Crash Course Coordinate English

COORDINATE-GEOMETRY
Mathematics
RACTANGULAR CARTESIAN COORDINATES
Introduction
Co-ordinates of a point are the real variables associated in an
order to a point to describe its location in some space. Here
the space is the two dimensional plane.
The two lines XOX and YOY divide the plane in four
quadrants. XOY, YOX, XOY, YOX are respectively called the
first, the second, the third and the fourth quadrants. We
assume the directions of OX, OY as positive while the
directions of OX, OY as negative.
X
Y'
X'
O
Y
Quadrant II Quadrant I
Quadrant IV
Quadrant III
Cartesian co-ordinates of a point
This is the most popular co-ordinate system.
Axis of x : The line XOX is called axis of x.
Axis of y : The line YOY is called axis of y.
Co-ordinate axes : x axis and y axis together are called
axis of co-ordinates or axes of reference.
Origin : The point O is called the origin of co-ordinates
or the origin.
Let OL =x and OM =y which are respectively called the
abscissa (or x-coordinate) and the ordinate (or y-
coordinate). The co-ordinate of P are (x, y).
Here, co-ordinates of the origin is (0, 0). The y co-
ordinates of every point on x-axis is zero.
The x co-ordinates of every point on y-axis is zero.
Oblique axes : If both the axes are not perpendicular
then they are called as oblique axes.
Polar co-ordinates
Let OX be any fixed line which is usually called the initial
line and O be a fixed point on it. If distance of any point
P from the O is r and u = ZXOP , then (r, u ) are called
the polar co-ordinates of a point P.
If (x, y) are the cartesian co-ordinates of a point P,
then u cos r x = ; u sin r y =
and
2 2
y x r + =
;
|
\
|
=
x
y
1
tan u
.
Y'
Y
X'
O
u
r
P(r,u)
X
Distance formula
Y' '' '
O
Y
P
X X
Q
R
The distance between two points ) , (
1 1
y x P and ) , (
2 2
y x Q
is given by
2 2
) ( ) ( QR PR PQ + =
2
1 2
2
1 2
) ( ) ( y y x x + =
Distance between two points in polar co-ordinates :
Let O be the pole and OX be the initial line. Let P and Q
be two given points whose polar co-ordinates are ) , (
1 1
u r
and ) , (
2 2
u r respectively..
r2
X
P(r1,u1)
Q(r2,u2)
M
r1
u2
(u1u2)
u1
O
Mathematics
Then, ) cos( 2 ) (
2 1 2 1
2
2
2
1
2
u u + = r r r r PQ
) cos( 2
2 1 2 1
2
2
2
1
u u + = r r r r PQ ,
where
1
u and
2
u in radians.
Properties of some geometrical figures
r2
X
P(r1,u uu u1
Q(r2,u uu u2
M
r1
u uu u2
(u uu u1-u uu u2)
u uu u1
(1) In a triangle ABC, if AD is the median drawn to BC, then
) ( 2
2 2 2 2
BD AD AC AB + = +
(2) A triangle is isosceles if any two of its medians are equal
or two sides are equal.
(3) In a right angled triangle, the mid-point of the hypotenuse
is equidistant from the vertices.
(4) Equilateral triangle : All sides are equal.
(5) Rhombus : All sides are equal and no angle is right
angle, but diagonals are at right angles and unequal.
(6) Square : All sides are equal and each angle is right angle.
The diagonals bisect each other.
(7) Parallelogram : Opposite sides are parallel and equal
and diagonals bisect each other.
(8) Rectangle : Opposite sides are equal and each angle is
right angle. Diagonals are equal.
(9) The figure obtained by joining the middle points of a
quadrilateral in order is a parallelogram.
Section formulae
If ) , ( y x P divides the join of ) , (
1 1
y x A and ) , (
2 2
y x B in the
ratio ) 0 , ( :
2 1 2 1
> m m m m
(1) Internal division : If ) , ( y x P divides the segment AB
internally in the ratio of
2 1
: m m
2
1
m
m
PB
PA
=
The co-ordinates of ) , ( y x P are
2 1
1 2 2 1
m m
x m x m
x
+
+
=
and
2 1
1 2 2 1
m m
y m y m
y
+
+
=
P (x, y)
A(x1,y1)
B(x2,y2)
(2) External division : If ) , ( y x P divides the segment AB
externally in the ratio of
2 1
: m m
2
1
m
m
PB
PA
=
The co-ordinates of ) , ( y x P are
2 1
1 2 2 1
m m
x m x m
x
=
and
2 1
1 2 2 1
m m
y m y m
y
=
2 2
1 1
Some points of a triangle
(1) Centroid of a triangle : The centroid of a triangle is the
point of intersection of its medians. The centroid divides
the medians in the ratio 2 : 1 (vertex : base)
If ) , (
1 1
y x A , ) , (
2 2
y x B and ) , (
3 3
y x C are the vertices of a
triangle. If G be the centroid upon one of the median
(say) AD, then AG : GD = 2 : 1
1
E
F
D
2
1 1
G
2
A(x1,y1)
2
C(x3,y3) (x2, y2)B
Co-ordinate of G are
|
\
| + + + +
3
,
3
3 2 1 3 2 1
y y y x x x
(2) Circumcentre : The circumcentre of a triangle is the
point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of
the sides of a triangle. It is the centre of the circle which
passes through the vertices of the triangle and so its
distance from the vertices of the triangle is the same
and this distance is known as the circum-radius of the
triangle.
(x
2
,y
2
)B
A(x
1
,y
1
)
C(x
3
,y
3
)
E
F
D
O
Let vertices A, B, C of the triangle ABC be ) , ( ), , (
2 2 1 1
y x y x
and ) , (
3 3
y x and let circumcentre be O(x, y) and then (x,
y) can be found by solving
2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( OC OB OA = =
i.e.,
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( y y x x y y x x + = +
2
3
2
3
) ( ) ( y y x x + =
If a triangle is right angle, then its circumcentre is the
mid point of hypotenuse. If angles of triangle i.e., A, B, C
and vertices of triangle ) , ( ), , (
2 2 1 1
y x B y x A and ) , (
3 3
y x C
are given, then circumcentre of the triangle ABC is
|
|
+ +
+ +
\
|
+ +
+ +
C B A
C y B y A y
C B A
C x B x A x
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
,
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
2 sin 2 sin 2 sin
3 2 1 3 2 1
Mathematics
(3) Incentre : The incentre of a triangle is the point of
intersection of internal bisector of the angles. Also it is a
centre of a circle touching all the sides of a triangle.
A(x
1
, y
1
)
I
F
E
C(x
3
, y
3
)
D
(x2, y2)B
a
c
b
Co-ordinates of incentre
|
\
|
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
c b a
cy by ay
c b a
cx bx ax
3 2 1 3 2 1
,
where a, b, c are the sides of triangle ABC.
(4) Excircle : A circle touches one side outside the triangle
and other two extended sides then circle is known as
excircle. Let ABC be a triangle then there are three
excircles with three excentres. Let
3 2 1
, , I I I be the
centres of ex-circles opposite to vertices A, B and C
respectively. If vertices of triangle are ), , (
1 1
y x A
) , (
2 2
y x B and ) , (
3 3
y x C , then
3 2
1
|
|
\
|
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
c b a
cy by ay
c b a
cx bx ax
I
3 2 1 3 2 1
1
,
,
|
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
c b a
cy by ay
c b a
cx bx ax
I
3 2 1 3 2 1
2
,
,
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
c b a
cy by ay
c b a
cx bx ax
I
3 2 1 3 2 1
3
,
Angle bisector divides the opposite sides in the ratio of
remaining sides e.g.
b
c
AC
AB
DC
BD
= =
.
Incentre divides the angle bisectors in the ratio
b a c a c b : ) ( , : ) ( + + and c b a : ) ( + .
Excentre : Point of intersection of one internal angle
bisector and other two external angle bisector is called
as excentre. There are three excentres in a triangle. Co-
ordinate of each can be obtained by changing the sign
of a, b, c respectively in the formula of in-centre.
(5) Orthocentre : It is the point of intersection of
perpendiculars drawn from vertices on opposite sides
(called altitudes) of a triangle and can be obtained by
solving the equation of any two altitudes.
F
D
E
O
C(x3, y3)
(x2, y2)B
(x1, y1)
A
Here O is the orthocentre since
BC AE , AC BF , AB CD , then
AB OD AC OF BC OE and ,
Solving any two we can get coordinate of O.
The orthocentre of the triangle ABC is
|
\
|
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
C B A
C y B y A y
C B A
C x B x A x
tan tan tan
tan tan tan
,
tan tan tan
tan tan tan
3 2 1 3 2 1
If a triangle is right angled triangle, then orthocentre is
the point where right angle is formed.
Area of some geometrical figures
(1) Area of a triangle : The area of a triangle ABC with
vertices ) , ( ), , (
2 2 1 1
y x B y x A and ) , (
3 3
y x C . The area of
triangle ABC is denoted by A and is given as
1
1
1
2
1
3 3
2 2
1 1
y x
y x
y x
= A
) ( ) ( ) ( (
2
1
2 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 1
y y x y y x y y x + + =
In equilateral triangle
(i) Having sides a, area is
2
4
3
a .
(ii) Having length of perpendicular as p area is
3
) (
2
p
.
(2) Collinear points : Three points ), , ( ), , (
2 2 1 1
y x B y x A
) , (
3 3
y x C are collinear. If area of triangle is zero, then
(i)
0 = A
0
1
1
1
2
1
3 3
2 2
1 1
=
y x
y x
y x
0
1
1
1
3 3
2 2
1 1
=
y x
y x
y x
(ii)
AC BC AB = +
or
AB BC AC = +
or
BC AB AC = +
(3) Area of a quadrilateral : If ) , ( ), , ( ), , (
3 3 2 2 1 1
y x y x y x and
) , (
4 4
y x are vertices of a quadrilateral, then its area
)] ( ) ( ) ( ) [(
2
1
4 1 1 4 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 1
y x y x y x y x y x y x y x y x + + + =
Mathematics
(4) Area of polygon : The area of polygon whose vertices
are ) ),....( , ( ), , ( , ) , (
, 3 3 2 2 1 1 n n
y x y x y x y x is
| )} ( .... ) ( ) {( |
2
1
1 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 n n
y x y x y x y x y x y x + + + =
Or Stair method : Repeat first co-ordinates one time in
last for down arrow use positive sign and for up arrow
use negative sign.
Area of polygon =
|
: :
: : |
2
1
1 1
3 3
2 2
1 1
y x
y x
y x
y x
y x
n n
| )} .... ( ) .... {( |
2
1
1 3 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 1
x y x y x y y x y x y x
n n
+ + + + + + =
Transformation of axes
(1) Shifting of origin without rotation of axes : Let
) , ( y x P with respect to axes OXX and OY.
Let ) , ( ' | o O with respect to axes OX and OY and let
) ' , ' ( y x P with respect to axes OX and OY, where OXX
and OX are parallel and OY and OY are parallel.
Then | o + = + = ' , ' y y x x or | o = = y y x x ' , '
Thus if origin is shifted to point ) , ( | o without rotation of
axes, then new equation of curve can be obtained by
putting o + x in place of x and | + y in place of y..
Y
y'
x'
P(x, y)
(x', y')
X'
O'
O
Y'
(o,|)
X
(2) Rotation of axes without changing the origin : Let
O be the origin. Let ) , ( y x P with respect to axes OX
and OY and let ) ' , ' ( y x P with respect to axes OX' and
OY' where u = Z = Z ' ' YOY OX X
then u u sin ' cos ' y x x =
u u cos ' sin ' y x y + =
and u u sin cos ' y x x + =
u u cos sin ' y x y + =
The above relation between ) , ( y x and ) ' , ' ( y x can be
easily obtained with the help of following table
+ x + y
' x
' y
u cos
u si n
u si n
u cos
(3) Change of origin and rotation of axes : If origin is
changed to ) , ( ' | o O and axes are rotated about the new
origin
' O
by an angle u in the anti-clockwise sense
such that the new co-ordinates of ) , ( y x P become
) ' , ' ( y x then the equations of transformation will be
u u o sin ' cos ' y x x + = and u u | cos ' sin ' y x y + + =
Y'
O
u
u
X'
X
O'
Y
P(x, y)
(x', y')
(4) Reflection (Image of a point) : Let ) , ( y x be any point,
then its image with respect to
(i) x axis ) , ( y x (ii) y-axis ) , ( y x
(iii) origin ) , ( y x (iv) line x y = ) , ( x y
Locus
The curve described by a point which moves under given
condition or conditions is called its locus.
Equation to the locus of a point : The equation to the
locus of a point is the relation, which is satisfied by the
coordinates of every point on the locus of the point.
Algorithm to find the locus of a point
Step I : Assume the coordinates of the point say (h, k)
whose locus is to be found.
Step II : Write the given condition in mathematical form
involving h , k.
Step III : Eliminate the variable (s), if any.
Step IV : Replace h by x and k by y in the result obtained
in step III. The equation so obtained is the locus of the
point which moves under some stated condition (s).
1. The new coordinates of a point (4, 5), when the origin is
shifted to the point (1,2) are
(a) (5, 3) (b) (3, 5)
(c) (3, 7) (d) None of these
Mathematics
2. Without changing the direction of coordinate axes, origin
is transferred to ) , ( k h , so that the linear (one degree)
terms in the equation
7 6 4
2 2
+ + y x y x
=0 are
eliminated. Then the point ) , ( k h is
(a) (3, 2) (b) ( 3, 2)
(c) (2, 3) (d) None of these
3. The equation of the locus of a point whose distance
from (a, 0) is equal to its distance from y-axis, is
(a)
2 2
2 a ax y = (b) 0 2
2 2
= + a ax y
(c)
0 2
2 2
= + + a ax y
(d)
2 2
2 a ax y = +
4. Two points A and B have coordinates (1, 0) and (1, 0)
respectively and Q is a point which satisfies the relation
= BQ AQ
. 1
The locus of Q is
(a)
3 4 12
2 2
= + y x
(b)
3 4 12
2 2
= y x
(c)
0 3 4 12
2 2
= + y x
(d)
0 3 4 12
2 2
= + + y x
5. The locus of a point P which moves in such a way that
the segment OP, where O is the origin, has slope
3
is
(a)
0 3 = y x
(b)
0 3 = + y x
(c)
0 3 = + y x
(d)
0 3 = y x
6. If the coordinates of a point be given by the equation
), cos 1 ( u = a x u sin a y = , then the locus of the point
will be
(a) A straight line (b) A circle
(c) A parabola (d) An ellipse
7. If P = (1,0), Q =(1,0) and R =(2,0) are three given points,
then the locus of a point S satisfying the relation
2 2 2
2SP SR SQ = +
is
(a) A straight line parallel to x-axis
(b) A circle through origin
(c) A circle with centre at the origin
(d) A straight line parallel to y-axis
8. The coordinates of the points O, A and B are (0,0), (0,4)
and (6,0) respectively. If a points P moves such that the
area of
POA A
is always twice the area of
POB A
, then
the equation to both parts of the locus of P is
(a) 0 ) 3 )( 3 ( = + y x y x (b) 0 ) )( 3 ( = + y x y x
(c) 0 ) 3 )( 3 ( = + y x y x (d) None of these
9. A point moves in such a way that the sum of square of its
distance from the points ) 0 , 2 ( A and ) 0 , 2 ( B is always
equal to the square of the distance between A and B.
The locus of the point is
(a)
0 2
2 2
= + y x
(b)
0 2
2 2
= + + y x
(c)
0 4
2 2
= + + y x
(d)
0 4
2 2
= + y x
10. A point P moves so that its distance from the point ) 0 , (a is
always equal to its distance from the line
0 = + a x
. The
locus of the point is
(a)
ax y 4
2
=
(b)
ay x 4
2
=
(c)
0 4
2
= + ax y
(d)
0 4
2
= + ay x
11. The equation to the locus of a point which moves so that
its distance from x-axis is always one half its distance
from the origin, is
(a) 0 3
2 2
= + y x (b) 0 3
2 2
= y x
(c) 0 3
2 2
= + y x (d) 0 3
2 2
= y x
12. A point moves so that its distance from the point (1,0)
is always three times its distance from the point (0,2).
The locus of the point is
(a) A line (b) A circle
(c) A parabola (d) An ellipse
13. The locus of a point which moves so that its distance
from x-axis is double of its distance from y-axis is
(a) y x 2 = (b) x y 2 =
(c) 1 5 + = y x (d) 3 2 + = x y
14. O is the origin and A is the point (3,4). If a point P moves
so that the line segment OP is always parallel to the line
segment OA, then the equation to the locus of P is
(a) 0 3 4 = y x (b) 0 3 4 = + y x
(c) 0 4 3 = + y x (d) 0 4 3 = y x
15. The locus of a point which moves so that it is always
equidistant from the point A(a, 0) and B ( a, 0) is
(a) A circle
(b) Perpendicular bisector of the line segment AB
(c) A line parallel to x-axis
(d) None of these
Mathematics
16. The coordinates of the points A and B are (a, 0) and
) 0 , ( a respectively. I f a point P moves so thatt
2 2 2
2k PB PA =
, when k is constant, then the equation
to the locus of the point P , is
(a)
0 2
2
= k ax
(b)
0 2
2
= + k ax
(c)
0 2
2
= k ay
(d)
0 2
2
= + k ay
17. If the coordinates of a point be given by the equations
| | tan , sec a y b x = = , then its locus is
(a) A straight line (b) A circle
(c) An ellipse (d) A hyperbola
18. The coordinates of the point A and B are ) 0 , (ak and
) 1 ( , 0 , = |
\
|
k
k
a
. If a point P moves so that , kPB PA =
then the equation to the locus of P is
(a)
0 ) (
2 2 2 2
= + a y x k
(b)
0
2 2 2 2
= + a k y x
(c)
0
2 2 2
= + + a y x
(d)
0
2 2 2
= + a y x
19. The locus of a point which moves in such a way that its
distance from (0,0) is three times its distance from the x-
axis, as given by
(a)
0 8
2 2
= y x
(b)
0 8
2 2
= + y x
(c)
0 4
2 2
= y x
(d)
0 4
2 2
= y x
20. The equation of the locus of all points equidistant from
the point (4,2) and the x-axis, is
(a)
0 20 4 8
2
= + + y x x
(b)
0 20 4 8
2
= + y x x
(c)
0 20 8 4
2
= + x y y
(d) None of these
21. The locus of the mid-point of the distance between the
axes of the variable line , sin cos p y x = + o o where p is
constant, is
(a)
2 2 2
4p y x = +
(b) 2 2 2
4 1 1
p y x
= +
(c) 2
2 2
4
p
y x = +
(d) 2 2 2
2 1 1
p y x
= +
22. The locus of a point whose distance from the point
) , ( f g is always a, will be, (where
2 2 2
a f g k + =
)
(a) 0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + k fy gx y x
(b) 0 2 2
2 2
= + + + k fy gx y x
(c)
0 2 2 2
2 2
= + + + + + k fy gx xy y x
(d) None of these
23. The locus of the moving point P, such that 2PA = 3PB
where A is (0,0) and B is (4,3), is
(a)
0 225 54 72 5 5
2 2
= + + y x y x
(b)
0 225 54 72 5 5
2 2
= + + + y x y x
(c)
0 225 54 72 5 5
2 2
= + + + + y x y x
(d)
0 225 54 72 5 5
2 2
= + + + y x y x
24. A point moves such that the sum of its distances from
two fixed points (ae,0) and (ae,0) is always 2a. Then
equation of its locus is
(a)
1
) 1 (
2 2
2
2
2
=
+
e a
y
a
x
(b)
1
) 1 (
2 2
2
2
2
=
e a
y
a
x
(c)
1
) 1 (
2
2
2 2
2
= +
a
y
e a
x
(d) None of these
25. A point moves in such a way that its distance from (1,2)
is always the twice from (3,5), the locus of the point is
(a)
0 131 44 26 3
2 2
= + + + y x y x
(b)
0 131 44 26 3
2 2
= + + y x y x
(c)
0 131 44 26 ) ( 3
2 2
= + + + y x y x
(d) None of these
26. A point moves in such a way that its distance from origin
is always 4. Then the locus of the point is
(a)
4
2 2
= + y x
(b)
16
2 2
= + y x
(c)
2
2 2
= + y x
(d) None of these
27. If ) 0 , ( a A and ) 0 , (a B are two fixed points, then the locus
of the point on which the line AB subtends the right
angle, is
(a)
2 2 2
2a y x = +
(b)
2 2 2
a y x =
(c)
0
2 2 2
= + + a y x
(d)
2 2 2
a y x = +
28. If A and B are two fixed points and P is a variable point
such that
4 = + PB PA
, then the locus of P is a/an
Mathematics
(a) Parabola (b) Ellipse
(c) Hyperbola (d) None of these
29. If A and B are two points in a plane, so that
PB PA
=
constant, then the locus of P is
(a) Hyperbola (b) Circle
(c) Parabola (d) Ellipse
30. If A and B are two fixed points in a plane and P is another
variable point such that
= +
2 2
PB PA
constant, then the
locus of the point P is
(a) Hyperbola (b) Circle
1.(c) 2.(c) 3.(b) 4.(b) 5. (d) 6.(b) 7.(d) 8.(a) 9.(d) 10.(a)
11.(b) 12.(b) 13.(b) 14.(a) 15.(b) 16.(b) 17.(d) 18.(d) 19.(a) 20.(b)
21.(b) 22.(a) 23.(d) 24.(a) 25.(c) 26.(b) 27.(d) 28.(b) 29.(a) 30.(b)
Mathematics
STRAIGHT LINE
Definition
The straight line is a curve such that every point on the line
segment joining any two points on it lies on it. The simplest
locus of a point in a plane is a straight line. A line is determined
uniquely by any one of the following:
(1) Two different points (because we know the axiom that
one and only one straight line passes through two given
points).
(2) A point and a given direction.
Slope (Gradient) of a line
The trigonometrical tangent of the angle that a line
makes with the positive direction of the x-axis in
anticlockwise sense is called the slope or gradient of the
line. The slope of a line is generally denoted by m. Thus,
m = u tan .
B
Y
A
X' X
O
u
Y'
B
Y
A
X' X
O
u
Y'
(1) Slope of line parallel to x axis is
0 0 tan = =
o
m
.
(2) Slope of line parallel to y axis is
= =
o
m 90 tan
.
(3) Slope of the line equally inclined with the axes is 1 or 1.
(4) Slope of the line through the points ) , (
1 1
y x A and
) , (
2 2
y x B is
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
taken in the same order..

