcnfIon fo !.S.
cInIm consfrucfIon . . . In fhIs cnso fho JI `l99 nIIcnfIon
Is nrf of fho rosocufIon hIsfory of fho `50? nfonf IfsoIf)
(InfornnI cIfnfIons omIffod); Gille//e Co. t. 1nergicer
HolJinge, 1nc., 405 I.3d l36?, l3?4 (Iod. CIr. 2005)
(consIdorIng fho nfonfoo`s nrgumonfs boforo fho Iuroo-
nn Infonf OffIco (IIO) nnd concIudIng fhnf n bInfnnf
ndmIssIon by fhIs snmo dofondnnf boforo fho IIO cIonrIy
suorf|od] fho courf`s consfrucfIon); TonoIe Sei,o/u
Co., t. I.S. 1n/`l TroJe Conn`n, l09 I.3d ?26, ?33 (Iod.
CIr. l99?); Co/erpillor Troc/or Co. t. Berco, S.p.A., ?l4
I.2d lll0, lll6 (Iod. CIr. l983). Bu/ eee A1A 1ng`g L/J.
t. Mogo//eoux 1n/`l S/A, 65? I.3d l264, l2?9 (Iod. CIr.
20ll) (|O]ur rocodonf cnufIons ngnInsf IndIscrImInnfo
roIInnco on fho rosocufIon of corrosondIng foroIgn
nIIcnfIons In fho cInIm consfrucfIon nnnIysIs.); Pficer,
1nc. t. IonIox, LoIe. L/J., 45? I.3d l284, l290 (Iod. CIr.
2006) (|S]fnfomonfs mndo durIng rosocufIon of foroIgn
counfornrfs fo fho '893 nfonf nro IrroIovnnf fo cInIm
consfrucfIon bocnuso fhoy woro mndo In rosonso fo
nfonfnbIIIfy roquIromonfs unIquo fo nnIsh nnd Iuroo-
nn Inw.).
Tho rIncIIos IIIusfrnfod In fhoso docIsIons rovIdo
nmIo suorf for hoIdIng MoforoIn fo fho sfnfomonfs
mndo durIng Jnnnoso rosocufIon. MoforoIn`s sfnfo-
monfs fhnf fho TOS Is novor frnnsmIffod fo fho rocoIv-
or couId nof bo cIonror. See Gille//e, 405 I.3d nf l3?4
(hoIdIng nrfy fo bInfnnf ndmIssIon In nrgumonf mndo
fo IIO). MoforoIn nIso oxInInod, moro fhnn onco, fhnf
nof frnnsmIffIng fho TOS Imrovos fho socurIfy of fho
cInImod sysfom. ThIs oxInnnfIon Is consIsfonf wIfh fho
cInIms nnd fho InvonfIon doscrIbod In fho socIfIcnfIon.
See A1A, 65? I.3d nf l2?9 (nofIng concorns rognrdIng
dIfforoncos In foroIgn nfonf Inw). Thus, ns In Microeof/,
fho sfnfomonfs woro mndo In nn offIcInI rocoodIng In
whIch fho nfonfoo hnd ovory InconfIvo fo oxorcIso cnro In
chnrncforIzIng fho scoo of Ifs InvonfIon. 35? I.3d nf
l350. Iurfhor, fho fwo nfonfs nro roInfod nnd shnro n
fnmIIInI roInfIonshI. Thoy bofh cInIm rIorIfy fo fho
snmo ICT nIIcnfIon. Iofh socIfIcnfIons nro fho snmo.
And, nf fho fImo MoforoIn mndo Ifs sfnfomonfs fo fho
Jnnnoso nfonf offIco, fho Jnnnoso nIIcnfIon con-
fnInod n cInIm IdonfIcnI fo cInIm l?. Thus, fho consfruc-
fIon suorfod by fho socIfIcnfIon Is nIso suorfod by
MoforoIn`s sfnfomonfs boforo fho Jnnn nfonf offIco. Wo
hoId fhnf If wns nof orror for fho dIsfrIcf courf fo roIy
uon MoforoIn`s sfnfomonfs fo fho Jnnn Infonf OffIco.
As such, wo nffIrm fho dIsfrIcf courf`s consfrucfIon.
Tho dIsfrIcf courf grnnfod AIo`s mofIon for sum-
mnry judgmonf of non-InfrIngomonf bnsod uon Ifs con-
sfrucfIon of cInIm l?. On nonI, MoforoIn doos nof
dIsufo fhnf AIo doos nof InfrIngo undor fhIs consfruc-
fIon. AccordIngIy, wo nffIrm fho dIsfrIcf courf`s grnnf of
summnry judgmonf of non-InfrIngomonf of fho `?l2 n-
fonf.
AMISSIII!ITY OI AMACIS IXII!T IVIICI
In ronrnfIon for frInI on fho nfonf InfrIngomonf
cInIms sfIII nf Issuo, fho nrfIos rosonfod oxorf fosfImo-
ny suorfIng fhoIr dnmngos cnIcuInfIons. Iofh nrfIos
chnIIongod fho ndmIssIbIIIfy of fho ofhor sIdo`s oxorf
ovIdonco. Tho dIsfrIcf courf hoId n DouIer/ honrIng nf
whIch fho oxorfs fosfIfIod nnd fho nrfIos rosonfod ornI
nrgumonfs rognrdIng ndmIssIbIIIfy. SubsoquonfIy, fho
dIsfrIcf courf oxcIudod nonrIy nII of bofh nrfIos` oxorf
ovIdonco roInfIng fo dnmngos for InfrIngomonf. of nII of
fhoso docIsIons nro boforo us. On nonI, AIo nrguos
fhnf fho roosod fosfImony of Ifs dnmngos oxorf rognrd-
Ing fho `949 nnd `263 nfonfs Is ndmIssIbIo. MoforoIn
nrguos fhnf fho roosod fosfImony of Ifs dnmngos oxorf
for fho `898 nfonf Is ndmIssIbIo. Iocnuso fho dIsfrIcf
courf orrod In Ifs docIsIon fo oxcIudo fho nrfIos` oxorf
ovIdonco, wo rovorso.
Tho IognI frnmowork for ndmIssIon of oxorf fosfImo-
ny Is rovIdod by fho IodornI !uIos of IvIdonco, nIong
wIfh DouIer/ t. Merrell Dou Plorn., 1nc., 509 !.S. 5?9
(l993) nnd Ifs rogony. See II. !. IVI. ?02, ?03. In
DouIer/, fho Courf nddrossod fho roor sfnndnrd for
ndmIffIng oxorf fosfImony nnd omhnsIzod fhnf fho
focus musf bo soIoIy on rIncIIos nnd mofhodoIogy, nof
on fho concIusIons fhnf fhoy gonornfo. 509 !.S. nf 595.
In Kunlo Tire Co. t. Cornicloel, 526 !.S. l3? (l999),
fho Courf cInrIfIod fhnf fho dIsfrIcf courf`s gnfokooIng
obIIgnfIon nIIod fo nII oxorf fosfImony. 526 !.S. nf
l4?. SubsoquonfIy, !uIo ?02 wns nmondod In rosonso
fo DouIer/ nnd cnsos nIyIng If, IncIudIng Kunlo Tire.
Micro Clen., 1nc. t. Lex/ron, 1nc., 3l? I.3d l38?, l39l
(Iod. CIr. 2003).
!uIo ?02 sfnfos:
A wIfnoss who Is qunIIfIod ns nn oxorf by
knowIodgo, skIII, oxorIonco, frnInIng, or oducn-
fIon mny fosfIfy In fho form of nn oInIon or ofh-
orwIso If:
(n) fho oxorf`s scIonfIfIc, fochnIcnI, or ofhor so-
cInIIzod knowIodgo wIII hoI fho frIor of fncf fo
undorsfnnd fho ovIdonco or fo doformIno n fncf In
Issuo;
(b) fho fosfImony Is bnsod on suffIcIonf fncfs or dn-
fn;
(c) fho fosfImony Is fho roducf of roIInbIo rIncI-
Ios nnd mofhods; nnd
(d) fho oxorf hns roIInbIy nIIod fho rIncIIos
nnd mofhods fo fho fncfs of fho cnso.
II. !. IVI. ?02. !uIo ?03 sfnfos:
An oxorf mny bnso nn oInIon on fncfs or dnfn In
fho cnso fhnf fho oxorf hns boon mndo nwnro of
or orsonnIIy obsorvod. If oxorfs In fho nrfIcuInr
fIoId wouId ronsonnbIy roIy on fhoso kInds of fncfs
or dnfn In formIng nn oInIon on fho subjocf, fhoy
nood nof bo ndmIssIbIo for fho oInIon fo bo nd-
mIffod. Iuf If fho fncfs or dnfn wouId ofhorwIso bo
InndmIssIbIo, fho roononf of fho oInIon mny
dIscIoso fhom fo fho jury onIy If fhoIr robnfIvo
vnIuo In hoIIng fho jury ovnIunfo fho oInIon
subsfnnfInIIy oufwoIghs fhoIr rojudIcInI offocf.
II. !. IVI. ?03.
!ndor fhoso ruIos nnd rocodonf, n dIsfrIcf courf
judgo, ncfIng ns n gnfokooor, mny oxcIudo ovIdonco If If Is
bnsod uon unroIInbIo rIncIIos or mofhods, or IognIIy
InsuffIcIonf fncfs nnd dnfn. See, e.g., Sni/l t. IorJ Mo/or
Co., 2l5 I.3d ?l3, ?l8 (?fh CIr. 2000) (Wo omhnsIzo
fhnf fho courf`s gnfokooIng funcfIon focusos on nn oxnm-
InnfIon of fho oxorf`s mofhodoIogy.); DouIer/, 509 !.S.
nf 595 (Tho focus, of courso, musf bo soIoIy on rIncIIos
nnd mofhodoIogy, nof on fho concIusIons fhnf fhoy gonor-
nfo.); i4i L/J. Por/nerelip t. Microeof/ Corp., 598 I.3d
83l, 854 (Iod. CIr. 20l0) (sfnfIng fhnf DouIer/ nnd !uIo
?02 nro snfogunrds ngnInsf unroIInbIo or IrroIovnnf oIn-
Ions, nof gunrnnfoos of corrocfnoss) (nIyIng IIffh
CIrcuIf Inw); Wol/er t. Soo Line I. Co., 208 I.3d 58l, 58?
(?fh CIr. 2000) (Tho crIfIcnI oInf Is fhnf r. IIIskIn
omIoyod n roor mofhodoIogy fo doformIno Mr. WnIk-
or`s ro-IncIdonf IQ.).
A judgo musf bo cnufIous nof fo ovorsfo Ifs gnfokoo-
Ing roIo nnd woIgh fncfs, ovnIunfo fho corrocfnoss of
concIusIons, Imoso Ifs own roforrod mofhodoIogy, or
judgo crodIbIIIfy, IncIudIng fho crodIbIIIfy of ono oxorf
ovor nnofhor. Thoso fnsks nro soIoIy rosorvod for fho fncf
fIndor. See, e.g., Sni/l, 2l5 I.3d nf ?l8 (Tho soundnoss
of fho fncfunI undorInnIngs of fho oxorf`s nnnIysIs nnd
fho corrocfnoss of fho oxorf`s concIusIons bnsod on fhnf
nnnIysIs nro fncfunI mnffors fo bo doformInod by fho frIor
of fncf.); S/ollinge t. I,oIi Tecle., 1nc., ?25 I.3d ?53, ?66
(?fh CIr. 20l3) (An oxorf mny rovIdo oxorf fosfImony
bnsod on n vnIId nnd roorIy nIIod mofhodoIogy nnd
sfIII offor n concIusIon fhnf Is subjocf fo doubf. If Is fho
roIo of fho jury fo woIgh fhoso sourcos of doubf.). As fho
Sovonfh CIrcuIf nofod In S/ollinge, fho jury musf sfIII bo
nIIowod fo Iny Ifs ossonfInI roIo ns fho nrbIfor of fho
woIghf nnd crodIbIIIfy of oxorf fosfImony. ?25 I.3d nf
?65; eee oleo Leee t. Cor/loge Coll., ?l4 I.3d 5l6, 526 (?fh
CIr. 20l3).
Thnf fho gnfokooIng roIo of fho judgo Is IImIfod fo ox-
cIudIng fosfImony bnsod on unroIInbIo rIncIIos nnd
mofhods Is nrfIcuInrIy ossonfInI In fho confoxf of nfonf
dnmngos. ThIs courf hns rocognIzod fhnf quosfIons ro-
gnrdIng whIch fncfs nro mosf roIovnnf or roIInbIo fo cnIcu-
InfIng n ronsonnbIo roynIfy nro for fho jury. i4i, 598
I.3d nf 856 (Whon fho mofhodoIogy Is sound, nnd fho
ovIdonco roIIod uon suffIcIonfIy roInfod fo fho cnso nf
hnnd, dIsufos nbouf fho dogroo of roIovnnco or nccurncy
(nbovo fhIs mInImum fhroshoId) mny go fo fho fosfImony`s
woIghf, buf nof Ifs ndmIssIbIIIfy.); eee oleo Micro Cleni-
col, 3l? I.3d nf l392.
ThIs courf hns nIso rocognIzod fhnf osfImnfIng n ron-
sonnbIo roynIfy Is nof nn oxncf scIonco. As such, fho
rocord mny suorf n rnngo of ronsonnbIo roynIfIos,
rnfhor fhnn n sIngIo vnIuo. !IkowIso, fhoro mny bo moro
fhnn ono roIInbIo mofhod for osfImnfIng n ronsonnbIo
roynIfy. See, e.g., 1n re 1nnoto/io 1P Ven/uree, LLC Po/en/
Li/ig., M! 2303, 20l3 W! 5593609, nf *30-*40 (.. III.
Ocf. 3, 20l3) (undorfnkIng n dofnIIod ovnIunfIon of fho
dIfforonf mofhods roosod by fho nrfIos of vnIuIng fho
nfonfs nf Issuo). Ior oxnmIo, n nrfy mny uso fho
roynIfy rnfo from suffIcIonfIy comnrnbIo IIconsos, vnIuo
fho InfrIngod fonfuros bnsod uon comnrnbIo fonfuros In
fho mnrkofInco, or osfImnfo fho vnIuo of fho bonofIf
rovIdod by fho InfrIngod fonfuros by n comnrIng fho
nccusod roducf fo non-InfrIngIng nIfornnfIvos. AII n-
ronchos hnvo corfnIn sfrongfhs nnd wonknossos nnd,
doondIng uon fho fncfs, ono or nII mny roduco ndmIs-
sIbIo fosfImony In n sIngIo cnso. If Is common for nrfIos
fo chooso dIfforonf, roIInbIo nronchos In n sIngIo cnso
nnd, whon fhoy do, fho roInfIvo sfrongfhs nnd wonknossos
mny bo oxosod nf frInI or nffnckod durIng cross-
oxnmInnfIon. Thnf ono nronch mny boffor nccounf for
ono nsocf of n roynIfy osfImnfIon doos nof mnko ofhor
nronchos InndmIssIbIo. Ior oxnmIo, ncfunI roynIfIos
nId for fochnoIogIos sImIInr fo fho cInIms nf Issuo mny
inleren/l, nccounf for nvnIInbIo, non-InfrIngIng nIfornn-
fIvos. On fho ofhor hnnd, nn nnnIyfIcnI comnrIson of fho
snmo non-InfrIngIng nIfornnfIvos fo fho cInIms mny moro
Jirec/l, nccounf for fhIs cosf. Tho fncf fhnf ono of fhoso
mofhods mny bo snId fo moro nccurnfoIy vnIuo fhIs nsocf
of n ronsonnbIo roynIfy cnIcuInfIon doos nof, nocossnrIIy,
mnko fho ofhor nronch InndmIssIbIo.
WIfh fhIs IognI frnmowork In mInd, wo rovIow fho dIs-
frIcf courf`s dnmngos ruIIngs. In doIng so, wo nIy
Sovonfh CIrcuIf Inw fo fho quosfIon of ndmIssIbIIIfy. See,
e.g., 1/licon, 1nc. t. I.S. Surgicol Corp., l35 I.3d l456,
l465 (Iod. CIr. l998). Tho Sovonfh CIrcuIf rovIows Je
noto whofhor fho dIsfrIcf courf nIIod fho roor IognI
frnmowork; buf rovIows docIsIons fo ndmIf or oxcIudo
oxorf fosfImony undor fhIs frnmowork for nn nbuso of
dIscrofIon. See Ini/eJ S/o/ee t. Porro, 402 I.3d ?52, ?58
(?fh CIr. 2005) (ci/ing Ini/eJ S/o/ee t. Allen, 269 I.3d
842, 845 (?fh CIr. 200l)).
AIo`s `949 Infonf
As fo fho `949 nfonf, wo fInd fhnf fho dIsfrIcf courf
ImroorIy oxcIudod AIo`s roosod oxorf fosfImony on
dnmngos. IIrsf, ns dIscussod nbovo, fho dIsfrIcf courf
bnsod Ifs dnmngos nnnIysIs on nn Incorrocf cInIm con-
sfrucfIon. ThIs orror, nIono, wouId roquIro rovorsnI nnd
romnnd bocnuso fho orronoous cInIm consfrucfIon horo
fnInfod fho dIsfrIcf courf`s dnmngos nnnIysIs. See, e.g.,
Coleeite Tecle., 1nc. t. Wo/ere Corp., 543 I.3d l35l, l3?3
(Iod. CIr. 2008) (vncnfIng ruIIng fhnf nfonfoo wns nof
onfIfIod fo dnmngos nnd romnndIng for roconsIdornfIon
bnsod uon modIfIod cInIm consfrucfIon); Texoe Digi/ol
S,e., 1nc. t. Telegenix, 1nc., 308 I.3d ll93, l2l6 (Iod. CIr.
2002) (vncnfIng dnmngos nwnrd whoro dIsfrIcf courf
rovIdod orronoous cInIm consfrucfIons fo fho jury).
Socond, fho dIsfrIcf courf orrod by nof consIdorIng fho fuII
scoo of fho nssorfod cInIms, quosfIonIng fho concIusIons
of AIo`s oxorf, nnd subsfIfufIng Ifs own oInIon, rnfhor
fhnn focusIng on fho roIInbIIIfy of fho rIncIIos nnd
mofhods usod or fho suffIcIoncy of fho fncfs nnd dnfn
roIIod uon. Thoso orrors nIso roquIro rovorsnI nnd ro-
mnnd.
In ordor fo osfImnfo fho vnIuo of fho nssorfod cInIms
of fho `949 nfonf, AIo`s oxorf (IrInn W. nor)
nnnIyzod AIo`s MngIc Trncknd (Trncknd).
2
Tho
Trncknd Is n fouchnd for uso wIfh Mnc comufors In
Inco of n mouso. Much IIko n fouchscroon, If hns n fncfIIo
sonsor fhnf dofocfs fIngor confncfs nnd frnnsInfos fhom
Info comufor commnnds. A usor fouchos fho Trncknd
wIfh hor fIngors In ordor fo scroII fhrough documonfs or
frnnsInfo confonf on fho comufor scroon. Tho Trncknd
rocognIzos fwoIvo fIngor gosfuros, IncIudIng n vorfIcnI
scroIIIng gosfuro nnd n horIzonfnI scroIIIng gosfuro. Tho
docIsIon fo uso fho Trncknd ns n comnrnbIo roducf wns
suorfod by fho fosfImony of ono of AIo`s fochnIcnI
oxorfs, r. Sfohon IoInor, who concIudod fhnf fho fouch
gosfuros of fho Trncknd nro comnrnbIo or sImIInr fo
fho cInImod fonfuros of fho `949 nfonf. Iurfhor, nor
confondod fhnf fho Trncknd fonfuros mosf sImIInr fo fho
nssorfod cInIms (such ns fho vorfIcnI scroIIIng nnd horI-
zonfnI scroIIIng fonfuros) nro fho mosf usod fouch fonfuros
of fho Trncknd. Thus, nor rovIdod fncfunI suorf
2
Iocnuso much of nor`s oxorf roorf Is confI-
donfInI, wo nro IImIfod fo rovIdIng nn ovorvIow of hIs
mofhodoIogy nnd nIIcnfIon buf cnnnof IncIudo mnny of
fho suorfIng dofnIIs.

