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Protection and Relays Used In Main Circuit Board at a Power Grid Substation
Bipul Raman

Diffe re ntial re lay fo r trans fo rme r ap p lic atio ns . Pro te c tio n fe ature s inc lud e o ve r-e xc itatio n (V/Hz ), und e r/o ve r-vo ltag e , p has e o ve rc urre nt, ne g ative -s e q ue nc e o ve rc urre nt, and b re ake r fail-to -trip /fail-to -c lo s e ind ic ato rs . (p ic b y tho mas ne t.c o m)

1. High speed biased dif f erential relay

T he DMH type relay provides high speed biased dif f erential protection f or two or three winding transformers. T he relay is immune to high inrush current and has a high degree of stability against through f aults. It requires a max of two cycles operating time f or current above twice relay rated current. Instantaneous overcurrent protection clears heavy internal f aults immediately. T his relay is available in two f orms. Firstly f or use with time Cts, the ratios of line which are matched to the load current to give zero dif f erential current under normal working conditions. Secondly with tapped interposing transf ormers f or use with standard line current transf ormers of any ratio.

2. Directional inverse time overcurrent and earth f ault relays

T he CDD type relays are applied f or directional or earth fault protection of ring mains, parallel transf ormers or parallel f eeders with the time graded principle. It is induction disc type relay with induction cup used to add directional f eature.

3. Instantaneous voltage relay

T he type VAG relay is an instantaneous protection against abnormal voltage conditions such as over voltage, under voltage or no voltage in AC and DC circuits and f or def inite time operation when used with a timer. It is an attracted armature type relay.

4. Auxiliary relays
T he VAA/CAA type auxiliary relays are applied f or control alarm, indication and other auxiliary duties in AC or DC systems. CAA is a current operated and VAA is a voltage operated relay.. it is attracted armature type.

5. High speed tripping relays

T his VAJH type relay is employed with a high speed tripping duties where a number of simultaneous switching operations are required. T his is a f ast operating multi contact attracted armature relay.

6. Def inite time delay relay

T his VAT type relay is used in auto reclosing and control schemes and to provide a def inite time f eature f or instantaneous protective relay. It is an Electro mechanical def inite time relay. It has two pair of contacts. T he shorter time setting is provided by a passing contact and longer time setting by the f inal contact.

7. Trip circuit supervision relay

T his VAX relay is applied f or af ter closing or continuous supervision of the trip circuit of circuit breakers. They detect the following conditions: 1. Failure of trip relay 2. Open circuit of trip coil 3. Failure of mechanism to complete the tripping operation

8. Instantaneous over current and earth f ault relay

An instantaneous phase or earth f ault protection and f or def inite time operation when used with a timer. It is a CAG 12/12G standard attracted armature relay with adjustable settings. It may be a single pole or triple pole relay.

9. Inverse time over current and earth f ault relay

T his CDG 11-type relay is applied f or selective phase and earth f ault protection in time graded systems f or AC machines. Transf ormers, f eeders etc. this is a non-directional relay with a def inite minimum time which has an adjustable inverse time/current characteristics. It may be a single pole or triple pole relay.

10. Fuse f ailure relay

T his VAP type relay is used to detect the f ailure or inadvertent removal of voltage transf ormer sec. f uses and to prevent incorrect tripping of circuit breaker. It is three units, instantaneous attracted armature type relay the coil of each unit connected across one of the VTs. T he secondary f uses under healthy conditions, the coil is SC by f uses and cant be energized. But one or more f uses blow the coil is energized and relay operates.

11. Instantaneous high stability circulating current relay

It is used to serve the f ollowing three purposes 1. Dif f erential protection of Ac machines , reactors auto transf ormers and bus bars 2. Balanced and restricted earth f ault protection of generator of generator and transf ormer windings 3. Transverse dif f erential protection of generators and parallel f eeders.

