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Periodic Table Trends

There are two forces working inside every atom: - The protons and the electrons are attracted to each other because they have opposing charges The kernel electrons and the valence electrons are repelling each other because they have the same charge (negative)

The MASS of the atom is made up of the protons and neutrons that are in the nucleus
The VOL M! of the atom is made up of the!lectron orbitals So the size of atoms, ions and particles is based upon The attraction o" the nucleus on the electron and The repulsion o" the #ernel e$ on the valence e$ What does electron shielding mean

The #ernel e$ bloc# the valence e$ "rom the nuclear attraction o" the protons it is a decrease in nuclear attraction
Atomic Si%e ! moving down a family &hich is bigger' (a or "i # or )r There are more energy levels being used ! the larger the energy level, the larger the radius of the atom ! moving across a period $of the representative elements% &a or & 'b or Sr There is a stronger nuclear attraction (more p*) There is a wea#er e$ shield (more valence e$)

+onic Si%e When an atom loses an electron its charge becomes POS+T+V! When there are fewer electrons, the ()"*+, of the ion ,!-.!AS!S / "ewer e$0 same p* When an atom gains an electron its charge becomes (!1AT+V! When there are more electrons, the ()"*+, of the ion +(-.!AS!S / &!A2!. ( -L!A. ATT.A-T+O( -ircle the particle that is bigger in each pair (a or &a./ &a./ or (e &e or 3$ Why 0s/ e- in &a Why fewer p. pulling in on /1 eWhy fewer p. pulling in on /1 e# or 3$ Why Weaker e shield on #- $/1 e-%

2ut these atoms and ions in order from smallest to largest: &a &a./ &e #- # &a./ &e # . . //p /1p 3p. /1e/1e3e#3p. /1eWhy &a //p. 44e$ (5s4 valence)

+oni%ation !nergy 4efine the term 5ionization energy6 The amount o" energy re6uired to remove an !lectron "rom an atom or ion o" an element +n the gaseous state -ircle the element in each pair that has the higher first ionization energy ,7plain why for each pair a% "i or (a c% )e or 8

b% ( or ) d% # or (e Typically the smaller the atom, the higher the ionization energy9 : n the case of & vs9 ), the ;p< electrons are a little less stable $easier to remove% than the ;p0 e in & $draw orbital diagram%

,lectronegativity is an element=s ability of its ATOMS to attract ELECTRONS in a CHEMICAL BOND9 The most common scale of electronegativity is The 2auling Scale
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invented in /30;and it is based on values from 1 to

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The electronegativity difference between two elements determines the type of bond that will form between the atoms9

? ;9; 1 "i 193 @ &a 193 @ E 19B < 'b 19B A -s 19B ; #r 19B @

The 2auling Scale of ,lectronegativity (alues 8e /9A 1 +g /9; 3 -a /9; 1 Sr 193 C 8a 193 0 'a 193 C 8 ;91 ; Dl /9@ 0 Ga /9B @ :n /9@ 3 Tl /9C < ;9A @ Si /93 < Ge /93 0 Sn /9B < 2b /9B C & ;9B / 2 ;91 < Ds ;9/ ; Sb /9B 0 8i /9C @ ) 090 C S ;9< @ Se ;9< A Te ;91 0 2o /9C @ # <91 1 -l 091 1 8r ;9B ; : ;9< B Dt /93 @

?e &e Dr Er Ie 'n

Sc /9; B H /9/ @ "u /9; 1

Ti /9< < Fr /9; C ?f /9; 0

( /9A < &b /9; 0 Ta /90 0

-r /9@ / +o /9C 0 W /9B B

+n /9A C Tc /90 @ 'e /9< @

#e /9C < 'u /9< ; )s /9A ;

-o /9C 3 'h /9B C :r /9B B

&i /9B 0 2d /9C B 2t /9C B

-u /9@ C Dg /9A C Du /93 B

Fn /9@ 1 -d /9A ; ?g /9C ;

!lectronegativity ,i""erence Scale

&on 2olar -ovalent

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