(5) Slope of the line 0 , 0 = = + + b c by ax is
b
a
.
(6) Slope of two parallel lines are equal.
(7) If
1
m and
2
m be the slopes of two perpendicular lines,
then 1 .
2 1
= m m .
(8) m can be defined as u tan for t u s s 0 and
2
t
u =
.
Equations of straight line in different forms
(1) Slope form : Equation of a line through the origin and
having slope m is y = mx.
(2) One point form or Point slope form : Equation of a
line through the point ) , (
1 1
y x and having slope m is
) (
1 1
x x m y y = .
(3) Slope intercept form : Equation of a line (non-vertical)
with slope m and cutting off an intercept c on the y-axis
is c mx y + = .
A
X '
u
c
O
Y '
X
B
Y
The equation of a line with slope m and the x-intercept
d is ) ( d x m y = .
(4) Intercept form : If a straight line cuts x-axis at A and the
y-axis at B then OA and OB are known as the intercepts
of the line on x-axis and y-axis respectively.
Then, equation of a straight line cutting off intercepts a
and b on xaxis and yaxis respectively is
1 = +
b
y
a
x
.
If given line is parallel to X axis, then X-intercept is
undefined.
If given line is parallel to Y axis, then Y-intercept is
undefined.
(5) Two point form: Equation of the line through the points
A ) , (
1 1
y x and ) , (
2 2
y x B is,
) ( ) (
1
1 2
1 2
1
x x
x x
y y
y y
=
.
(x2, y2)
(x
1
,y
1
)
O
X
L
Y
A
B
Mathematics
In the determinant form it is gives as
1
1
1
2 2
1 1
y x
y x
y x
= 0
is the equation of line.
(6) Normal or perpendicular form : The equation of the
straight line upon which the length of the perpendicular
from the origin is p and this perpendicular makes an
angle o with x-axis is p y x = + o o sin cos .
A
Y'
o
X ' X
Y
p
O
B
P
(7) Symmetrical or parametric or distance form of the
line : Equation of a line passing through ) , (
1 1
y x and
making an angle u with the positive direction of x-axis is
r
y y x x
=
u u sin cos
1 1
, where r is the distance between
the point P (x, y) and ) , (
1 1
y x A .
1 1
The co-ordinates of any point on this line may be taken
as ) sin , cos (
1 1
u u r y r x , known as parametric co-
ordinates. r is called the parameter.
Equation of parallel and perpendicular lines to a given
line
(1) Equation of a line which is parallel to 0 = + + c by ax is
0 = + + by ax .
(2) Equation of a l ine which is perpendicular to
0 = + + c by ax is 0 = + ay bx .
The value of
in both cases is obtained with the help of

