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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
Gain is one of the most important parameters for the antenna system. The definition
of antenna gain is related to ominidirectional antenna or half-wave dipole antenna.
The ominidirectional radiator is one that assumes radiating equal power in all the
directions. The antenna gain in a direction amounts tois the ratio of the fluxpower
density to that of ideal point source or half-wave dipole in the maxium radiation
direction (dB refers to the difference). See Figure 4-1 for the diagram.
directional antenna
dBd
dBi
dBi indicates that antenna gain is the reference value of directional antenna relative to
the ominidirectional radiator, while dBd is the reference value relative to half-wave
dipole antenna. The relation between these two is expressed as follows:
dB i = dB d + 2.15.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
The parameters commonly used for antenna diectional diagram include the following:
Zero power lobe width refers to the included angle between the two
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
Half power point lobe width refers to the included angle after the
maximum electric field falls by 0.707 (the gain falls by 3dB);
Front-to-back ratio;
1.1.3 Polarization
vertical polarization
incidental plane
incidental wave
reflection plane
horizontal plane
incidental plane
incidental wave
incidental plane
As the horizontal polarized wave is perpendicular to the incident plane, this is also
known as quadrature polarized wave; as the electric field vector of vertical polarized
wave is parallel to the incident plane, it is called horizontal polarized wave. The
electric field vector forms a plane together with the transmitting direction, known as
polarized plane.
The space dirction of electric field vector is not aways the same. The locus of electric
field vector end points is a circle, known as circular polarized wave; if the locus is a
ellipse, it is called ellipse polarized wave. Both the circular polarized wave and ellipse
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
For VSWR in the base station antenna of mobile communication cellular system, its
maximum value should be less than or equal to 1.5:1. If Z A indicates the antenna
input impedance and Z 0 is the antenna’s standard characteristic impedance, then the
reflection coefficient is:
|Z A −Z 0 | 1+|Г |
|Г | = , VSWR =
|Z A +Z 0 | , where Z 0 is 50 ohm. The return loss may also be
1−|Г |
The difference between antenna maximum beam secondary level and back 180~_30°
side lobe maximum beam within back 180~_30° , in positive value. Normally, the
antenna front-to-back ratio ranges between 18~45dB. For populous downtown area,
the antenna with greater front-to-back ratio shall be used, such as 40dB, so as to
reduce the indoor disturbance of the back lobe against high-rise buildings.
It refers to average power capacity. Antenna contains other coupling equipment such
as match, balance and phase ship, so the power it can bear is limited. In
consideration of the actaul maximum input power of the base station antenna (single
carrier wave power is 20W), if one atenna port is input a maximum of six carrier
waves, then the input power of antenna is 120W. As a result, the antenna shall have a
single port power capacity of more than 200W (when the environmental
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temmperature is 65℃).
Base station antenna is designed as shaped beam. In order to make the ratiation
level within the service area more even, the first zero point of the lower secondary
lobe needs to be filled without nay obvious zero depth. Normally, when the zero depth
is greater than -20dB relative to the main beam, it indicates that the antenna is filled
with zero point. The base station in parent zone has no such requirement in this
respect. In particular, high gain antenna requires zero point filling technology to
improve the nearby coverage and avoid signal fluctuation arising from unequal
coverage in an effective way.
For cellular system, in order to improve the capacity of frequency multiplexing and
reduce co-channel interference against its neighboring area, in shaping beams, the
base station antenna should reduce the secondary lobes aimed at the interference
area so as to raise D/U value. In this case, the first upper secondary lobe should be
less than -18dB. There is no such requirement for parent zone base station antenna.
In order to improve non-linear interference noise, PIM of the antenna should be less
than -103dBm (2x10W).
In order for the storage, transport and safety of antenna, besides meeting various
electric indicators, the antenna should be as small as possible in size and as light as
possible in weight.
X. Wind loading
Base station antenna is normally installed on top of high buildings and iron towers,
especially in coastal areas, where the wind is very strong all year round, thus it is
requested that antenna be able to work properly against the wind at a speed of
36m/s, and get undamaged when the wind blows at a speed of 55m/s.
Base station antenna should work properly within the environmental temperature
range of -40℃ ~ +65℃. Base station antenna should work properly within the
environmental relative humidity ranging between 0~100%.
all the RF input ports of a base station antenna are required to be directlly grounded
via DC.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
The base station antenna must possess the capacity of “three proof”, that is, proof
against moisture, proof against salt atmosphere and proof against mildew. The omni-
antenna in a base station must permit of reverse installation and meet the above
three proof requirements at the same time.
I. Diversity characteristic
Signal fading in mobile radio environment will give rise to serious problems. With the
movement of mobile station, rayleigh fading will vary rapidly with the signal
instantaneous value, while the logarithm normal fading varies with the signal average
(median value). These two values are the major factors attributed to unstable
receiving signal in mobile communication, which make the receiving signal deteriorate
greatly. Although this situation can be improved by increasing signal transmitting
power, antenna size and height etc, such methods cost much in modile
communication, and sometimes are obviously far from realistic; however, using the
diversity method, that is, receive the signals hardly related to each other which carry
the same message in serveral tributaries, then output the signals from various
tributaries after consolidation; in this way will the probability of heavy fading at the
receive terminal be reduced to a large extent. Normally, diversity technology is used
at the receiving station address in that the receiving equipment is passive, which will
produce no interference. The diversity is of two types: one is obivious diversity and
the other is implied diversity. By implied diversity, it is meant to imply the diversity
function in the signal to be transmitted using signal design technologies, such as
RAKE receiving technology, channel interweaving, antifading error correction coding
technology. Only obvious diversity is discussed hereunder. This diversity may be
divided into two types: base station obvious diversity and general obvious diversity.
In the base station obvious diversity, several base stations separated by space fully or
partly cover the same area. As there are multiple signals available, the effect of fading
is reduced by a large degree. Due to different transmitting paths of electric wave and
different shadow effects of land forms and ground objects, the multiple slow fading
signals transmitted via independent fading paths are unrelated to one another. It is
unlikely that the signals undergo heavy fading at the same time; therefore, if using
diversity combination and selecting tributary with the best SNR from the signals of
various tributaries, that is, choose the best base station and mobile station to
establish communication so as to eliminate the shadow effects and other geographic
effects. Therefore, base station obvoius diversity is also called multiple base station
diversity.
