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Kingdom: Fungi

Eukaryotes

Domain Bacteria

Domain Archaebacteria

Domain Eukaryotes

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2007-2008
Common ancestor

General characteristics Classification criteria


eukaryotes heterotrophs

must feed off of others

mostly multicellular
except one-celled yeasts

cell wall

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Structure Cells
long thread-like cells multiple nuclei cell wall

made from chitin just like crab shells


chitin cell wall septum

pore
nuclei
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Heterotrophs

How do Fungi get their Nutrition?


fungal cells

secrete digestive enzymes absorb digested material into cell


predators plant cell membrane paralyzing prey parasites feeding on living creatures decomposer breakdown dead remains
plant cell

plant cell wall

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Ecological Roles

Decomposers

recycle nutrients lichen


fungi + algae pioneer species in

Symbiotic Relationships

ecosystems makes soil from bare rock

mycorrhizae
fungi + plants enables plants to absorb more water

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Asexual

Reproduction
budding in yeast
mushroom

Sexual

gills on mushroom

spores
spread by wind

spores on gills

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fungus growing in soil

Kinds of Fungi Sporangia produce spores at the end of treelike


structures called hyphae. (ex. Hyphae)

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Kinds of Fungi

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Rhizopus stolonifer

Zygomycete (Bread Mold) Life Cycle


spores

mating strain
hypha sporangium
MEIOSIS

(2n) diploid

(n) haploid

mating strain

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FUSION of gametangia

Kinds of Fungi Club Fungi

have hyphae that form branches underground. They have club shaped parts that produce spores.

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Kinds of Fungi

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Kinds of Fungi

Sac Fungi produce spores in sac-like structures.

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Kinds of Fungi LICHENS


Symbiotic association between a sac fungus and a photosynthetic green algae or cyanobacteria Crustose lichens grow on rocks and trees; fructose lichens grow on shrubs-like structures; foliose lichens grow mat-like on the soil

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Kinds of Fungi MYCORRHIZAE


Symbiotic association of a fungus living on plant roots Most plants have mycorrhizae on their roots Fungus absorbs sugars made by plant

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Mycorrhizae Critical role in plant growth

extends water absorption of roots


without mycorrhizae with mycorrhizae

AP Biology Endomycorrhiza Ectomycorrhiza

Endomycorrhizae-- ancient, widespread, and non-specific

A stained arbuscule of Glomus mosseae in a leek root cell (a superb photomicrograph by Mark Brundrett see Fig 17 in Brundrett et al. 1984 Can. J. Bot. 62: 2128)

Colonization of a root by an endomycorrhizal fungus. Note hyphae, arbuscules and vesicles. (see Fig 21 in Brundrett et al. 1985 Can. J. Bot 63: 184)

A leek root packed with vesicles of its endomycorrhizal fungal partner.

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These structures in the "roots:" of early land plants fossilized in the Rhynie Chert (350 MYBP) are regarded as vesicles of an early endomycorrhizal fungus.

Ectomycorrhizas of Laccaria bicolor with Populus tremuloides.

Section of outer layers of an ectomycorrhizal root of Pinus strobus, showing some of the mantle and the Hartig net the latter formed by hyphae of the mycobiont, Pisolithus tinctorius, penetrating between the cortical cells of the root.

Transverse section of an ectomycorrhiza of Pseudotsuga menziesii with Rhizopogon colossus showing the fungal mantle (brown in this example).

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Importance of fungi to humans


Food mushrooms Used to make cheese Blue Cheese Used to make wine, beer, and whiskey

(Yeast) Used to make bread rise Used to make soy sauce from soy beans Used to break down materials and recycle wastes and dead organisms Used to make certain drugs (ex. Penicillin)

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Importance of fungi to humans

penicillin
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Importance of fungi to humans

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Harmful Fungi

Cause food spoilage Cause plant disease such as rusts, Dutch


Elm Disease, and mildew Cause Human diseases such as Ring Worm, Athletes Foot, Thrush, lung Infections, and Yeast Infections Destroy leather, fabrics, plastics, etc.

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Fungal Lung Infection Fungal Skin Infection


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