additional information given in the problem.
(3) If the equation of line be c b a = + u u cos sin , then line
(i) Parallel to it,
d b a = + u u cos sin
(ii) Perpendicular to it,
d b a = |
\
|
+ + |
\
|
+ u
t
u
t
2
cos
2
sin
.
General equation of a straight line and its
transformation in standard forms
General form of equation of a line is 0 = + + c by ax , its
(1) Slope intercept form:
b
c
x
b
a
y =
, slope
b
a
m =
and intercept on y-axis is,
b
c
C =
.
(2) Intercept form :
1
/ /
=
+
b c
y
a c
x
, x intercept is
=
|
\
|
a
c
and y intercept is =
|
\
|
b
c
.
(3) Normal form : To change the general form of a line into
normal form, first take c to right hand side and make it
positive, then divide the whole equation by
2 2
b a +
like
,
2 2 2 2 2 2
b a
c
b a
by
b a
ax
+
=
+
where
2 2
cos
b a
a
+
= o
,
2 2
sin
b a
b
+
= o
,
2 2
b a
c
p
+
=
Point of intersection of two lines
Point of intersection of two lines
1 1 1
c y b x a + + =0 and
0
2 2 2
= + + c y b x a is given by
|
|
\
|
= ' '
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
, ) , (
b a b a
a c a c
b a b a
c b c b
y x
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
=
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
,
b b
a a
a a
c c
b b
a a
c c
b b
General equation of lines through the intersection of
two given lines
If equation of two lines 0
1 1 1
= + + = c y b x a P and
0
2 2 2
= + + = c y b x a Q , then the equation of the lines
passing through the point of intersection of these lines
is 0 = + Q P or + + +
1 1 1
c y b x a 0 ) (
2 2 2
= + + c y b x a .
Value of is obtained with the help of the additional
information given in the problem.
Angle between two non-parallel lines
If u be the angle between the lines
1 1
c x m y + = and
2 2
c x m y + = and intersecting at A. Then,
2 1
2 1 1
1
tan
m m
m m
+
u
. If u is angle between two lines,
Mathematics
then u t is also the angle between them.
(1) Angle between two straight lines when their
equations are given : The angle u between the lines
0
1 1 1
= + + c y b x a and 0
2 2 2
= + + c y b x a is given by, y,
2 1 2 1
2 1 1 2
tan
b b a a
b a b a
+
= u
.
(2) Conditions for two lines to be coincident, parallel,
perpendicular and intersecting : Two lines
0
1 1 1
= + + c y b x a and 0
2 2 2
= + + c y b x a are,
(a) Coincident, if
2
1
2
1
2
1
c
c
b
b
a
a
= =
(b) Parallel, if
2
1
2
1
2
1
c
c
b
b
a
a
= =
(c) Intersecting, if
2
1
2
1
b
b
a
a
=
(d) Perpendicular, if 0
2 1 2 1
= + b b a a
Equation of straight line through a given point making
a given angle with a given line
The equation of the straight lines which pass through a
given point ) , (
1 1
y x and make a given angle o with given
straight line c mx y + = are,
) (
tan 1
tan
1 1
x x
m
m
y y
=
o
o
#
.
Equations of the bisectors of the angles between two
straight lines
The equation of the bisectors of the angles between the
lines 0
1 1 1
= + + c y b x a and 0
2 2 2
= + + c y b x a are given
by,
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
1 1 1
b a
c y b x a
b a
c y b x a
+
+ +
=
+
+ +
.....(i)
Algorithm to find the bisector of the angle
containing the origin : Let the equations of the two
lines 0
1 1 1
= + + c y b x a and 0
2 2 2
= + + c y b x a . To find
the bisector of the angle containing the origin, we
proceed as follows:
Step I : See whether the constant terms
1
c and
2
c in
the equations of two lines positive or not. If not, then
multiply both the sides of the equation by 1 to make
the constant term positive.
Step II : Now obtain the bisector corresponding to the
positive sign i.e., 2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
1 1 1
b a
c y b x a
b a
c y b x a
+
+ +
=
+
+ +
.
This is the required bisector of the angle containing the
origin.
The bisector of the angle containing the origin means
the bisector of the angle between the lines which
contains the origin within it.
(1) To find the acute and obtuse angle bisectors : Let
u be the angle between one of the lines and one of the
bisectors given by (i). Find u tan . If 1 | tan | < u , then this
bisector is the bisector of acute angle and the other one
is the bisector of the obtuse angle.
If | tan | u > 1, then this bisector is the bisector of obtuse
angle and other one is the bisector of the acute angle.
(2) Method to find acute angle bisector and obtuse
angle bisector
(i) Make the constant term positive, if not.
(ii) Now determine the sign of the expression
2 1 2 1
b b a a + .
(iii) If 0
2 1 2 1
> + b b a a , then the bisector corresponding
to + sign gives the obtuse angle bisector and the
bisector corresponding to sign is the bisector of acute
angle between the lines.
(iv) If 0
2 1 2 1
< + b b a a , then the bisector corresponding
to + and sign given the acute and obtuse angle
bisectors respectively.
Bisectors are perpendicular to each other.
If 0
2 1 2 1
> + b b a a , then the origin lies in obtuse angle
and if 0
2 1 2 1
< + b b a a , then the origin lies in acute angle.
Obtuse bisector
L
2
L1
Acute bisector
Length of perpendicular
(1) Distance of a point from a line : The length p of the
perpendicular from the point ) , (
1 1
y x to the line
0 = + + c by ax is given by
2 2
1 1
| |
b a
c by ax
p
+
+ +
=
.
Length of perpendicular from origin to the line
0 = + + c by ax is
2 2
b a
c
+
.
Length of perpendicular from the point ) , (
1 1
y x to the
line p y x = + o o sin cos is | sin cos |
1 1
p y x + o o .
Mathematics
(2) Distance between two parallel lines : Let the two
parallel lines be 0
1
= + + c by ax and First Method: The
distance between the lines is
) (
| |
2 2
2 1
b a
c c
d
+
=
.
Second Method: The distance between the lines is
) (
2 2
b a
d
+
=
,
ax + by + c1 = 0
ax + by + c
2
= 0
O (0, 0)
where (i) | |
2 1
c c = , if they be on the same side of
origin.
(ii) | | | |
2 1
c c + = , if the origin O lies between them.
Third method : Find the coordinates of any point on
one of the given line, preferably putting
0 = x
or 0 = y .
Then the perpendicular distance of this point from the
other line is the required distance between the lines.
Distance between two parallel lines
0
1
= + + c by ax , 0
2
= + + c kby kax is
2 2
2
1
b a
k
c
c
+
.
Distance between two non parallel lines is always zero.
Position of a point with respect to a line
Let the given line be 0 = + + c by ax and observing point
is ) , (
1 1
y x , then
(i) If the same sign is found by putting in equation of line
1 1
, y y x x = = and
0 = x
, 0 = y then the point ) , (
1 1
y x is
situated on the same side of origin.
(ii) If the opposite sign is found by putting in equation of
line ,
1
x x =
1
y y = and
0 = x
, 0 = y then the point
) , (
1 1
y x is situated opposite side to origin.
Position of two points with respect to a line
Two points ) , (
1 1
y x and ) , (
2 2
y x are on the same side or
on the opposite side of the straight line 0 = + + c by ax
according as the values of c by ax + +
1 1
and
c by ax + +
2 2
are of the same sign or opposite sign.
Concurrent lines
Three or more lines are said to be concurrent lines if
they meet at a point.
First method: Find the point of intersection of any two
lines by solving them simultaneously. If the point satisfies
the third equation also, then the given lines are
concurrent.
Second method : The three lines 0
1 1 1
= + + c y b x a ,
0
2 2 2
= + + c y b x a and 0
3 3 3
= + + c y b x a are concurrent
if,
0
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
=
c b a
c b a
c b a
.
Third method : The condition for the lines
0 = P
, 0 = Q
and
0 = R
to be concurrent is that three constants a, b,
c (not all zero at the same time) can be obtained such
that 0 = + + cR bQ aP .
Reflection on the surface
Surface
Tangent
P
o
u
u
o
R N
I
Here, IP = Incident Ray
PN = Normal to the surface
PR = Reflected Ray
Then,
NPR IPN Z = Z
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
Image of a point in different cases
(1) The image of a point with respect to the line mirror
The image of ) , (
1 1
y x A with respect to the line mirror
0 = + + c by ax be B (h, k) is given by, ,
2 2
1 1 1 1
) ( 2
b a
c by ax
b
y k
a
x h
+
+ +
=
A (x1, y1)
B(h,k)
ax+by+c = 0
(2) The image of a point with respect to x-axis : Let
) , ( y x P be any point and
P'
) , ( y x ' ' its image after
reflection in the x-axis, then
x'
= x
Mathematics
y' = y, ( O'
is the mid point of P and
P'
)
(3) The image of a point with respect to y-axis : Let
) , ( y x P be any point and ) , ( y x P ' ' ' its image after
reflection in the y-axis, then
x x = '
y y = ' , ( O'
P'
)
P(x, y)
O'
X'
P' (x',y')
X
O
Y'
Y
(4) The image of a point with respect to the origin : Let
) , ( y x P be any point and ) , ( y x P ' ' ' be its image after
reflection through the origin, then
x x = '
y y = ' ,( O
is the mid point of P,
P'
).
P(x, y)
N
X'
P'(x', y')
X
Y'
Y
O
M
(5) The image of a point with respect to the line y = x :
Let ) , ( y x P be any point and ) , ( y x P ' ' ' be its image after
reflection in the line x y = , then y x = '
x y = ' , ( O'
P'
).
(6) The image of a point with respect to the line
y = x tan u uu u : Let ) , ( y x P be any point and ) , ( y x P ' ' ' be its
image after reflection in the line u tan x y = , then
u u 2 sin 2 cos y x x + = '
u u 2 cos 2 sin y x y = ' , (
O' is the mid point of P and
P'
)
P(x, y)
X'
X
Y'
Y
O
O'
P'(x', y')
y=x tan u
u
1. If the extremities of the base of an isosceles triangle are
the points ) 0 , 2 ( a and ) , 0 ( a and the equation of one of
the sides is
a x 2 =
, then the area of the triangle is
(a)
sq a
2
5
. units (b)
.
2
5
2
sq a
units
(c) .
2
25
2
sq
a
units (d) None of these
2. The equation to the sides of a triangle are 0 3 = y x ,
5 3 4 = + y x and 0 3 = + y x . The line 0 4 3 = y x passes
through
(a) The incentre (b) The centroid
(c) The circumcentre
(d) The orthocentre of the triangle
3. Area of the parallelogram formed by the lines
0
1 1 1
= + + c y b x a , 0
1 1 1
= + + d y b x a and
0
2 2 2
= + + c y b x a , 0
2 2 2
= + + d y b x a is
(a) 2 / 1 2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 2 1 1
)] )( [(
) )( (
b a b a
c d c d
+ +

(b)
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1
) )( (
b b a a
c d c d

(c)
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1
) )( (
b b a a
c d c d
+
+ +
(d)
1 2 2 1
2 2 1 1
) )( (
b a b a
c d c d

4. Area of the paral lelogram whose sides are
p y x = + o o sin cos , sin cos q y x = + o o
r y x = + | | sin cos and s y x = + | | sin cos is
(a) ) ( cosec ) )( ( | o s r q p
(b) ) ( cosec ) )( ( | o + + s r q p
(c) ) ( cosec ) )( ( | o + + s r q p
(d) None of these
Mathematics
5. The area of the triangle bounded by the straight line
) 0 , , ( , 0 = = + + c b a c by ax and the coordinate axes is
(a)
| | 2
1
2
bc
a
(b)
| | 2
1
2
ab
c
(c)
| | 2
1
2
ac
b
(d) 0
6. The triangle formed by the l ines , 0 4 = + y x
, 4 3 = + y x 4 3 = + y x is
(a) Isosceles (b) Equilateral
(c) Rightangled (d) None of these
7. Two lines are drawn through (3, 4), each of which makes
angle of 45
o
with the line 2 = y x , then area of the
triangle formed by these lines is
(a) 9 (b) 9/2
(c) 2 (d) 2/9
8. The area of the triangl e formed by the line
o o o 2 sin cos sin = + y x and the coordinates axes is
(a) o 2 sin (b) o 2 cos
(c) o 2 sin 2 (d) o 2 cos 2
9. The area of a parallelogram formed by the lines
0 = c by ax , is
(a)
ab
c
2
(b)
ab
c
2
2
(c)
ab
c
2
2
(d) None of these
10. The triangle formed by
0 9
2 2
= y x
and
4 = x
is
(a) Isosceles (b) Equilateral
(c) Right angled (d) None of these
11. A point moves so that square of its distance from the
point (3, 2) is numerically equal to its distance from
the line 13 12 5 = y x . The equation of the locus of the
point is
(a)
0 182 64 83 13 13
2 2
= + + + y x y x
(b)
0 26 16 11
2 2
= + + + y x y x
(c)
0 16 11
2 2
= + + y x y x
(d) None of these
12. Locus of the points which are at equal distance from
0 11 4 3 = + y x and 0 2 5 12 = + + y x and which is near
the origin is
(a) 0 153 77 21 = + y x (b) 0 133 77 99 = + y x
(c) 19 11 7 = y x (d) None of these
13. A point moves such that its distance from the point
) 0 , 4 ( is half that of its distance from the line
16 = x
. The
locus of this point is
(a)
192 4 3
2 2
= + y x
(b)
192 3 4
2 2
= + y x
(c) 192
2 2
= + y x (d) None of these
14. The locus of a point so that sum of its distance from two
given perpendicular lines is equal to 2 unit in first
quadrant, is
(a) 0 2 = + + y x (b) 2 = + y x
(c) 2 = y x (d) None of these
15. If the sum of the distances of a point from two
perpendicular lines in a plane is 1, then its locus is
(a) Square (b) Circle
(c) Straight line (d) Two intersecting lines
16. If a variable line drawn through the point of intersection
of straight lines
1 = +
| o
y x
and
1 = +
o |
y x
meets the
coordinate axes in A and B, then the locus of the mid
point of
AB
is
(a) ) ( ) ( | o o| + = + xy y x (b) ) ( 2 ) ( | o o| + = + xy y x
(c) xy y x o| | o 2 ) )( ( = + + (d) None of these
17. The point moves such that the area of the triangle formed
by it with the points (1, 5) and (3, 7) is 21sq. unit. The
locus of the point is
(a) 0 32 6 = + y x (b) 0 32 6 = + y x
(c) 0 32 6 = + y x (d) 0 32 6 = y x
18. A straight line through the point (1, 1) meets the x-axis
at A and the y-axis at B. The locus of the mid-point of AB
is
(a) 0 2 = + + y x xy (b) 0 2 = + xy y x
(c) 0 2 = + + y x (d) 0 2 = + y x
Mathematics
19. If A is (2, 5), B is (4, 11) and C lies on 0 4 7 9 = + + y x ,
then the locus of the centroid of the
ABC A
is a straight
line parallel to the straight line is
(a) 0 4 9 7 = + y x (b) 0 4 7 9 = y x
(c) 0 4 7 9 = + + y x (d) 0 4 9 7 = + + y
20. The number of integral values of m, for which the x-co-
ordinate of the point of intersection of the lines
9 4 3 = + y x and 1 + = mx y is also an integer is
(a) 2 (b) 0
(c) 4 (d) 1
21. A ray of light coming from the point (1, 2) is reflected at
a point A on the xaxis and then passes through the
point (5, 3). The coordinates of the point A are
(a) 0 , 5 / 13 (b) 0 , 13 / 5
(c) ( 7, 0) (d) None of these
22. If the co-ordinates of the middle point of the portion of
a line intercepted between coordinate axes (3,2), then
the equation of the line will be
(a) 12 3 2 = + y x (b) 12 2 3 = + y x
(c) 6 3 4 = y x (d) 10 2 5 = y x
23. A line through ) 4 , 5 ( A meets the lines , 0 2 3 = + + y x
0 4 2 = + + y x and 0 5 = y x at B, C and D respectively..
If
,
6 10 15
2 2 2
|
\
|
= |
\
|
+ |
\
|
AD AC AB
then the equation of the
line is
(a) 0 22 3 2 = + + y x (b) 0 7 4 5 = + y x
(c) 0 3 2 3 = + y x (d) None of these
24. The equation of perpendicular bisectors of the sides AB
and AC of a triangle ABC are 0 5 = + y x and 0 2 = + y x
respectively. If the point A is ) 2 , 1 ( , then the equation
of line BC is
(a) 0 40 14 23 = + y x (b) 0 40 23 14 = + y x
(c) 0 40 14 23 = + y x (d) 0 40 23 14 = + y x
25. The medians AD and BE of a triangle with vertices
) 0 , 0 ( ), , 0 ( B b A and ) 0 , (a C are perpendicular to each
other, if
(a) b a 2 = (b) b a 2 =
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
26. Let PS be the median of the triangle with vertices
) 1 , 6 ( ), 2 , 2 ( Q P and ) 3 , 7 ( R . The equation of the line
passing through (1, 1) and parallel to PS is
(a) 0 7 9 2 = y x (b) 0 11 9 2 = y x
(c) 0 11 9 2 = + y x (d) 0 7 9 2 = + + y x
27. The equation of straight line passing through ) 0 , ( a and
making the triangle with axes of area T is
(a)
0 2 2
2
= + + aT y a Tx
(b)
0 2 2
2
= + aT y a Tx
(c)
0 2 2
2
= aT y a Tx
(d) None of these
28. The equations of two equal sides of an isosceles triangle
are 0 3 7 = + y x and 0 3 = + y x and the third side
passes through the point (1, 10). The equation of the
third side is
(a) 0 31 3 = y x but not 0 7 3 = + + y x
(b) 0 7 3 = + + y x but not 0 31 3 = y x
(c) 0 7 3 = + + y x or 0 31 3 = y x
(d) Neither 7 3 + + y x nor 0 31 3 = y x
29. The graph of the function ) 1 ( cos ) 2 cos( cos
2
+ + x x x is
(a) A straight line passing through ) 1 sin , 0 (
2
with
slope 2
(b) A straight line passing through (0, 0)
(c) A parabola with vertex ) 1 sin , 1 (
2
(d) A strai ght l ine passing through the point