General obvious diversity is used for suppressing rayleigh fading. The traditional
ways for this purpose are space diversity, frequency diversity, ploarization diversity,
angle diversitym, time diversity and field component diversity etc.
It can be seen that the above diversity only improves the quality of uplink signals,
while the limit of mobile station in terms of volume, price and battery capacity etc
makes it possible to implement speace diversity of multiple antenna. To improve the
transmitting quality of downlink signals, whether it is possible to use the principle of
reciprocity for linear system to implement the diversity technology for receiving end of
mobile station larged limited in volumn shifted equally to the transmitting end. And this
is so-called transmitting diversity technology. Such technology is with a problem:
principle of reciprocity can not be applied unless the mobile communication channels
are simplified into an approximate linear time variation system. Moreover, the
implementation of principle of reciprocity for receiving and transmitting of this system
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also requires that the transmitting and receiving are done within the same frequency
band with the same fading characteristics. But in fact, most mobile communication
systems resort to FDD work mode, where the interval between receiving and
transmitting is far greater than the related bandwidth. To reduce the effect of
deterioration on transmitting diversity out of FDD work mode, we usually adopt closed
loop control to send diversity. The transmitting diversity technology is applied widely in
3G.
The diversity characteristics depend on the relevant coefficients between the quantity
of diversity tributary and the receiving diversity.If each coefficient relevant to each
tributary is identical, then various diversity plans are able to implement the same
related persformances.We must also consider how to synthesize the multiple signals
received by the diversity, because proper synthetic technique will bring forth desirable
performance.For example, use Q multiple diversity with Q signals as S 1 (t ), S 2 (t ), ...S q (t )
before synthesis. Considering that the synthesis can be performed between each
diversity antenna and the receiver, at the frequency output terminal and at the
fundamental frequency output terminal after demodulation, S i (t ) here should be
understood as high frequency signal, medium frequency signal or fundamental signal
in general form. The so-called synthesis is nothing but how to sum up S i (t ). The
signals after synthetized can be expressed as follows:
S(t ) = k 1 S 1 (t ) + k 2 S 2 (t ) + ... + k q S q (t )
Space diversity is performed using the random change of field indensity with the
space changes.In mobile communication, any slight space change may result in great
change in filed indensity. The longer the space interval, the greater difference the
muli-path transmission will have and the less relativity of the filed indensity received.
In this situation, as it is very unlikely that heavy fading occurs at the same time, the
diversity will reduce the fading effect to its minimum.For this purpose, it is required to
determine necessary space intervals. Normally, the diversity antenna is designed in
accordance with the parameter . The relation between and the actual antenna
h
height h and antenna interval D is: = D . For antenna placed in horizontal interval,
is normally 10.For example, the antenna is 30 meters in height, the antenna interval
of 3 meters will get better diversity gain. In addition, the vertical antenna interval is
greater than the horizontal antenna interval.Up to date, the space diversity antenna
commonly seen in the project is made up of two sets (receive/transmit, receive) or
three sets (receive, transmita and receive).
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
carries signals of the said different polarization manners. In theory, as coupling effect
is not used for medium, mutual interference will not occur. But coupling effect will
occur in mobile communication environment. This means that after the signals are
transmitted via mobile radio medium, the energy of vertical polarized wave will leak to
the horizontal polarized wave and vice versa.Fortunately, compared with the main
enery flow, the enery leakage only involves a very small amount. Favorable diversity
gains can be obtained through ploarization diversity.The greatest advantage of
polarization diversity antenna only requires the installation of one set of antenna, thus
reducing the installation cost.
First of all, let’s make clear a concept concering the cell base station radius as shown
in Figure 4-4.
This is a standaard three-sector celluar layout. From the diagram, we can see that the
interval between the two three-sector base stations is R+r, while R=2r. However, we
usually use R to estimate the cell coverage radius, for this direction is that of the
major lobe of directional antenna; but r is often used to indicate the cell radius in
cellluar layout. In a celluar cell, for the area whose included angle with the major lobe
direction of the cell antenna, this cell is requried to cover a range of r=R/2. If
calcualted from path loss, it will be around 10dB less than that in the direction of
major lobe (deduction is as follows), that is, the effective radiated power in this
direction as required may be about 10dB less than that in the direction of major lobe.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
According to this feature, this layout may adopt directional antenna with a horizontal
lobe (Azimuth beamwidth) of 60 ~ 65 degrees, because their diagram of horizontal
lobe gain has this feature, too.
If R indicates the cell radius, then the cell area is S=0.6495×R×R. However, people
sometimes call r as the cell radius. At this point the cell area is S=2.5981×r×r.
Therefore, while discussing a problem of this kind, we need to make clear what to be
used as the cell radius.
Let’s deduce the theoretic basis for the difference of 10dB between R direction and r
direction in terms of path loss. As shown in Figure 4-5, in this standard cell of 120
degrees, the distance covered in r direction is half that in R direction, i.e. r=R/2. To
keep balanced coverage, the field intensity on the edge of this cell should be basically
equal, that is, RxlvelB=RxlevelC. Suppose
EIRP transmitted from Cell A is EIRPR in R direction and is EIRPr in r direction.
We choose urban HATA model for the path loss and the path loss from Point A to
Point B is expressed in Equation (1):
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
EIRPR-RXLEVB=69.55+21.66lgf-13.82lgh1+(44.9-6.55lgh1)lgR (1)
The path loss from Point A to Point C is expressed in Equation (2):
EIRPr-RXLEVc=69.55+21.66lgf-13.82lgh1+(44.9-6.55lgh1)lgr (2)
The two equations subtract each other and the following equation will appear after
coordination:
EIRPR-EIRPr=(44.9-6.55lgh1)×(lgR-lgr)=(44.9-6.55lgh1) ×lg(R/r)
Put R=2r in the result and you will get the following:
EIRPR-EIRPr=0.3×(44.9-6.55lgh1)
Through computer simulation, as the height h1of base station increases from 5m to
100m, and (EIRPR-EIRPr) decreases from 12 to 9.5, it may be roughly treated as
10dB as shown in Figure 4-6.
◆ Series 1
Figure 4-6 Diagram of relation between the height of base station and
value of EIRPR-EIRPr
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the ground. They may also perform remote monitoring adjustment on the base station
antenna on top of high mountains and in remote areas. While adjusting the
declinationdowntilt angle of mechanical antenna, it is required to shut down the entire
system. And monitoring cannot be conducted when the antenna declinationdowntilt
angle is being adjusted. The declinationdowntilt angle of mechanical antenna is a
theoretical value through calculation by computer simulation analysis software, and it
will differ form the actual best declinationdowntilt angle to some extent. Besides, it
takes much trouble to adjust the declinationdowntilt angle for mechanical antenna.
