A Project Report on

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY: ATUL KUMAR USN-1PI10EE023

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the mini project titled

MULTICORE PROCESSOR
is a result of a bonafide work carried out by. Atul Kumar,USN-1PI10EE023 During the session Aug13-Dec13 and is submitted in fulfillment under the guidance of Prof S. Venkatesh towards the requirement of mini project course work during 7th Semester of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

Dr. Keshavan.B.K
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF EEE PESIT .

Prof. S. Venkatesh
Professor DEPARTMENT OF EEE PESIT.

Table Of Contents
Abstract Definition of multicore Moores law Evolution of multicore Need for multicore Problem with single core Multicore solution Multicore model Advantages Multicore problem Multicore invasion 15 Future Application Acknowledgements

Abstract :
Multi-core architectures have a single processor package that contains two or more processor execution cores, or computational engines, and deliver-with appropriate software- fully parallel execution of multiple software threads.A multi-core processor can perform more work within a given clock cycle.A processor equipped with thread-level parallelism can execute completely separate threads of code.

Definition of Multi-Core:
With Multi-core technology: Two or more complete computational engines are placed in a single processor . Computers split the computational work of a threaded application and spread it over multiple execution cores. More tasks get completed in less time increasing the performance and responsiveness of the system.

As Moores law goes on

Number of transistor/chip doubles every 18 to 24

mm

Keeping Moores law alive

Exploit the immense number of transistors in other ways Reduce gate sizes while keeping CPU frequency relatively low Use a higher number of slower logic gates In other words:

Switch to Multicore processor

Evolution of Multi-Core

Single-Threading: Only one task processes at one time. Multitasking and Multithreading: Two or more tasks execute at one time by using content switching (Functionality)). HT Technology: Two single threads execute simultaneously on the same processor core. Multi-core Technology: Computational work of an application is divided and spread over multiple execution cores (Performance

Need for multicore

Due to advances in circuit technology and performance limitation in wide-issue, super-speculative processors, Chip-Multiprocessors (CMP) or multi-core technology has become the mainstream in CPU designs.

Problems with Single Core

To execute the tasks faster you must increase the clock time. Increasing clock times too high drastically increases power consumption and heat dissipation to extremely high levels, making the processor inefficient

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Multi Core solution

Creating two cores or more on the same Die increases processing power while keeping clock speeds at an efficient level. A processor with 2 cores running at efficient clock speeds can process instructions with similar speed to a single core processor running at twice the clock speed, yet the dual core processor would still consume less energy.

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Multiprocessor models
identical multiprocessors: each processor has the same computing capacity uniform multiprocessors: different processors have different computing capacities heterogeneous multiprocessors: each (task, processor) pair may have a different computing capacity

Identical vs heterogenous cores

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Multiprocessor Models
Heterogeneous multiprocessors: each (task, processor) pair may have a different relative speed, due to specialized processor architectures

Task T2

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Multi-Core Advantages
While working with many threads, a Multi Core processor with n cores can execute n threads simultaneously by assigning a core to each thread. If it must process more than n threads , say x, it can apply multithreading procedures with each core working with an average of x/n threads. A Single core processor must multithread with every single thread.

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Problems
Some of the current problems found with multi core processors include: Memory/Cache coherence. As mentioned earlier, some implementations have distributed L1 caches but must share an L2 cache. This poses the problem of making sure each core keeps the other updated with changes in the data in its own cache. Multi threading is also a problem when the software being run is not designed to take advantage of the multi core processor. This may mean that one core does most of the work which means that the processor is running no more efficiently than a single core

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Global vs partitioned scheduling

Global scheduling All ready jobs are kept in a common (global) queue; when selected for execution, a job can be dispatched to an arbitrary processor, even after being preempted Partitioned scheduling Each task may only execute on a specific processor

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The Multicore invasion

Intels Core2, Itanium, Xeon: 2, i3,i5,i7 processors AMDs Opteron, Athlon 64 X2, Phenom: 2, 4 cores IBM-Toshiba-Sony Cell processor: 8 cores (PSX3) Microsofts Xenon: 3 cores (Xbox 360) ARMs MPCore: 4 cores Suns Niagara UltraSPARC: 8 cores Tileras TILE64: 64-cores

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Future Application:
At present we are using single core processor in electronic warfare system such as radar,electronic jammer. With the introduction of multicore techonology we can achieve high operational speed and high efficiency in the above mentioned system.It can also be used in industries control , automobile control,energy control.

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Acknowledgements
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our teacher Mr. S. Venkatesh as well as our Head of the Department Dr. B.K. Keshavan and our principal Dr. K.N.B. Murthy, who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project.

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