for hIs confonfIon fhnf n Trncknd IncIudos fonfuros
comnrnbIo fo fho cInImod fonfuros.
In ordor fo IsoInfo fho vnIuo of fho Trncknd`s fouch
fonfuros, nor bognn by comnrIng fho rIco of fho
Trncknd fo fhnf of n frndIfIonnI comufor mouso. n-
or oInod fhnf fho rIco dIfforonco bofwoon fhoso rod-
ucfs couId bo nffrIbufod fo fwo dIfforoncos: fho Trncknd`s
fouch fonfuros nnd Ifs wIroIoss connocfIvIfy, noIfhor of
whIch Is rosonf In n frndIfIonnI mouso. Iocnuso wIroIoss
connocfIvIfy Is nof nrf of fho nssorfod cInIms, nor
dIscounfod hIs roynIfy bnsod uon fho osfImnfod vnIuo of
wIroIoss connocfIvIfy In fhIs confoxf. nor osfImnfod
fhIs vnIuo by comnrIng fho rIco of fwo sofs of wIrod nnd
wIroIoss mIco nnd usIng fho mIdoInf rIco dIfforonco ns n
dIscounf.
nor furfhor dIscounfod hIs roynIfy cnIcuInfIon fo
nccounf for Trncknd fouch fonfuros fhnf nro oufsIdo fho
scoo of fho nssorfod cInIms. SocIfIcnIIy, nor con-
cIudod fhnf n subsof of fho Trncknd fouch fonfuros woro
sImIInr or comnrnbIo fo fho nssorfod fonfuros. Thus, ho
roducod hIs roynIfy osfImnfo by n roorfIonnI nmounf fo
nccounf for fho oxfrn fonfuros. IoIIowIng fhIs rocoduro,
nor nrrIvod nf n ronsonnbIo roynIfy.
nor fhon comnrod hIs roynIfy cnIcuInfIon wIfh
roynIfy rnfos nId by MoforoIn In IIconsos for roInfod
fouch scroon fochnoIogy. nor concIudod fhnf, bocnuso
fho fochnoIogy nf Issuo In fhoso IIconsos wns sImIInr buf
InforIor, nnd bocnuso fho nrfIos fo fho IIconso woro nof
dIrocf comofIfors, MoforoIn wouId hnvo boon wIIIIng fo
ny n hIghor roynIfy for n IIconso fo fho nssorfod cInIms of
fho `949 nfonf fhnn If hnd nId In fhoso IIconsos.
As n ossIbIo dosIgn nIfornnfIvo, nor fosfIfIod fhnf
MoforoIn couId hnvo romovod fho nssorfod funcfIonnIIfy
from Ifs roducfs. nor nofod fhnf fhIs wouId cronfo n
Ioss funcfIonnI fouchscroon duo fo socIfIc fochnIcnI
ronsons dIscussod In r. IoInor`s roorf. AccordIng fo
nor, fhIs wouId ndvorsoIy Imncf fho usor`s oxorIonco
of fho fouchscroon nnd cronfo usor frusfrnfIon, fhoroby
rosuIfIng In n Ioss dosIrnbIo roducf. nor concIudod
fhnf fhIs nIfornnfIvo wouId nof roduco n ronsonnbIo
osfImnfo uon whIch fo bnso dnmngos.
Tho dIsfrIcf courf rovIowod nor`s oxorf roorf
nnd oxcIudod nII of hIs roosod fosfImony for fho `949
nfonf. In Inrgo nrf, fho courf`s nnnIysIs Incorornfod,
nnd wns bnsod uon, Ifs Incorrocf cInIm consfrucfIon,
whIch IImIfod fho cInIms fo roducfs confnInIng n ro-
Iondod KIndIo nIIcnfIon fhnf usos n fn gosfuro fo go fo
fho noxf ngo. See, e.g., Apple, 1nc. t. Mo/orolo, 1nc., l:ll-
CV-08540, 20l2 W! l959560 nf *? (.. III. Mny 22,
20l2) (Af fhIs oInf In fho IIfIgnfIon fho dIsosIfIvo
oIomonf of fho `949 nfonf Is fho uso of n fn on fho rIghf$
hnnd sIdo of fho scroon fo swIfch fo fho noxf ngo of n
KIndIo book fhnf hns boon Iondod on fho coII hono); eee
iJ. nf *?-8 (dIscussIng dosIgn nIfornnfIvos onIy fo fho fn
gosfuro). ThIs ovorIy nnrrow vIow of fho cInIms Iod fho
courf fo concIudo, IncorrocfIy, fhnf much of nor`s
nnnIysIs wns foo fnr romovod from fho nssorfod cInIms.
AIfhough If nonrIy oxcIusIvoIy roIIod on fhIs nnrrow
cInIm consfrucfIon, fho dIsfrIcf courf dId rocognIzo fhnf
nor`s oxorf roorf wns focusod on fho fuII (nnd ro-
or) scoo of fho cInIms. In IIghf of fhIs, fho courf consId-
orod whofhor nor`s roosod fosfImony rovIdod n
roIInbIo bnsIs for osfImnfIng fho vnIuo of nnofhor sIngIo
cInIm IImIfnfIon, fho vorfIcnI scroIIIng fonfuro.
3
Tho
courf found fhnf If dId nof, concIudIng fhnf fho fncf fhnf
mnny consumors wIII ny moro for n MngIc Trncknd fhnn
for n mouso foIIs ono nofhIng nbouf whnf fhoy wIII ny fo
nvoId occnsIonnIIy swIIng unsuccossfuIIy bocnuso fhoIr
swIIng fIngor wnsn`f ncfunIIy vorfIcnI fo fho scroon.
3
Honco, fho courf dId nof consIdor nor`s oxorf
fosfImony In IIghf of fho fuII scoo of fho nssorfod cInIms.

Thus, fho courf concIudod fhnf nny comnrIson fo n
Trncknd wns nn Inndoqunfo mofhod of osfImnfIng fho
vnIuo of oIfhor fho vorfIcnI scroIIIng fonfuro or fho fn for
fho noxf ngo fonfuro.
AsIdo from roIyIng on nn Incorrocf cInIm consfrucfIon,
fho dIsfrIcf courf orrod by nof consIdorIng fho fuII scoo of
InfrIngomonf. Af no oInf dId fho courf nsk or consIdor
whofhor nor hnd usod roIInbIo rIncIIos nnd mofh-
ods, or suffIcIonf dnfn, fo vnIuo fho en/ire ecope of fho
nssorfod cInIms. ConsoquonfIy, fho dIsfrIcf courf Incor-
rocfIy focusod on IndIvIdunI cInIm IImIfnfIons In IsoInfIon
whon ovnIunfIng fho roIInbIIIfy of nor`s mofhods. If Is
corfnInIy concoIvnbIo fhnf nn ofhorwIso sound mofhodoIo-
gy couId nonr unroIInbIo (or, Indood, IrroIovnnf) whon
nIIod fo n sIngIo IImIfnfIon, or n subsof of IImIfnfIons,
rnfhor fhnn fo fho fuII sof of InfrIngod cInIms. ThIs Is why
fho roor InquIry ovnIunfos fho oxorf`s mofhodoIogy In
vIow of fho fuII scoo of fho InfrIngod cInIms. See 35
!.S.C. 284 (|]nmngos ndoqunfo fo comonsnfo for /le
infringenen/ . . . n ronsonnbIo roynIfy for fho uso mndo of
/le inten/ion by fho InfrIngor.) (omhnsIs nddod); Gen.
Mo/ore Corp. t. Detex Corp., 46l !.S. 648, 655 (l983)
(Congross oxrossIy rovIdod In 284 fhnf fho courf
'shnII nwnrd fho cInImnnf dnmngos oJequo/e /o conpen-
eo/e for fho InfrIngomonf.`) (omhnsIs In orIgInnI); !oborf
A. Mnffhows, Jr., Anno/o/eJ Po/en/ Digee/ 30:6 (20l4)
(AII cInIm consfrucfIons dofIno fho bounds of whnf In-
frIngos, nnd fhoroforo nIso dofIno fho bounds of whnf
ncfIvIfy InfrIngomonf dnmngos nro nIIcnbIo fo.). Thus,
fho roor quosfIon Is nof whofhor n comnrIson fo fho
Trncknd nccurnfoIy vnIuos ono of fho cInImod fIngor
gosfuros. !nfhor, wo musf nsk, wIfh fho onfIro scoo of
fho nssorfod cInIms nnd fho corrocf cInIm consfrucfIon In
mInd, whofhor nor omIoyod roIInbIo rIncIIos nnd
mofhods, roIInbIy nIIod fhom, nnd roIIod uon IognIIy
suffIcIonf fncfs or dnfn. Wo fInd fhnf ho dId.
Confrnry fo fho dIsfrIcf courf`s doformInnfIon, n-
or`s mofhodoIogy Is nof InhoronfIy unsound; rnfhor If Is
fho roducf of roIInbIo rIncIIos nnd mofhods. II. !.
IVI. ?02. ThIs courf hns uhoId fho uso of sImIInr mofh-
ods InvoIvIng comnrnbIo bonchmnrk roducfs In fho nsf.
See, e.g., i4i, 598 I.3d nf 853-854; eee oleo Virne/X 1nc. t.
Apple 1nc., 925 I. Su. 2d 8l6, 839 (I.. Tox. 20l3).
nor`s mofhodoIogy focusod on fho cInImod fochnoIogy.
As dIscussod, nor bognn wIfh nn oxIsfIng roducf
confnInIng fonfuros ho confondod woro sImIInr fo fho
nssorfod fonfuros (fho Trncknd). oxf, nor nffomf-
od fo IsoInfo fho vnIuo of fhoso sImIInr fonfuros by vnIuIng
ofhor, non-cInImod fonfuros of fho Trncknd nnd subfrncf-
Ing fhIs vnIuo. To ronch n ronsonnbIo roynIfy, nor
fhon comnrod hIs rosuIfIng roynIfy fo roInfod IIconsos
nnd rnfIonnIIzod fho rIco dIfforoncos. nor nIso nd-
drossod fho ossIbIIIfy of romovIng fho nssorfod fonfuros
from fho nccusod dovIcos nnd nrguod fhnf fhIs wouId
frusfrnfo consumors nnd dovnIuo fho roducfs. In nII,
nor`s fosfImony wns fho roducf of roIInbIo rIncIIos
nnd mofhods.
nor nIso nIIod fhoso rIncIIos nnd mofhods In n
roIInbIo wny nnd suorfod fhom wIfh IognIIy suffIcIonf
fncfs nnd dnfn. See II. !. IVI. ?02. nor`s nIIcn-
fIon wns sfrnIghfforwnrd nnd ndoqunfoIy suorfod by
AIo`s fochnIcnI oxorfs nnd nor`s own oxorIonco
nnd oxorfIso, fho Inffor of whIch Is nof dIsufod. Ior
oxnmIo, nor`s nssorfIon fhnf fho Trncknd`s fonfuros
nro comnrnbIo fo fho nssorfod fonfuros Is fho rosuIf of
roIInbIo nIIcnfIon. !Iko fho nssorfod cInIms, fho Trnck-
nd frnnsInfos fIngor confncfs Info comufor commnnds,
IncIudIng somo of fho snmo fIngor confncfs nnd comufor
commnnds nssorfod. nor nIso roorIy roIIod uon
AIo`s fochnIcnI oxorf fo fncfunIIy suorf fhIs comnrI-
son. To nccounf for fho dIfforoncos bofwoon fho Trnck-
nd`s fonfuros nnd fhoso of fho nssorfod cInIms, nor
nddrossod fhoso dIfforoncos nnd dIscounfod hIs roynIfy
osfImnfo.
In oxcIudIng nor`s fosfImony, fho dIsfrIcf courf
ronsonod, fhnf n consumor wIII ny somofhIng for gosfur-
nI confroI doos nof onnbIo nn osfImnfIon of how much ho
wIII ny for n nrfIcuInr Imrovomonf In n sysfom of such
confroI. Tho courf nIso found fhnf fhoro wns n moro
rofornbIo mofhod for vnIuIng fho nssorfod cInIms fhnf, If
boIIovod, wouId bo usod In n non-IIfIgnfIon confoxf. Con-
frnry fo fho dIsfrIcf courf`s nssorfIon, nor`s osfImnfo
wns nof dIrocfod fo fho vnIuo of nII gosfurnI confroI buf
fo fho vnIuo of fho nssorfod cInIms bocnuso nor fo-
cusod on fho nssorfod fonfuros, ns doscrIbod nbovo. See
eupro nf 39-4l (doscrIbIng nor`s IdonfIfIcnfIon of
sImIInr fonfuros, IsoInfIon of fhoIr vnIuo by dIscounfIng for
uncInImod fonfuros, nnd comnrIson of roynIfy rnfo fo
sImIInr IIconso ngroomonfs). WhIIo fho dIsfrIcf courf
summnrIIy concIudod fhoro wns n boffor wny fo cnIcuInfo
dnmngos, If dId nof oInf fo nny socIfIc fInws In nor`s
Trncknd comnrIson. Ior oxnmIo, fho courf dId nof
quosfIon fho fosfImony of AIo`s fochnIcnI oxorf fhnf
fho Trncknd`s fonfuros nro comnrnbIo or sImIInr fo fho
nssorfod fonfuros. or dId fho courf oInf fo nny fInws In
nor`s mofhod of norfIonIng fho cosf of fho roIovnnf
fonfuros In fho Trncknd or oxInIn why Ifs roforrod
mofhod of vnIunfIon wns suorIor. SImIy bocnuso ofhor
roIInbIo mofhods of osfImnfIng n ronsonnbIo roynIfy mny
oxIsf doos nof, by IfsoIf, rondor nor`s nronch Innd-
mIssIbIo.
Tho dIsfrIcf courf nIso fnuIfod nor for nof dIrocfIy
osfImnfIng whnf n consumor wIII ny fo nvoId occnsIonnI-
Iy swIIng unsuccossfuIIy bocnuso fhoIr swIIng fIngor
wnsn`f ncfunIIy vorfIcnI fo fho scroon. Iuf nor`s
mofhodoIogy dId osfImnfo whnf consumors wIII ny for fho
InfrIngod fonfuros by ovnIunfIng whnf consumors hnvo
ncfunIIy nId for comnrnbIo fonfuros. Moro gonornIIy,
fho vnIuo n consumor nffrIbufos fo fho InfrIngIng fonfuro
mny bo nn Imorfnnf dnfn oInf for osfImnfIng n roynIfy,
buf If Is nof n roquIrod Ioco of InformnfIon In nII cnsos.
Horo, fho nbsonco of n dIrocf monsuromonf of fhIs vnIuo
doos nof foIo fho onfIrofy of fho rIncIIos nnd mofhods
omIoyod by nor. Tho sfnfufo roquIros doformInnfIon
of n ronsonnbIo roynIfy, nof n ronsonnbIo consumor
rIco.
4
As nofod, fhoro nro muIfIIo ronsonnbIo mofhods
for cnIcuInfIng n roynIfy, nnd dIrocfIy osfImnfIng fho vnIuo
n consumor Incos on fho InfrIngIng fonfuro Is nof n
roquIromonf of ndmIssIbIIIfy.
IncfunIIy, If fho Trncknd Is nof nn nccurnfo bonch-
mnrk, MoforoIn Is froo fo chnIIongo fho bonchmnrk or
nrguo for n moro nccurnfo bonchmnrk. Iuf such nn
nrgumonf goos fo ovIdonfInry woIghf, nof ndmIssIbIIIfy,
osocInIIy whon, ns horo, nn oxorf hns nIIod roIInbIo
mofhods fo domonsfrnfo n roInfIonshI bofwoon fho
bonchmnrk nnd fho InfrIngod cInIms. See Leee, ?l4 I.3d
nf 596 (Cnrfhngo Is froo fo nrguo |for] . . . n rofornbIo
bonchmnrk, buf fhnf ngnIn Is n mnffor of ovIdonfInry
woIghf, nof ndmIssIbIIIfy.). MoforoIn mny nddross nny
fochnIcnI dIfforoncos bofwoon fho Trncknd nnd fho
nssorfod fonfuros, nor`s nnnIysIs fhoroof, or fho cor-
rocfnoss of nor`s concIusIons, durIng cross-
oxnmInnfIon. See Sni/l t. IorJ Mo/or Co., 2l5 I.3d ?l3,
?l8 (?fh CIr. 2000) (oxInInIng fhnf dIsngroomonfs nbouf
fho fncfunI undorInnIngs of nn oxorf`s nnnIysIs go fo
4
oondIng uon fho cnso, fho rIco n consumor
wouId ny for nn InfrIngIng fonfuro mny nof, by IfsoIf,
shod much IIghf on whnf nn InfrIngor wouId ny fo IIconso
fhnf fonfuro. Ior oxnmIo, If wo nssumo fhnf n consumor
Is wIIIIng fo ny $5.00 for n corfnIn fonfuro, nn InfrIngor
mny wnnf fo rofnIn somo of fhnf ns rofIf (nnd ny onIy n
$3.00 roynIfy), buf, doondIng uon fho cIrcumsfnncos, If
mny bo wIIIIng fo sncrIfIco nII of fhnf gnIn (by nyIng n
$5.00 roynIfy) nnd mnko Ifs rofIf oIsowhoro.