Normally, the maintenance personnel shall have to clime to the place where the
antenna is installed at night before making adjustment. Furthermore, it is rather
difficult to adjust some antennas after they have been installed, such as mountaintop
or special buildings.
In addition, the index for Level 3 normal intermodulation of electric antenna is
-150dBc, while such index for mechanical antenna is -120dBc. Thus, the difference of
the two is 30dBc. However, the Level 3 intermodulation index is very important to
eliminate adjacent frequency interference and scattering interference. In particular, in
the area of high traffic intensity with small distance between base stations but much
carrier frequency, it is requested that the index for Level 3 intermodulation should
reach around -150dBc. Otherwise, large interference will occur.
Currently, China Mobile Communication Network is suffering much call loss and large
interference in the areas with high traffic intensity. One of the important reasons is
that the declinationdowntilt degree of mechanical antenna is too large, so antenna
directional diagram gets distorted seriously. To solve the problem of insufficient
capacity in areas with much traffic, it is necessary to shorten the station distance and
increase the antenna declinationdowntilt angle. But while using mechanical antenna,
when the declinationdowntilt angle is more than 10°, the antenna directional diagram
will be distorted quite seriously. Therefore, it is very different to solve the problem of
high call loss and large interference in areas with high user intensity through
mechanical antenna. It is recommended that the mechanical antenna be replaced by
electric antenna in traffic-intensive areas. The replaced antennas may be installed in
the rural areas and suburbs where the traffic intensity is relatively low.
With the rapid development of global telecommunication services, the wireless mobile
communicaiton technology as the major means of individual communication in the
future attracts much attention among the general public. It has become major factors
for people to consider how to eliminate co-channel interference (CCI), multi-address
interference (MAI) and multi-pathm fading in improving the performance of wireless
mobile communication system. The intelligent antenna uses digital signal processing
technology and adopts advanced switched beam technology as well as adaptive
spatial digital processing technology, to produce space directional beam so that the
antenna major beam is aimed at the direction where the user signals arrive with its
side lobes aimed at the direction where the interference signal will arrive, so as to
attain the objective of making most of mobile user signals and of deleting or
suppressing the interference signals. Compared with other deepening and maturing
technologies for eliminating interferences, the applied research on intelligent antenna
technology is just in the ascendant and reveals huge potentials.
The greatest disadvantages of system wireless base station is it wastes radio signal
energy. Normally, only a small amount of signal energy can reach the destination. In
addition, when the base station is receiving signals, it receives not only useful signals
but also interference noice from other signals. It is not the case with intelligent
antenna. It is able to receive the signals from a specified user and transfer the signal
enegy to the said user in a more effective way. Different from traditional TDMA, FDMA
or CDMA, intelligent antenna introduces the fourth dimension multiple access: SDMA.
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With the same time slot, frequency or address code, the user is still able to
differentiate them in light of the space transmitting paths of the signals. Intelligent
antenna is equal to a time space filter, which works to notably reduce the interference
of user signals with each other under the control of parellel antenna beams directed
to different users. To be specific, intelligent antenna will improve the performance of
future mobile communication system in the following aspects:
(1) Enlarge system coverage;
(2) Reduce interference and raise system capacity;
(3) Improve utilization rate of high frequency spectrum;
(4) Raise the sensitivity of base station;
(5) Reduce transmitting power of base station, so as to lower system cost and reduce
interference between signals and environmental pollution of electromagnetism.
Intelligent antenna is of two major types: multi-beam intelligent antenna and adaptive
array antenna, known as multi-beam antenna and adaptive antenna; the latter is the
main type of intelligent antenna.
Multi-antenna uses multiple parallel beams to cover the entire user area with each
beam pointing to a fixed place. The beamwidth varies with the number of array
elements. With the users moving in the cell, the base station will choose different
beams accordingly, so as to make the signals received the strongest. As user signals
are not necessarily at the center of fixed beams, when the user is at the edge of
beam with the interference signal at the heart of beam, the receiving effect will be the
worst. Therefore, multi-beam antenna cannot achieve best reception of signals. It is
generally used as receiving antenna. However, compared with adaptive array
antenna, multi-beam antenna has such advantages as simple structure and no need
for judging the direction where the user signal reaches.
Normally, adaptive antenna adopts an array element structure of 6~16 antennas with
a interval of 1/2 wavelength between array elements. If such interval is too large, the
correlativity of received signals to each other will be reduced; if such interval is too
small, there will arise unnecessary grid slobes. Thus, the interval is generally half
wave length.
Adaptive array antenna system adopts digital signal processing technology to identify
the direction where the user signals reach and then form major beam of the antenna
in this direction. Adaptive array antenna provides different space channels tantamount
to the cables for wire transmission in light of different user signals, so as to ward off
the effect of interference on the system. The general structure of intelligent antenna
is shown in Figure 4-7(a):
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
Antenna array may take such shapes as straight line, circle or two-dimention plane.
The core of antenna system is the digital signal processing unit, which enables
antenna array to produce directional beams pointing to the mobile subscribers
according to certain standards and automatically adjust the weight coefficient so as to
achieve space filtering as required. Intelligent antenna is required to solve the
following two key problems: identify the signal direction and achieve digital shaping
(matrix). The representative algorithm for signal direction AOA (Angle of Arrival) is
Music, ESPRIT, and maximum likelihood algorithms etc. The aim of adaptive beam
shaping is to obtain best weight coefficient through adaptive algorithm. What algorith
to take requires considering adaptive rules, the most common of which are SINR,
MMSE, minimum mean square and maximum likelihood etc. It has been proved that
the best weight coefficients using the above four rules will result in equal steady state
solution, or Wiener-Kolmogorov solution. Adaptive algorithms in common use include
the following: (1) Direct sampling covariance matrix inversion algorithm (DMI); (2)
various minimum mean square algorithms (LMS); recursion least square algorithm
(RLS); (4) constant model algorithm (CMA) etc. These adaptive algorithm has their
own advantages and disadvantages. Proper algorithm should be selected in practical
application in light of practical conditions.
Hereunder is the detailed description of matrix expression of shaped beams.