|
\
|
1 sin ,
2
2
t
and parallel to the xaxis
30. If the equation of base of an equilateral triangle is
1 2 = y x and the vertex is (1, 2), then the length of
the side of the triangle is
(a)
3
20
(b)
15
2
(c)
15
8
(d)
2
15
1.(b) 2. (d) 3.(d) 4.(a) 5.(b) 6.(a) 7. (b) 8.(a) 9. (b) 10.(a)
11.(a) 12.(b) 13. (a) 14.(b) 15.(a) 16.(b) 17. (a) 18.(b) 19.(c) 20.(a)
21.(a) 22.(a) 23. (a) 24.(d) 25.(c) 26.(d) 27. (b) 28.(c) 29.(d) 30.(a)
Mathematics
PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINE
Equation of pair of straight lines
(1) Equation of a pair of straight lines passing through
origin : The equation
0 2
2 2
= + + by hxy ax
represents
a pair of straight line passing through the origin where a,
h, b are constants.
Let the lines represented by
0 2
2 2
= + + by hxy ax
be
0
1
= x m y , 0
2
= x m y . Then,
b
h
m m
2
2 1
= +
and
b
a
m m =
2 1
Then, two straight lines represented by
0 2
2 2
= + + by hxy ax are
ab h y hy ax + +
2
= 0 and
0
2
= + ab h y hy ax
.
Hence, (a) The lines are real and distinct, if
0
2
> ab h
(b) The lines are real and coincident, if
0
2
= ab h
(c) The lines are imaginary, if
0
2
< ab h
(2) General equation of a pair of straight lines : An
equation of the form,
0 2 2 2
2 2
= + + + + + c fy gx by hxy ax
where a, b, c, f, g, h are constants, is said to be a general
equation of second degree in x and y.
The necessary and suffici ent condition for
0 2 2 2
2 2
to represents a
pair of straight lines is that
0 2
2 2 2
= + ch bg af fgh abc
or
0 =
c f g
f b h
g h a
.
Point of intersection of lines represented by ax
2
+
2hxy + by
2
+ 2gx + 2fy +c = 0
Let
0 2 2 2
2 2
= + + + + + c fy gx by hxy ax |
0 2 2 2 = + + =
c
c
g hy ax
x
|
(Keeping y as constant)
and
0 2 2 2 = + + =
c
c
f by hx
y
|
(Keeping x as constant)
For point of intersection
0 =
c
c
x
|
and
0 =
c
c
y
|
We obtain, 0 = + + g hy ax and 0 = + + f by hx
On solving these equations, we get
2
1
h ab af gh
y
bg fh
x
i.e.,
|
\
|
=
ab h
gh af
ab h
fh bg
y x
2 2
, ) , (
.
(3) Separate equations from joint equation: The general
equation of second degree be
0 2 2 2
2 2
To find the lines represented by this equation we proceed
as follows :
Step I : Factorize the homogeneous part
2 2
2 by hxy ax + +
into two linear factors. Let the linear
factors be y b x a ' ' + and y b x a " " + .
Step II : Add constants
' c
and
" c
in the factors obtained
in step I to obtain ' ' ' c y b x a + + and " " " c y b x a + + . Let
the lines be 0 ' ' ' = + + c y b x a and 0 " " " = + + c y b x a .
Step III : Obtain the joint equation of the lines in step II
and compare the coefficients of x, y and constant terms
to obtain equations in c and c .
Step IV : Solve the equations in c and c to obtain the
values of c and c.
Step V : Substitute the values of c and c in lines in step
II to obtain the required lines.
Angle between the pair of lines
The angle between the lines represented by
0 2 2 2
2 2
or
0 2
2 2
= + + by hxy ax
is given by
b a
ab h
b a
ab h
+
=
+
2
1
2
2
tan
2
tan u u
From the above formula it is clear, that
(i) The lines represented by
0 2 2 2
2 2
= + + + + + c fy gx by hxy ax are parallel iff
ab h =
2
and
2 2
bg af =
or
f
g
b
h
h
a
= =
.
Mathematics
(ii) The lines represented by
2 2
2 by hxy ax + +
0 2 2 = + + + c fy gx are perpendicular iff
0 = + b a
i.e., Coefficient of
+
2
x
Coefficient of
0
2
= y
.
(iii) The lines are coincident, if
ac g =
2
.
Bisectors of the angles between the lines
(1) The joint equation of the bisectors of the angles between
the l ines represented by the equation
0 2
2 2
= + + by hxy ax is
h
xy
b a
y x
=
2 2
0 ) (
2 2
= hy xy b a hx
Here, coefficient of
+
2
x
coefficient of 0
2
= y . Hence,
the bisectors of the angles between the lines are
perpendicular to each other. The bisector lines will pass
through origin also.
(i) If
b a =
, the bisectors are
0
2 2
= y x
.
i.e., 0 , 0 = + = y x y x
(ii) If
0 = h
, the bisectors are 0 = xy i.e., 0 , 0 = = y x .
(2) The equation of the bisectors of the angles between the
lines represented by
2 2
2 by hxy ax + +
+ 0 2 2 = + + c fy gx
are given by
h
y x
b a
y x ) )( ( ) ( ) (
2
| o | o
=

2
, where o,
| is the point of intersection of the lines represented by
the given equation.
Equation of the lines joining the origin to the points
of intersection of a given line and a given curve
lx+my+n=0
Y
Y'
O
X' X
B
A
The equation of the lines which joins origin to the point
of intersection of the line 0 = + + n my lx and curve
0 2 2 2
2 2
= + + + + + c fy gx by hxy ax , can be obtained by
making the curve homogeneous with the help of line
0 = + + n my lx , which is
0 ) ( 2 2
2
2 2
= |
\
|
+
+ |
\
|
+
+ + + +
n
my lx
c
n
my lx
fy gx by hxy ax
Removal of first degree terms
Let point of intersecti on of l ines represented by
0 2 2 2
2 2
.....(i) is ) , ( | o .
Here
|
\
|
=
ab h
gh af
ab h
fh bg
2 2
, ) , ( | o
For removal of first degree terms, shift the origin to ) , ( | o
i.e., replacing x by ) ( o + X and y be ) ( | + Y in (i).
Alternative Method: Direct equation after removal of
first degree terms is
0 ) ( 2
2 2
= + + + + + c f g bY hXY aX | o
,
where
ab h
fh bg
=
2
o
and
ab h
gh af
=
2
|
.
Removal of the term xy from f(X,Y) = ax
2
+2hxy+by
2
without changing the origin
Clearly,
0 = h
. Rotating the axes through an angle u ,
we have, u u sin cos Y X x = and u u cos sin Y X y + =
2 2
2 ) , ( by hxy ax y x f + + =
After rotation, new equation is
2 2 2
) sin sin cos 2 cos ( ) , ( X b h a Y X F u u u u + + =
XY h a b ) sin (cos sin cos ) {( 2
2 2
u u u u + +
2 2 2
) cos sin cos 2 sin ( Y b h a u u u u + +
Now coefficient of XY = 0. Then we get cot
h
b a
2
2
= u
.
- Usually, we use the formula,
b a
h
=
2
2 tan u
for finding
the angle of rotation u. However, if
b a =
, we use
h
b a
2
2 cot
= u
as in this case
u 2 tan
is not defined.
Distance between the pair of parallel straight lines
If
0 2 2 2
2 2
represents a pair
of parallel straight lines, then the distance between them
is given by
) (
2
2
b a a
ac g
+
or
) (
2
2
b a b
bc f
+
.
1. The equation
4 ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 2 2 2
= + + + + y x y x
represents a
(a) Circle (b) Pair of straight lines
2. If the equation
0 1 2 2
2 2
= + + + + fy gx y x
represents a
pair of lines, then
(a)
1
2 2
= f g
(b)
1
2 2
= g f
(c)
1
2 2
= + f g
(d)
2
1
2 2
= + g f
Mathematics
3. If the pair of straight lines 0 1 = + y x xy and the line
0 3 2 = + y ax are concurrent, then a =
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 3 (d) 1
4. The area of the triangl e formed by the line
0 9 9 4
2 2
= y xy x
and
2 = x
is
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 10/3 (d) 20/3
5. If the equations of opposite sides of a parallelogram are
0 6 7
2
= + x x
and 0 40 14
2
= + y y , then the
equation of its one diagonal is
(a) 0 14 5 6 = + + y x (b) 0 14 5 6 = + y x
(c) 0 14 6 5 = + + y x (d) 0 14 6 5 = + y x
6. The image of the pair of lines represented by
0 2
2 2
= + + by hxy ax
by the line mirror 0 = y is
(a)
0 2
2 2
= by hxy ax
(b)
0 2
2 2
= + ay hxy bx
(c)
0 2
2 2
= + + ay hxy bx
(d)
0 2
2 2
= + by hxy ax
7. Let PQR be a right angled isosceles triangle, right angled
at ) 1 , 2 ( P . If the equation of the line QR is
, 3 2 = + y x then the equation representing the pair of
lines PQ and
PR
is
(a)
0 25 10 20 8 3 3
2 2
= + + + + y x xy y x
(b)
0 25 10 20 8 3 3
2 2
= + + y x xy y x
(c)
0 20 15 10 8 3 3
2 2
= + + + + y x xy y x
(d)
0 20 15 10 8 3 3
2 2
= y x xy y x
8. If the portion of the line 1 = + my lx falling inside the
circle
2 2 2
a y x = +
subtends an angle of
o
45
at the
origin, then
(a)
) ( ] 1 ) ( [ 4
2 2 2 2 2 2
m l a m l a + = +
(b)
2 ) ( ] 1 ) ( [ 4
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ = + m l a m l a
(c)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
] 2 ) ( [ ] 1 ) ( [ 4 + = + m l a m l a
(d) None of these
9. The angle between lines joining the origin to the points
of intersection of the line
2 3 = + y x
and the curve
4
2 2
= + x y
is
(a)
6 / t
(b)
4 / t
(c) 3 / t (d) 2 / t
10. Mixed term xy is to be removed from the general
equation
0 2 2 2
2 2
= + + + + + c gx fy hxy by ax
. One
should rotate the axes through an angle u given by
u 2 tan equal to
(a)
h
b a
2
(b)
b a
h
+
2
(c)
h
b a
2
+
(d)
) (
2
b a
h
11. If the equation 0 ) 3 ( 3