woIghf, nof ndmIssIbIIIfy). Iuf fho dIsfrIcf courf`s docI-
sIon on fho vnIuo osfImnfod by nor shorf-cIrcuIfod
MoforoIn`s oorfunIfy fo robuf nor`s oInIon fhrough
rosonfnfIon of Ifs own ovIdonco. See Go,/on t. McCo,,
593 I.3d 6l0, 6l6 (?fh CIr. 20l0) (oformInnfIons on
ndmIssIbIIIfy shouId nof suInnf fho ndvorsnrInI rocoss;
'shnky` oxorf fosfImony mny bo ndmIssIbIo, nssnIInbIo by
Ifs oononf fhrough cross-oxnmInnfIon.) (ci/ing DouIer/,
509 !.S. nf 596). Whofhor nor`s fosfImony wns fho
roducf of roIInbIo rIncIIos nnd mofhods Is fho focus of
ndmIssIbIIIfy; whofhor fho fosfImony roducod n corrocf
dogroo of osfImnfIon of fho vnIuo of fho `949 nfonf Is n
fncfunI consIdornfIon rosorvod for fho fncf fIndor. Horo,
fho dIsfrIcf courf rosoIvod ndmIssIbIIIfy bnsod uon Ifs
own vIow on fho corrocf osfImnfo of vnIuo for fho '949
nfonf, n quosfIon fhnf shouId hnvo boon rosorvod for fho
jury.
In sum, fho mnjorIfy of fho dIsfrIcf courf`s nnnIysIs ro-
IIod uon Ifs Incorrocf cInIm consfrucfIon nnd Is fhoroforo
In orror. Tho dIsfrIcf courf nIso orrod by nof consIdorIng
fho fuII scoo of InfrIngomonf, nnd by quosfIonIng fho
fncfunI undorInnIngs nnd corrocfnoss of nor`s fosfI-
mony, rnfhor fhnn fho roIInbIIIfy of hIs rIncIIos nnd
mofhod nnd fho suffIcIoncy of fho dnfn uon whIch ho
roIIod. Tho dIsfrIcf courf`s oxcIusIon of nor`s oxorf
fosfImony rognrdIng fho `949 nfonf Is fhoroforo rovorsod.
AIo`s `263 Infonf
Tho dIsfrIcf courf nIso oxcIudod AIo`s dnmngos ovI-
donco roInfod fo fho `263 nfonf bocnuso AIo`s oxorf
roIIod uon InformnfIon rovIdod by n fochnIcnI oxorf
hIrod by AIo. Tho dIsfrIcf courf subsoquonfIy grnnfod
MoforoIn`s mofIon for summnry judgmonf fhnf AIo wns
onfIfIod fo no dnmngos for InfrIngomonf of fho `263 n-
fonf. Wo rovorso fho dIsfrIcf courf`s docIsIon fo oxcIudo
AIo`s oxorf fosfImony nnd fhoroforo vncnfo fho courf`s
grnnf of summnry judgmonf rognrdIng fho `263 nfonf.
AIo`s dnmngos oxorf, ngnIn r. nor, oInod
fhnf fhoro woro fwo nronchos for dosIgnIng nround fho
nssorfod cInIms of fho `263 nfonf. Tho fIrsf nronch
wouId roquIro MoforoIn fo rodosIgn fho comufor chI In
Ifs honos nnd nIso roquIro fho nIIcnfIon rovIdors (fho
comnnIos bohInd roducfs such ns Incobook nnd
YouTubo) fo rodosIgn fho nIIcnfIons fhnf ufIIIzo sfronm-
Ing vIdoo or nudIo confonf. nor osfImnfod fho cosf of
fhIs nronch nf fho fImo of InfrIngomonf buf concIudod
fhnf fhIs dosIgn nround wouId hnvo boon rncfIcnIIy
unworknbIo for fochnIcnI ronsons unImorfnnf horo. Tho
ofhor dosIgn nround ofIon IdonfIfIod by nor InvoIvod
MoforoIn roIncIng n chI on Ifs honos or nddIng nn
nddIfIonnI chI. To osfImnfo fhIs cosf, nor usod n chI
IdonfIfIod by ono of AIo`s fochnIcnI oxorfs, r. nfhnn
IoIIsh. Insod uon fncfs nnd dnfn mndo nvnIInbIo fo
nor by IoIIsh, nor concIudod fhnf If wouId hnvo
boon moro oxonsIvo fo dosIgn nround vIn fhIs socond
ofIon. Incod wIfh fhoso choIcos, nor nrrIvod nf n sof
fIguro whIch ho concIudod MoforoIn wouId hnvo boon
wIIIIng fo ny ns n ronsonnbIo roynIfy bocnuso If roro-
sonfod fho Iossor of fho fwo ofIons.
Tho dIsfrIcf courf oxcIudod nor`s roosod fosfI-
mony for fho soIo ronson fhnf nor roIIod uon nn
oxorf hIrod by AIo, r. IoIIsh, for fho IdonfIfy of fho
roIncomonf chI. Tho dIsfrIcf courf concIudod fhnf, hnd
IoIIsh boon fho onIy orson comofonf fo oIno on fho
roor subsfIfufo chI, fhon nor`s fosfImony wouId
hnvo boon ndmIssIbIo. Tho courf ronsonod:
ImngIno |n] . . . convorsnfIon bofwoon nor nnd
MoforoIn, whIch IÌI rofond hIrod nor fo nd-
vIso on how nf Iowosf cosf fo duIIcnfo fho nfonf`s
funcfIonnIIfy wIfhouf InfrIngomonf: MoforoIn:
'Whnf wIII If cosf us fo Invonf nround, for fhnf wIII
Inco n coIIIng on fho roynIfy woÌI ny AIo`
nor: 'Irnco yoursoIf: $35 mIIIIon groonbncks.`
MoforoIn: 'Thnf sounds hIgh; whoro dId you gof
fho fIguro` nor: 'I nskod nn ongInoor who
works for AIo.` MoforoIn: 'Dunn/opf! You`ro
fIrod.`
Apple, 1nc., 20l2 W! l959560 nf *9. Insod on fhIs hyo-
fhofIcnI convorsnfIon, fho dIsfrIcf courf oxcIudod nII of
nor`s roosod fosfImony. 1J.
Tho dIsfrIcf courf`s oxcIusIon of nor`s roosod
fosfImony wns orronoous. Tho dIsfrIcf courf`s docIsIon
sfnfos n ruIo fhnf noIfhor oxIsfs nor Is corrocf. Ixorfs
roufInoIy roIy uon ofhor oxorfs hIrod by fho nrfy fhoy
rorosonf for oxorfIso oufsIdo of fhoIr fIoId. See, e.g.,
Duro Au/ono/ite S,e. of 1nJ., 1nc. t. CTS Corp., 285 I.3d
609, 609-6l3 (?fh CIr. 2002) (|I]f Is common In fochnIcnI
fIoIds for nn oxorf fo bnso nn oInIon In nrf on whnf n
dIfforonf oxorf boIIovos on fho bnsIs of oxorf knowIodgo
nof ossossod by fho fIrsf oxorf.); Moneon/o Co. t.
DotiJ, 5l6 I.3d l009, l0l5 (Iod. CIr. 2008) (umorous
courfs hnvo hoId fhnf roIInnco on scIonfIfIc fosf rosuIfs
ronrod by ofhors mny consfIfufo fho fyo of ovIdonco
fhnf Is ronsonnbIy roIIod uon by oxorfs for urosos of
!uIo of IvIdonco ?03.). !uIo ?03 oxIIcIfIy nIIows nn
oxorf fo roIy on InformnfIon ho hns boon mndo nwnro of
If oxorfs In fho nrfIcuInr fIoId wouId ronsonnbIy roIy on
fhoso kInds of fncfs or dnfn In formIng nn oInIon on fho
subjocf. II. !. IVI. ?03; eee oleo Moneon/o, 5l6 I.3d
nf l0l6. ThIs !uIo doos nof rodIcnfo ndmIssIbIIIfy on fho
sourco of fho fncfs or dnfn or, In nrfIcuInr, on whofhor
fho sourco Is omIoyod by oIfhor of fho nrfIos.
ConsIsfonf wIfh !uIo ?03, nfonf dnmngos oxorfs of-
fon roIy on fochnIcnI oxorfIso oufsIdo of fhoIr fIoId whon
ovnIunfIng dosIgn nround ofIons or vnIuIng fho Im-
orfnnco of fho socIfIc, InfrIngIng fonfuros In n comIox
dovIco. Moneon/o, 5l6 I.3d nf l0l5. Ior oxnmIo, n
nrfy mny wnnf fo oxInIn, from n fochnIcnI orsocfIvo,
why ono ofonfInI dosIgn nIfornnfIvo Is Ioss oxonsIvo In
ordor fo jusfIfy n Iowor roynIfy cnIcuInfIon. Infonf dnm-
ngos cnIcuInfIons nro offon InforfwInod wIfh hIghIy foch-
nIcnI Issuos rocIsoIy bocnuso dnmngos musf bo bnsod on
fho scoo of InfrIngomonf, offon nn InvoIvod fochnIcnI
quosfIon. osIfo fhIs rocodonf, fho dIsfrIcf courf orrono-
ousIy found fhnf AIo cnnnof suorf Ifs dnmngos cnIcu-
InfIon wIfh InformnfIon from n fochnIcnI oxorf If hns
hIrod.
In nrfIcuInr, fho dIsfrIcf courf oxrossod concorn fhnf
r. IoIIsh`s fochnIcnI ndvIco wns IncurnbIy bInsod bocnuso
ho wns hIrod by AIo. See Apple, 1nc., 20l2 W! l959560
nf *9 (nor obfnInod ossonfInI InformnfIon, nnmoIy fho
IdonfIfy of fho chI fhnf wouId nvoId InfrIngomonf, from
nn ngonf of fho nrfy rnfhor fhnn n dIsInforosfod
sourco.). WhIIo If mny bo fruo fhnf fho ofonfInI for bIns
Is nn Inhoronf concorn wIfh rosocf fo nII hIrod oxorfs,
fhIs concorn Is nddrossod by fho woIghf gIvon fo fho
oxorf`s fosfImony, nof Ifs ndmIssIbIIIfy. See, e.g., Togo/c
t. Morque//e Init., 86l I.2d l040, l042 (?fh CIr. l988)
(HIrod oxorfs, who gonornIIy nro hIghIy comonsnfod
nnd by fho nrfy on whoso bohnIf fhoy nro fosfIfyIng nro
nof nofnbIy dIsInforosfod.); 1/licon, l35 I.3d nf l465
(Iurfhormoro, n wIfnoss`s ocunInry Inforosf In fho
oufcomo of n cnso goos fo fho robnfIvo woIghf of fosfImo-
ny, nof Ifs ndmIssIbIIIfy.). To fho oxfonf bIns oxIsfs,
cross-oxnmInnfIon nnd fho fosfImony of nn oosIng
oxorf mny bo usod fo oxoso If. 1J.; eee oleo Anno/o/eJ
Po/en/ Digee/, nf 44:43.l50 (Thnf nn oxorf mny hnvo n
bIns or soIf Inforosf fownrds n nrfy on whoso bohnIf ho or
sho Is offorIng fosfImony, wIfhouf moro, gonornIIy doos
nof roquIro dIsqunIIfyIng fho oxorf so Iong ns fho oxorf
nonrs fo bo rovIdIng nn objocfIvo nnnIysIs. IIns goos
fo fho woIghf of fho fosfImony, nof nocossnrIIy Ifs ndmIs-
sIbIIIfy.). In Togo/c, fho courf rocognIzod fhnf, In fho
confoxf of n nrfy fosfIfyIng ns hIs own oxorf, fho frIor
of fncf shouId bo nbIo fo dIscounf for so obvIous n confIIcf
of Inforosf. 86l I.2d nf l042. Horo, If fho chI r. IoIIsh
hns suggosfod Is nof fho bosf or chonosf nIfornnfIvo,
MoforoIn Is froo fo nddross fhIs Issuo on cross oxnmInnfIon
nnd fhrough fho fosfImony of Ifs own oxorf wIfnoss. See,
e.g., Wol/er, 208 I.3d nf 589-90; S/ollinge, ?25 I.3d nf
?65; Go,/on, 593 I.3d nf 6l6. Tho Issuo Is ono of ovIdon-
fInry woIghf nnd nof ndmIssIbIIIfy.
Tho dIsfrIcf courf nIso ImIIod fhnf r. IoIIsh`s roc-
ommondnfIon of n nrfIcuInr roIncomonf chI Is nof fho
fyo of InformnfIon fhnf nn oxorf In fho fIoId wouId
ronsonnbIy roIy uon oufsIdo fho confoxf of IIfIgnfIon.
See Apple, 1nc., 20l2 W! l959560 nf *9-*l0; eee oleo
Kunlo, 526 !.S. nf l52 (nofIng fhnf nn oxorf musf
omIoy In fho courfroom fho snmo IovoI of InfoIIocfunI
rIgor fhnf chnrncforIzos fho rncfIco of nn oxorf In fho
roIovnnf fIoId.). Wo dIsngroo. As nofod nbovo, !uIo ?03
roquIros fhnf fho oxorf fosfImony bo fIod fo fho fncfs of
fho cnso. See iJ. nf l53-54. If AIo hIrod nor fo
vnIuo fho nssorfod cInIms of fho `263 nfonf oufsIdo of
IIfIgnfIon nnd fhoro wns fochnIcnI Issuo nor dId nof
undorsfnnd, If wouId bo ronsonnbIo for nor fo nsk n
fochnIcnI oxorf hIrod by AIo. Ior oxnmIo, If wouId bo
ronsonnbIo for nn AIo oxorf fo oxInIn fho bnckground
of AIo`s nfonf, how fho cInImod InvonfIon fIfs Info n
Inrgor roducf, or fho koy ndvnncos ovor fho rIor nrf. AII
of fhIs InformnfIon wouId bo oufsIdo of nor`s oxorfIso
buf hoIfuI, If nof crIfIcnI, fo hIs fnsk of vnIuIng fho n-
fonf. Indood, If fho fochnIcnI InformnfIon noodod wns
wIfhIn fho oxorfIso of AIo omIoyoos, If wouId bo
wnsfofuI for AIo, If nof ofhorwIso dIsndvnnfngoous, nof
fo rovIdo If nnd, In corfnIn cIrcumsfnncos, ovon docoIffuI.
OvornII, oufsIdo of IIfIgnfIon, If wouId bo ronsonnbIo, nnd
quIfo common, for nor fo roIy on fochnIcnI InformnfIon
rovIdod by AIo or ono of Ifs oxorfs In ordor fo vnIuo
fho cosf fo dosIgn nround AIo`s fochnoIogy. Indood,
such nn nronch wouId cnrry fho snmo InfoIIocfunI rIgor
ns fho nronch omIoyod In fho courfroom In fhIs cnso.
A ruIo fhnf wouId oxcIudo AIo`s dnmngos ovIdonco
sImIy bocnuso If roIIos uon InformnfIon from nn AIo
fochnIcnI oxorf Is unronsonnbIo nnd confrnry fo !uIos
?02 nnd ?03 nnd confroIIIng rocodonf. As n rosuIf, wo
rovorso fho dIsfrIcf courf`s oxcIusIon of nor`s fosfImo-
ny rognrdIng fho `263 nfonf nnd vncnfo Ifs grnnf of
summnry judgmonf rognrdIng dnmngos.
MoforoIn`s `898 Infonf
Tho dIsfrIcf courf oxcIudod nII of MoforoIn`s roosod
fosfImony roInfod fo dnmngos for InfrIngomonf of fho `898
nfonf nnd subsoquonfIy grnnfod AIo`s mofIon for
summnry judgmonf fhnf MoforoIn wns onfIfIod fo no
dnmngos. Wo nffIrm fho oxcIusIon of fho fosfImony fhnf
roIIod on MoforoIn`s IIconsIng oxorf, ChnrIos onohoo.
Tho dIsfrIcf courf orrod, howovor, whon If oxcIudod fho
romnIndor of MoforoIn`s roosod oxorf fosfImony bo-
cnuso MoforoIn`s nnnIysIs of comnrnbIo IIconsos usod
roIInbIo rIncIIos nnd mofhods, nnd MoforoIn roIInbIy
nIIod fhom fo suffIcIonf fncfs nnd dnfn fo osfImnfo fho
ovornII vnIuo of fho `898 nfonf. AccordIngIy, wo rovorso
fho courf`s oxcIusIon of fho romnIndor of MoforoIn`s dnm-
ngos oxorf fosfImony nnd vncnfo fho courf`s grnnf of
summnry judgmonf.
MoforoIn`s dnmngos oxorf wns CnrIn S. MuIhorn.
MuIhorn`s roosod fosfImony IncIudod nn nnnIysIs of
IIconso ngroomonfs bofwoon MoforoIn nnd nII of fho
mnjor coIIuInr hono mnkors In fho !nIfod Sfnfos, oxcof
for AIo. WhIIo fho forms of onch ngroomonf vnry, nII
gonornIIy covor MoforoIn`s onfIro sfnndnrd-ossonfInI
nfonf (SII) orffoIIo (hundrods of nfonfs), of whIch
fho `898 nfonf Is n vory smnII nrf. Somo of fho IIconsos
woro cross-IIconsos, whoroIn MoforoIn obfnInod n IIconso
fo fhIrd nrfIos` SIIs. Tho roynIfy bnso In onch of fhoso
IIconsos wns fho snIo rIco of n coII hono. AccordIng fo
MuIhorn, fhoso IIconsos show fhnf MoforoIn hns rovIous-
Iy rocoIvod n roynIfy rnfo of nroxImnfoIy 2.25 for n
IIconso fo Ifs onfIro SII orffoIIo. MuIhorn nIso oxnmInod
IIconsos for SII orffoIIos covorIng coIIuInr communIcn-
fIons fochnoIogy bofwoon AIo nnd fhIrd nrfIos. Thoso
IIconsos nIso fyIcnIIy IncIudod cross-IIconso ngroomonfs.
AIo`s roynIfIos undor fhoso ngroomonfs woro In n sImI-
Inr rnngo.
Iocnuso AIo Is nof nIIogod fo InfrIngo nII of fho n-
fonfs In MoforoIn`s SII orffoIIo, MuIhorn nffomfod fo
sonrnfo ouf fho vnIuo of fho `898 nfonf from fho fofnI
vnIuo of fho orffoIIo. MuIhorn rocognIzod fhnf IndIvIdunI
nfonfs In n SII orffoIIo mny hnvo dIfforonf vnIuos,
bnsod uon, for oxnmIo, fho roInfIvo Imorfnnco of fho
nfonf fo fho sfnndnrd or fo fho fochnoIogy ns n whoIo.
SocIfIcnIIy, MuIhorn oInod fhnf oconomIc sfudIos hnvo
shown fhnf nfonf vnIuos nro skowod wIfh mnny nfonfs
hnvIng IIffIo or no vnIuo nnd n smnII mInorIfy hnvIng
sIgnIfIcnnf vnIuo. MuIhorn nIso nofod fhnf, durIng n
hyofhofIcnI nogofInfIon, n IIconsoo wouId oxocf fo ny
Ioss for n IIconso fo n fow nfonfs fhnn for nn onfIro orf-
foIIo of sfnndnrd-ossonfInI nfonfs. MuIhorn concIudod,
bnsod uon fho oxorf roorfs of MoforoIn`s fochnIcnI
oxorfs, fhnf fho `898 nfonf rorosonfod nn Imorfnnf
InnovnfIon nnd wns dIsroorfIonnfoIy vnIunbIo In fho
confoxf of MoforoIn`s ovornII orffoIIo.
MuIhorn oInod fhnf IIconsIng ono nfonf from n Inrgo
SII orffoIIo wns nof n fyIcnI Indusfry rncfIco bocnuso,
In ordor fo uso n sfnndnrd, n IIconso fo nII ossonfInI n-
fonfs wouId bo noodod. In fho ronI worId, nccordIng fo
MuIhorn, SIIs nro onIy IIconsod In Inrgo orffoIIos.
MuIhorn cIfod roosod fosfImony of ofhor oxorfs wIfh
oxorIonco In fho IIconsIng Indusfry fo suorf fhIs cInIm.
osIfo fhIs Indusfry rncfIco, MuIhorn rocognIzod fhnf
fho hyofhofIcnI nogofInfIon consfrucf wouId forco
MoforoIn fo onfor Info n IIconso for jusf n subsof of Ifs
sfnndnrd-ossonfInI nfonfs. Such n IIconso, nccordIng fo
MuIhorn, wouId cnfuro n nonIInonr shnro of fho orffo-
IIo rnfo bocnuso If wouId forco MoforoIn fo, InoffIcIonfIy,
IIconso Ifs nfonfs n fow nf n fImo. In ofhor words, fho
fIrsf fow nfonfs IIconsod from fho orffoIIo wouId com-
mnnd n hIghor roynIfy rnfo fhnn fhoso fhnf foIIowod.
Insod uon fhIs ronsonIng, MuIhorn oInod fhnf fho
fIrsf fow nfonfs wouId fyIcnIIy commnnd 40-50 of
fho onfIro orffoIIo rnfo. MuIhorn suorfod fhIs 40-
50 osfImnfo wIfh: fho roosod fosfImony of nnofhor of
MoforoIn`s IIconsIng oxorfs, ChnrIos onohoo; fho sfnfo-
monfs of n MoforoIn IIconsIng oxocufIvo; fho sfnfomonfs of
n formor IrIcsson IIconsIng oxocufIvo; nnd hor knowIodgo
of IIM`s woII-known IIconsIng oIIcy In fho l980s nnd
onrIy l990s. AccordIng fo MuIhorn, IIM wouId offor n
IIconso fo n sIngIo nfonf In Ifs orffoIIo, whIch fofnIod
ovor l0,000 nfonfs, nf n roynIfy rnfo of l of nof snIo
rIco. Inch succossIvo nfonf wouId cosf nn nddIfIonnI
l, u fo fho fIffh nfonf IIconsod. Ioyond fIvo nfonfs,
or n 5 roynIfy, fho rnfo wouId nof Incronso. Insod uon
fhIs nnnIysIs, MuIhorn concIudod, ns ono osfImnfo, fhnf
fho `898 nfonf wns worfh 40-50 of MoforoIn`s SII
orffoIIo rnfo.
As nn nIfornnfIvo nnd moro consorvnfIvo osfImnfo,
MuIhorn oInod fhnf fho `898 nfonf rorosonfod 5 of
fho ncfunIIy-ossonfInI nfonfs In MoforoIn`s orffoIIo.
ThIs osfImnfo dId nof roIy uon MuIhorn`s non-IInonr
vnIunfIon fhoory, buf rnfhor wns bnsod uon n IInonr
modIfIod nfonf counfIng mofhod. !ndor fhIs nronch,
MuIhorn concIudod fhnf AIo wouId hnvo boon wIIIIng fo
ny 5 of fho onfIro SII orffoIIo rnfo for n IIconso fo
fho `898 nfonf.
MuIhorn nIso rocognIzod fhnf AIo couId hnvo nvoId-
od InfrIngomonf by InfroducIng nn IIhono onIy on fho
VorIzon nofwork, whIch dId nof uso fho CMS/!TMS
nofworks. MuIhorn nddrossod AIo`s dosIgn nround cosf
nf fho fImo of fho hyofhofIcnI nogofInfIon by fIrsf con-
cIudIng fhnf fho `898 nfonf wns ossonfInI fo fho
CMS/!TMS mobIIo nofworks nnd fhnf, fhoroforo, AIo
couId nof uso fhoso nofworks wIfhouf n IIconso. MuIhorn
oufIInod urorfod ImrncfIcnIIfIos wIfh fho VorIzon
ofIon, IncIudIng confIdonfInI dofnIIs wo docIIno fo rocIfo
horo. SfoIng fhoro, MuIhorn dId nof socIfIcnIIy osfI-
mnfo fho cosf fo AIo of ursuIng n VorIzon hono In
Inco of nn AT&T hono.
Tho dIsfrIcf courf nssumod fhnf fho roynIfy rnfos ro-
osod by MoforoIn snfIsfIod Ifs fnIr, ronsonnbIo nnd non-
dIscrImInnfory (I!A) IIconsIng obIIgnfIons buf,
novorfhoIoss, oxcIudod nII of MuIhorn`s roosod fosfImo-
ny bocnuso sho fnIIod fo consIdor fho rnngo of InusIbIo
nIfornnfIvos . . . fncIng AIo. SocIfIcnIIy, fho dIsfrIcf
courf concIudod fhnf MuIhorn`s fnIIuro fo nnnIyzo fho
ossIbIIIfy of AIo confrncfIng wIfh VorIzon mndo hor
mofhod unroIInbIo. If nonrs fho dIsfrIcf courf wns
concornod wIfh MuIhorn`s fnIIuro fo socIfIcnIIy vnIuo fho
cosf of confrncfIng wIfh VorIzon In Inco of AT&T. See
Apple, 1nc., 20l2 W! l959560 nf *ll (MuIhorn offors no
ovIdonco fhnf If wouId hnvo boon $34? mIIIIon moro cosfIy
fo AIo fo confrncf wIfh VorIzon ovor AT&T.). !ognrd-
Ing onohoo`s roosod fosfImony, fho dIsfrIcf courf nofod
fhnf hIs docInrnfIon dId nof offor nny bnsIs for soIocfIng
fho corrocf nonIInonr roynIfy rnfo. In nddIfIon, onohoo
ndmIffod fhnf ho knows nofhIng nbouf fho orffoIIo fhnf
IncIudos fho `898 nfonf; hIs 40-fo-50 orconf fIguro Is n
sfnfomonf nbouf orffoIIos of sfnndnrds-ossonfInI foIo-
communIcnfIons nfonfs In gonornI.
Wo ngroo wIfh fho dIsfrIcf courf fhnf onohoo`s fosfI-
mony Is InsuffIcIonf fo suorf nn nwnrd of dnmngos.
Indood, fho dIsfrIcf courf wouId hnvo boon jusfIfIod In
oxcIudIng onohoo`s fosfImony ns InhoronfIy unroIInbIo
bnsod on hIs fnIIuro fo fIo fho 40-50 rnfo fo fho fochno-
IogIcnI confrIbufIon of fho nfonf fo fho sfnndnrd-ossonfInI
nfonf orffoIIo. Wo hnvo consIsfonfIy oxInInod fhnf
roof of dnmngos musf bo cnrofuIIy fIod fo fho cInImod
InvonfIon IfsoIf. See IeeQAe/.con, 1nc. t. Loneo, 1nc., 594
I.3d 860, 869 (Iod. CIr. 20l0); Iilee t. Slell 1xploro/ion
& ProJ. Co., 298 I.3d l302, l3l2 (Iod. CIr. 2002) (oxcIud-
Ing nfonfoo`s dnmngos modoI bocnuso fho oxorf |dId]
nof nssocInfo hIs roosod roynIfy wIfh fho vnIuo of fho
nfonfod mofhod nf nII). Horo, whoro onohoo ndmIffod
fhnf ho know nofhIng nbouf fho SII orffoIIo nf Issuo nnd
dId nof ovon urorf fo IInk fho 40-50 rnfo fo fho
cInImod InvonfIon of fho `898 nfonf, fhoro cnn bo IIffIo
doubf whofhor hIs fosfImony wns fIod fo fho fncfs of fhIs
cnso.
5