As shown in Firgure 4-7(b), it describes a block diagram of CDMA base station with
intelligent antenna, working in TDD mode. From the figure, we can see that compared
with the traditional base station without intelligent antenna, it has FR part composed
of an antenna array and a group of receive-and-transmit units on its hardware, while
the hardware for baseband signal processing is basically the same. What should be
pointed out is that this group of wireless receive-and-transmit units will use the same
local vibration source, so as to ensure this group is working in a corelative way.
As shown in Figure 4-7(b), each FR receive-and-sent unit has ADC and DAC, which
convert the baseband analog signals received into digital signals, and convert the
digital signals to be transmitted into analog baseband signals, so as to perform the
conversion between analog signals and digital signals. All the signals received and
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transmitted is done on the basis of geometric structure, system requirements and the
user signals received with respect to the base station antenna. Under mobile
communication system, the intelligent antenna uses shaped beams on the uplink
signal of each user, which serves to improve the system performance directly.
However, when the user is not transmitting but only receiving signals and moving
within the area covered by the base station (idle status), it is impossible fo the base
station to know exactly where the user is. In this case, the base station will use
omnidirectional beams for transmission (such physical channels in the system as
Pilot, synchronization, broadcast and paging). For the base station with
omnidirectional coverage as shown in Figure 4-8, different beams are transmitted
from different code channels. That is to say, the base station must provide
omnidirectional and directional shaped beams. In this sense, an omnidirectional
channel requirs much higher transmitting power (the maximum power possible is
101gN dB higher than the dedicated channel,where N is the quantity of antenna
array elements. This must be taken into account in system design.
The mobile communication system providing IP data services is designed with uplink
and downlink channels shared by multiple users and discontinuous transmission
technology is used in the base station and at the user terminal. In a base station
using intelligent antenna, as the users move, it is impossible for the base station to
locate the useres; therefore, in general, only omnidirectional downlink beam should
be used. In addition, one more access process may be added to transmit signals to
each user in a fixed direction. These two methods each have their advantages and
may be possibly used.
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real time alignm of intelligent antenna. While using intelligent antenna in TDD system,
use the uplink beam shaping coefficient directly to shape downlink beam in
accordance with the principle of reciprocity in electromagnetic field theory; but for
actual wireless base station, it is impossible that the radio transceiver on each
channel is totally the same; moreover, its performance may vary with such factors as
period, work level and environmental conditions. Without real-time automatic
alignment, the downlink beam shaping will be affected seriously. It will not only fail to
gain the advantages of intelligent antenna but also cannot even communicate at all.
Presently, there must be a comprise between the algorithm complication and real time
implementation of the intelligent antenna. Thus, the practical intelligent antenna
algorithm still can neither solve the problem of multi-path interference arising from
time delay over the width of one code nor overcome channel deterioration as a result
of doppler effect out of high-speed movements. Under the serious environment of
multi-path high-speed movements, it is required to combine the intelligent antenna
with other anti-interference digital signal processing technologies, so as to achieve
the best results.These digital signal processing technologies include joint detection,
interference cancellation and Rake receiption etc. Currently, the combination of
intelligent antenna with joint detection or interference cancellation already has
practical algorithm, while the algorithm for its combination with Rake receiver is still
under research.
It must be noted that due to the mobility of user terminal, mobile communication is a
time variant channel. Intelligetn antenna uses received signals to shape the uplink
and downlink beams, so it is requested that TDD cycle should not be too long. For
example, when the user terminal moves at a speed of 100km/h, its doppler frequency
shif approaches 200Hz and the change of user terminal location within 10ms will
reach 28cm. At 2GHz frequency band, it already exceeds one wavelength, resulting in
huge error in shaping downlink beams. Therefore, TDD cycle is expected to be
reduced at least by half, so that the interval between transmitting and receiving is
within the range of 2-3ms in order to ensure the intelligent antenna works in a proper
way. If this system terminal is required to mover faster, TDD uplink and downlink
conversion cycle should be shortened further.
Apparently, the performances of intelligent antenna will increase with the increase in
the number of antenna array elements. However, to increase the number of antenna
array elements will add to the complication of the system. Such complication will
ascend by geometrical progression in respect of the quantity of baseband digital
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signals to be processed. Nowadays, CDMA system trends towards broad band and
the code rate already stands quite high, so the complication of baseband processing
requires more and more in respect of microelectronic technique. In this way, this
determines it impossible to have a large number of antenna elements.According to
the current level, the number of elements should range between 6 and 16.
In addition, as the mobile communication environment is particular, other new
problems occur to intelligent antenna: serious multi-path problem and message
sources generally outnumber antenna array elements. The characteristic of multiple
sources and paths requires the research and development of intelligent antenna to
gain momentus in the following aspects: have a full understanding of the mobile
communication environment, especially the space dimension characteristic, which
requires not only new models created for mobile communication environment but
more test results. On the basis of understanding the particularity of mobile
communication environment, develop new algorithms in seamless connection with the
mobile communication system and other wireless technologies; research on the
interworking of intelligent antenna with other technologies, such as power control,
multipl user detection, synchronous technologies and RAKE receiption with the
objective of eliminating, balancing and utilizing interference in a better way so as to
improve system performance.
Currently, intelligent antenna technology is considered internationally as a major
development trend of mobile communication technology later than the third
generation. It has become possible to apply intelligent antenna to WCDMA TDD
system. As a matter of fact, intelligent antenna is one of the key technologies for TD-
SCDMA system.
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G a =32600/( )
Where Ga is antenna gain (a multiplying factor, which should be converted into dB
value), is vertical half power angle and is horizontal half power angle. It must be
noted that this formula only yields a theoretical value. As a result of such reasons as
manufacturing technique, the actual antenna index will be different, especially the
width of vertical lobe. Therefore, before specific application, it is prefered to look up
antenna technical manual.
From the above formula, we know thaqt when antenna gain is relatively small, the
vertical half power angle and the horizontal half power angle of antenna are normally
large, and vice versa. In order to better control trans-regional coverage, it is
appropriate to select the antenna with higher gains in network planning within a
region of intensive base stations, but antenna with high gains will easily result in
unfavorable coverage in the vicinity. In serious cases, zero point filling technology
must taken into account.