2 3 2 3
= + xy x m y x y represents
the three lines passing through origin, then
(a) Lines are equally inclined to each other
(b) Two lines makes equal angle with x-axis
(c) All three lines makes equal angle with x-axis
(d) None of these
12. Locus of the points equidistant from the lines
represented by
0 sin sin cos
2 2 2 2 2
= u u u y xy x
is
(a)
0 sec 2
2 2 2
= + + u xy y x
(b) 0 cosec 2
2 2 2
= + + u xy y x
(c)
0 sec 2
2 2 2
= + u xy y x
(d) 0 cosec 2
2 2 2
= + u xy y x
13. If pair of straight l ines
0 2
2 2
= y mxy x
and
0 2
2 2
= y nxy x
be such that each pair bisects the
angle between the other pair, then mn =
(a) 1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) 1/2
14. If the pair of lines
0 2 2 2
2 2
intersect on the y- axis, then
(a)
2 2
2 ch bg fgh + =
(b)
2 2
ch bg =
(c) fgh abc 2 = (d) None of these
15. The lines joining the origin to the point of intersection of
the circle
3
2 2
= + y x
and the line 2 = + y x are
(a)
0 ) 2 2 3 ( = + x y
(b)
0 ) 2 2 3 ( = + y x
(c)
0 ) 2 2 3 ( = y x
(d)
0 ) 2 2 3 ( = x y
Mathematics
16. The lines joining the origin to the points of intersection
of the curves 0 2 2
2 2
= + + + gx by hxy ax and
0 ' 2 ' ' 2 '
2 2
= + + + x g y b xy h x a
wil l be mutual l y
perpendicular, if
(a) ) ( ' ) ' ' ( b a g b a g + = (b) ) ( ' ) ' ' ( b a g b a g + = +
(c) ) ( ' ) ' ' ( b a g b a g = + (d) ) ( ' ) ' ' ( b a g b a g =
17. Distance between the lines represented by the equation
0 4 3 3 3 3 3 2
2 2
= + + y x y xy x
is
(a) 5/2 (b) 5/4
(c) 5 (d) 0
18. If the lines joining origin to the points of intersection of
the line = gy fx and the curve
0
2 2
= + + + fy gx y hxy x be mutually perpendicular,,
then
(a) h = (b) g =
(c) fg = (d) may have any value
19. The equation of the line joining origin to the points of
intersection of the curve
2 2 2
a y x = +
and
0
2 2
= + ay ax y x
is
(a)
0
2 2
= y x
(b) 0 = xy
(c)
0
2
= x xy
(d)
0
2
= + xy y
20. The equation of second degree
0 1 2 4 4 2 2 2
2 2
= + + + + + y x y xy x
represents a pair
of straight lines. The distance between them is
(a) 4 (b)
3 / 4
(c) 2 (d)
3 2
21. The equation of pair of straight lines joining the point of
intersection of the curve
4
2 2
= + y x
and 2 = x y to
the origin, is
(a)
2 2 2
) ( x y y x = +
(b)
0 ) (
2 2 2
= + + x y y x
(c)
2 2 2
) ( 4 x y y x = +
(d)
0 ) ( 4
2 2 2
= + + x y y x
22. The lines joining the points of intersection of line
1 = + y x and curve
0 2
2 2
= + + y y x
to the origin
are perpendicular, then the value of will be
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/2
(c)
2 / 1
(d) 0
23. The lines joining the points of intersection of curve
0 12 4 8 8 12 5
2 2
= + + + y x y xy x and the l ine
2 = y x to the origin , makes the angles with the axes
(a)
o
30
and
o
45
(b)
o
45
and
o
60
(c) Equal (d) Parallel to axes
24. The lines joining the points of intersection of the curve
0 ) ( ) (
2 2 2
= + c k y h x
and the line hk hy kx 2 = + to
the origin are perpendicular, then
(a)
k h c =
(b)
2 2 2
k h c + =
(c)
2 2
) ( k h c + =
(d)
2 2 2
4 k h c + =
25. If the distance of two lines passing through origin from
the point ) , (
1 1
y x is
' ' d
, then the equation of lines is
(a) ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2
1 1
y x d yx xy + =
(b) ) ( ) (
2 2 2
1 1
y x xy y x + =
(c) ) ( ) (
2 2 2
1 1
y x yx xy = +
(d) ) ( 2 ) (
1 1
2 2
y x y x + =
26. The equation of the locus of foot of perpendiculars drawn
from the origin to the line passing through a fixed point
(a, b), is
(a)
0
2 2
= + by ax y x
(b)
0
2 2
= + + + by ax y x
(c)
0 2 2
2 2
= + by ax y x
(d) None of these
27. The orthocentre of the triangle formed by the lines
0 = xy and 1 = + y x is
(a) ) 0 , 0 ( (b)
|
\
|
2
1
,
2
1
(c)
|
\
|
3
1
,
3
1
(d)
|
\
|
4
1
,
4
1
28. The product of perpendiculars drawn from the origin to
the l ines represented by the equation
0 2 2 2
2 2
, will be
(a)
2 2 2
4h b a
ab
+
(b)
2 2 2
4h b a
bc
+
(c) 2 2 2
4 ) ( h b a
ca
+ +
(d) 2 2
4 ) ( h b a
c
+
Mathematics
29. The equations to a pair of opposite sides of a
parallelogram are
0 6 5
2
= + x x
and 0 5 6
2
= + y y .
The equations to its diagonals are
(a) 13 4 = + y x and 7 4 = x y
(b) 13 4 = + y x and 7 4 = x y
(c) 13 4 = + y x and 7 4 = x y
(d) 13 4 = x y and 7 4 = + x y
30. Area of t he triangl e formed by the l ines
0 18 9
2 2
= + x xy y
and 9 = y is
(a)
sq
4
27
. units (b) . 27sq units
(c)
.
2
27
sq
units (d) None of these
1.(b) 2.(c) 3.(d) 4.(c) 5.(b) 6.(d) 7.(b) 8.(c) 9.(c) 10.(d)
11.(a) 12.(d) 13.(b) 14.(a) 15.(a) 16.(b) 17.(a) 18.(d) 19.(b) 20.(c)
21.(a) 22.(d) 23.(c) 24.(b) 25.(a) 26.(a) 27.(a) 28.(d) 29.(c) 30.(a)
Mathematics
CIRCLE & SYSTEM OF CIRCLE
Definition
A circle is defined as the locus of a point which moves in a
plane such that its distance from a fixed point in that plane
always remains the same i.e., constant.
The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and the fixed
distance is called the radius of the circle.
(Moving point)
O
P
Q
Plane
Fixed point
R
Standard forms of equation of a circle
(1) General equation of a circle : The general equation of
a circle is
0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c fy gx y x
where g, f, c are
constant.
(i) Centre of the circle is (g, f). i.e., (
2
1
coefficient of x,
2
1
coefficient of y).
(ii) Radius of the circle is
c f g +
2 2
.
Nature of the circle
(i) If
0
2 2
> + c f g
, then the radius of the circle will be
real. Hence, in this case, it is possible to draw a circle on
a plane.
(ii) If
0
2 2
= + c f g
, then the radius of the circle will be
zero. Such a circle is known as point circle.
(iii) If
0
2 2
< + c f g
, then the radius
c f g +
2 2
of the
circle will be an imaginary number. Hence, in this case, it
is not possible to draw a circle.
The condition for the second degree equation to
represent a circle : The general equation
2 2
2 by hxy ax + + 0 2 2 = + + + c fy gx represents a circle
iff
(i)
0 = = b a
(ii)
0 = h
(iii)
0 2
2 2 2
= + = A ch bg af hgf abc
(iv)
0
2 2
> + ac f g
(2) Central form of equation of a circle : The equation of
a circle having centre (h, k) and radius r is
2 2 2
) ( ) ( r k y h x = +
If the centre is origin, then the equation of the circle is
2 2 2
r y x = +
(3) Circle on a given diameter : The equation of the circle
drawn on the straight line joining two given points ) , (
1 1
y x
and ) , (
2 2
y x as diameter is
0 ) )( ( ) )( (
2 1 2 1
= + y y y y x x x x
2 2 1 1
(4) Parametric co-ordinates
(i) The parametric co-ordinates of any point on the circle
2 2 2
) ( ) ( r k y h x = +
are given by ) sin , cos ( u u r k r h + + ,
) 2 0 ( t u < s .
In particular, co-ordinates of any point on the circle
2 2 2
r y x = +
are ) sin , cos ( u u r r , ) 2 0 ( t u < s .
(ii) The parametric co-ordinates of any point on the circle
0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c fy gx y x
are
u cos ) (
2 2
c f g g x + + =
and
u sin ) (
2 2
c f g f y + + =
, ) 2 0 ( t u < s
(5) Equation of a circle under given conditions
(i) The equation of the circle through three non-collinear
points
) , ( ), , ( ), , (
3 3 2 2 1 1
y x C y x B y x A is
0
1
1
1
1
3 3
2
3
2
3
2 2
2
2
2
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
2 2
=
+
+
+
+
y x y x
y x y x
y x y x
y x y x
(ii) From given three points taking any two as extremities of
diameter of a circle S = 0 and equation of straight line
passing through these two points is L = 0. Then required
equation of circle is
0 = + L S
, where
is a parameter,,
Mathematics
which can be found out by putting third point in the
equation.
(h,k)
P(x,y)
r
C
Equation of a circle in some special cases
(1) If centre of the circle is ) , ( k h and it passes through origin
then its equation is
2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( k h k y h x + = +
2 2
y x +
0 2 2 = ky hx .
(2) If the circle touches x-axis then its equation is
2 2 2
) ( ) ( k k y h x = +
. (Four cases)
(3) If the circle touches y-axis then its equation is
2 2 2
) ( ) ( h k y h x = + . (Four cases)
(h,k) (h,k)
(h,k) (h,k)
h h
h h
Y
X
X'
Y'
(4) If the circle touches both the axes then its equation is
2 2 2
) ( ) ( r r y r x = +
. (Four cases)
(r,r) (r,r)
(r,r)
(r,r)
Y
X X'
Y'
(5) If the circle touches x- axis at origin then its equation is
2 2 2
) ( k k y x = + 0 2
2 2
= + ky y x . (Two cases)
(6) If the circle touches y-axis at origin, the equation of circle
is
2 2 2
) ( h y h x = + 0 2
2 2
= + xh y x . (Two cases)
Y
X
(h,0) (h,0)
X'
Y'
(7) If the circle passes through origin and cut intercepts a
and b on axes, the equation of circle is
0
2 2
= + by ax y x
and centre is ) 2 / , 2 / ( b a C . (Four
cases)
Intercepts on the axes
The lengths of intercepts made by the circl e
0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c fy gx y x on X and Y axes are
c g
2
2
and
c f
2
2
respectively..
Therefore,
(i) The circle
0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c fy gx y x
cuts the x-axis in
real and distinct points, touches or does not meet in real
points according as c g < = > or ,
2
.
(ii) Similarly, the circle
0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c fy gx y x
cuts the
y-axis in real and distinct points, touches or does not
meet in real points according as c f < = > or ,
2
.
Position of a point with respect to a circle
A point ) , (
1 1
y x lies outside, on or inside a circle
0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c fy gx y x S
according as
c fy gx y x S + + + +
1 1
2
1
2
1 1
2 2 is positive, zero or
negative.
The least and greatest distance of a point from a
circle: Let S = 0 be a circle and ) , (
1 1
y x A be a point. If the
diameter of the circle through A is passing through the
circle at P and Q, then = = | | r AC AP least distance;
= + = r AC AQ greatest distance where r is the radius
and C is the centre of the circle.
r C
P
Q
A
Mathematics
Intersection of a line and a circle
The length of the intercept cut off from the line
c mx y + = by the circle
2 2 2
a y x = +
is
2
2 2 2
1
) 1 (
2
m
c m a
+
+
.
(i) If
0 ) 1 (
2 2 2
> + c m a
, line will meet the circle at two real
and different points.
(ii) If
) 1 (
2 2 2
m a c + =
, line will touch the circle.
(iii) If
0 ) 1 (
2 2 2
< + c m a
, line will meet the circle at two
imaginary points.
Tangent to a circle at a given point
(1) Point form
(i) The equation of tangent at (x
1
, y
1
) to circle
2 2 2
a y x = +
is
2
1 1
a yy xx = + .
(ii) The equation of tangent at ) , (
1 1
y x to circle
0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c fy gx y x i s 0 ) ( ) (
1 1 1 1
= + + + + + + c y y f x x g yy xx .
(2) Parametric form : Since parametric co-ordinates of a
point on the circle
2 2 2
a y x = +
is ), sin , cos ( u u a a then
equation of tangent at ) sin , cos ( u u a a is
2
sin . cos . a a y a x = + u u or a y x = + u u sin cos .
(3) Slope form : The straight line c mx y + = touches the
circle
2 2 2
a y x = +
if
) 1 (
2 2 2
m a c + =
and the point of
contact of tangent
2
1 m a mx y + =
is
|
|
\
|
+
+
2 2
1
,
1 m
a
m
ma #
.
Length of tangent
(x1,y1)
P
Q
R
1
S
Let PQ and PR be two tangents drawn from ) , (
1 1
y x P to
the circle
. 0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c fy gx y x
Then PQ = PR is called the length of tangent drawn from
point P and is given by PQ =PR
1 1 1
2
1
2
1
2 2 S c fy gx y x = + + + + = .
Pair of tangents
From a given point ) , (
1 1
y x P two tangents PQ and PR
can be drawn to the circle
. 0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + = c fy gx y x S
Their combined equation is
2
1
T SS = ,
where
0 = S
is the equation of circle,
0 = T
is the
equation of tangent at ) , (
1 1
y x and S
1
is obtained by
replacing x by x
1
and y by y
1
in S.
Director circle
The locus of the point of intersection of two
perpendicular tangents to a circle is called the Director
circle.
Let the circle be
2 2 2
a y x = + , then equation of director
circle is
2 2 2
2a y x = +
.
90
P(x1,y1)
Obviously director circle is a concentric circle whose
radius is
2
times the radius of the given circle.
Director circle of circle
0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c fy gx y x
is
0 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
= + + + + f g c fy gx y x
.
Power of point with respect to a circle
Let ) , (
1 1
y x P be a point outside the circle and PAB and
PCD drawn two secants. The power of ) , (
1 1
y x P with
respect to
0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c fy gx y x S
is equal to PA .
PB which is
1 1 1
2
1
2
1
2 2 S c fy gx y x = + + + +
= =
2
1
) ( . S PB PA
T B
A
C D P(x
1
,y
1
)
Mathematics
Square of the length of tangent.
If P is outside, inside or on the circle then PA . PB is +ve,
ve or zero respectively.
Normal to a circle at a given point
The normal of a circle at any point is a straight line, which
is perpendicular to the tangent at the point and always
passes through the centre of the circle.
(1) Equation of normal: The equation of normal to the
circle
0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c fy gx y x
at any point ) , (
1 1
y x is
) (
1
1
1
1
x x
g x
f y
y y
+
+
=
or
f y
y y
g x
x x
+
=
+
1
1
1
1
.
The equation of normal to the circle
2 2 2
a y x = +
at any
point ) , (
1 1
y x is 0
1 1
= y x xy or
1 1
y
y
x
x
=
.
Tangent
Normal
90
P
(2) Parametric form : Since parametric co-ordinates of a
point on the circle
2 2 2
a y x = +
is ) sin , cos ( u u a a .
Equation of normal at ) sin , cos ( u u a a is
u u sin cos a
y
a
x
=
or
u u sin cos
y x
=
or u tan x y =
or mx y = where u tan = m , which is slope form of
normal.
Chord of contact of tangents
(1) Chord of contact : The chord joining the points of
contact of the two tangents to a conic drawn from a
given point, outside it, is called the chord of contact of
tangents.
(x' ,y') P
A
(x1, y1)
(x,y)Q
Chord of
contact
(2) Equation of chord of contact : The equation of the
chord of contact of tangents drawn from a point ) , (
1 1
y x
to the circle
2 2 2
a y x = +
is .
2
1 1
a yy xx = +
Equation of chord of contact at ) , (
1 1
y x to the circle
0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c fy gx y x is
0 ) ( ) (
1 1 1 1
= + + + + + + c y y f x x g yy xx .
It is clear from above that the equation to the chord of
contact coincides with the equation of the tangent, if
point ) , (
1 1
y x lies on the circle.
The length of chord of contact
2 2
2 p r =
; (p being
length of perpendicular from centre to the chord)
Area of APQ A is given by
2
1
2
1
2 / 3 2 2
1
2
1
) (
y x
a y x a
+
+
.
(3) Equation of the chord bisected at a given point :
The equation of the chord of the circl e
0 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c fy gx y x S
bisected at the point
) , (
1 1
y x is given by
1
S T = .
i.e., c fy gx y x c y y f x x g yy xx + + + + = + + + + + +
1 1
2
1
2
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 ) ( ) ( .
Common chord of two circles
(1) Definition : The chord joining the points of intersection
of two given circles is called their common chord.
(2) Equation of common chord : The equation of the
common chord of two circles
0 2 2
1 1 1
2 2
1
= + + + + c y f x g y x S .(i)
and 0 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2
= + + + + c y f x g y x S .(ii)
is 0 ) ( 2 ) ( 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
= + + c c f f y g g x i.e., 0
2 1
= S S .
(3) Length of the common chord :
2
1
2
1
2 ) ( 2 M C P C PM PQ = =
Where = P C
1
radius of the circle 0
1
= S and = M C
1
length of the perpendicular from the centre
1
C to the
common chord PQ.
Diameter of a circle
The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel
chords of a circle is called a diameter of the circle.
The equation of the diameter bisecting parallel chords
c mx y + = (c is a parameter) of the circle
2 2 2
a y x = +
is
. 0 = + my x
Common tangents to two circles
Different cases of intersection of two circles :
Mathematics
Let the two circles be
2
1
2
1
2
1
) ( ) ( r y y x x = + ..(i)
and
2
2
2
2
2
2
) ( ) ( r y y x x = + ..(ii)
with centres ) , (
1 1 1
y x C and ) , (
2 2 2
y x C and radii r
1
and r
2
respectively. Then following cases may arise :
Case I : When
2 1 2 1
| | r r C C + > i.e., the distance between
the centres is greater than the sum of radii.
C
1
r
2
C2 T
r1
P
Direct common
Transverse common
In this case four common tangents can be drawn to the
two circles, in which two are direct common tangents
and the other two are transverse common tangents.
The points P, T of intersection of direct common tangents
and transverse common tangents respectively, always
lie on the line joining the centres of the two circles and
divide it externally and internally respectively in the ratio
of their radii.
2
1
2
1
r
r
P C
P C
=
(externally) and
2
1
2
1
r
r
T C
T C
=
(internally)
Hence, the ordinates of P and T are
|
|
\
|
2 1
1 2 2 1
2 1
1 2 2 1
,
r r
y r y r
r r
x r x r
P
and
|
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
2 1
1 2 2 1
2 1
1 2 2 1
,
r r
y r y r
r r
x r x r
T
.
Case II : When
2 1 2 1
| | r r C C + = i.e., the distance between
the centres is equal to the sum of radii.
Direct common
tangents
Transverse common
tangent
C2
C1 T P
In this case two direct common tangents are real and
distinct while the transverse tangents are coincident.
Case III : When
2 1 2 1
| | r r C C + < i.e., the distance between
the centres is less than sum of radii.
Direct common
tangents
P
C
2 C1
In this case two direct common tangents are real and
distinct while the transverse tangents are imaginary.
Case IV : When , | | | |
2 1 2 1
r r C C = i.e., the distance
between the centres is equal to the difference of the
radii.
1
2
2
1
In this case two tangents are real and coincident while
the other two tangents are imaginary.
Case V : When , | | | |
2 1 2 1
r r C C < i.e., the distance
between the centres is less than the difference of the
radii.
C
1
r2
C
2
r
1
In this case, all the four common tangents are imaginary.
Angle of intersection of two circles
The angle of intersection between two circles S = 0 and
S = 0 is defined as the angle between their tangents at
their point of intersection.
If 0 2 2
1 1 1
2 2
= + + + + c y f x g y x S
0 2 2 '
2 2 2
2 2
= + + + + c y f x g y x S
S=0
tu
r1
C
1
B A
Q
C
2
r2
u
S'=0
P
A' B'
are two circles with radii
2 1
, r r and d be the distance
between their centres then the angle of intersection u
between them is given by
2 1
2 2
2
2
1
2
cos
r r
d r r +
= u
or
2
2
2
2
2 1
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1 2 1
2
) ( ) ( 2
cos
c f g c f g
c c f f g g
+ +
+ +
= u
.
Condition of Orthogonality : If the angle of
intersection of the two circles is a right angle
) 90 (
o
= u
,
then such circles are called orthogonal circles and
condition for orthogonality is
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 c c f f g g + = + .
C
1
C
2
90
P
(g1,f1) (g2,f2)
Family of circles
(1) The equation of the family of circles passing through the
Mathematics
point of intersection of two given circles S = 0 and S = 0
is given as 0 ' = + S S ,
(where is a parameter, ) 1 =
S=0
S'=0
S+S'=0
(2) The equation of the family of circles passing through the
point of intersection of circle S = 0 and a line L = 0 is
given as 0 = + L S , (where is a parameter)
S=0
S+L=0
L=0
(3) The equation of the family of circles touching the circle
S = 0 and the line L = 0 at their point of contact P is
0 = + L S , (where is a parameter)
S=0
S+L=0
L=0
(4) The equation of a family of circles passing through two
given points ) , (
1 1
y x P and ) , (
2 2
y x Q can be written in
the form
0
1
1
1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
1 1 2 1 2 1
= + +
y x
y x
y x
y y y y x x x x
,(where
is a parameter)
P(x1,y1)
Q(x2,y2)
(5) The equation of family of circles, which touch
) (
1 1
x x m y y = at ) , (
1 1
y x for any finite m is
) {( ) ( ) (
1
2
1
2
1
y y y y x x + + 0 )} (
1
= x x m
And if m is infinite, the family of circles is
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
1
2
1
2
1
= + + x x y y x x ,
(where is a parameter)
(6) Equation of the circles given in diagram is
+ ) ( ) (
2 1
x x x x ) ( ) {( cot ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
y y x x y y y y u
(x
2
,y
2
)
u
u
(x1,y1)
1. The straight line 0 ) 3 ( ) 2 ( = + + y x cuts the circle
11 ) 3 ( ) 2 (
2 2
= + y x
at
(a) No points (b) One point
(c) Two points (d) None of these
2. A circle lies in the second quadrant and touches both
the axes. If the radius of the circle be 4, then its equation
is
(a)
0 16 8 8
2 2
= + + + + y x y x
(b)
0 16 8 8
2 2
= + + + y x y x
(c)
0 16 8 8
2 2
= + + + y x y x
(d)
0 16 8 8
2 2
= + + y x y x
3. The equation of the circle whose centre is (3, 1) and
which cuts off a chord of length 6 on the line
0 18 5 2 = + y x is
(a)
38 ) 1 ( ) 3 (
2 2
= + + y x
(b)
38 ) 1 ( ) 3 (
2 2
= + + y x
(c)
38 ) 1 ( ) 3 (
2 2
= + + y x
(d) None of these
4. A circle has its equation in the form
0 1 4 2
2 2
= + + + + y x y x
. Choose the correct
coordinates of its centre and the right value of its radius
from the following
(a) Centre (1, 2), radius = 2
(b) Centre (2, 1), radius = 1
(c) Centre (1, 2), radius = 3
(d) Centre (1, 2), radius = 2
5. If the point (2, 0), (0, 1), (4, 5) and (0, c) are con-cyclic,
then c is equal to
(a)
14
3
, 1
(b)
3
14
, 1
(c)
1 ,
3
14
(d) None of these
Mathematics
6. The point ) 7 , 10 ( P lies outside the circle
0 20 2 4
2 2
= + y x y x . The greatest distance of P
from the circle is
(a) 5 (b)
3
(c)
5
(d) 15
7. The diameter of a circle is AB and C is another point on
circle, then the area of triangle ABC will be
(a) Maximum, if the triangle is isosceles
(b) Minimum, if the triangle is isosceles
(c) Maximum, if the triangle is equilateral
(d) None of these
8. If a circle of constant radius 3k passes through the origin
and meets the axes at A and B, the locus of the centroid
of the triangle OAB is the circle
(a)
2 2 2
k y x = +
(b)
0
2 2 2
= + + k y x
(c)
0 4
2 2 2
= + + k y x
(d)
2 2 2
4k y x = +
9. The equation of the image of the circle
0 183 24 16
2 2
= + + + y x y x
by the line mirror
0 13 7 4 = + + y x is
(a)
0 235 4 32
2 2
= + + + y x y x
(b)
0 235 4 32
2 2
= + + + y x y x
(c)
0 235 4 32
2 2
= + + y x y x
(d)
0 235 4 32
2 2
= + + + + y x y x
10. Locus of a point which moves such that sum of the
squares of its distances from the sides of a square of side
unity is 9, is
(a) Straight line (b) Circle
(c) Parabola (d) None of these
11. ABCD is a square, the length of whose side is a. Taking AB
and AD as the coordinate axes, the equation of the circle
passing through the vertices of the square, is
(a)
0
2 2
= + + + ay ax y x
(b)
0
2 2
= + ay ax y x
(c)
0 2 2
2 2
= + + + ay ax y x
(d)
0 2 2
2 2
= + ay ax y x
12. Locus of the point given by the equations
2
1
2
t
at
x
+
=
,
) 1 1 (
1
) 1 (
2
2
s s
+
= t
t
t a
y is a
(a) Straight line (b) Circle
(c) Ellipse (d) Hyperbola
13. The equation of the circle with origin as centre passing
the vertices of an equilateral triangle whose median is
of length 3a is
(a)
2 2 2
9a y x = +
(b)
2 2 2
16a y x = +
(c)
2 2 2
a y x = +
(d) None of these
14. If the l ine 0 1 4 3 = + y x touches the circl e
2 2 2
) 2 ( ) 1 ( r y x = +
, then the value of r will be
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c)
5
12
(d)
5
2
15. The two points A and B in a plane are such that for all
points P lies on circle satisfied
k
PB
PA
=
, then k will not
be equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) None of these
16. The locus of a point which divides the join of ) 1 , 1 ( A
and a variable point P on the circle
4
2 2
= + y x
in the
ratio 3 : 2, is
(a) 0 28 ) ( 20 ) ( 25
2 2
= + + + y x y x
(b) 0 28 ) ( 20 ) ( 25
2 2
= + + y x y x
(c)
0 28 ) ( 25 ) ( 20
2 2
= + + + y x y x
(d) None of these
17. The abscissae of A and B are the roots of the equation
0 2
2 2
= + b ax x
and their ordinates are the roots of
the equation
0 2
2 2
= + q py y
. The equation of the
circle with AB as diameter
(a)
0 2 2
2 2 2 2
= + + + q b py ax y x
(b)
0 2
2 2 2 2
= + + + q b py ax y x
(c)
0 2 2
2 2 2 2
= + + + + + q b py ax y x
(d) None of these
18. A square is inscribed i n the circl e
0 93 4 2
2 2
= + + y x y x
with its sides parallel to the
coordinate axes. The coordinates of its vertices are
(a) (6, 9), (6, 5), (8, 9) and (8, 5)
(b) (6, 9), (6, 5), (8, 9) and (8, 5)
(c) (6, 9), (6, 5), (8, 9) and (8, 5)
(d) (6, 9), (6, 5), (8, 9) and (8, 5)
Mathematics
19. Chord of contact of the point (3, 2) w.r.t. the circle
25
2 2
= + y x meets the coordinate axes in A and B. The
circumcentre of triangle OAB is
(a)
|
\
|
6
25
,
4
25
(b)
|
\
|
50
3
,
50
2
(c)
|
\
|
4
25
,
6
25
(d) None of these
20. The circle
4
2 2
= + y x
cuts the line joining the points
) 0 , 1 ( A and ) 4 , 3 ( B in two points P and Q. Let
o =
PA
BP
and
| =
QA
BQ
. Then o and | are roots of the quadratic
equation
(a)
0 21 2 3
2
= + x x
(b)
0 21 2 3
2
= + + x x
(c)
0 21 3 2
2
= + x x
(d) None of these
21. A circle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side a,
the area of any square inscribed in the circle is
(a)
3
2
a
(b)
3
2
2
a
(c)
6
2
a
(d)
12
2
a
22. Let
1
L be a straight line passing through the origin and
2
L be the straight line 1 = + y x . If the intercepts made
by the circle
0 3
2 2
= + + y x y x
on
1
L and
2
L are
equal, then which of the following equations can
represent
1
L
(a) 0 = + y x (b) 0 = y x
(c) 0 7 = + y x (d) 0 7 = y x
23. The area of the triangle formed by joining the origin to
the points of intersection of the line
5 3 2 5 = + y x
and circle
10
2 2
= + y x
is
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6
24. The centre of the circle passing through (0, 0) and (1, 0)
and touching the circle
9
2 2
= + y x
is
(a)
|
\
|
2
1
,
2
1
(b)
|
\
|
2 ,
2
1
(c)
|
\
|
2
1
,
2
3
(d)
|
\
|
2
3
,
2
1
25. If
4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ,
1
, =
|
|
\
|
i
m
m
i
i are con-cyclic points, then the
value of
4 3 2 1
. . . m m m m is
(a) 1 (b) 1
26. The normal at the point (3, 4) on a circle cuts the circle at
the point (1, 2). Then the equation of the circle is
(a)
0 13 2 2
2 2
= + + y x y x
(b)
0 11 2 2
2 2
= + y x y x
(c)
0 12 2 2
2 2
= + + + y x y x
(d)
0 14 2 2
2 2
= + + y x y x
27. Tangents are drawn from the point (4, 3) to the circle
9
2 2
= + y x
. The area of the triangle formed by them
and the line joining their points of contact is
(a)
25
24
(b)
25
64
(c)
25
192
(d)
5
192
28. If the tangent to the circle
2 2 2
r y x = + at the point (a, b)
meets the coordinate axes at the point A and B, and O is
the origin, then the area of the triangle OAB is
(a)
ab
r
2
4
(b)
ab
r
4
(c)
ab
r
2
2
(d)
ab
r
2
29. The co-ordinates of the point from where the tangents
are drawn to the circl es
1
2 2
= + y x
,
0 15 8
2 2
= + + + x y x
and
0 24 10
2 2
= + + + y y x
are of
same length, are
(a)
|
\
|
2
5
, 2
(b)
|
\
|