MuIhorn Incorornfod onohoo`s fosfImony Info hor
own whon sho roIIod on hIs roosod fosfImony fo oIno
fhnf fho fIrsf fow nfonfs from n gIvon orffoIIo wouId
fyIcnIIy commnnd 40-50 of fho onfIro orffoIIo rnfo.
Tho subsfnnco of onohoo`s fosfImony Is no moro roIInbIo
whon ndmIffod fhrough MuIhorn fhnn fhrough onohoo
hImsoIf. Wo nofo fhnf fho gonornI fhoory fhnf onohoo
nnd MuIhorn roIIod uon, fhnf fho fIrsf nfonf from n
Inrgor orffoIIo mny, In rncfIco, gnrnor n Inrgor roynIfy
fhnn Infor nfonfs from fho snmo orffoIIo, Is nof Inhor-
onfIy unroIInbIo. TosfImony bnsod uon fhIs fhoory mny
bo ndmIssIbIo If roorIy fIod fo fho cInImod InvonfIon.
Iuf horo, whoro n ofonfInIIy roIInbIo fhoory Is nof fIod fo
fho fncfs of fho cnso, fho oxorf fosfImony Is InndmIssIbIo.
See, e.g., Kunlo, 526 !.S. nf l54-55. Ior fhoso ronsons,
wo nffIrm fho dIsfrIcf courf`s oxcIusIon of fhnf orfIon of
MuIhorn`s fosfImony fhnf wns bnsod on onohoo`s docIn-
rnfIon.
Wo dIsngroo wIfh fho dIsfrIcf courf rognrdIng fho ro-
mnIndor of MuIhorn`s fosfImony. AIfhough MuIhorn dId
nof dIrocfIy osfImnfo fho cosf fo AIo of choosIng AT&T
ovor VorIzon, MuIhorn dId consIdor nnd nnnIyzo fho
5
Indood, ns AIo oInfs ouf, MoforoIn dId nof nd-
jusf Ifs 40-50 rnfo whon fho `559 nfonf drood ouf of
fho cnso on summnry judgmonf, furfhor suggosfIng fhnf
fho rnfo wns novor fIod fo fho socIfIc nfonfs nf Issuo.
See AIo !oIy Ir. 38-39.

ossIbIIIfy of AIo ovorcomIng fho dIffIcuIfIos of confrncf-
Ing wIfh VorIzon nnd roIonsIng nn IIhono on n dIfforonf
nofwork. WhIIo fho dIsfrIcf courf mny dIsngroo wIfh
MuIhorn`s concIusIons fhnf confrncfIng wIfh VorIzon wns
nof dosIrnbIo or rncfIcnI nnd fhnf, fhoroforo, fhIs ofIon
nood nof bo socIfIcnIIy vnIuod, fhIs Is nn Issuo fhnf AIo
couId nddross nf frInI vIn cross-oxnmInnfIon nnd rosonfn-
fIon of Ifs own oxorf ovIdonco. See, e.g., Wol/er, 208 I.3d
nf 589-90; Go,/on, 593 I.3d nf 6l6. Thnf n nrfy mny
chooso fo ursuo ono courso of rovIng dnmngos ovor
nnofhor doos nof rondor Ifs oxorf`s dnmngos fosfImony
InndmIssIbIo. or Is fhoro n roquIromonf fhnf n nfonfoo
vnIuo ovory ofonfInI non-InfrIngIng nIfornnfIvo In ordor
for Ifs dnmngos fosfImony fo bo ndmIssIbIo.
Tho dIsfrIcf courf fnIIod fo rocognIzo fhnf MuIhorn dId
consfrucf n cosf osfImnfo fyIcnIIy roIIod uon whon
cnIcuInfIng nfonf dnmngos fho cosf fo IIconso fho
fochnoIogy. See, e.g., Iilee, 298 I.3d nf l3l3; S/uJieng-
eeelleclof/ Kolle, n.I.H. t. Dor/ 1nJue., 1nc., 862 I.2d
l564, l568 (Iod. CIr. l988) (Tho nfonfoo`s usunI IIcons-
Ing nronch shouId bo consIdorod In nssossIng n ronson-
nbIo roynIfy.). As wo hnvo hoId mnny fImos, usIng
suffIcIonfIy comnrnbIo IIconsos Is n gonornIIy roIInbIo
mofhod of osfImnfIng fho vnIuo of n nfonf. See, e.g.,
Ac/iteViJeo Ae/uor/e, 1nc. t. Vericon Connc`ne, 1nc., 694
I.3d l3l2, l333 (Iod. CIr. 20l2); Lucen/ Tecle., 1nc. t.
Go/euo,, 1nc., 580 I.3d l30l, l325 (Iod. CIr. 2009) (Tho
socond Georgio-Pocific fncfor Is '|f]ho rnfos nId by fho
IIconsoo for fho uso of ofhor nfonfs comnrnbIo fo fho
nfonf In suIf.`) (ci/ing Georgio-Poc. Corp. t. I.S. Pl,-
uooJ Corp., 3l8 I. Su. lll6, ll20 (S...Y. l9?0));
Moxuell t. J. Bo/er, 1nc., 86 I.3d l098, lll0 (Iod. CIr.
l996) (ThIs rnfo Is suorfod by ovIdonco fhnf MnxwoII
onforod Info ngroomonfs wIfh ofhor IIconsoos nf n roynIfy
rnfo of $.l0 or nIr of shoos.); Aic/eon 1nJue., 1nc. t. Iol
Mfg. Co., 84? I.2d ?95, ?98 (Iod. CIr. l988) (Whoro nn
osfnbIIshod roynIfy oxIsfs, If wIII usunIIy bo fho bosf
monsuro of whnf Is n 'ronsonnbIo` roynIfy.).
ThIs nronch Is gonornIIy roIInbIo bocnuso fho roynI-
fy fhnf n sImIInrIy-sIfunfod nrfy nys InhoronfIy nc-
counfs for mnrkof condIfIons nf fho fImo of fho
hyofhofIcnI nogofInfIon, IncIudIng n numbor of fncfors
fhnf nro dIffIcuIf fo vnIuo, such ns fho cosf of nvnIInbIo,
non-InfrIngIng nIfornnfIvos. See LoeerD,nonice, 1nc. t.
Quon/o Conpu/er, 1nc., 694 I.3d 5l, ?9 (Iod. CIr. 20l2)
(AcfunI IIconsos fo fho nfonfod fochnoIogy nro hIghIy
robnfIvo ns fo whnf consfIfufos n ronsonnbIo roynIfy for
fhoso nfonf rIghfs bocnuso such ncfunI IIconsos mosf
cIonrIy rofIocf fho oconomIc vnIuo of fho nfonfod fochnoI-
ogy In fho mnrkofInco.). Ior oxnmIo, In fhIs cnso,
MoforoIn`s ofhor IIconsoos wouId hnvo hnd fho ofIon of
onIy roIonsIng n hono on fho VorIzon nofwork. Thus, fho
roynIfy rnfo ngrood fo In fhoso IIconsos, nssumIng fho
ovornII IIconsIng sIfunfIon Is fncfunIIy comnrnbIo, wouId
nocossnrIIy nccounf for fho cosf of fhIs non-InfrIngIng
nIfornnfIvo.
Horo, whofhor fhoso IIconsos nro suffIcIonfIy comn-
rnbIo such fhnf MoforoIn`s cnIcuInfIon Is n ronsonnbIo
roynIfy goos fo fho woIghf of fho ovIdonco, nof Ifs ndmIssI-
bIIIfy. See Ac/iteViJeo, 694 I.3d nf l333. MuIhorn`s
nnnIysIs of comnrnbIo IIconsos usod roIInbIo rIncIIos
nnd mofhods, nnd roIInbIy nIIod fhom fo suffIcIonf
fncfs nnd dnfn on fho rocord fo cnIcuInfo fho ovornII vnIuo
of fho `898 nfonf, IncIudIng fho cosf of non-InfrIngIng
nIfornnfIvos. II. !. IVI. ?02. WIfh fho nId of AIo`s
cross-oxnmInnfIon nnd oxorf fosfImony, fho jury Is
cnnbIo of nssIgnIng fho nrorInfo woIghf fo MuIhorn`s
fosfImony bnsod uon fhoIr judgmonf of hor crodIbIIIfy,
fncfunI nnnIysIs, nnd concIusIons.
In sum, wIfh fho oxcofIon of fho fosfImony fhnf ro-
IIod uon onohoo`s docInrnfIon, wo rovorso fho dIsfrIcf
courf`s oxcIusIon of MuIhorn`s roosod fosfImony. Con-
soquonfIy, wo vncnfo fho courf`s grnnf of summnry judg-
monf rognrdIng dnmngos for InfrIngomonf.
S!MMA!Y J!CMIT
Affor fho dIsfrIcf courf oxcIudod fho mnjorIfy of fho
dnmngos oxorf fosfImony, bofh nrfIos movod for sum-
mnry judgmonf rognrdIng dnmngos nnd InjuncfIvo roIIof.
HnvIng oxcIudod fhoIr dnmngos ovIdonco, fho courf found
fhnf noIfhor nrfy wns onfIfIod fo on, dnmngos or nn
InjuncfIon nnd grnnfod fho mofIons. As nofod nbovo, on
fho bnsIs of our rovorsnI of fho dIsfrIcf courf`s ndmIssIbII-
Ify docIsIons, wo vncnfo fho courf`s grnnf of summnry
judgmonf rognrdIng dnmngos for AIo`s `949 nnd `263
nfonfs nnd for MoforoIn`s `898 nfonf. AII fhnf romnIns
Is fho dIsfrIcf courf`s grnnf of summnry judgmonf fhnf
AIo wns nof onfIfIod fo nny dnmngos for InfrIngomonf of
fho `64? nfonf nnd fhnf noIfhor nrfy wns onfIfIod fo nn
InjuncfIon. As dIscussod boIow, wo rovorso fho courf`s
docIsIon fhnf AIo wns nof onfIfIod fo nny dnmngos for
InfrIngomonf of fho `64? nfonf, vncnfo Ifs docIsIon fhnf
AIo wns nof onfIfIod fo nn InjuncfIon, nnd nffIrm Ifs
docIsIon fhnf MoforoIn Is nof onfIfIod fo nn InjuncfIon.
Summnry judgmonf Is nrorInfo If fho IondIngs,
doosIfIons, nnswors fo InforrognforIos, nnd ndmIssIons
on fIIo, fogofhor wIfh fho nffIdnvIfs, If nny, show fhnf
fhoro Is no gonuIno Issuo ns fo nny mnforInI fncf nnd fhnf
fho movIng nrfy Is onfIfIod fo n judgmonf ns n mnffor of
Inw. II. !. CIV. I. 56(c). Wo rovIow fho dIsfrIcf courf`s
grnnf of summnry judgmonf undor rogIonnI cIrcuIf Inw,
whIch Is fhnf of fho Sovonfh CIrcuIf. See, e.g., Mi-
croS/ro/eg,, 1nc. t. Bue. OIjec/e, S.A., 429 I.3d l344, l349
(Iod. CIr. 2005). Tho Sovonfh CIrcuIf rovIows n grnnf of
summnry judgmonf Je noto. See, e.g., IeliIer/, t. Kenper
Corp., 98 I.3d 2?4, 2?6 (?fh CIr. l996) (Whon wo rovIow
n dIsfrIcf courf's grnnf of summnry judgmonf, wo consIdor
fho rocord nccordIng fo fho snmo sfnndnrds omIoyod by
fho dIsfrIcf courf.).
AIo`s `64? Infonf
MoforoIn movod for summnry judgmonf fhnf, ovon ns-
sumIng fho `64? nfonf wns InfrIngod, AIo wns nof
onfIfIod fo nny dnmngos, IncIudIng n nomInnI ronsonnbIo
roynIfy. MoforoIn nrguod fhnf AIo wns nof onfIfIod fo
dnmngos bocnuso fhoro wns no ovIdonco uon whIch
AIo mny roIy fo roIInbIy osfnbIIsh or monsuro nny
nmounf of dnmngos for InfrIngomonf of fho `64? nfonf.
Tho dIsfrIcf courf ngrood nnd concIudod fhnf AIo
wns nof onfIfIod fo nny monsuro of dnmngos bocnuso
AIo hnd fnIIod fo show fhnf Ifs monsuro of dnmngos wns
corrocf. Wo dIsngroo nnd hoId fhnf n fIndIng fhnf n
roynIfy osfImnfo mny suffor from fncfunI fInws doos nof,
by IfsoIf, suorf fho IognI concIusIon fhnf zoro Is n ron-
sonnbIo roynIfy. See Dou Clen. Co. t. Mee 1nJue., 1nc.,
34l I.3d l3?0, l382, n.4 (Iod. CIr. 2003) (Howovor, fho
fncf fhnf fho ngroomonf dId nof suorf fho socIfIc
nmounf roquosfod by ow doos nof fhoroby monn fhnf If
doos nof suorf nny nwnrd nf nII.).
uo fo fho rocodurnI osfuro In fhIs cnso, wo musf
nssumo fhnf fho nfonfs nf Issuo nro vnIId nnd InfrIngod.
WIfh InfrIngomonf nssumod, fho sfnfufo roquIros fho
courf fo nwnrd dnmngos In no ovonf Ioss fhnn n ronsonn-
bIo roynIfy. 35 !.S.C. 284; eee oleo Dou Clenicol Co.,
34l I.3d nf l38l-82 (nofIng fhnf n dIsfrIcf courf Is obII-
gnfod fo nwnrd dnmngos onco InfrIngomonf Is found, nnd
rovorsIng n fIndIng of no dnmngos fhnf wns bnsod uon n
Inck of oxorf ovIdonco). Iocnuso no Ioss fhnn n ronsonn-
bIo roynIfy Is roquIrod, fho fncf fIndor musf doformIno
whnf roynIfy Is suorfod by fho rocord. See Aorion Corp.
t. S/r,/er Corp., 363 I.3d l32l, l333 (Iod. CIr. 2004)
(hoIdIng fhnf fho jury`s fIndIng of no dnmngos cnnnof bo
suorfod bocnuso fho sfnfufo roquIros fhnf dnmngos fo
n succossfuI cInImnnf In n nfonf InfrIngomonf suIf shnII
nof bo Ioss fhnn n ronsonnbIo roynIfy); Iilee, 298 I.3d nf
l3ll (Tho sfnfufo gunrnnfoos nfonfoos n ronsonnbIo
roynIfy ovon whon fhoy nro unnbIo fo rovo onfIfIomonf fo
Iosf rofIfs or nn osfnbIIshod roynIfy rnfo.); LinJenonn
MoeclinenfoIri/ GnIH t. An. Hoie/ & Derric/ Co., 895
I.2d l403, l406 (Iod. CIr. l990) (In nfonf Inw, fho fncf
of InfrIngomonf osfnbIIshos fho fncf of dnmngo bocnuso
fho nfonfoo`s rIghf fo oxcIudo hns boon vIoInfod.); Anno-
/o/eJ Po/en/ Digee/, 30:? (Whon n nfonfoo shows
InfrIngomonf, n rosumfIon nrIsos fhnf fho nfonfoo Is
onfIfIod fo somo form of dnmngos. Tho IodornI CIrcuIf
hns oxInInod fhnf fhIs rosumfIon nrIsos from fho
sfnfufo onco InfrIngomonf Is ndmIffod or rovon.).
If n nfonfoo`s ovIdonco fnIIs fo suorf Ifs socIfIc
roynIfy osfImnfo, fho fncf fIndor Is sfIII roquIrod fo dofor-
mIno whnf roynIfy Is suorfod by fho rocord.
6
See Dou
Clen., 34l I.3d nf l38l-82 (Tho sfnfufo Is unoquIvocnI
fhnf fho dIsfrIcf courf musf nwnrd dnmngos In nn nmounf
no Ioss fhnn n ronsonnbIo roynIfy.); Aorion, 363 I.3d nf
l333; LinJenonn MoeclinenfoIri/, 895 I.2d nf l406; Del
Mor Ationice, 1nc. t. Quin/on 1ne/runen/ Co., 836 I.2d
l320, l32? (Iod. CIr. l98?) (Tho roquIromonf fo dofor-
mIno ncfunI dnmngos Is nof dImInIshod by dIffIcuIfy of
doformInnfIon.). Indood, If fho rocord ovIdonco doos nof
fuIIy suorf oIfhor nrfy`s roynIfy osfImnfo, fho fncf
6
Iy confrnsf, If n nfonfoo sooks Iosf rofIfs nnd
fnIIs fo moof Ifs burdon, fhon nn nwnrd of no Iosf rofIfs Is
jusfIfIod. See I.I. D,nonice, 1nc. t. A. S/uc/i Co., ?2?
I.2d l506, l520 (Iod. CIr. l984) (nffIrmIng dIsfrIcf courf
docIsIon nwnrdIng no Iosf rofIfs, duo fo Inck of roof, buf
nwnrdIng ronsonnbIo roynIfy); Gue/ofeon, 1nc. t. 1n/ere,e-
/en 1nJue. ProJe., 1nc., 89? I.2d 508, 509-l0 (l990)
(fIndIng, In fho Iosf rofIfs confoxf, no rovorsIbIo orror In
fho dIsfrIcf courf`s . . . nwnrdIng no dnmngos fo Cusfnfson
bocnuso nono woro rovon). ThIs Is bocnuso n Iosf rofIfs
nwnrd Is nbovo nnd boyond fho ronsonnbIo roynIfy fIoor
roquIrod by fho sfnfufo.

fIndor musf sfIII doformIno whnf consfIfufos n ronsonnbIo
roynIfy from fho rocord ovIdonco. See Sni/lKline Diog-
noe/ice, 1nc. t. Heleno LoIe. Corp., 926 I.2d ll6l, ll6?-68
(Iod. CIr. l99l) (|T]ho fncfunI doformInnfIon of n ronson-
nbIo roynIfy, howovor, nood nof bo suorfod, nnd Indood,
froquonfIy Is nof suorfod by fho socIfIc fIguros nd-
vnncod by oIfhor nrfy. . . . |T]ho dIsfrIcf courf mny rojocf
fho oxfromo fIguros rofforod by fho IIfIgnnfs ns IncrodIbIo
nnd subsfIfufo nn InformodInfo fIguro ns n mnffor of Ifs
judgmonf from nII of fho ovIdonco.). CorfnInIy, If fho
nfonfoo`s roof Is wonk, fho courf Is froo fo nwnrd n Iow,
orhns nomInnI, roynIfy, ns Iong ns fhnf roynIfy Is su-
orfod by fho rocord. See LinJenonn MoclinenfoIri/,
895 I.2d nf l40?-08 (nffIrmIng $l0,000 ronsonnbIo roynIfy
nwnrd bocnuso nfonfoo fnIIod fo rovIdo suffIcIonf ovI-
donco fo suorf n gronfor nwnrd).
Thus, n fncf fIndor mny nwnrd no dnmngos onIy whon
fho rocord suorfs n zoro roynIfy nwnrd. Ior oxnmIo, In
n cnso comIofoIy InckIng nny ovIdonco on whIch fo bnso n
dnmngos nwnrd, fho rocord mny woII suorf n zoro
roynIfy nwnrd. AIso, n rocord couId domonsfrnfo fhnf, nf
fho fImo of InfrIngomonf, fho dofondnnf consIdorod fho
nfonf vnIuoIoss nnd fho nfonfoo wouId hnvo nccofod no
nymonf for fho dofondnnf`s InfrIngomonf. Of courso, If
sooms unIIkoIy fhnf n wIIIIng IIconsor nnd wIIIIng IIconsoo
wouId ngroo fo n zoro roynIfy nymonf In n hyofhofIcnI
nogofInfIon, whoro bofh InfrIngomonf nnd vnIIdIfy nro
nssumod.
?