T his CAG type relay is a standard attracted armature relay. In circulating current protection schemes, the sudden and of ten asymmetrical growth of the system current during external f ault conditions can cause the protection current transf ormers to go into saturation, resulting in high unbalance current to insure stability under these conditions. T he modern practice is to use a voltage operated high impedance relay, set to operate at a voltage slightly higher than that developed by CT under max f ault conditions. Hence this type of relay is used with a stabilizing resistor.

12. Local breaker back up relay

this is a CT IG type three phase or two phase earth f ault instantaneous over current unit intended f or use with a time delay unit to give back up protection in the event of a circuit breaker f ailure.

13. Poly-phase directional relay

T he PGD relay is a high speed induction cup unit used to give directional properties to three phase IDMT over-current relays, f or the protection of parallel f eeders, inter connected networks and parallel transf ormers against phase to phase and three phase f aults. Owing to low sensitivity on phase to earth f aults the relay is used with discretion on solidly earthed systems.

14. Auto reclose relay

Five types of auto reclose relays are available: a) VAR21 giving one reclosure. T he dead time and reclaim time are adjustable f orm 5 to 25 secs. If the circuit breaker reopens during reclaim time, it remains open and locked out. b) VAR41B is a single shot scheme f or air blast circuit breakers. Reclaim time is f ixed at between 15 to 20 secs. Dead time adjustment is f rom 0.1 to 1.0 sec of which f irst 300 millisec will be circuit breaker opening time. c) VAR 42 giving f our reclosure. It is precision timed f rom 0 to 60 sec. it can be set f or max f our enclosures at min intervals of 10 sec and instantaneous protection can be suppressed af ter the f irst reclosure so that persistent f aults are ref erred to time graded protection. d) VAR 71 giving single shot medium speed reclosure with alarm and lockout f or circuit breaker. T his allows up to 10 f aults clearance bef ore initiating an alarm. T he alarm is f ollowed by lockout if selected no. of f aults clearances exceed. If the circuit breaker reopens during reclaim time, it remains open and locked out. It of f ers delay in reclosing sequence. Instantaneous lockout on low current earth f ault and suppressing instantaneous protection during reclamation time. e) Var81 is a single shot high-speed reclosure with alarm and lockout f or circuit breaker T his allows up to 10 f aults clearance bef ore initiating an alarm. Top

React ance dist ance scheme

this scheme consists of the f ollowing relays, XCG22-3 f or phase to phase and 3 f or phase to ground, YCG17, mho starting unit one in each place, VAT 51 along with timing unit f or zone 2 and 3, 86-X aux. tripping relay and 30G, H, and J f or 1st, 2nd and 3rd. Z one indication VAA51, CAG12 and VAA31. T hese schemes provide three zone phase and earth f ault protection using reactance relays type XCG22 and also starting relays YCG17.

T hey are applicable to important line sections where high values of arc resistance would otherwise af f ect the accuracy of measurement and where high speed tripping is essential. High-speed protection is provided f or phase and earth f aults on 80-90% of the line section and f aults on the remaining section are cleared in second zone, time. T he third zone provides backup protection af ter f urther time interval. Each mho starting unit Y3 and its auxiliary Y3 X is associated with one phase and operates f or all f aults involving this phase. Each reactance unit X is connected to measure phase or earth f ault distance, but is prevented f rom operating by short circuit across the polarizing coils. Under the phase f ault conditions, the Y3 X units unblock the appropriate X1 reactance units, which initiate tripping immediately f or f aults within their setting. Operation of the earth auxiliary relay 64 in conjunction with the Y3 X units selects the appropriate reactance units f or measurement of earth f aults. T he reach of reactance units is extended by the timer, 2 af ter successive intervals to cover f aults in zone 2 and 3.

The p rinc ip le o f d is tanc e s c he me - Blo c k d iag ram

Discrimination is not af f ected by changing f aults, f or example a zone 2 earth f ault which develops into a double phase to earth f ault will be cleared correctly by the X1 (phase f ault) units in zone 2 time. In the rare event of two f aults occurring simultaneously at dif f erent points on the line; the scheme will measure to a distance approximately half way. Source: Internet and several books of Electrical Engineering