2
5
, 2
(c)
|
\
|
2
5
, 2
(d)
|
\
|
2
5
, 2
30. The tangents are drawn from the point (4, 5) to the circle
0 11 2 4
2 2
= + y x y x
. The area of quadrilateral
formed by these tangents and radii, is
(a) 15 sq. units (b) 75 sq. units
(c) 8 sq. units (d) 4 sq. units
Mathematics
31. Let PQ and RS be tangents at the extremeties of the
diameter PR of a circle of radius r. If PS and RQ intersect
at a point X on the circumference of the circle, then 2r
equals
(a) RS PQ. (b)
2
RS PQ+
(c)
RS PQ
RS PQ
+
. 2
(d)
2
2 2
RS PQ +
32. The angle between a pair of tangents drawn from a point
P to the circle
9 6 4
2 2
+ + + y x y x
0 cos 13 sin
2 2
= + o o
is o 2 . The equation of the locus
of the point P is
(a)
0 4 6 4
2 2
= + + + y x y x
(b)
0 9 6 4
2 2
= + + y x y x
(c)
0 4 6 4
2 2
= + + y x y x
(d)
0 9 6 4
2 2
= + + + y x y x
33. If a straight line through
) 8 , 8 ( C
making an angle of
135
with the x-axis cuts the circle u u sin 5 , cos 5 = = y x
at points A and B, then the length of AB is
(a) 3 (b) 7
34. The number of common tangents to the circles
4
2 2
= + y x
and
24 8 6
2 2
= + y x y x
is
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) 4
37. If two distinct chords, drawn from the point (p, q) on
the circl e qy px y x + = +
2 2
, (where 0 = pq ) are
bisected by the x-axis, then
(a)
2 2
q p = (b)
2 2
8q p =
(c)
2 2
8q p <
(d)
2 2
8q p >
38. From the origin, chords are drawn to the circle
1 ) 1 (
2 2
= + y x
. The locus of mid points of these chords
is a
(a) Circle (b) Straight line
(c) Pair of straight line (d) None of these
39. Let AB be a chord of the circle
2 2 2
r y x = +
subtending a
right angle at the centre. Then the locus of the centroid
of the
PAB A
as P moves on the circle is
(a) A parabola (b) A circle
(c) An ellipse (d) A pair of straight lines
40. If the circle
1
C :
16
2 2
= + y x
intersects another circle
2
C of radius 5 in such a manner that the common chord
is of maximum length and has a slope equal to
4
3
, the
coordinates of the centre of
2
C are
(a)
|
\
|
5
12
,
5
9
,
|
\
|
5
12
,
5
9
(b)
|
\
|
|
\
|