?
Wo nofo fhnf wo know of no cnso whoro wo found
fhnf fho rocord suorfod nn InfrIngomonf nwnrd of n zoro
roynIfy. 1J., eee oleo DePu, Spine, 1nc. t. MeJ/ronic
Sofonor Done/, 1nc., 56? I.3d l3l4, l334 (Iod. CIr. 2009)
(fIndIng 0 jury roynIfy nwnrd InconsIsfonf wIfh fIndIng
of InfrIngomonf nnd jury InsfrucfIon fhnf fho jury chooso
n rnfo bofwoon 6 nnd l5). Bu/ eee Detex Corp. t. Gen.

Af summnry judgmonf, ns Is fho cnso horo, n judgo
mny onIy nwnrd n zoro roynIfy for InfrIngomonf If fhoro Is
no gonuIno Issuo of mnforInI fncf fhnf zoro Is fho onIy
ronsonnbIo roynIfy. Thus, If n nfonfoo rnIsos n fncfunI
Issuo rognrdIng whofhor If Is duo nny non-zoro roynIfy,
summnry judgmonf musf bo donIod. In nny ovonf, sImIy
bocnuso n nfonfoo fnIIs fo show fhnf Ifs roynIfy osfImnfo
Is corrocf doos nof, by IfsoIf, jusfIfy nwnrdIng n roynIfy of
zoro nf summnry judgmonf, ns fho dIsfrIcf courf dId horo.
See Dou Clen., 34l I.3d nf l382 n.4.
On nonI, AIo oInfs ouf fhnf nof nII of Ifs dnmng-
os oxorf fosfImony for fho `64? nfonf wns oxcIudod.
SocIfIcnIIy, AIo`s oxorf roorf, ronrod by nor,
osfImnfod n roynIfy bnsod uon fho fImo If nIIogodIy fook
nnofhor smnrfhono mnnufncfuror, HTC CorornfIon
(HTC), fo dosIgn nround fho snmo nfonf. Tho !nIfod
Sfnfos InfornnfIonnI Trndo CommIssIon (ITC) Issuod nn
oxcIusIon ordor ngnInsf HTC bnsod uon InfrIngomonf of
fho `64? nfonf, fho snmo nfonf AIo nssorfs horo. Tho
ITC gnvo HTC n four-monfh grnco orIod boforo fho
oxcIusIon ordor fook offocf. Insod uon fhIs, nor
concIudod fhnf four monfhs wns n roIovnnf fImofrnmo for
dosIgnIng nround fho `64? nfonf. nor nofod fhnf
HTC nnd MoforoIn wouId IIkoIy hnvo sImIInr rosourcos fo
dovoIo n dosIgn nround. nor osfImnfod fhnf MoforoIn
wouId Ioso $52 mIIIIon In oornfIng rofIf bnsod uon fho
romovnI of Ifs nccusod roducfs from fho mnrkof for fhIs
four-monfh orIod. AccordIngIy, nor concIudod fhnf
MoforoIn wouId bo wIIIIng fo ny n $52 mIIIIon roynIfy.
Mo/ore Corp., 66? I.2d 34?, 36l (3d CIr. l98l) (In fho
nbsonco of nny ovIdonco ns fo whnf wouId consfIfufo n
ronsonnbIo roynIfy In n gIvon cnso, n fncf fIndor wouId
hnvo no monns of nrrIvIng nf n ronsonnbIo roynIfy, nnd
nono couId bo nwnrdod.), off`J on o/ler grounJe, 46l !.S.
648 (l983).

Tho dIsfrIcf courf nofod fhnf If dId nof oxcIudo fhIs
nsocf of nor`s roosod fosfImony. ovorfhoIoss, fho
courf dIscrodIfod fho fosfImony bocnuso fho ITC`s cInIm
consfrucfIon dIfforod from fho courf`s nnd bocnuso nor
fnIIod fo suffIcIonfIy nddross nny dIfforoncos bofwoon fho
fwo comnnIos, HTC nnd MoforoIn. Tho courf dId nof,
howovor, IdonfIfy nny dIfforoncos bofwoon HTC nnd
MoforoIn fhnf undormInod nor`s roynIfy osfImnfo.
Tho courf doformInod fhnf AIo wns nof onfIfIod fo nny
monsuro of dnmngos bocnuso If hnd nof rovon Ifs HTC-
bnsod roynIfy osfImnfo wns corrocf. See Apple, 1nc. t.
Mo/orolo, 1nc., 869 I. Su. 2d 90l, 9ll (.. III. 20l2)
(AIo hns nof rosonfod ndmIssIbIo ovIdonco fhnf fho
Georgio Pocific fncfors suorf Ifs dnmngos cInIm.).
Tho rocord boforo us doos nof suorf grnnfIng sum-
mnry judgmonf of no dnmngos. MoforoIn hns nof mof Ifs
burdon of domonsfrnfIng, ns fho nrfy who movod for
summnry judgmonf, fhnf fho rocord Is unconfrovorfod
fhnf zoro Is fho onIy ronsonnbIo roynIfy.
Ofhor fhnn IncorrocfIy nssorfIng fhnf AIo hns no
ndmIssIbIo oxorf ovIdonco, MoforoIn IfsoIf rovIdos no
ovIdonco or nrgumonf fo suorf n zoro roynIfy. Ior
oxnmIo, fhoro Is nofhIng In fho rocord suggosfIng fhnf
AIo wouId hnvo boon wIIIIng fo nccof no nymonf for
MoforoIn`s InfrIngomonf. or Is fhoro nny ovIdonco fhnf,
nf fho fImo of InfrIngomonf, MoforoIn concIudod fhnf
fho `64? nfonf hnd no vnIuo. To fho confrnry, AIo hns
oxorf ovIdonco on rocord IndIcnfIng fhnf If wouId fnko
four monfhs fo dosIgn nround fho `64? nfonf. AIo`s
oxorf osfImnfod fho rofIf Iosf by MoforoIn durIng fhIs
dosIgn nround orIod bnsod uon MoforoIn`s snIos fIguros
for fho nccusod dovIcos. AIo nIso rosonfod ovIdonco, In
nrguIng for nn InjuncfIon, fhnf fho cInImod fonfuros of
fho `64? nfonf drIvo consumor domnnd for Ifs roducfs.
Tho socIfIc ronsonnbIo roynIfy fhIs nnd nny ofhor
rocord ovIdonco suorfs Is n fncfunI quosfIon rosorvod
for fho jury.
Tho robIoms fhnf fho dIsfrIcf courf IdonfIfIos wIfh
AIo`s HTC-bnsod roynIfy osfImnfo (n dIfforonf cInIm
consfrucfIon boforo fho ITC nnd ofonfInI dIfforoncos
bofwoon HTC nnd MoforoIn) onIy sorvo fo IIIusfrnfo fhnf
fncfunI dIsufos romnIn.
8
Honco, fho dIsfrIcf courf`s
concIusIon fhnf AIo`s HTC-bnsod osfImnfo wns fInwod
doos nof osfnbIIsh, ns n mnffor of Inw, n zoro roynIfy.
9
See
Aorion, 363 I.3d nf l333; Dou Clen., 34l I.3d nf l382
n.4; Del Mor, 836 I.2d nf l32? (Tho frInI courf Is ro-
quIrod fo nroxImnfo, If nocossnry, fho nmounf fo whIch
fho nfonf ownor Is onfIfIod.). Ivon If AIo hnd nof
submIffod oxorf ovIdonco, fhIs nIono wouId nof suorf n
fIndIng fhnf zoro Is n ronsonnbIo roynIfy. See Dou Clen.,
34l I.3d nf l38l-82 (rovorsIng nwnrd of no dnmngos,
whIch wns bnsod uon n Inck of ndmIssIbIo oxorf ovI-
donco, nnd romnndIng for doformInnfIon of roynIfy); ?
onnId S. ChIsum, Clieun on Po/en/e 20.0?|3]|n] (20ll)
(In consIdorIng fho quosfIon of ovIdonco nnd corfnInfy of
roof roquIrod fo jusfIfy nn nwnrd of n ronsonnbIo roynIfy,
ono shouId dIsfInguIsh bofwoon (l) fho oxIsfonco of dnm-
ngo fo n nfonfoo whIch wIII suorf nny nwnrd nnd (2)
fho ovIdonfInry suorf for n nrfIcuInr rnfo or qunnfIfy
ns n ronsonnbIo roynIfy. As fo fho fIrsf Issuo, no socIfIc
roof shouId bo roquIrod. Tho romIso of fho ronsonnbIo
roynIfy monsuro Is fhnf n hoIdor of n vnIId nnd InfrIngod
nfonf hns InhoronfIy sufforod IognI dnmngo nf Ionsf fo
fho oxfonf of n Iosf IIconso roynIfy oorfunIfy.); Anno-
/o/eJ Po/en/ Digee/, 44:?9 (Tho uso of oxorf fosfImony
8
MoforoIn fncIfIy ncknowIodgos fhIs by nrguIng on
nonI fhnf AIo`s ovIdonco Is InndmIssIbIo, nof fhnf If Is
fncfunIIy fInwod.
9
Wo wouId bo nnsworIng n dIfforonf quosfIon If
MoforoIn hnd movod fhnf nor`s HTC-bnsod cnIcuInfIon
wns Incorrocf ns n mnffor of Inw. In fhnf sIfunfIon, oInf-
Ing fo fInws In nor`s nnnIysIs couId bo onough fo
jusfIfy summnry judgmonf.

Is ormIssIvo. Thus, If n nfonfoo`s dnmngo oxorf Is
oxcIudod, fhnf fncf doos nof nufomnfIcnIIy dony n nfonfoo
n rIghf fo rocovor dnmngos.); II. !. IVI. ?02 (A wIf-
noss who Is qunIIfIod ns nn oxorf by knowIodgo, skIII,
oxorIonco, frnInIng, or oducnfIon no, fosfIfy.) (omhnsIs
nddod); 35 !.S.C. 284 (Tho courf no, rocoIvo oxorf
fosfImony ns nn nId fo fho doformInnfIon of dnmngos or of
whnf roynIfy wouId bo ronsonnbIo undor fho cIrcumsfnnc-
os.) (omhnsIs nddod).
In sum, MoforoIn hns nof domonsfrnfod fhnf fhoro Is
no gonuIno Issuo of mnforInI fncf rognrdIng whofhor zoro
Is n ronsonnbIo roynIfy for InfrIngomonf of fho `64? nfonf.
MoforoIn rosonfod no ovIdonco fhnf zoro wns n ronsonn-
bIo roynIfy. In confrnsf, AIo rosonfod ndmIssIbIo
ovIdonco fhnf If Is onfIfIod fo n non-zoro roynIfy. Thnf
AIo`s roynIfy osfImnfo mny suffor from fncfunI fInws
doos nof, by IfsoIf, suorf fho IognI concIusIon fhnf zoro
Is n ronsonnbIo roynIfy. AccordIngIy, wo rovorso fho
dIsfrIcf courf`s grnnf of summnry judgmonf.
AIo`s !oquosf for nn InjuncfIon
Tho dIsfrIcf courf grnnfod MoforoIn`s mofIon for
summnry judgmonf fhnf AIo wns nof onfIfIod fo nn
InjuncfIon for InfrIngomonf of fho `949, `263 nnd `64?
nfonfs bocnuso AIo hnd fnIIod fo show n cnusnI noxus
bofwoon nny nIIogod IrronrnbIo hnrm nnd MoforoIn`s
InfrIngomonf. Tho dIsfrIcf courf`s nnnIysIs nocossnrIIy
roIIod uon Ifs ovorIy nnrrow consfrucfIon of fho cInIms of
fho `949 nfonf. Wo hnvo rovorsod fho courf`s cInIm
consfrucfIon docIsIon, fhus nIforIng fho ofonfInI scoo of
InfrIngomonf undorIyIng AIo`s InjuncfIon roquosf. Tho
scoo of InfrIngomonf ormonfos nn InjuncfIon nnnIysIs.
See, e.g., Apple 1nc. t. Soneung 1lece. Co., ?35 I.3d l352,
l363 (Iod. CIr. 20l3) (|T]ho uroso of fho cnusnI noxus
roquIromonf Is fo show fhnf fho nfonfoo Is IrronrnbIy
hnrmod I, /le infringenen/.) (omhnsIs In orIgInnI). Ior
oxnmIo, whon consIdorIng whofhor fo onjoIn n roducf, If
AII!I IC. v. MOTO!O!A, IC. ?0
Is roor for fho courf fo consIdor fho nggrognfo hnrm
cnusod by nII of fho InfrIngIng fonfuros, rnfhor fhnn
roquIrIng n nfonfoo fo nddross onch nfonf or cInIm
IndIvIdunIIy. See iJ. nf l365 (Wo boIIovo fhoro mny bo
cIrcumsfnncos whoro If Is IogIcnI nnd oquIfnbIo fo vIow
nfonfs In fho nggrognfo.).
InfrIngomonf of muIfIIo nfonfs by n sIngIo dovIco
mny sfrongfhon n nfonfoo`s nrgumonf for nn InjuncfIon
by, for oxnmIo, suorfIng Ifs nrgumonf fhnf fho In-
frIngod fonfuros drIvo consumor domnnd or nro cnusIng
IrronrnbIo hnrm. 1J. Iy fho snmo fokon, wo nIso consId-
or fho Imncf on fho gonornI ubIIc of nn InjuncfIon on n
roducf wIfh mnny non-InfrIngIng fonfuros. See iJ. nf
l3?2-?3 (Wo soo no robIom wIfh fho dIsfrIcf courf`s
docIsIon, In doformInIng whofhor nn InjuncfIon wouId
dIssorvo fho ubIIc Inforosf, fo consIdor fho scoo of
AIo`s roquosfod InjuncfIon roInfIvo fo fho scoo of fho
nfonfod fonfuros nnd fho rosocf fhnf nn InjuncfIon
wouId hnvo fho offocf of dorIvIng fho ubIIc of nccoss fo n
Inrgo numbor of non-InfrIngIng fonfuros.).
AccordIngIy, bocnuso wo hnvo rovorsod fho dIsfrIcf
courf`s consfrucfIon of fho `949 nfonf, wo vncnfo Ifs grnnf
of summnry judgmonf rognrdIng AIo`s roquosf for nn
InjuncfIon.
MoforoIn`s !oquosf for nn InjuncfIon
AIo movod for summnry judgmonf fhnf MoforoIn
wns nof onfIfIod fo nn InjuncfIon for InfrIngomonf of
fho `898 nfonf. WhIIo wo rovIow fho dIsfrIcf courf`s
docIsIon fo grnnf or dony nn InjuncfIon for nn nbuso of
dIscrofIon, LoI. Corp. of An. HolJinge t. Cliron Corp.,
384 I.3d l326, l33l (Iod. CIr. 2004), wo rovIow fho
dIsfrIcf courf`s grnnf of summnry judgmonf Je noto,
IeliIer/,, 98 I.3d nf 2?6. Tho Suromo Courf In eBo, 1nc.
t. Merc1xclonge, L.L.C. oufIInod fho fncfors n dIsfrIcf
courf shouId consIdor boforo IssuIng nn ormnnonf Injunc-
fIon, sfnfIng fhnf n InInfIff musf domonsfrnfo: (l) fhnf If
AII!I IC. v. MOTO!O!A, IC. ?l
hns sufforod nn IrronrnbIo Injury; (2) fhnf romodIos
nvnIInbIo nf Inw, such ns monofnry dnmngos, nro Inndo-
qunfo fo comonsnfo for fhnf Injury; (3) fhnf, consIdorIng
fho bnInnco of hnrdshIs bofwoon fho InInfIff nnd do-
fondnnf, n romody In oquIfy Is wnrrnnfod; nnd (4) fhnf fho
ubIIc Inforosf wouId nof bo dIssorvod by n ormnnonf
InjuncfIon. 54? !.S. 388, 39l (2006).
Tho `898 nfonf Is n SII nnd, fhus, MoforoIn hns
ngrood fo IIconso If on fnIr, ronsonnbIo, nnd non-
dIscrImInnfory IIconsIng (I!A) forms. Tho dIsfrIcf
courf grnnfod AIo`s mofIon, sfnfIng:
I don`f soo how, gIvon I!A, I wouId bo jusfIfIod
In onjoInIng AIo from InfrIngIng fho `898 unIoss
AIo rofusos fo ny n roynIfy fhnf moofs fho
I!A roquIromonf. Iy commIffIng fo IIconso
Ifs nfonfs on I!A forms, MoforoIn commIffod
fo IIconso fho `898 fo nnyono wIIIIng fo ny n
I!A roynIfy nnd fhus ImIIcIfIy ncknowIodgod
fhnf n roynIfy Is ndoqunfo comonsnfIon for n II-
conso fo uso fhnf nfonf. How couId If do ofhor-
wIso How couId If bo ormIffod fo onjoIn AIo
from usIng nn InvonfIon fhnf If confonds AIo
nue/ uso If If wnnfs fo mnko n coII hono wIfh
!MTS foIocommunIcnfIons cnnbIIIfywIfhouf
whIch If wouId nof bo n coII plone.
Apple, 1nc., 869 I. Su. 2d nf 9l3-l4 (omhnsos In orgInnI).
To fho oxfonf fhnf fho dIsfrIcf courf nIIod n per ee
ruIo fhnf InjuncfIons nro unnvnIInbIo for SIIs, If orrod.
WhIIo MoforoIn`s I!A commIfmonfs nro corfnInIy
crIforIn roIovnnf fo Ifs onfIfIomonf fo nn InjuncfIon, wo
soo no ronson fo cronfo, ns somo onici urgo, n sonrnfo
ruIo or nnnIyfIcnI frnmowork for nddrossIng InjuncfIons
for I!A-commIffod nfonfs. Tho frnmowork InId ouf
by fho Suromo Courf In eBo,, ns Inforrofod by subso-
quonf docIsIons of fhIs courf, rovIdos nmIo sfrongfh nnd
fIoxIbIIIfy for nddrossIng fho unIquo nsocfs of I!A
commIffod nfonfs nnd Indusfry sfnndnrds In gonornI.
54? !.S. nf 39l-94. A nfonfoo subjocf fo I!A com-
mIfmonfs mny hnvo dIffIcuIfy osfnbIIshIng IrronrnbIo
hnrm. On fho ofhor hnnd, nn InjuncfIon mny bo jusfIfIod
whoro nn InfrIngor unIInfornIIy rofusos n I!A roynIfy
or unronsonnbIy doInys nogofInfIons fo fho snmo offocf.
See, e.g., !.S. o`f of JusfIco nnd !.S. Infonf nnd
Trndomnrk OffIco, Polic, S/o/enen/ on IeneJiee for
S/onJorJ-1eeen/iol Po/en/e SuIjec/ /o Volun/or,
I/IAAD Conni/nen/e, nf ?-8 (Jnn. 8, 20l3). To bo cIonr,
fhIs doos nof monn fhnf nn nIIogod InfrIngor`s rofusnI fo
nccof nny IIconso offor nocossnrIIy jusfIfIos IssuIng nn
InjuncfIon. Ior oxnmIo, fho IIconso offorod mny nof bo on
I!A forms. In nddIfIon, fho ubIIc hns nn Inforosf In
oncourngIng nrfIcInfIon In sfnndnrd-soffIng orgnnIzn-
fIons buf nIso In onsurIng fhnf SIIs nro nof ovorvnIuod.
WhIIo fhoso nro Imorfnnf concorns, fho dIsfrIcf courfs
nro moro fhnn cnnbIo of consIdorIng fhoso fncfunI Issuos
whon docIdIng whofhor fo Issuo nn InjuncfIon undor fho
rIncIIos In eBo,.
AIyIng fhoso rIncIIos horo, wo ngroo wIfh fho dIs-
frIcf courf fhnf MoforoIn Is nof onfIfIod fo nn InjuncfIon
for InfrIngomonf of fho `898 nfonf. MoforoIn`s I!A
commIfmonfs, whIch hnvo yIoIdod mnny IIconso ngroo-
monfs oncomnssIng fho `898 nfonf, sfrongIy suggosf
fhnf monoy dnmngos nro ndoqunfo fo fuIIy comonsnfo
MoforoIn for nny InfrIngomonf. SImIInrIy, MoforoIn hns
nof domonsfrnfod fhnf AIo`s InfrIngomonf hns cnusod If
IrronrnbIo hnrm. ConsIdorIng fho Inrgo numbor of
Indusfry nrfIcInnfs fhnf nro nIrondy usIng fho sysfom
cInImod In fho `898 nfonf, IncIudIng comofIfors,
MoforoIn hns nof rovIdod nny ovIdonco fhnf nddIng ono
moro usor wouId cronfo such hnrm. AgnIn, MoforoIn hns
ngrood fo ndd ns mnny mnrkof nrfIcInnfs ns nro wIIIIng
fo ny n I!A roynIfy. MoforoIn nrguos fhnf AIo hns
rofusod fo nccof Ifs InIfInI IIconsIng offor nnd sfnIIod
nogofInfIons. Howovor, fho rocord rofIocfs fhnf nogofIn-
fIons hnvo boon ongoIng, nnd fhoro Is no ovIdonco fhnf
AIo hns boon, for oxnmIo, unIInfornIIy rofusIng fo
ngroo fo n donI. ConsoquonfIy, wo nffIrm fho dIsfrIcf
courf`s grnnf of summnry judgmonf fhnf MoforoIn Is nof
onfIfIod fo nn InjuncfIon for InfrIngomonf of fho `898
nfonf.
#00'2G&+H'(H$#2-3 2&L&2.&+H'(H$#2-3
L#)#-&+H'(H$#2-3 #(+ 2&G#(+&+
COSTS
Inch nrfy shnII bonr Ifs own cosfs.
!"#$%& ($)$%* +,-.$ ,/ 011%)2*
/,. $3% 4%&%.)2 +#.5-#$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