For the base stations distributed in downtown areas, when the antenna has no dip
angledowntilt or the angle is very small, the service range of each cell is subject to the
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
height, azimuth angle, gain, transmitting power and land forms and ground objects
with regard to the antenna. In this case, the coverage radius may be calculated
through Okumura-Hata or COST231 formula; when the antenna dip angledowntilt is
relatively large, as the above formula fails to consider the dip angledowntilt, thus it is
impossible to work out the coverage radius (if there is an accurate transmission
model and digital map, ASSET may be figured out). At this point, direction estimation
can be done in accordance with the size of vertical half power angle and the dip
angledowntilt of the antenna on the basis of triangle geomety formula as follows:
Suppose the radius to be covered is D(m) with antenna height as H(m), dip
angledowntilt as and the vertical half power angle as , then the relation between
the antenna major lobe beams and the ground as shown in Figure 4-9.
Figure 4-9 Relation between Antenna Major Lobe Beams and the Ground
It can be seen that when antenna dip angledowntilt is 0 degree, antenna beam major
lobes or major energy radiate horizontally; when antenna declines by degrees, the
extension line in the direction of major lobes will ultimately intersect a point on the
ground (Point A). As antenna is of certain beam width vertically, much energy will be
radiated in the direction from Point A to Point B. According to technical performance of
the antenna, within the scope of half power angle, antenna gain will come down
slowly; beyond the half power angle, antenna gain (especially the upper lobe) will fall
sharply. Therefore, while considering the size of antenna dip angledowntilt, the scope
ranging from the extension line of the half power angle to the intersection point on the
ground (Point B) may be regarded as the actual coverage area of this antenna.
According to the above analysis and the theories for triangle geometry, it can be
deduced that the relationship between antenna height, dip angledowntilt, and
coverage distance is as follows: = arctan(H/D)+ /2
The above formula may be used to estimate the coverage distance after the dip
angledowntilt has been adjusted. The actual result of practical application on the
optimism site reveals that this formula is of great guiding significance. However, the
application of this formula is limited by the following conditions: the dip angledowntilt
must be greater than half of the half power angle; the distance D must be less than
the distance worked out according to the formula in absence of a dip angledowntilt.
For vertical beam width in the above formula, pleaes refer to the specific antenna
technical index or work out the rough value.
In a situation where the vertical beam width is 17 degrees and the base station
antenna is 40 meters high, the relationship between the coverage distance and
antenna dip angledowntilt is shown in Figure 4-10. When the vertical beam width is
6.5 degrees and the base station antenna is 40 meters high, the relationship the
coverage distance and antenna dip angledowntilt is shown in Figure 4-11.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
coverage distance-declination
angle
distance (meter )
declination angle
(degree)
coverage
distance-declination angle
distance (meter )
declination angle
(degree)
Seen from the above two figures, when the antenna height and dip angledowntilt are
specified, the relation between the coverage distance and the vertical beam width of
the antenna is as follows: The smaller the vertical beam width, the coverage distance
will be shorter. As a result, to control trans-regional coverage in a better way, we
should choose an antenna of small vertical beam width with zero point filling function
while selecting antennas in the planning stage. In this way, it will prevent trans-
regional interference and improve the coverage in the vicinity and indoor coverage.
However, when the vertical beam width grows smaller, the horizontal lobe or gain will
get larger, thus causing new trans-regional interference or excessive cross coverage
between neighboring cells. As a result, antennas of medium gain are usually chosen
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
in urban areas. For example, GSM900 selects antenna of 65 degrees and 15dBi. At
this time, the width of vertical lobe ranges between 11-15 degrees. It must be noted
that the adjustment of dip angledowntilt may serve to control the coverage area in
addition to improve the indoors coverage in the vicinity of the base station, but the
coverage far from the base station will get worse.
In order for practical application considering the necessary overlap of some areas
between adjacent cells. The distance D from the base station in downtown area to the
coverage desitination may be simplified as the designed cell radius (diameter as R);
the antenna height H refers to the relative height of the base station and the coverage
designation, and this article only treats of the areas similar to plains.Antenna
declinationdowntilt is divided into mechanical declinationdowntilt and electric
declinationdowntilt, both of which have equal effect on the coverage. As electric
declinationdowntilt is more expensive and requires customization, we usually adopts
mechanical desclination. It is generally believed that it is a scientific approach to keep
the mechanical declinationdowntilt of the antenna below 10 degrees; in the event of
more than 10 degrees, the lobes are easily distorted, thus causing unexpected
interference against other cells; another conclusion is that the dip angledowntilt of
mechanical declinationdowntilt should not exceed the half power beam width within
the vertical plane of the said antenna. Otherwise, coverage is distorted.
Therefore, in terms of the goal of maximum rationaliztion, we wish to adopt electric
antenna in populous downtown areas for networking. As the anntenna capable of
onsite adjustment of electric declinationdowntilt angle is rather expensive, we
normally use antenna with preset factory 6~7 degrees of electric declinationdowntilt
(or the average declinationdowntilt angle within the coverage area). Combine
mechanical declinationdowntilt in network capacity enlargement and optimization, so
as to set large declinationdowntilt angle of 15~20 degrees.
According to what is discussed above and in combination with A anntenna in most
common use and the commonly seen antenna height antenna (25 ~50 meters), the
value recommended for antenna declinationdowntilt angle under the cell radius of
250, 500, 800 and 1000 meters. The same is true of other circumstances.
Vertical
Declination
half power Cell radius Antenna
Antenna model Downtilt
angle of R(m) height
angle
antenna
65 degrees, a gain of
12 200 50 20
15 dBi
65 degrees, a gain of
12 250 50 17
15 dBi
65 degrees, a gain of
12 250 40 15
15 dBi
65 degrees, a gain of
12 250 30 13
15 dBi
65 degrees, a gain of
12 250 25 12
15 dBi
65 degrees, a gain of
12 500 50 12
15 dBi
65 degrees, a gain of
12 500 40 11
15 dBi
65 degrees, a gain of
12 500 30 10
15 dBi
65 degrees, a gain of
12 500 25 9
15 dBi
65 degrees, a gain of
12 800 30 8
15 dBi
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
65 degrees, a gain of
12 1000 30 2
15 dBi
From this we can see that when the cell radius is too small, antenna mechanical
declinationdowntilt cannot ensure control of coverage area. At this time, we cannot
but reduce the antenna height; if it is difficult to reduce the height, it is necessary to
adopt the combination of electric declinationdowntilt and mechanical
declinationdowntilt. In application, for a base station with its antenna of 40-50 meters
in height, the minimum cell radius is 250 meters. Normally, the ideal height for macro
cellular antenna in downtown areas is 25~30 meters and the antenna in suburbs or
directed to the suburbs is 40~50 meters in height.