5
12
,
5
9
,
5
12
,
5
9
(c)
|
\
|
|
\
|
5
12
,
5
9
,
5
12
,
5
9
(d) None of these
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (bc) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (a)
Mathematics
CONIC SECTION
Definition
The curves obtained by intersection of a plane and a double
cone in different orientation are called conic section.
Definitions of various important terms
(1) Focus : The fixed point is called the focus of the conic-
section.
(2) Directrix : The fixed straight line is called the directrix of
the conic section.
(3) Eccentricity : The constant ratio is called the eccentricity
of the conic section and is denoted by e.
(4) Axis : The straight line passing through the focus and
perpendicular to the directrix is called the axis of the
conic section. A conic is always symmetric about its axis.
(5) Vertex : The points of intersection of the conic section
and the axis are called vertices of conic section.
(6) Centre : The point which bisects every chord of the
conic passing through it, is called the centre of conic.
(7) Latus-rectum : The latus-rectum of a conic is the chord
passing through the focus and perpendicular to the axis.
(8) Double ordinate : The double ordinate of a conic is a
chord perpendicular to the axis.
(9) Focal chord : A chord passing through the focus of the
conic is called a focal chord.
(10) Focal distance : The distance of any point on the conic
from the focus is called the focal distance of the point.
General equation of a conic section when its focus,
directrix and eccentricity are given
Let ) , ( | o S be the focus, 0 = + + C By Ax be the directrix
and e be the eccentricity of a conic. Let ) , ( k h P be any
point on the conic. Let PM be the perpendicular from P,
on the directrix. Then by definition,
) , ( | o S
P(h, k)
Z
M
Z'
ePM SP =
2 2 2
PM e SP =
2
2 2
2 2 2
) ( ) (
|
|
\
|
+
+ +
= +
B A
C Bk Ah
e k h | o
Thus the locus of ) , ( k h is
= +
2 2
) ( ) ( | o y x
) (
) (
2 2
2
2
B +
+ +
A
C By Ax
e
,
which is general equation of second degree.
Recognisation of conics
The equation of conics is represented by the general
equation of second degree
0 2 2 2
2 2
......(i)
and discriminant of above equation is represented by
A
, where
2 2 2
2 ch bg af fgh abc + = A
Case I : When
0 = A
.
In this case equation (i) represents the degenerate conic
whose nature is given in the following table.
S. No. Condition Nature of conic
1.
0 = A and ` 0
2
= h ab
A pair of coincident
straight lines
2.
0 = A and 0
2
< h ab
A pair of intersecting
straight lines
3.
0 = A and 0
2
> h ab
A point
Case II : When
0 = A
.
In this case equation (i) represents the non-degenerate
conic whose nature is given in the following table.
S. No. Condition Nature of conic
1. b a h = = = A , 0 , 0 , e = 0 A circle
2.
0 , 0
2
= = A h ab , e = 1
A parabola
3.
0 , 0
2
> = A h ab , e < 1
An ellipse
4.
0 , 0
2
< = A h ab , e >1
A hyperbola
5.
0 , 0
2
< = A h ab , 0 = + b a , 2 = e
A rectangular
hyperbola
PARABOLA
Definition
A parabola is the locus of a point which moves in a plane
such that its distance from a fixed point (i.e., focus) in
the plane is always equal to its distance from a fixed
straight line (i.e., directrix) in the same plane.
Standard equation of the parabola
Let S be the focus,
' ZZ
be the directrix of the parabola
and ) , ( y x be any point on parabola, then standard form
of the parabola is
ax y 4
2
=
.
Some other standard forms of parabola are
(i) Parabola opening to left i.e,
ax y 4
2
=
Mathematics
(ii) Parabola opening upwards i.e., ay x 4
2
=
(iii) Parabola opening downwards i.e., ay x 4
2
=
Some terms related to parabola
Important
terms
ax y
2
4 =
ax y
2
4 =
ay x
2
4 =
ay x
2
4 =
Vertex (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0)
Focus (a, 0) (a, 0) (0, a) (0, a)
Directrix a x = a x = a y =
y = a
Axis 0 = y 0 = y 0 = x 0 = x
Latusrectum a 4 a 4 a 4 a 4
Focal
distance
) , ( y x P
a x + x a a y + y a
Special form of parabola (y k)
2
= 4a(x h) = a
The equation of a parabola with its vertex at (h, k) and
axis as parallel to x-axis is
) ( 4 ) (
2
h x a k y =
.
If the vertex of the parabola is ) , ( q p and its axis is parallel
to y-axis, then the equation of the parabola is
) ( 4 ) (
2
q y b p x =
.
Parametric equations of a parabola
Parabola
ax y 4
2
= ax y 4
2
= ay x 4
2
= ay x 4
2
=
Parametric
Co-ordinates
) 2 , (
2
at at ) 2 , (
2
at at ) , 2 (
2
at at (
2
, 2 at at )
Parametric
Equations
2
at x =
at y 2 =
2
at x =
at y 2 =
at x 2 =
2
at y =
at x 2 = ,
2
at y =
Position of a point and a line with respect to a parabola
(1) Position of a point with respect to a parabola : The
point ) , (
1 1
y x P lies outside, on or inside the parabola
ax y 4
2
=
according as 0 , , 4
1
2
1
< = > ax y .
X
Y
P(inside)
P
(Outside)
P
(on)
(2) Intersection of a line and a parabola: The line
c mx y + = does not intersect, touches or intersect a
parabola ax y 4
2
= , according as
m
a
c < = > , ,
.
Condition of tangency : The line c mx y + = touches
the parabola, if m a c / = .
Equations of tangent in different forms
(1) Point Form
Equations of tangent of all other standard parabolas at
(x1, y1)
Equation of parabola Tangent at (x1, y1)
y
2
= 4ax yy1 = 2a (x + x1)
ax y 4
2
= ) ( 2
1 1
x x a yy + =
ay x 4
2
= ) ( 2
1 1
y y a xx + =
ay x 4
2
=
) ( 2
1 1
y y a xx + =
(2) Parametric form
Equations of tangent of all other standard parabolas at
't'
Equations of
parabolas
Parametric
co-ordinates 't'
Tangent at 't'
ax y 4
2
= at at 2 ,
2 2
at x ty + =
ax y 4
2
= ) 2 , (
2
at at
2
at x ty + =
ay x 4
2
= ) , 2 (
2
at at
2
at y tx + =
ay x 4
2
= ) , 2 (
2
at at
2
at y tx + =
(3) Slope Form
Equations of tangent of all other parabolas in slope form
Equation
of
parabolas
Point of
contact in
terms of slope
(m)
Equation of
tangent in
terms of slope
(m)
Condition
of
Tangency
ax y 4
2
=
|
\
|
m
a
m
a 2
,
2
m
a
mx y + =
m
a
c =
ax y 4
2
=
|
\
|

m
a
m
a 2
,
2
m
a
mx y =
m
a
c =
ay x 4
2
= ) , 2 (
2
am am
2
am mx y =
2
am c =
ay x 4
2
= ) , 2 (
2
am am
2
am mx y + =
2
am c =
Point of intersection of tangents at any two points on
the parabola
(1) The point of intersection of tangents at two points
) 2 , (
1
2
1
at at P and ) 2 , (
2
2
2
at at Q on the parabola
ax y 4
2
=
is
)) ( , (
2 1 2 1
t t a t at + .
Mathematics
2
2
2
1 2 1 2
1
2
1
(2) The locus of the point of intersection of tangents to the
parabola ax y 4
2
= which meet at an angle o is
ax y a x 4 tan ) (
2 2 2
= + o
.
(3) Director circle: The locus of the point of intersection of
perpendicular tangents to a conic is known as its director
circle. The director circle of a parabola is its directrix.
(4) The tangents to the parabola ax y 4
2
= at ) 2 , (
1
2
1
at at P
and ) 2 , (
2
2
2
at at Q intersect at R. Then the area of triangle
PQR is
3
2 1
2
) (
2
1
t t a
.
Equation of pair of tangents from a point to a parabola
The combined equation of the pair of the tangents drawn
from a point to a parabola is
2
' T SS =
, where
; 4
2
ax y S =
1
2
1
4 ' ax y S = and ) ( 2
1 1
x x a yy T + = .
1 1
The two tangents can be drawn from a point to a
parabola. The two tangent are real and distinct or
coincident or imaginary according as the given point
lies outside, on or inside the parabola.
Equations of normal in different forms
(1) Point form
Equation of normals of all other standard
parabolas at (x1, y1)
Equation of parabola Normal at (x1, y1)
y
2
= 4ax
y y1 =
a
y
2
1
(x x1)
ax y 4
2
=
) (
2
1
1
1
x x
a
y
y y =
ay x 4
2
=
) (
2
1
1
1
x x
x
a
y y =
ay x 4
2
=
) (
2
1
1
1
x x
x
a
y y =
(2) Parametric form
Equations of normal of all other standard parabola at
't'
Equations of
parabolas
Parametric
co-ordinates
Normals at 't
y
2
= 4ax (at
2
, 2at) y + tx = 2at + at
3
ax y 4
2
= ) 2 , (
2
at at
3
2 at at tx y + =
ay x 4
2
= ) , 2 (
2
at at
3
2 at at ty x + = +
ay x 4
2
= ) , 2 (
2
at at
3
2 at at ty x + =
(3) Slope form
Equations of normal, point of contact, and condition of
normality in terms of slope (m)
Equation
s of
parabola
Point of
contact in
terms of
slope (m)
Equations of
normal in terms
of slope (m)
Condition
of
normality
ax y 4
2
= ) 2 , (
2
am am
3
2 am am mx y =
3
2 am am c =
ax y 4
2
= ) 2 , (
2
am am
3
2 am am mx y + + =
3
2 am am c + =
ay x 4
2
=
|
\
|
2
,
2
m
a
m
a
2
2
m
a
a mx y + + =
2
2
m
a
a c + =
ay x 4
2
=
|
\
|
2
,
2
m
a
m
a
2
2
m
a
a mx y =
2
2
m
a
a c =
Point of intersection of normals at any two points on
the parabola
The point of intersection of normals at any two points
) 2 , (
1
2
1
at at P and ) 2 , (
2
2
2
at at Q on the parabola
ax y 4
2
=
is
)] ( ), ( 2 [
2 1 2 1 2 1
2
2
2
1
t t t at t t t t a a R + + + +
1
2
1
2
2
2
Relation between t
1
and t
2
if normal at t
1
meets the
parabola again at t
2
If the normal at the point ) 2 , (