#$$%& '()* #(+ (&,- ./0-1#2&3 '()*
4567897:; <=6>= ?@ (9,- )68ABC973 '=D*E3

F*

G/-/2/%#3 '()* 4=6> <=6>= ?@ G6C676:? .6:BH
CI6=@3 '=D*E #(+ G/-/2/%# G/J'%'-K3 '()*3
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

20l2-l548, -l549
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!AI!, Clief JuJge, dIssonfIng-In-nrf.
I joIn fho courf`s oInIon In Ifs onfIrofy, oxcof for fho
nffIrmnnco of fho dIsfrIcf courf`s donInI of MoforoIn`s
roquosf for nn InjuncfIon. To my oyos, fho rocord confnIns
suffIcIonf ovIdonco fo cronfo n gonuIno dIsufo of mnforInI
fncf on AIo`s osfuro ns nn unwIIIIng IIconsoo whoso
confInuod InfrIngomonf of fho `898 nfonf cnusod Irron-
rnbIo hnrm. Iocnuso of fho unIquo nnd InfonsoIy fncfunI
cIrcumsfnncos surroundIng nfonfs ndofod ns Indusfry
sfnndnrds, I boIIovo fho dIsfrIcf courf ImroorIy grnnfod
summnry judgmonf. Thoroforo, on fhIs nnrrow oInf, I
rosocffuIIy dIssonf In nrf.
Af fho oufsof, n nfonf ndofod ns n sfnndnrd un-
doubfodIy gnIns vnIuo by vIrfuo of fhnf ndofIon. ThIs
onhnncomonf comIIcnfos fho ovnIunfIon of fho fochnoIogy
Indoondonf of fho sfnndnrdIznfIon. Iy fho snmo fokon,
fho sfnndnrdIznfIon docIsIon mny nIso sImIy rofIocf nnd
vnIIdnfo fho Inhoronf vnIuo of fho fochnoIogy ndvnnco
nccomIIshod by fho nfonf. !nfnngIIng fhoso vnIuo
comononfs (nf fho honrf of docIdIng whofhor n ufnfIvo
IIconsoo wns unwIIIIng fo IIconso, nnd fhus IrronrnbIo
hnrm nnd ofhor InjuncfIon fncfors) roquIros Infonso
oconomIc nnnIysIs of comIox fncfs. In sum, rIghf from
fho fhoorofIcnI oufsof, fhIs quosfIon Is nof IIkoIy fo bo
suscofIbIo fo summnry ndjudIcnfIon.
In rocIfIng fho IognI rIncIIos for nn InjuncfIon, fhIs
courf nccurnfoIy sfnfos fho InquIrIos. Thoso rIncIIos
suIy no or so ruIo oIfhor fnvorIng or roscrIbIng In-
juncfIons for nfonfs In nny soffIng, Iof nIono fho hoIghf-
onod comIoxIfy of sfnndnrdIzod fochnoIogy. ThIs courf
nofos fhnf n nfonf ownor In n sfnndnrd confoxf mny
hnvo dIffIcuIfy osfnbIIshIng IrronrnbIo hnrm . . . . |buf] nn
InjuncfIon mny bo jusfIfIod whoro nn InfrIngor unIInfornI-
Iy rofusos n I!A roynIfy or unronsonnbIy doInys
nogofInfIons fo fho snmo offocf. MnjorIfy O. ?2 (cIfIng
!.S. o`f of JusfIco nnd !.S. Infonf nnd Trndomnrk
OffIco, Polic, S/o/enen/ on IeneJiee for S/onJorJ-
1eeen/iol Po/en/e SuIjec/ /o Volun/or, I/IAAD Con-
ni/nen/e, nf ?8 (Jnn. 8, 20l3)).
Mnrkof nnnIysfs wIII no doubf obsorvo fhnf n hoId
ouf (I.o., nn unwIIIIng IIconsoo of nn SII sookIng fo nvoId
n IIconso bnsod on fho vnIuo fhnf fho fochnoIogIcnI nd-
vnnco confrIbufod fo fho rIor nrf) Is oqunIIy ns IIkoIy nnd
dIsrufIvo ns n hoId u (I.o., nn SII ownor domnndIng
unjusfIfIod roynIfIos bnsod soIoIy on vnIuo confrIbufod by
fho sfnndnrdIznfIon). Thoso snmo comIox fncfunI quos-
fIons rognrdIng hoId u nnd hoId ouf nro hIghIy roIo-
vnnf fo nn InjuncfIon roquosf. In sum, dIfforonfInfIng
hoId u from hoId ouf roquIros somo fncfunI nnnIysIs of
fho sourcos of vnIuofho InvonfIvo ndvnnco or fho sfnnd-
nrdIznfIon.
Tho rocord In fhIs cnso shows ovIdonco fhnf AIo
mny hnvo boon n hoId ouf. See, e.g., Apple, 1nc. t.
Mo/orolo, 1nc., 869 I. Su. 2d 90l, 9l4 (.. III. 20l2);
AoIIoos` Ir. 6465, ?2?3; AoIIoos` !oIy Ir. 262?;
J.A. ll888486. ThIs ovIdonco nIono wouId cronfo n
dIsufo of mnforInI fncf.
Moro Imorfnnf, fho dIsfrIcf courf mndo no offorf fo
dIfforonfInfo fho vnIuo duo fo InvonfIvo confrIbufIon from
fho vnIuo duo fo sfnndnrdIznfIon. WIfhouf somo nffonfIon
fo fhnf orhns dIsosIfIvo quosfIon, fho frInI courf wns
ndrIff wIfhouf n mn, Iof nIono n comnss or CIS sysfom.
In fncf, wIfhouf fhnf crIfIcnI InquIry, fho dIsfrIcf courf
couId nof hnvo roorIy nIIod fho eBo, fosf ns If shouId
hnvo.
Insfond of n roor InjuncfIon nnnIysIs, fho dIsfrIcf
courf offocfIvoIy consIdorod MoforoIn`s I!A commIf-
monf ns dIsosIfIvo by IfsoIf: MoforoIn commIffod fo
IIconso fho `898 fo nnyono wIIIIng fo ny n I!A roynIfy
nnd fhus ImIIcIfIy ncknowIodgod fhnf n roynIfy Is ndo-
qunfo comonsnfIon for n IIconso fo uso fhnf nfonf. How
couId If do ofhorwIso Apple, 869 I. Su. 2d nf 9l4. To
fho confrnry, MoforoIn commIffod fo offor n I!A
IIconso, whIch bogs fho quosfIon: Whnf Is n fnIr nnd
ronsonnbIo roynIfy If MoforoIn wns offorIng n fnIr nnd
ronsonnbIo roynIfy, fhon AIo wns IIkoIy rofus|Ing] n
I!A roynIfy or unronsonnbIy doIny|Ing] nogofInfIons.
See MnjorIfy O. ?2. In sum, fho dIsfrIcf courf couId nof
duck fho quosfIon fhnf If dId nof nddross; wns MoforoIn`s
I!A offor ncfunIIy I!A
Iurfhormoro, fho dIsfrIcf courf ncknowIodgod fho con-
fIIcfIng ovIdonco nbouf AIo`s wIIIIngnoss fo IIconso
fho `898 nfonf: AIo`s rofusnI fo nogofInfo for n IIconso
(If If dId rofusofho nrfIos offor comofIng nccounfs,
unnocossnry for mo fo rosoIvo, of why nogofInfIons broko
down) wns nof n dofonso fo n cInIm by MoforoIn for n
I!A roynIfy. Apple, 869 I. Su. 2d nf 9l4. Yof fhIs
sconnrIo, ndoqunfoIy rosonfod by fhIs rocord, Is rocIsoIy
ono fhnf fho courf fodny ncknowIodgos mny jusfIfy nn
InjuncfIon.
In my oInIon, fho courf shouId hnvo nIIowod
MoforoIn fo rovo fhnf AIo wns nn unwIIIIng IIconsoo,
whIch wouId sfrongIy suorf Ifs InjuncfIon roquosf. Tho
courf sfnfos fhnf fho rocord rofIocfs fhnf nogofInfIons
hnvo boon ongoIng, MnjorIfy O. ?2?3; buf, ns fho
dIsfrIcf courf ovon ncknowIodgod, MoforoIn nssorfs ofhor-
wIsofhnf AIo for yonrs rofusod fo nogofInfo whIIo
novorfhoIoss InfrIngIng fho `898 nfonf, eee, e.g., AoI-
Ioos` Ir. 6465, ?2?3; AoIIoos` !oIy Ir. 262?.
MoforoIn shouId hnvo hnd fho oorfunIfy fo rovo Ifs
cnso fhnf AIo`s nIIogod unwIIIIngnoss fo IIconso or ovon
nogofInfo suorfs n showIng fhnf monoy dnmngos nro
Inndoqunfo nnd fhnf If sufforod IrronrnbIo hnrm. Tho
dIsfrIcf courf rofusod fo dovoIo fho fncfs nocossnry fo
nIy eBo, ns If shouId hnvo. ConsoquonfIy, fho cnso
shouId bo romnndod fo dovoIo fhnf rocord. Ior fhoso
ronsons, I rosocffuIIy dIssonf In nrf.
!"#$%& ($)$%* +,-.$ ,/ 011%)2*
/,. $3% 4%&%.)2 +#.5-#$
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

#$$%& '()* #(+ (&,- ./0-1#2&3 '()*
4567897:; <=6>= ?@ (9,- )68ABC973 '=D*E3

F*

G/-/2/%#3 '()* 4=6> <=6>= ?@ G6C676:? .6:BH
CI6=@3 '=D*E #(+ G/-/2/%# G/J'%'-K3 '()*3
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

20l2-l548, -l549
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
I!OST, Circui/ JuJge, concurrIng-In-nrf nnd dIssonfIng-
In-nrf.
I joIn fho mnjorIfy oInIon wIfh rosocf fo mnny of fho
Issuos dIscussod fhoroIn. Howovor, I rosocffuIIy dIssonf
wIfh rosocf fo fho roor consfrucfIon of fho hourIsfIc
cInIm forms In fho `949 nfonf. AddIfIonnIIy, I dIssonf
from fho mnjorIfy`s docIsIon fo vncnfo fho dIsfrIcf courf`s
grnnf of summnry judgmonf rognrdIng AIo`s roquosf for
nn InjuncfIon, ns I wouId nffIrm fhnf docIsIon. As I nIso
donrf from fho mnjorIfy`s ronsonIng whIIo ronchIng fho
snmo rosuIf on sovornI ofhor Issuos, I wrIfo sonrnfoIy fo
oxInIn my vIows.
I. C!AIM COST!!CTIO OI THI `949 IATIT
A. Monns-IIus-IuncfIon
Tho mnjorIfy concIudos fhnf fho hourIsfIc cInIm
forms In fho `949 nfonf hnvo suffIcIonfIy dofInIfo sfruc-
furo fo nvoId monns-Ius-funcfIon fronfmonf. MnjorIfy
O. 2l. I dIsngroo.
As nn InIfInI mnffor, fho mnjorIfy mIssfnfos our Inw
on monns-Ius-funcfIon cInImIng. ConornIIy sonkIng, n
monns-Ius-funcfIon nnnIysIs rocoods In fwo hnsos:
fIrsf, fho courf musf doformIno whofhor fho cInIm form Is
drnffod In monns-Ius-funcfIon formnf such fhnf 35
!.S.C. ll2 6 nIIos. See Kenco Solee, 1nc. t. Con/rol
Popere Co., 208 I.3d l352, l36l (Iod. CIr. 2000) (Ioforo
n courf nffomfs fo nnnIyzo whnf nonrs fo bo n monns-
Ius-funcfIon cInIm IImIfnfIon, If musf fIrsf nssuro IfsoIf
fhnf such n cInIm IImIfnfIon Is nf Issuo.). OnIy fhon
shouId fho courf undorfnko fo consfruo fho dIsufod cInIm
form by IdonfIfyIng fho corrosondIng sfrucfuro, mnforI-
nI, or ncfs doscrIbod In fho socIfIcnfIon fo whIch fho
cInIm form wIII bo IImIfod. Wel/er Beoring Co. t. PHD,
1nc., 550 I.3d l090, l09? (Iod. CIr. 2008) (Iocnuso
'mochnnIsm for movIng snId fIngor` Is n monns-Ius-
funcfIon IImIfnfIon, fhIs courf musf noxf oxnmIno fho frInI
courf`s IdonfIfIcnfIon of 'fho corrosondIng sfrucfuro,
mnforInI, or ncfs doscrIbod In fho socIfIcnfIon nnd oquIvn-
Ionfs fhoroof.`).
AIfhough fho mnjorIfy nccurnfoIy sfnfos fhoso IognI
rIncIIos, eee MnjorIfy O. 9, If fnIIs fo fnIfhfuIIy nIy
fhom. !nfhor, fho mnjorIfy`s nnnIysIs coIInsos fhoso fwo
sfos Info ono, nnd In doIng so, If offocfIvoIy rondors fho
cnfogory of non-IndofInIfo monns-Ius-funcfIon cInIm
forms n nuII sof.
Tho mnjorIfy corrocfIy sfnfos fhnf fho roor InquIry
In doformInIng whofhor n cInIm form Is drnffod In monns-
Ius-funcfIon formnf Is whofhor fho IImIfnfIon hns suffI-
cIonfIy dofInIfo sfrucfuro. MnjorIfy O. l0-ll. Tho
mnjorIfy fhon IdonfIfIos sovornI wnys In whIch n form mny
bo doomod fo hnvo such sfrucfuro, such ns whon If hns n
sfrucfurnI dofInIfIon fhnf Is oIfhor rovIdod In fho socIfI-
cnfIon or gonornIIy known In fho nrf, whon If oufIIn|os]
nn nIgorIfhm, n fIowchnrf, or n socIfIc sof of InsfrucfIons
or ruIos, or whon fho socIfIcnfIon doscrIb|os] fho cInIm
IImIfnfIon`s oornfIon, such ns Ifs Inuf, oufuf, or con-
nocfIons. 1J. nf l3-l4. Iy confrnsf, fho mnjorIfy sfnfos,
If fho cInIm moroIy rocIfos n gonorIc nonco word nnd fho
romnInIng cInIm Inngungo, socIfIcnfIon, rosocufIon
hIsfory, nnd roIovnnf oxfornnI ovIdonco rovIdo no furfhor
sfrucfurnI doscrIfIon fo n orson of ordInnry skIII In fho
nrf, fhon fho rosumfIon ngnInsf monns-Ius-funcfIon
cInImIng Is robuffod. 1J. nf l6.
In offocf, whnf fho mnjorIfy hns dono Is Imorfod fho
socond sfo of fho nnnIysIs (whoro you dofIno fho scoo of
n monns-Ius-funcfIon cInIm form bnsod on fho corro-
sondIng sfrucfuro In fho socIfIcnfIon) Info fho fIrsf sfo
(whoro you IdonfIfy whofhor fho form Is drnffod In monns-
Ius-funcfIon formnf). Tho mnjorIfy`s nnnIysIs ImIIos
fhnf so Iong ns n cInIm form hns corrosondIng sfrucfuro
In fho socIfIcnfIon, If Is nof n monns-Ius-funcfIon IImIfn-
fIon.
l
Iuf such n ruIo wouId rondor eter, monns-Ius-
funcfIon cInIm form IndofInIfo. !ndor fho mnjorIfy`s
nronch, n form wouId onIy bo doomod n monns-Ius-
funcfIon IImIfnfIon If If hns no corrosondIng sfrucfuro
l
AdmIffodIy, fho mnjorIfy suggosfs fhnf If Is os-
sIbIo fo fInd fhnf n cInIm IImIfnfIon doos nof connofo
suffIcIonfIy dofInIfo sfrucfuro dosIfo fho rosonco of somo
corrosondIng sfrucfuro In fho socIfIcnfIon. MnjorIfy
O. l0. Iuf fho mnjorIfy`s ncfunI nnnIysIs of how fo
IdonfIfy n suffIcIonfIy dofInIfo sfrucfuro fo nvoId monns-
Ius-funcfIon fronfmonf suggosfs fhnf fho oosIfo Is fruo.

nn nbsurd rosuIf fhnf wouId ovIscornfo monns-Ius-
funcfIon cInImIng.
2

AIyIng fho roor IognI nnnIysIs, fhoro cnn bo IIffIo
doubf fhnf fho hourIsfIc IImIfnfIons nro monns-Ius-
funcfIon IImIfnfIons.
2
ofhIng so cIonrIy domonsfrnfos fho mnjorIfy`s
confusIon on fhIs Issuo ns fho cnsos on whIch If roIIos. In
suorf of Ifs vIow fhnf n courf musf scour fho socIfIcn-
fIon for corrosondIng sfrucfuro In ordor fo snvo n cInIm
form from monns-Ius-funcfIon fronfmonf, fho mnjorIfy
cIfos sovornI cnsos fhnf woro nffomfIng fo IdonfIfy fho
corrosondIng sfrucfuro of undIsufodIy monns-Ius-
funcfIon cInIm forms. Ior oxnmIo, fho mnjorIfy cIfos
T,ploon Toucl Teclnologiee, 1nc. t. Dell, 1nc., 659 I.3d
l3?6, l385 (Iod. CIr. 20ll), for fho roosIfIon fhnf n
cInIm mny confnIn suffIcIonf sfrucfuro fo nvoId monns-
Ius-funcfIon cInImIng by rocIfIng nn nIgorIfhm. MnjorIfy
O. l3. Howovor, fho cInIm form nf Issuo In fhnf cnso wns
monns for cross-roforoncIng, whIch no ono dIsufod wns
n monns-Ius-funcfIon IImIfnfIon. ThIs courf`s sonrch for
nn nIgorIfhm fo suorf fhnf cInIm form wns moroIy nn
nffomf fo snvo fho monns-Ius-funcfIon form from Indof-
InIfonoss. See T,ploon Toucl, 659 I.3d nf l385-86. Tho
snmo Is fruo of Iinieor Corp. t. DirecTV Group, 1nc., 523
I.3d l323 (Iod. CIr. 2008), on whIch fho mnjorIfy nIso
roIIos. 1J. nf l340 (ovnIunfIng whofhor comufor-
ImIomonfod monns-Ius-funcfIon cInIms dIscIosod
onough of nn nIgorIfhm fo rovIdo fho nocossnry sfrucfuro
undor ll2, 6). Tho mnjorIfy`s mIsrondIng of fhoso
cnsos Is nII fho moro sfrIkIng bocnuso If Is fho snmo orror
fho mnjorIfy nccusos fho dIsfrIcf courf of commIffIng In Ifs
rondIng of Arie/ocro/ Teclnologiee Aue/rolio Por/, L/J. t.
1n/erno/ionol Gone Teclnolog,, 52l I.3d l328, l333
(Iod. CIr. 2008). MnjorIfy O. l2.