The above method for calculating declinationdowntilt angle is mainly applicable to the
dense base station networking with an interval of less than 1200 meters (i.e.
R=800m) between stations.
When the base station is over 800 meters away from the coverage destination, the
most concern is still the coverage of a large area. It is not necessary to consider the
effect of vertical half power angle in working out the antenna declinationdowntilt
angle. At this time, the angle of declinationdowntilt is normally 1~4 degrees; under
special circumstances, for example, if the base station has been installed in a higher
position, its angle of declinationdowntilt may also be large.
However, the surroundings around the base station are quite complex. The
declinationdowntilt angle must also take the reflection from the neighboring
mountains, water surface and tall glass walls into consideration in that such reflection
will easily cause unexpected adjacent frequency interference with other base stations
and even its own time dispersion effect; consideration should also be given to shadow
effect caused by the buidling roof, dense architectural complex and slope on electric
waves.。However, in practical networking, the surrounding geographical environment
around the base station will be combined to use the obstruction of tall building or
mountain to control the coverage area. It is required to consider the
declinationdowntilt angle at this time.
Networking in populous downtown area should also consider the street effect and
unexpected trans-regional coverage arising from the antenna major lobe right
directed to the street. In general, the major lobe should avoid being directed to a
straight street.
When a cell needs to cover an area higher than the antenna, it is possible to adopt
inverse directional antenna or negative angle of declinationdowntilt. The antenna is
required to proof against water.
If the base station is placed too high and thus necessitating the coverage of valleys
far lower than the base station ( more than 50~60 meters or depression angle more
than 5 degrees) and only omni-antenna can be used, it is necessary to consider using
omni-antenna characterized by electric declinationdowntilt angle (3 degrees or 5
degrees etc.), wide vertical lobe (low gain), zero point filling or improvement on the
gain of lower secondary lobe in order to improve the coverage near the base station
and avoid possible signal fluctuation caused by “blind under tower” and unequal
coverage.
We must also give consideration to the direction after the antenna back lobe declines
on the major lobe of the antenna, because the front-to-back ratio for general antenna
nowadays only stands at 20dB. The back lobes with strong signals will easily cause
much interference against high buildings. Therefore, it is recommended to adopt
electric declinationdowntilt while selecting antenna in populous urban areas, and take
note of the effect of upper secondary lobes.
Normally, the vertical power angle of omni-antenna is symetric vertically along the
plane, and thus the inverse and upright installation will have equal effect; in practial
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
project, the vertical directional diagram of specific omni-antenna should still be taken
into consideration to check if the electric declinationdowntilt angle is already available.
In this case, careful consideration should be given to inverse installation.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
Little consideration is given to the relation between the actual land form and the
antenna directional diagram with antenna selected simply in consideration of the
distribution of covered traffic. For example, in selecting omni-antenna, the entire
network uses a single type of omni-antenna, which leads to “blind under tower” as a
result of narrow vertical plane beam when the antenna is placed high.
Oblivious to the limit on the use of antenna, many places decline the antenna in a
very large angle in order to reduce interference without regard to antenna directional
diagram, thus distorting the directional diagram and causing problems with coverage.
Actually, simulation indicates there should be different limits on declinationdowntilt
angle in light of antennas with different gains.
Too much attention is focused on the high gain performance of the antenna without
regard to the disadvantages of such performance. As a result, almost the gains of all
the antennas used in the entire network stand quite high. The weak points of high-
gain antenna are as follows: large size, heavy, high secondary lobe, deep zero lobe
and narrow vertical beams.
Without regard to the difference between dual polarization antenna and vertical
polarization antenna in terms of use, consideration is only given to selecting dual
polarization antenna from the angle of engineering installation.
In urban areas, as the base stations are densely distributes, it is requested that a
single base station covers a small area in hopes of reducing trans-regional coverage,
reducing the itnerference between base stations and improving frequency
multiplexing rate. In principle, the antenna should meet the following requirements:
As there are a large number of base stations distributed in urban areas, overlapping
coverage and frequency interference will arise as a serious problem. To reduce the
overlapping area of adjacent sectors, and reduce the interference between base
stations, the beam width of antenna planehorizonal half power should be small.
Normally, we select an antenna whose plane horizontal half power beam width is 65
°. Normally, those antennas with beam width over 90° will not be chosen._
As the base station in urban areas normally requies no large coverage distance, it is
recommended to select the antennas with medium gains. Thus, the vertical plane
beam of antenna can be made wider, so as to enhance the coverage effect within the
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
area to be covered. At the same time, the size and weight of antenna can become
smaller instrumental to the installation and reducing cost. According to the current
antenna models, it is recommended to select a gain of 15dBi (900MHz) or 15-18dBi
(1800MHz) for antennas in urban areas.
For a base station on the outskirt of a city, if the coverage distance is required to be
long, antenns with higher gains such as 17dBi、18dBi can be selected.
In principle, while designing base station coverage in urban areas, we should select
an antenna with fixed electric declinationdowntilt angle, whose size is subject to
practical conditions (6-9°preferred).
Inside a city, in order to raise the frequency multiplexing rate, reduce trans-regional
interference and improve D/U value (the ratio of useful signal level to useless signal
level), it is allowed to select an antenna with its first upper secondary lobe suppressed
and the first lower zero point filled (shaping technology). However, the antenna of this
kind usually has no fixed angle of declinationdowntilt.
As it is different to select a site for an urban base station, the installation space for
antenna is limited. Generally, it is recommended to select dual poluarization antenna.
Under indentical or similar electric indicators, it is better to select an antenna of small
size.
In the suburbs, things are largely different. We may estimate what type of antenn is
required according to the coverage area as required. Generally, we may comply with
the following basic principles:
We may select an antenna with its plane horizontal half power beam width as 65° or
90°in light of practical conditions. When there are few base stations around, it is
imperative to give priority to the antenna with its plane horizontal half power beam
width of 90°.
If a lot of base stations are around, refer to the selection antennas in urban areas for
the the principle for antenna selection.
With a view to smooth upgrading in the furture, in general, it is not recommended to
adopt an omni-antenna in this case.
Whether to adopt an angle of declination downtilt is subject to practical conditions.
Even if a declination downtilt angle is used, it is generally very small.
As rural areas require small amount of traffic but large coverage, the application of
antennas should follow the principles hereunder.
If the base station is required to cover its neighboring areas without obvious
directions, and the traffic around the base station is scattered, it is recommended in
this case to adopt the omnidirectional coverage of base station. It should be noted
that the large coverage herein does not mean long coverage distance but large
coverage area without apprarent directions.At the same time, we should also pay
attention to the following fact: as omni-directional base station has small gains, the
coverage distance is not as long as the directional base station.
If the equipment buyer requires farther base station coverage distance, it is required
to use three directional antennas to attain this objective. Normally, we should use a
directional antenna with plane horizontal half beam width of either 90°or 120°.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
Another thing requiring attention is that vertical polarization antenna has more
diversity effect and stronger capacity against slow fading than dual polarization
antenna. As required for large coverage in rural areas, if conditions permit, we may
substitute two pieces of vertical polarization antenna for dual polarization antenna.
For high stations in mountaineous areas (the relative height of antenna is over 50
metres), we should generally select antennas with zero point filling function to solve
the problem with “blind under tower” in short range. While solving this problem via an
angle of declination downtilt, we should note the reduction of coverage area.
highroad
base station
mountain
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
Base station
Highroad
Mountain
The basic principles for selecting antennas in different places are described as above.
In fact, capacity expansion in the future and basic performances should also be taken
into consideration in selecting antennas.
Here is a simple example:
If 210°antenna is selected for an expressway, the quantity of carrier frequency should
increase to meet the demand on capacity expansion provided that the said area sees
a traffic rise in the future. Due to different CF configurations of base station, with the
increase of carrier frequency, insertion loss will increase. In this case, capacity
expansion will inevitably lead to the drop in coverage distance. Unless cavity
combiner is used, these problems should be anticipated when antenna type is
selected.
In addition, in selecting antennas, consideration should be given to the distribution of
traffic and surrounding station types, especially in rural areas, where few types of
stations exist, this must be considered more carefully. In rural areas, if the traffic is
distributed equally around the base station, we may consider using omni-antenna. At
the same time, we should take into account of an omni-antenna with zero point filling.
If the traffic is only distributed on one side of the base station, and there is almost no
traffic on the other side, we may consider 210° antenna. If traffic exists only on a
narrow and long highroad, we may consider directional antenna of narrow beams or
8-shaped antenna.
In addition, as the azimuth angle of antenna requires regular adjustment during the
network optimization period, it is recommended to select an antenna with its azimuth
adjusted electrically after the antenna with electrically adjustable azimuth is mature
upon argumentation.
Zero point filled antenna serve to solve the problem of “blind under tower” without any
effect in other respects. It is recommended that antennas with zero point filling are
used for all the omni-antennas so as to avoid the problem of “blind under tower”.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
With regard to 8-shaped and 210° antennas, it is recommended to give top priority to
them in respect of expressway coverage.
If a base station installed on top of a mountain is required to cover the areas at the
foot of the mountain, it is recommended to select an antenna with wide vertical plane
half power beam for the coverage, such as omni-antenna with a gain of 8.5dBi or a
directional antenna of 14dBi with vertical plane beam width of around 20°.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
The combining and distribution unit has the following functions of detection and alarm:
(1) Standing wave dection: to monitor the status of antenna feeder; When it detects
that the standing wave exceeds the preset threshold (1.5:1 or 2.5:1), it will give
corresponding alarm signals and indication.
(2) Low noise amplifier fault alarm: as the fault signal is taken from the feeding current
of low noise amplifier, when the current exceeds a certain range or there is no
current, alarm signal will occur.
(3) Tower amplification alarm: when tower amplification works with the fault signals
taken from its feeding current, when the current exceeds a certain range or there is
no current, alarm signal will occur.
(4) Control function: to exercise the control of the power attenuation over the master
and slave receiving channel (dynamic state 15dB, step 1dB); perform function of
switching on and off feeding current; select different tower amplification feeding
current at the same time.
Take Huawei equipment for example, it has three kinds of modules that can provide
combining and distribution unit: CDU, SCU and EDU.
Schematic diagram of CDU is shown in Figure 4-13.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
Combiner
TX1
TX2
Combiner
Combiner
TX3
TX4
TX-DUP
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
Different combining and distribution units have different losses, which are configured
and used in light of different station types. The following indexes are specified: for
each combination (two combined into one), in theory, insertion loss is 3dB and
duplexer insertion loss is 1dB or so.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
is necessary to
combine Huawei’s
concentric circle
technology
3~4TRX CDU+SCU Dual CDU
EDU is only
applicable to the
situation where each
EDU or dual
1~2TRX CDU sector has no less
CDU
than 2 CF. Changes
are required in
capacity expansion.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
In terms of technial principle, tower amplifier is to reduce the noise coefficient of the
base station receiving system, so as to improve the sensitivity of base station
receiving system. Tower amplifier makes different contributions to uplink,
distinguished from each other in light of the performance of low noise amplifier of the
tower amplifier itself, but it is not the right way only to focus on its gains. Generally,
the uplink and downlink balance with tower amplification increased should be
modified and calculated in accordance with the method for testing its actual
sensitivity. Tower amplifiers of sub band or all band should be seleted in light of
different frequency bands.
The principle for triplex tower amplifier is shown in Figure 4-17. This tower amplifier
shares signal transmission and reception (only one feeder tube is required) and has
bypass functioons (automatic bypass in the event of fault, when it receives a gain of
about.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
It is very important to select feeder linefeeder cables in the overall system design. As
the line is exposed outdoors, the cable needs to stand up to the water wash. Foam is
pressed into the cable as isloation medium and air can be also taken as isolation
medium.When bent, the air-insulative cable can easily result in short circuit; therefore,
it is seldom adopted.
There are two types feeder linefeeder cable in common use, that is, 7/8" feeder linefeeder
cable and 5/4" feeder linefeeder cable. They are used as follows:
7/8" feeder linefeeder cable is used for a length of less than 80m, while 5/4" feeder linefeeder
cable for a length of more than 80m.
7/8" feeder linefeeder cable is used for a length of less than 50m; while 5/4" feeder linefeeder
cable for a length of more than 50m.