To bogIn wIfh, If Is fruo fhnf fho nbsonco of fho word
monns In fho dIsufod cInIm forms cronfos n rosum-
fIon fhnf fhoso nro nof monns-Ius-funcfIon IImIfnfIons.
See 1nten/io AG t. Tl,eeenKrupp 1leto/or Ane. Corp.,
649 I.3d l350, l356 (Iod. CIr. 20ll). Howovor, If Is
undIsufod fhnf fho hourIsfIcs IImIfnfIons rocIfo funcfIons
orformod by fho hourIsfIcs (o.g., doformInIng fhnf fho
ono or moro fIngor confncfs corrosond fo n commnnd fo
frnnsIfIon from dIsInyIng n rosocfIvo Ifom In n sof of
Ifoms fo dIsInyIng n noxf Ifom In fho sof of Ifoms). Tho
roIovnnf quosfIon fhoroforo Is whofhor fho cInIm fnIIs fo
rocIfo suffIcIonf sfrucfuro for orformIng fhoso funcfIons,
In whIch cnso fho rosumfIon ngnInsf monns-Ius-
funcfIon fronfmonf wouId bo ovorcomo. See iJ.
As wo hnvo rovIousIy oxInInod:
Whnf Is Imorfnnf Is whofhor fho form Is ono fhnf
Is undorsfood fo doscrIbo sfrucfuro, ns oosod fo
n form fhnf Is sImIy n nonco word or n vorbnI
consfrucf fhnf Is nof rocognIzod ns fho nnmo of
sfrucfuro nnd Is sImIy n subsfIfufo for fho form
monns for. Tho courf In PereonoliceJ MeJio
Connunico/ione drow fho orfInonf dIsfIncfIon In
hoIdIng fhnf fho form dofocfor, nIfhough brond,
Is sfIII sfrucfurnI for urosos of socfIon ll2 6
bocnuso If Is nof n gonorIc sfrucfurnI form such
ns 'monns,` 'oIomonf,` or 'dovIco`; nor Is If n coInod
form InckIng n cIonr monnIng such ns 'wIdgof` or
'rnm-n-frnm.`
Ligl/ing WorlJ, 1nc. t. BircluooJ Ligl/ing, 1nc., 382 I.3d
l354, l360 (Iod. CIr. 2004) (quofIng PereonoliceJ MeJio
Connc`ne, LLC t. 1n/`l TroJe Conn`n, l6l I.3d 696, ?04
(Iod. CIr. l998)). IoIIowIng fhIs, wo hnvo found fhnf
forms such ns comufIng unIf, 1nten/io, 649 I.3d nf
l359-60, nnd soff sfnrf cIrcuIf, Pouer 1n/egro/ione, 1nc.
t. IoirclilJ SeniconJuc/or 1n/erno/ionol, 1nc., ?ll I.3d
l348, l365 (Iod. CIr. 20l3), connofo suffIcIonf sfrucfuro fo
nvoId monns-Ius-funcfIon fronfmonf. On fho ofhor hnnd,
forms such ns coIornnf soIocfIon mochnnIsm, Moeeoclu-
ee//e 1ne/i/u/e of Teclnolog, t. AIocue Sof/uore, 462 I.3d
l344, l353-54 (Iod. CIr. 2006), nnd mochnnIsm for
movIng snId fIngor, Wel/er Beoring, 550 I.3d nf l095-9?,
hnvo fnIIod fo rocIfo suffIcIonf sfrucfuro fo nvoId monns-
Ius-funcfIon fronfmonf.
Tho form hourIsfIc, whIch fho dIsfrIcf courf consfruod
ns ruIos fo bo nIIod fo dnfn fo nssIsf In drnwIng Infor-
oncos from fhnf dnfn, Is n vnguo concof fhnf doos nof
connofo known, hysIcnI sfrucfuro In fho snmo wny ns fho
forms comufIng unIf or cIrcuIf. !nfhor, fho form
hourIsfIc Is much moro sImIInr fo fho ImrocIso forms
mochnnIsm, monns, nnd oIomonf. Thoroforo, I wouId
nffIrm fho dIsfrIcf courf`s concIusIon fhnf fho hourIsfIc
IImIfnfIons nro subjocf fo monns-Ius-funcfIon fronfmonf.
If, ns fho mnjorIfy concIudosIn my vIow Incorrocf-
Iyour rocodonf dIcfnfos fhnf fho hourIsfIc IImIfnfIons
In fho `949 nfonf nro nof subjocf fo monns-Ius-funcfIon
fronfmonf, fhon orhns If Is fImo fo rovIsIf fho Issuo of
whon cInIm Inngungo Invokos ll2 6, nrfIcuInrIy for
comufor-ImIomonfod InvonfIons. As oxInInod nbovo, I
soo no ronI dIfforonco bofwoon fho foIIowIng fwo cInIm
IImIfnfIons:
n noxf Ifom neone for doformInIng fhnf fho ono or
moro fIngor confncfs corrosond fo n commnnd fo
frnnsIfIon from dIsInyIng n rosocfIvo Ifom In n
sof of Ifoms fo dIsInyIng n noxf Ifom In fho sof of
Ifoms; nnd
n noxf Ifom leurie/ic for doformInIng fhnf fho ono
or moro fIngor confncfs corrosond fo n commnnd
fo frnnsIfIon from dIsInyIng n rosocfIvo Ifom In
n sof of Ifoms fo dIsInyIng n noxf Ifom In fho sof
of Ifoms.
AII!I IC. v. MOTO!O!A, IC. ?
Tho fIrsf IImIfnfIon wouId suroIy bo consfruod ns n monns-
Ius-funcfIon IImIfnfIon. Yof, nIfhough fho socond IImIfn-
fIon rovIdos no moro ronI sfrucfuro fhnn fho fIrsf, fho
mnjorIfy concIudos fhnf If Is oufsIdo fho ronIm of ll2
6.
Thnf ono mInor drnffIng docIsIon gronfIy oxnnds fho
scoo of fho cInIm IImIfnfIon bocnuso fho cInIm Is nof
IImIfod fo fho corrosondIng sfrucfuro dIscIosod In fho
nfonf socIfIcnfIon. Indood, undor fho mnjorIfy`s vIow,
fhIs cnso rovIdos n sfnrk oxnmIo of how nfonf nII-
cnnfs nro nbIo fo cInIm brond funcfIonnIIfy wIfhouf boIng
subjocf fo fho rosfrnInfs Imosod by ll2 6. As Infor-
rofod by fho mnjorIfy, fho noxf Ifom hourIsfIc IImIfn-
fIon In cInIm l covors on, hourIsfIc usod by n fouch-scroon
dovIco fo doformIno fhnf ono or moro fIngor confncfs
corrosond fo n commnnd fo frnnsIfIon from dIsInyIng n
rosocfIvo Ifom In n sof of Ifoms fo dIsInyIng n noxf Ifom
In fho sof of Ifoms. And yof, If Is undIsufod fhnf fho
nfonf socIfIcnfIon dIscIosos onIy fwo such hourIsfIcs: n
swIo from rIghf fo Ioff nnd n fn on fho rIghf sIdo of fho
scroon. In fncf, fho mnjorIfy roIIod on oxncfIy fhoso fwo
hourIsfIcs ns fho nocossnry sfrucfuro fhnf romovod fhIs
cInIm form from fho monns-Ius-funcfIon ronIm nIfogofh-
or. MnjorIfy O. l8.
3

Irofossor !omIoy hns roconfIy wrIffon on fho Issuo of
funcfIonnI cInImIng In soffwnro nfonfs. Mnrk A. !omIoy,
Sof/uore Po/en/e onJ /le Ie/urn of Iunc/ionol Cloining,
20l3 WIS. !. !IV. 905 (20l3). Ho ncknowIodgos fhIs
courf`s roconf cnso Inw In whIch wo hnvo boon vIgIInnf In
3
OddIy, In dofInIng hourIsfIc, fho mnjorIfy sfnfos
fhnf If doos nof IncIudo nII monns for orformIng fho
rocIfod funcfIon. MnjorIfy O. l?. Iuf of courso, onco
fhIs courf hns ruIod fhnf fho form Is no/ n monns-Ius-
funcfIon IImIfnfIon, fhnf form cnn Indood bo consfruod so
brondIy.

IImIfIng soffwnro nfonfoos who wrIfo cInIms In monns-
Ius-funcfIon formnf fo fho nrfIcuInr nIgorIfhms fhnf
ImIomonf fhoso cInIms. 1J. nf 926. Howovor, ho nofos
fhnf In mnny cnsos InvoIvIng soffwnro nfonfs, wo hnvo
nof fronfod cInIms ns monns-Ius-funcfIon cInIms nf nII,
IondIng fo robIoms of ovorbrond nfonfs:
Tho rosonco of sfrucfuro In fho form of n com-
ufor or n rocossor or ovon fho Infornof hns
Iod fho IodornI CIrcuIf fo gIvo fhoso cInIms confroI
ovor fho cInImod funcfIon howovor ImIomonfod.
As n rosuIf, soffwnro nfonfs hnvo cIrcumvonfod
fho IImIfs fho l952 Acf Incos on funcfIonnI cInIm-
Ing. Tho rosuIf hns boon n Iofhorn of soffwnro
nfonfs cInImod nof on fho bnsIs of fho fochnoIogy
fho nfonfoo ncfunIIy dovoIood, buf on fho bnsIs
of fho funcfIon fhnf fochnoIogy orforms. Thoso
cInIms nron`f IImIfod fo or commonsurnfo wIfh
whnf fho nfonfoo Invonfod, nnd fhoy nro nccord-
IngIy fho onos fhnf nfonf InInfIffs fond fo nssorf
ngnInsf dofondnnfs whoso sysfoms bonr IIffIo ro-
sombInnco fo whnf fho nfonfoo ncfunIIy Invonf-
od. . . . |!]ndor fhIs funcfIonnI cInImIng rubrIc fho
soffwnro nfonfs wIfh fho Ionsf ncfunI fochnIcnI
confonf ond u wIfh fho brondosf cInIms: Ifs mo-
nooIy brondfh Is n funcfIon of Ifs loc/ of fochnIcnI
socIfIcnfIon.
1J. nf 926-28 (foofnofos omIffod) (quofIng ChrIsfInn Io-
hnnnnn & Horborf Hovonknm, Creo/ion Wi/lou/ Ie-
e/roin/. Prono/ing LiIer/, onJ Iitolr, in 1nnoto/ion l25
(20l2)); eee oleo iJ. nf 905 (|I]nfonfoos cInIm fo own nof n
nrfIcuInr mnchIno, or ovon n nrfIcuInr sorIos of sfos for
nchIovIng n gonI, buf fho gonI IfsoIf. Tho rosuIfIng ovor-
brond nfonfs ovorIn nnd cronfo nfonf fhIckofs.). I
boIIovo Irofossor !omIoy rnIsos vnIId concorns nbouf fhIs
courf`s monns-Ius-funcfIon jurIsrudonco ns If roInfos fo
comufor-ImIomonfod InvonfIons. AIfhough fho mnjorIfy
horo dId nof bnso Ifs concIusIon on such gonorIc sfrucfurnI
forms ns n comufor or n rocossor, fho ond rosuIf Is
fho snmo: AIo`s `949 nfonf Is consfruod brondIy fo
covor fho func/ion orformod by fho hourIsfIcs, nof fho
socIfIc hourIsfIcs dIscIosod In fho socIfIcnfIon. ThIs
oufcomo shouId comoI our courf fo roconsIdor whon wo
fronf funcfIonnI cInIms ns monns-Ius-funcfIon cInIms.
I. CorrosondIng Sfrucfuro
Iocnuso I wouId nffIrm fho dIsfrIcf courf`s concIusIon
fhnf fho hourIsfIcs IImIfnfIons nro monns-Ius-funcfIon
IImIfnfIons, I wouId fhoroforo ronch AIo`s nIfornnfIvo
nrgumonf rognrdIng fho corrosondIng sfrucfuro for fho
form noxf Ifom hourIsfIc.
Tho `949 nfonf socIfIcnfIon confnIns fwo oxnmIos of
n noxf Ifom hourIsfIc: n fn on fho rIghf sIdo of fho
fouchscroon nnd n rIghf-fo-Ioff horIzonfnI swIo. See,
e.g., `949 nfonf coI. 34 II. l2-l6 (In somo ombodImonfs,
fho usor cnn nIso InIfInfo vIowIng of fho noxf Imngo by
mnkIng n /op gee/ure 1620 on fho rIghf sIdo of fho Imngo.
In somo ombodImonfs, fho usor cnn nIso InIfInfo vIowIng
of fho noxf Imngo by mnkIng n euipe gee/ure 1616 from
rIghf fo Ioff on fho Imngo. (omhnsos nddod)). ovorfho-
Ioss, fho dIsfrIcf courf rojocfod fho horIzonfnI swIo ns
corrosondIng sfrucfuro for fho cInImod noxf Ifom hourIs-
fIc. Tho dIsfrIcf courf ronsonod fhnf n horIzonfnI fIngor
swIo foII wIfhIn fho scoo of nnofhor cInImod hourIsfIc
nnmoIy fho fwo-dImonsIonnI scroon frnnsInfIon hourIsfIc
In fho rIor cInIm IImIfnfIon. Tho dIsfrIcf courf dId nof
soo how fho snmo usor fIngor movomonf |couId bo] un-
dorsfood fo communIcnfo fwo sonrnfo commnnds. J.A.
93. Thoroforo, fho courf IImIfod fho noxf Ifom hourIsfIc`s
corrosondIng sfrucfuro fo n hourIsfIc fhnf usos ns ono
Inuf n usor`s fIngor fn on fho rIghf sIdo of fho dovIco`s
fouch scroon. J.A. 94.
AIo nrguosnnd I ngroofhnf fho dIsfrIcf courf
fnIIod fo consIdor fhnf fho hourIsfIcs mIghf nIy In
dIfforonf sconnrIos. Ior oxnmIo, In doscrIbIng fho hofo
nIbum nIIcnfIon doIcfod In IIguro l6A of fho `949
nfonf, fho socIfIcnfIon oxInIns fhnf fho usor cnn InIfI-
nfo vIowIng of fho noxf Imngo by mnkIng n swIo gosfuro
l6l6 from rIghf fo Ioff on fho Imngo. `949 nfonf coI. 34
II. l4-l6. Tho socIfIcnfIon goos on fo oxInIn, howovor,
fhnf If jusf n orfIon of Imngo l606 Is dIsInyod, In ro-
sonso fo dofocfIng n fIngor drng or swIo (o.g., l626), fho
dIsInyod orfIon of fho Imngo Is frnnsInfod In nccordnnco
wIfh fho dIrocfIon of fho drng or swIo gosfuro (o.g.,
vorfIcnI, horIzonfnI, or dIngonnI frnnsInfIon). 1J. nf coI.
35 II. l9-24. In ofhor words, n horIzonfnI swIo wIII bo
fronfod dIfforonfIy doondIng on whofhor n fuII Imngo Is
dIsInyod or fho usor hns zoomod In on n orfIon of fho
Imngo. Thoro Is nofhIng In fho cInIm Inngungo fhnf
roquIros fhnf fho fwo-dImonsIonnI scroon frnnsInfIon
hourIsfIc nnd noxf Ifom hourIsfIc nIy In fho snmo
confoxf. Thoroforo, I wouId rovorso fho dIsfrIcf courf`s
docIsIon fo IImIf fho corrosondIng sfrucfuro fo n fIngor
fn on fho rIghf sIdo of fho scroon, nnd wouId rovorso fho
grnnf of summnry judgmonf of non-InfrIngomonf for fho
nccusod roducfs fhnf uso n swIo gosfuro ns n noxf
Ifom hourIsfIc.
II. AMISSIII!ITY OI IXII!T TISTIMOY !I!ATIC TO
THI `949 IATIT
WhIIo I concur In fho judgmonf rovorsIng nnd ro-
mnndIng fho dIsfrIcf courf`s oxcIusIon of fho fosfImony of
AIo`s oxorf, IrInn nor, bnsod on hIs orronoous
cInIm consfrucfIon, I wrIfo sonrnfoIy fo nofo my ngroo-
monf wIfh fho dIsfrIcf courf fhnf nor`s roIInnco on fho
MngIc Trncknd wns InhoronfIy unroIInbIo.
Tho mnjorIfy concIudos fhnf fho dIsfrIcf courf orrod In
oxcIudIng fho fosfImony of AIo`s oxorf, IrInn nor,
for fwo ronsons. IIrsf, fho dIsfrIcf courf`s nnnIysIs wns
bnsod on nn Incorrocf cInIm consfrucfIon. MnjorIfy O.
42-43. SocIfIcnIIy, fho dIsfrIcf courf crIfIcIzod nor for
fnIIIng fo IsoInfo fho vnIuo fo consumors of fho fn for
AII!I IC. v. MOTO!O!A, IC. ll
noxf Ifom funcfIonnIIfy, nnd for fnIIIng fo consIdor nIfor-
nnfIvos fo n $35 mIIIIon roynIfy fhnf wouId onnbIo
MoforoIn fo rovIdo fhIs funcfIonnIIfy. See J.A. ll2-l4.
Thoso crIfIcIsms woro bnsod on fho dIsfrIcf courf`s concIu-
sIon fhnf fho `949 nfonf`s cInImod noxf Ifom hourIsfIc
wns n monns-Ius-funcfIon cInIm fhnf wns IImIfod fo n fn
on fho rIghf-hnnd sIdo of fho scroon fo furn fo fho noxf
Ifom. See J.A. ll2. Tho mnjorIfy doformInod fhnf fhIs
cInIm consfrucfIon wns orronoous bocnuso fho noxf Ifom
hourIsfIc wns nof n monns-Ius-funcfIon IImIfnfIon.
MnjorIfy O. 2l. As oxInInod nbovo, I wouId nffIrm fho
dIsfrIcf courf`s consfrucfIon of fho hourIsfIc cInIm forms
ns monns-Ius-funcfIon IImIfnfIons, buf wouId rovorso fho
courf`s ruIIng fhnf fho scoo of fho corrosondIng sfruc-
furo for fho noxf Ifom hourIsfIc Is IImIfod fo n fn on fho
rIghf-hnnd sIdo of fho scroon. Thus, nIfhough I nrrIvo nf
fho oufcomo In n dIfforonf wny, I concur In fho mnjorIfy`s
concIusIon fhnf fho dIsfrIcf courf`s oxcIusIon of nor`s
fosfImony musf bo rovorsod nnd romnndod on fho bnsIs of
Ifs orronoous cInIm consfrucfIon.
Howovor, unIIko fho mnjorIfy, I do nof boIIovo fho dIs-
frIcf courf nbusod Ifs dIscrofIon In oxcIudIng nor`s
fosfImony ns unroIInbIo. Tho dIsfrIcf courf doformInod
fhnf nor`s roIInnco on fho MngIc Trncknd fo cnIcuInfo
fho vnIuo of fho cInImod funcfIonnIIfy wns unroIInbIo
bocnuso fhnf roducf wns nof n suffIcIonfIy comnrnbIo
bonchmnrk. SocIfIcnIIy, fho courf snId:
nor`s roosod fosfImony doos nof rovIdo n
roIInbIo bnsIs for InforrIng fho vnIuo ovon of fho
vorfIcnI scroIIIng fonfuro. Tho fncf fhnf mnny con-
sumors wIII ny moro for n MngIc Trncknd fhnn
for n mouso foIIs ono nofhIng nbouf whnf fhoy wIII
ny fo nvoId occnsIonnIIy swIIng unsuccossfuIIy
bocnuso fhoIr swIIng fIngor wnsn`f ncfunIIy vorfI-
cnI fo fho scroon. Mnybo consumors wouId ny $2,
buf fhoro Is no ovIdonco fhoy wouId, or nf Ionsf
nono furnIshod by nor.
J.A. ll5.
If Is fruo fhnf our rocodonf suorfs IookIng fo fho
cosf of bonchmnrk commorcInI roducfs In doformInIng
fho vnIuo of n dofondnnf`s InfrIngomonf. See, e.g., i4i L/J.
Pèlip t. Microeof/ Corp., 598 I.3d 83l, 853-56 (Iod. CIr.
20l0). Howovor, ns ovon AIo concodos, fho Trncknd
confnIns nono of fho funcfIon nssorfod from fho `949
nfonf. MoforoIn !osonso Ir. 39; eee oleo AIo !oIy
Ir. ?0 (ncknowIodgIng fhnf |f]hnf Is fruo). nor
fhoroforo bognn hIs nnnIysIs from n hIghIy quosfIonnbIo
sfnrfIng oInf. And bocnuso fho Trncknd doos nof con-
fnIn nny of fho cInImod funcfIonnIIfy, fho dIscounfs n-
or nIIod fo gof from $20 fo $2 (suosodIy bocnuso fho
Trncknd confnIns moro fonfuros fhnn fhoso cInImod by
fho `949 nfonf) nonr fo bo comIofoIy nrbIfrnry. Ac-
cordIngIy, I do nof boIIovo fho dIsfrIcf courf nbusod Ifs
dIscrofIon In concIudIng fhnf nor`s roosod fosfImony
fnIIod fo rovIdo n roIInbIo bnsIs for InforrIng fho vnIuo of
fho cInImod funcfIonnIIfy. On romnnd, I do nof fhInk If
wouId bo rovorsIbIo orror for fho dIsfrIcf courf fo ngnIn
rohIbIf AIo from roIyIng on such unroIInbIo fosfImony.
III. AII!I`S !IQ!IST IO! IJ!CTIVI !I!III
Tho dIsfrIcf courf grnnfod summnry judgmonf fhnf
AIo wns nof onfIfIod fo nn InjuncfIon for InfrIngomonf of
fho `949, `263, nnd `64? nfonfs. Tho mnjorIfy vncnfos fho
grnnf of summnry judgmonfnnronfIy for nII fhroo
nfonfsbocnuso of Ifs rovorsnI of fho cInIm consfrucfIon
for fho `949 nfonf. MnjorIfy O. 69-?0. I rosocffuIIy
dIssonf, nnd wouId nffIrm fho grnnf of summnry judgmonf
for nII fhroo nfonfs.
AIo nrguos fhnf If rosonfod nmIo ovIdonco wIfh
rosocf fo fho eBo, fncfors oufIInod nbovo fo survIvo
summnry judgmonf. I wIII onIy nddross fho fIrsf Injunc-
fIon fncforIrronrnbIo hnrmbocnuso I vIow If ns
dIsosIfIvo.
AIo nrguos fhnf If Is boIng IrronrnbIy hnrmod by
MoforoIn`s InfrIngomonf bocnuso snIos of MoforoIn`s
InfrIngIng roducfs nro cnusIng AIo fo Ioso mnrkof
shnro nnd downsfronm snIos.
4
Iuf In ordor fo roIy on Iosf
mnrkof shnro nnd downsfronm snIos fo show IrronrnbIo
hnrm, AIo musf rovIdo moro fhnn ovIdonco showIng
moroIy fhnf MoforoIn Is fnkIng mnrkof shnro from AIo.
!nfhor, AIo musf bo nbIo fo show n cnusnI noxus bo-
fwoon fho IncIusIon of fho nIIogodIy InfrIngIng fonfuros In
MoforoIn`s honos nnd fho nIIogod hnrm fo AIo. See
Apple 111, ?35 I.3d nf l360-6l; Apple 1nc. t. Soneung
1lece., 6?8 I.3d l3l4, l324 (Iod. CIr. 20l2) (Apple 1)
(SnIos Iosf fo nn InfrIngIng roducf cnnnof IrronrnbIy
hnrm n nfonfoo If consumors buy fhnf roducf for ron-
sons ofhor fhnn fho nfonfod fonfuro. If fho nfonfod
fonfuro doos nof drIvo fho domnnd for fho roducf, snIos
wouId bo Iosf ovon If fho offondIng fonfuro woro nbsonf
from fho nccusod roducf.).
Tho dIsfrIcf courf found fhnf AIo hnd no ovIdonco
IInkIng AIo`s Iosf mnrkof shnro nnd downsfronm snIos
fo fho IncIusIon of fho nIIogodIy InfrIngIng fonfuros In
MoforoIn`s honos. See J.A. l52 (AIo`s 'fooI good`
fhoory doos nof IndIcnfo fhnf InfrIngomonf of /leee cInIms
(If fhoy woro InfrIngod) roducod AIo`s snIos or mnrkof
4
AIo nIso nrguos fhnf n fIndIng of IrronrnbIo
hnrm Is suorfod by ovIdonco showIng fhnf AIo hns n
oIIcy ngnInsf IIconsIng comofIfors fo rncfIco fho fhroo
nssorfod nfonfs. AIo`s wIIIIngnoss fo IIconso fho ns-
sorfod nfonfs Is, of courso, roIovnnf fo fho socond Injunc-
fIon fncforfho Inndoquncy of IognI romodIos fo
comonsnfo for IrronrnbIo hnrm. See, e.g., Apple 1nc. t.
Soneung 1lece. Co., ?35 I.3d l352, l369-?l (Iod. CIr.
20l3) (Apple 111). Howovor, I nm nof nwnro of nny cnsos
osfnbIIshIng fhnf n oIIcy ngnInsf IIconsIng nfonfs cnn
show IrronrnbIo hnrm In fho fIrsf Inco.