II. Technical indexes for the insertion loss of several feeder linefeeder cables
Standing wave
Feeder lineFeeder cable type 100 meter attenuation (dB)
(Any length)
1,000M 1,700M
890MHz 2,000MHz
Hz Hz
SYFY-50-22(7/8 inch) 4.03 5.87 6.46 1.15
LDF5-50A (7/8 inch) 4.03 4.3 5.87 6.46 1.15
LDF6-50 (5/4 inch) 2.98 3.17 4.31 4.77 1.15
M1474A (7/8 inch) 4.3 6.6 1.15
HFC22D-A (7/8 inch) 4.47 6.7 1.15
FSJ4-50B(1/2 inch) 11.2 11.9 16.1 17.7 1.15
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
The feeder linefeeder cable used for installation should be the shortest of all and easy
for installation and maintenance. The curvature of feeder linefeeder cable should
comply with the requiremetn of manufacturers on feeder linefeeder cable.Whether the
antenna is installed on the tower, roof and any other place, the external conductor of
its feeder linefeeder cable should be grounded well before it goes into the equipment
room.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
The downlink signals from the base station go to the distributed antenna system via
the interface. These signals form multiple tributaries via the power splitter, each of
which can be divided into smaller tributaries via the power splitter. The end of each
tributary is connected with a small antenna. Each small antenna covers a certain
area. When the signal is not strong enough, it will be amplified by bi-directional
amplifier with certain gains; on the contrary, the uplink signals in each tributary area,
via small antenna, power splitter and bi-directional amplifier, will reach the base
station through interface.
In the above system, the transmission and distributiojn of signlas can be performed
through coaxial cable and FR power splitter or through optical link. In addition, it can
also be a mixture of coaxial cable, power splitter and raditation antenna: disclosure
cable.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
In some narrow and long coverage areas, it is a better way of coverage in using
disclosure cable. A terminal load is required at cable terminal.
Compared with coaxial feeding, the cost for the equipment and fees for installation for
disclosure cable are quite expensive.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
Figure 4-21 is the diagram of fiber distributed antenna system. The manufactures
may differ from each other in practice.Compared with coaxial feeding, fiber feeding for
short haul system is more expensive but the feeding loss is small. Its disadvantage is
that it requires local power and automatic detection equipment.
IV. Summary
Distributed antenna
Advantages Disadvantages
type
Flexible design
Coaxial feeding Low cost Large loss
High reliability
Disclosure cable Flexible design High cost
High cost
Low loss Poor design flexibility
Fiber feeding
Easy for installation The equipment at overage
terminal requires power
Equal power divider works to distribute the energy of base station equally into several
tributaries, thus forming common components for coverage distribution. To simply the
project design, the system only adopts two types of equal power dividers, whose
indexes are as follows:
Description 1 to 2 1 to 4
Work frequency band 800~2000MHz
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
The coupler here is bi-directional coupler, also known as unequal power divider. In
project design, couplers with different coupling degrees can be selected in light of
practical needs, to distribute the signals of the base station equally to each antenna in
order to ensure equal coverage and avoid waste of energy. With a view to reducing
the types of system components so as to bring down the cost, this system only
selects the following three types of couplers with different coupling degrees:
15dB
Description 7dB coupler 10dB coupler
coupler
Work frequency band 800~2000MHz
Coupling degree 7dB 10dB 15dB
Insertion loss 1.2dB 0.5dB 0.3dB
Port standign wave 1.5
Connector type N_Female
As we stipulate that this system is a small-sized one for simple indoor coverage, the
above three types of couplers can basically meet the requirement for project design.
In the system design of distributed antenna, we should try to avoid the existence of
more than two power dividion components (or coupler) along the path from the base
station to each antenna, so as to ensure power balance of uplink signals.
In general, the distributed antenna system uses antenna of small gains and does not
specifically require the half power width of beams. This is attributed to the
characteristics of indoor coverage. The following three kinds of antenna is nice to the
look and enjoys desirable performance, which basically meets the requirement for
indoor coverage. For places with a small area to be covered by a single antenna, it is
recommended to use dual frequency omnidirectional antenna. If a long and narrow
area is to be covered, it is however recommended to adopt a directional antenna.
Dual frequency 900M 1800M
band omni- directional directional
antenna antenna antenna
890~960, 1710~ 890~ 1710~
Work frequency band
1880MHz 960MHz 1880MHz
Gain (2dBi) 2 7 8
Horizontal beam width 360 90 90
Form of polarization Vertical
Power capacity 300W
Standing wave <2 <1.5 <1.5
Connector type N_Female
V. Coaxial connector
As the length of the feeder linefeeder cable for indoor distribution system is not
specified, it is necessary to specify the length in light of practical needs and make
connectors. The system selects two types of coaxial connectors.
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Wireless Network Planning Chapter 4 About Antenna Feeder
In such narrow and long coverage areas as tunnel and metro, it is a better way to use
disclosure cable. Disclosure cable is common cable with holes in its shell, so that the
electromagnetic wave may leak from the holes to cover a certain area. In this case,
each hole is equal to a small antenna.
Description
Characteristic
50Ω
impedance
Attenuation constant 900MHz:0.051dB/m;1800MHz:0.076dB/m
900MHz:72dB;1800MHz:84dB; ( the loss 2 meters
Coupling loss
away from the coupling hole with an error of ±10dB)
Cable structure
7/8"
specification
Type of supporting
14040121
connetor
Fire-proof performance Able to prevent flaming and proof against ultraviolet
In the project design of antenna system, feeder linefeeder cable should be used to
connect all the components. Two types of feeder linefeeder cable in the list are
selected. One is SYV cable easy to be bent with a large loss but low cost; the other is
7/8 inch feeder tube with little loss but high cost, which does not get bent easily. The
former is applicable to the tributary connection from the power divider to antenna, and
the latter is applicable to trunk connectioon from one power divider to another power
divider.
SYV-50-7-1 LDF5-50A-7/8"
Performance
50Ω 50Ω
impedance
900MHz: 0.22dB/m 1000MHz: 0.0446dB/m
Attenuation constant
1800MHz: 0.31dB/m 2000MHz: 0.0659dB/m
Type of N connection
14040184 14040121
configured
Bending properties Good Poor
VIII. Load
While using disclosure cable, its end may either use a small antenna as load or use
the load directly for match. The load index as defined in the list is:
Work frequency band 0~2GHz
Characteristic impedance 50Ω
Port standing wave ratio <1.15
Connector type N_Male
Power capacity 300W
42