shnro, or ImnIrod consumor goodwIII fownrd AIo
roducfs.). !nfhor, fho dIsfrIcf courf found fhnf AIo Is
comInInIng fhnf MoforoIn`s honos oe o ulole rIod off
fho IIhono oe o ulole, whIch fho courf oxInInod wns
InsuffIcIonf bocnuso MoforoIn`s dosIro fo soII roducfs
fhnf comofo wIfh fho IIhono Is n sonrnfo hnrmnnd n
orfocfIy IognI onofrom nny hnrm cnusod by nfonf
InfrIngomonf. 1J. nf l53.
AIo confonds fhnf Ifs ovIdonco rnIsos n gonuIno Is-
suo ns fo whofhor fho nIIogodIy InfrIngIng fonfuros nro
drIvors of consumor domnnd for MoforoIn`s roducfs. I
dIsngroo. IIrsf, wIfh rosocf fo fho `949 nfonf, AIo
cIfos consumor survoy ovIdonco urorfIng fo show fhnf
hnvIng n suorIor fouchscroon Inforfncons oosod fo n
hysIcnI koybonrddrIvos consumors domnnd for
smnrfhonos. AIo Ir. 65. ThIs ovIdonco, howovor,
snys nofhIng nbouf fho socIfIc fonfuros cInImod In
fho `949 nfonf. See, e.g., Apple 1nc. t. Soneung 1lece.
Co., 695 I.3d l3?0, l3?6 (Iod. CIr. 20l2) (Apple 11). Tho
onIy ovIdonco AIo cIfos fhnf nIIogodIy roInfos socIfIcnI-
Iy fo fho scroIIIng hourIsfIcs cInImod by fho `949 nfonf
Is fosfImony from MoforoIn oxocufIvos nbouf whnf fhoy
fhoughf wouId bo Imorfnnf fo consumors. AIo Ir. 66.
Howovor, wo found sImIInr ovIdonco, sfnndIng nIono, fo bo
InsuffIcIonf fo osfnbIIsh n cnusnI noxus In Apple 1, ox-
InInIng:
WhIIo fho ovIdonco fhnf Snmsung`s omIoyoos bo-
IIovod If fo bo Imorfnnf fo Incorornfo fho n-
fonfod fonfuro Info Snmsung`s roducfs Is
corfnInIy roIovnnf fo fho Issuo of noxus bofwoon
fho nfonf nnd mnrkof hnrm, If Is nof dIsosIfIvo.
Thnf Is bocnuso fho roIovnnf InquIry focusos on
fho objocfIvo ronsons ns fo why fho nfonfoo Iosf
snIos, nof on fho InfrIngor`s subjocfIvo boIIofs ns fo
why If gnInod fhom (or wouId bo IIkoIy fo gnIn
fhom).
6?8 I.3d nf l32?-28. AccordIngIy, I ngroo wIfh fho dIs-
frIcf courf fhnf AIo`s ovIdonco fnIIs fo rnIso n gonuIno
Issuo ns fo whofhor fho fonfuros nccusod of InfrIngIng
fho `949 nfonf drIvo consumor domnnd for MoforoIn`s
honos.
As for fho `263 nfonf, AIo cIfos sfudIos nnd survoys
urorfIng fo show fhnf fho cInImod InvonfIon fncIIIfnfod
fho dovoIomonf of ouInr ns for fho IIhono nnd IInd,
whIch In furn hoIod mnko AIo`s dovIcos so ouInr.
Iuf AIo doos nof cIfo nny sImIInr sfudIos for consumors
of MoforoIn`s roducfs. Ivon nssumIng fho ovIdonco
shows fhnf fho `263 nfonf Is n drIvor of domnnd for
AIo`s roducfs, fhnf doos nof monn fho `263 nfonf Is n
drIvor of domnnd for MoforoIn`s roducfs. See Apple 11,
695 I.3d nf l3?6. AIo`s onIy ofhor ovIdonco for fho `263
nfonf nIIogodIy shows MoforoIn`s subjocfIvo boIIofs fhnf
usIng AIo`s sImIIfIcnfIon of sfronmIng fochnoIogy
wouId hoI If gnIn snIos. AIo Ir. 6?. AgnIn, howovor,
fhIs ovIdonco, sfnndIng nIono, Is InsuffIcIonf fo osfnbIIsh n
cnusnI noxus bofwoon MoforoIn`s IncorornfIon of fho
nIIogodIy InfrIngIng fonfuro nnd fho nIIogod hnrm sufforod
by AIo. See Apple 1, 6?8 I.3d nf l32?-28.
SImIInrIy, wIfh rosocf fo fho `64? nfonf, AIo cIfos
ovIdonco fhnf MoforoIn IfsoIf IdonfIfIod fho nfonf`s
sfrucfuro-dofocfIon fonfuro ns n hIgh rIorIfy nnd n
'dIfforonfInfIng` fonfuro. AIo Ir. 68 (quofIng J.A.
29,85?). AIo nIso cIfos n nowsnor nrfIcIo doscrIbIng
fho fonfuro ns n cooI|] now fonfuro|] In Appleè roducfs.
J.A. 29,893. As wIfh fho `263 nfonf, fhIs ovIdonco Is
InsuffIcIonf fo osfnbIIsh fho roquIsIfo noxus.
Ior fhoso ronsons, I ngroo wIfh fho dIsfrIcf courf fhnf
AIo`s ovIdonco fnIIs fo rnIso n gonuIno Issuo ns fo
whofhor fho nIIogodIy InfrIngIng fonfuros nro drIvors of
consumor domnnd for MoforoIn`s roducfs. As n rosuIf,
AIo cnnnof show fhnf MoforoIn`s InfrIngomonf hns
cnusod If IrronrnbIo hnrm. AIo fhoroforo cnnnof moof
fho eBo, sfnndnrd for InjuncfIvo roIIof. AccordIngIy, I
wouId nffIrm fho dIsfrIcf courf`s grnnf of summnry judg-
monf of no InjuncfIvo roIIof.
IV. MOTO!O!A`S !IQ!IST IO! IJ!CTIVI !I!III
!I!ATIC TO THI `898 IATIT
I concur In fho mnjorIfy`s judgmonf fhnf MoforoIn Is
nof onfIfIod fo nn InjuncfIon for InfrIngomonf of fho `898
nfonf. MnjorIfy O. ?l-?3. Howovor, I wrIfo sonrnfoIy
fo nofo my dIsngroomonf wIfh fho mnjorIfy`s suggosfIon
fhnf nn nIIogod InfrIngor`s rofusnI fo nogofInfo n IIconso
jusfIfIos fho Issunnco of nn InjuncfIon nffor n fIndIng of
InfrIngomonf.
As nn InIfInI mnffor, I ngroo wIfh fho mnjorIfy fhnf
fhoro Is no nood fo cronfo n cnfogorIcnI ruIo fhnf n nfonf-
oo cnn novor obfnIn nn InjuncfIon on n I!A-commIffod
nfonf.
5
1J. nf ?l-?2. !nfhor, I!A commIfmonf
shouId sImIy bo fncforod Info fho consIdornfIon of fho
eBo, frnmowork. Moroovor, I ngroo fhnf n sfrnIghffor-
wnrd nIIcnfIon of fho eBo, fncfors doos nof nocossnrIIy
monn fhnf InjuncfIvo roIIof wouId novor bo nvnIInbIo for n
I!A-commIffod nfonf. Howovor, I dIsngroo ns fo fho
cIrcumsfnncos undor whIch nn InjuncfIon mIghf bo nro-
rInfo.
MoforoIn nrguosnnd fho mnjorIfy ngroosfhnf nn
InjuncfIon mIghf bo nrorInfo whoro nn nIIogod InfrIng-
or unIInfornIIy rofusos n I!A roynIfy or unronsonnbIy
5
Ior whnf If`s worfh, I wouId nofo fhnf fho dIsfrIcf
courf JiJ no/ nIy n per ee ruIo fhnf InjuncfIons nro
unnvnIInbIo for SIIs. !nfhor, Judgo Iosnor oxrossIy
nofod fhnf InjuncfIvo roIIof mIghf hnvo boon nrorInfo If
AIo hnd rofuso|d] fo ny n roynIfy fhnf moofs fho
I!A roquIromonf. J.A. l40. Thus, fho mnjorIfy nood
nof hnvo suggosfod fhnf fho dIsfrIcf courf orrod Insofnr ns
If nIIod such n cnfogorIcnI ruIo. See MnjorIfy O. ?l.

AII!I IC. v. MOTO!O!A, IC. l?
doInys nogofInfIons fo fho snmo offocf. 1J. MoforoIn
InsIsfs fhnf In fho nbsonco of fho fhronf of nn InjuncfIon,
nn InfrIngor wouId hnvo no InconfIvo fo nogofInfo n IIconso
bocnuso fho worsf-cnso sconnrIo from n nfonf InfrIngo-
monf InwsuIf Is fhnf If wouId hnvo fo ny fho snmo
nmounf If wouId hnvo nId onrIIor for n IIconso.
I dIsngroo fhnf nn nIIogod InfrIngor`s rofusnI fo onfor
Info n IIconsIng ngroomonf jusfIfIos onforIng nn InjuncfIon
ngnInsf Ifs conducf, for sovornI ronsons. IIrsf, ns AIo
oInfs ouf, nn nIIogod InfrIngor Is fuIIy onfIfIod fo chnI-
Iongo fho vnIIdIfy of n I!A-commIffod nfonf boforo
ngrooIng fo ny n IIconso on fhnf nfonf, nnd so shouId nof
nocossnrIIy bo unIshod for Ioss fhnn ongor nogofInfIons.
Socond, fhoro nro mnny ronsons nn nIIogod InfrIngor
mIghf rofor fo ny n I!A IIconso rnfhor fhnn undor-
goIng oxfonsIvo IIfIgnfIon, IncIudIng IIfIgnfIon oxonsos,
fho ossIbIIIfy of nyIng frobIo dnmngos or nffornoy`s foos
If fhoy nro found IInbIo for wIIIfuI InfrIngomonf, nnd fho
rIsk fhnf fho fncf-fIndor mny nwnrd dnmngos In nn
nmounf hIghor fhnn fho I!A rnfos. Indood, ns
MoforoIn IfsoIf oInfod ouf, wo hnvo rovIousIy ncknowI-
odgod fhnf n frInI courf mny nwnrd nn nmounf of dnmngos
greo/er /lon n ronsonnbIo roynIfy If nocossnry fo comon-
snfo for fho InfrIngomonf. S/ic/le t. HeuIlein, 1nc., ?l6
I.2d l550, l563 (Iod. CIr. l983). Thus, If n frInI courf
boIIovos fhnf nn InfrIngor rovIousIy ongngod In bnd fnIfh
nogofInfIons, If Is onfIfIod fo Incronso fho dnmngos fo
nccounf for nny hnrm fo fho nfonfoo ns n rosuIf of fhnf
bohnvIor.
Iuf rognrdIoss, nono of fhoso consIdornfIons nIfors fho
fncf fhnf monofnry dnmngos nro IIkoIy ndoqunfo fo com-
onsnfo for n I!A nfonfoo`s InjurIos. I soo no ronson,
fhoroforo, why n nrfy`s ro-IIfIgnfIon conducf In IIconso
nogofInfIons shouId nffocf fho nvnIInbIIIfy of InjuncfIvo
roIIof.
Insfond, nn InjuncfIon mIghf bo nrorInfo whoro,
nIfhough monofnry dnmngos coulJ comonsnfo for fho
nfonfoo`s InjurIos, fho nfonfoo Is unnbIo fo coIIocf fho
dnmngos fo whIch If Is onfIfIod. Ior oxnmIo, If nn nI-
Iogod InfrIngor woro judgmonf-roof, n dnmngos nwnrd
wouId IIkoIy bo nn Inndoqunfo romody. Or, If n dofondnnf
rofusod fo ny n courf-ordorod dnmngos nwnrd nffor boIng
found fo InfrIngo n vnIId I!A nfonf, n courf mIghf bo
jusfIfIod In IncIudIng nn InjuncfIon ns nrf of nn nwnrd of
snncfIons.
Iuf rognrdIoss, fhoso cIrcumsfnncos nro nof rosonf In
fhIs cnso, nnd I ngroo wIfh fho dIsfrIcf courf fhnf undor
fho fncfs horo, MoforoIn cnnnof show oIfhor IrronrnbIo
hnrm or Inndoquncy of dnmngos. I wouId fhoroforo nffIrm
fho dIsfrIcf courf`s donInI of MoforoIn`s cInIm for Injunc-
fIvo roIIof for fho `898 nfonf.
COC!!SIO
Ior fho ronsons nbovo, I concur In nrf nnd dIssonf In
nrf.

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