1
2
1
at at P meets the
parabola
ax y 4
2
=
again at ) 2 , (
2
2
2
at at ,
then
1
1 2
2
t
t t =
.
) 2 , (
1
2
1
at at Y
X
A
Y'
) 2 , (
2
2
2
at at
Q
P
Mathematics
Co-normal points
The points on the curve at which the normals pass
through a common point are called co-normal points. Q,
R, S are co-normal points. The co- normal points are also
called the feet of the normals.
Y
X' X
R
O
Y'
P(x1,y1)
Q
S
Properties of co-normal points
(1) Three normals can be drawn from a point to a parabola.
(2) The algebraic sum of the slopes of three concurrent
normals is zero.
(3) The sum of the ordinates of the co-normal points is zero.
(4) The centroid of the triangle formed by the co-normal
points lies on the axis of the parabola.
(5) The centroid of a triangle formed by joining the foots of
the normal of the parabola lies on its axis and is given by
|
|
\
|
+ + + +
3
2 2 2
,
3
3 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
am am am am am am
=
|
|
\
|
+ +
0 ,
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
am am am
.
(6) If three normals drawn to any parabola
ax y 4
2
=
from a
given point (h, k) be real, then
a h 2 >
for
1 = a
, normals
drawn to the parabola
x y 4
2
=
from any point (h, k) are
real, if
2 > h
.
(7) Out of these three at least one is real, as imaginary
normals will always occur in pairs.
Equation of the chord of contact of tangents to a
parabola
Let PQ and PR be tangents to the parabola
ax y 4
2
=
drawn from any external point ) , (
1 1
y x P then QR is called
the chord of contact of the parabola
ax y 4
2
=
.
(x1,y1)P
O
Y
X'
Q
R
Chord of
contact
Y'
X'
The chord of contact of tangents drawn from a point
) , (
1 1
y x to the parabola
ax y 4
2
=
is ) ( 2
1 1
x x a yy + = .
Equation of the chord of the parabola which is bisected
at a given point
The equation of the chord at the parabola ax y 4
2
=
bisected at the point ) , (
1 1
y x is given by
, 1
S T =
i.e., ) ( 2
1 1
x x a yy +
1
2
1
4ax y =
where ) ( 2
1 1
x x a yy T + = and
1
2
1 1
4ax y S = .
Equation of the chord joining any two points on the
parabola
Let ) 2 , ( ), 2 , (
2
2
, 2 1
2
1
at at Q at at P be any two points on the
parabola
ax y 4
2
=
. Then, the equation of the chordd
joining these points is,
2
1
2 1
1
2
2 at x
t t
at y
+
=
or
2 1 2 1
2 2 ) ( t at x t t y + = + .
(1) Condition for the chord joining points having
parameters t
1
and t
2
to be a focal chord: If the chord
joining points ) 2 , (
1
2
1
at at and ) 2 , (
2
2
2
at at on the parabola
passes through its focus, then ) 0 , (a satisfies the equation
2 1 2 1
2 2 ) ( t at x t t y + = +
2 1
2 2 0 t at a + = 1
2 1
= t t or
1
2
1
t
t =
.
(2) Length of the focal chord: The length of a focal chord
having parameters
1
t and
2
t for its end points is
2
1 2
) ( t t a .
ELLIPSE
Definition
An ellipse is the locus of a point which moves in such a
way that its distance from a fixed point is in constant
ratio (<1) to its distance from a fixed line. The fixed point
is called the focus and fixed line is called the directrix
and the constant ratio is called the eccentricity of the
ellipse, denoted by (e).
Standard equation of the ellipse
Let S be the focus, ZM be the directrix of the ellipse and
) , ( y x P is any point on the ellipse, then by definition
1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
, where
) 1 (
2 2 2
e a b =
.
Mathematics
Since
1 < e
, therefore
2 2 2
) 1 ( a e a <
2 2
a b <
.
The other form of equation of ellipse is
1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
y
x
,
where, b a e i e b a < = ., . ) 1 (
2 2 2
.
Difference between both ellipses will be clear from the
following table :
Ellipse
Imp.
terms
= + 1
2
2
2
2
b
y
a
x
For a > b For b > a
Centre (0, 0) (0, 0)
Vertices ) 0 , ( a ) , 0 ( b
Length of major axis 2a 2b
Length of minor axis 2b 2a
Foci ) 0 , ( ae ) , 0 ( be
Equation of
directrices
e a x / = e b y / =
Relation in a, b and e
) 1 (
2 2 2
e a b = ) 1 (
2 2 2
e b a =
Length of latus
rectum
a
b
2
2
b
a
2
2
Ends of latus-rectum
|
|
\
|

a
b
ae
2
,
|
|
\
|
be
b
a
,
2
Parametric equations ) sin , cos ( | | b a ) sin , cos ( | | b a
) 2 0 ( t | < s
Focal radii
1
ex a SP =
1
' ex a P S + =
1
ey b SP =
1
' ey b P S + =
Sum of focal radii
= + P S SP '
2a 2b
Distance between foci 2ae 2be
Distance between
directrices
2a/e 2b/e
Tangents at the
vertices
x = a, x = a y = b, y = b
Parametric form of the ellipse
Let the equation of ellipse in standard form will be given
by 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
.
Then the equation of ellipse in the parametric form will
be given by | | sin , cos b y a x = = , where | is the
eccentric angle whose value vary from t | 2 0 < s .
Therefore coordinate of any point P on the ellipse will
be given by ) sin , cos ( | | b a .
Special forms of an ellipse
(1) If the centre of the ellipse is at point ) , ( k h and the
directions of the axes are parallel to the coordinate axes,
then its equation is 1
) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
=
b
k y
a
h x
.
(2) If the equation of the curve is
2
2
) (
a
n my lx + +
1
) (
2
2
=
+
+
b
p ly mx
, where 0 = + + n my lx and
0 = + p ly mx are perpendicular lines, then we
substitute
,
2 2
X
m l
n my lx
=
+
+ +
Y
m l
p ly mx
=
+
+
2 2
, to put the
equation in the standard form.
Position of a point with respect to an ellipse
Let ) , (
1 1
y x P be any point and let 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
is the
equation of an ellipse. The point lies outside, on or inside
the ellipse as if 0 , , 1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
< = > + =
b
y
a
x
S
Intersection of a line and an ellipse
The line c mx y + = intersects the ellipse 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
in two distinct points if
2 2 2 2
c b m a > +
, in one point if
2 2 2 2
b m a c + =
and does not intersect if
2 2 2 2
c b m a < +
.
Mathematics
(x1,y1)P
A
B
(1) Point form: The equation of the tangent to the ellipse
1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
at the point ) , (
1 1
y x is
1
2
1
2
1
= +
b
yy
a
xx
.
(2) Slope form: If the line c mx y + = touches the ellipse
1
2 2
2
= +
2
b
y
a
x
, then
2 2 2 2
b m a c + =
. Hence, the straight
line
2 2 2
b m a mx y + =
always represents the tangents
to the ellipse.
Points of contact: Line
2 2 2
b m a mx y + =
touches
the ellipse 1
2 2
2
= +
2
b
y
a
x
at
|
|
\
|
+ +
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
,
b m a
b
b m a
m a #
.
(3) Parametric form: The equation of tangent at any point
) sin , cos ( | | b a is
1 sin cos = + | |
b
y
a
x
.
Equation of pair of tangents SS
1
= T
2
Pair of tangents: The equation of pair of tangents PA
and PB is
2
1
T SS = ,
where 1
2
2
2
2
+
b
y
a
x
S
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
+
b
y
a
x
S
1
2
1
2
1
+
b
yy
a
xx
T
Director circle: The director circle is the locus of points
from which perpendicular tangents are drawn to the
ellipse.
Hence locus of ) , (
1 1
y x P i.e., equation of director circle is
2 2 2 2
b a y x + = +
.
(1) Point form: The equation of the normal at ) , (
1 1
y x too
the ellipse 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
is
2 2
1
2
1
2
b a
y
y b
x
x a
=
.
(2) Parametric form: The equation of the normal to the
ellipse 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
at ) sin , cos ( | | b a is
= | | ec cos sec by ax
2 2
b a
.
(3) Slope form: If m is the slope of the normal to the ellipse
1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
, then the equation of normal is
2 2 2
2 2
) (
m b a
b a m
mx y
+
=
.
The co-ordinates of the point of contact are
|
|
\
|
+
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
,
m b a
mb
m b a
a
.
Auxiliary circle
The circle described on the major axis of an ellipse as
diameter is called an auxiliary circle of the ellipse.
If 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
is an ellipse, then its auxiliary circle is
2 2 2
a y x = +
.
Eccentric angle of a point: Let P be any point on the
ellipse 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
. Draw PM perpendicular from P on
the major axis of the ellipse and produce MP to meet
the auxiliary circle in Q. Join CQ. The angle | = ZXCQ is
called the eccentric angle of the point P on the ellipse.
Note that the angle
XCP Z
is not the eccentric angle of
point P.
Chord of contact
1 1
If PQ and PR be the tangents through point ) , (
1 1
y x P to
the ellipse , 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
then the equation of the chord
of contact QR is
1
2
1
2
1
= +
b
yy
a
xx
or
0 = T
at ) , (
1 1
y x .
Equation of chord with mid point (x
1
, y
1
)
Mathematics
The equation of the chord of the ellipse
, 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
whose mid point be ) , (
1 1
y x is
1
S T =
where
1
2
1
2
1
+ =
b
yy
a
xx
T
,
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
+ =
b
y
a
x
S .
Equation of the chord joining two points on an ellipse
The equation of the chord joining two points having
eccentric angles u and | on the ellipse 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
is
|
\
|
= |
\
| +
+ |
\
| +
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
| u | u | u
b
y
a
x
.
HYPERBOLA
Definition
A hyperbola is the locus of a point in a plane which
moves in the plane in such a way that the ratio of its
distance from a fixed point in the same plane to its
distance from a fixed line is always constant which is
always greater than unity.
Standard equation of the hyperbola
Let S be the focus, ZM be the directrix and e be the
eccentricity of the hyperbola, then by definition,
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
, where
) 1 (
2 2 2
= e a b
.
Conjugate hyperbola
The hyperbola whose transverse and conjugate axis are
respectively the conjugate and transverse axis of a given
hyperbola is called conjugate hyperbola of the given
hyperbola.
Difference between both hyperbolas will be clear from
the following table :
Hyperbola
Imp.
terms
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
or
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
Centre (0, 0) (0, 0)
Length of transverse
axis
2a 2b
Length of conjugate
axis
2b 2a
Foci ) 0 , ( ae ) , 0 ( be
Equation of directrices e a x / = e b y / =
Eccentricity
|
|
\
| +
=
2
2 2
a
b a
e
|
|
\
| +
=
2
2 2
b
b a
e
Length of latus rectum
a b / 2
2
b a / 2
2
Parametric
co-ordinates
) tan , sec ( | | b a
t | 2 0 < s
) tan , sec ( | | a b
t | 2 0 < s
Focal radii
a ex SP =
1
a ex P S + = '
1
b ey SP =
1
b ey P S + = '
1
Difference of focal
radii ) ( SP P S '
2a 2b
Tangents at the
vertices
a x a x = = ,
b y b y = = ,
Equation of the
transverse axis
0 = y 0 = x
Equation of the
conjugate axis
0 = x 0 = y
Special form of hyperbola
If the centre of hyperbola is (h, k) and axes are parallel to
the co-ordinate axes, then its equation is
1
) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
=
b
k y
a
h x
.
Auxiliary circle of hyperbola
Let
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
be the hyperbola, then equation of the
auxiliary circle is
2 2 2
a y x = +
.
Y'
Y
X
( a,0)A' (0,0)C
Q
90
o
N
P
(x,y)
X'
A(a,0)
|
Let | = ZQCN . Here P and Q are the corresponding
points on the hyperbola and the auxiliary circle
) 2 0 ( t | < s .
Parametric equations of hyperbola
The equations | sec a x = and | tan b y = are known as
the parametric equations of the hyperbola 1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
.
This ) tan , sec ( | | b a lies on the hyperbola for all values
of | .
Mathematics
Position of a point with respect to a hyperbola
Let the hyperbola be 1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
.
Then ) , (
1 1
y x P will lie inside, on or outside the hyperbola
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
according as 1
2
2
1
2
2
1

b
y
a
x
is positive, zero
or negative.
Intersection of a line and a hyperbola
The straight line c mx y + = will cut the hyperbola
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
in two points may be real, coincident or
imaginary according as
2 2 2 2
, , b m a c < = > .
Condition of tangency : If straight line c mx y + =
touches the hyperbola 1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
, then
2 2 2 2
b m a c =
.
(1) Point form : The equation of the tangent to the
hyperbola 1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
at ) , (
1 1
y x is
1
2
1
2
1
=
b
yy
a
xx
.
(2) Parametric form : The equation of tangent to the
hyperbola 1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
at ) tan , sec ( | | b a is
1 tan sec = | |
b
y
a
x
.
(3) Slope form : The equations of tangents of slope m to
the hyperbola 1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
are
2 2 2
b m a mx y =
and
the co-ordinates of points of contacts are
|
|
\
|
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
,
b m a
b
b m a
m a
.
Equation of pair of tangents
If ) , (
1 1
y x P be any point outside the hyperbol a
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
then a pair of tangents PQ, PR can be drawn
to it from P.
1 1
The equation of pair of tangents PQ and PR is
2
1
T SS =
where, 1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
S , 1 , 1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
= =
b
yy
a
xx
T
b
y
a
x
S
Director circle : The director circle is the locus of points
from which perpendicular tangents are drawn to the
given hyperbola. The equation of the director circle of
the hyperbola 1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
is
2 2 2 2
b a y x = +
.
(1) Point form : The equation of normal to the hyperbola
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
at ) , (
1 1
y x is
2 2
1
2
1
2
b a
y
y b
x
x a
+ = +
.
(2) Parametric form: The equation of normal at
) tan , sec ( u u b a to the hyperbola 1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
is
u u cot cos by ax + =
2 2
b a +
(3) Slope form: The equation of the normal to the hyperbola
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
in terms of the slope m of the normal is
2 2 2
2 2
) (
m b a
b a m
mx y
+
= #
.
(4) Condition for normality : If c mx y + = is the normal
of 1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
, then
2 2 2
2 2
) (
b m a
b a m
c
+
= #
or
) (
) (
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
b m a
b a m
c
+
=
, which is condition of normality. .
(5) Points of contact : Co-ordinates of points of contact
are
|
|
\
|

2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
,
m b a
mb
m b a
a
#
.
Equation of chord of contact of tangents drawn from a
point to a hyperbola
Let PQ and PR be tangents to the hyperbola
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
drawn from any external point ) , (
1 1
y x P .
Mathematics
Then equation of chord of contact QR is
1
2
1
2
1
=
b
yy
a
xx
or
0 = T
,
1 1
Equation of the chord of the hyperbola whose mid
point (x
1
, y
1
) is given
1 1
2 2
3 3
Equation of the chord of the hyperbola 1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
,
bisected at the given point ) , (
1 1
y x is
1
2
1
2
1

b
yy
a
xx
=
1
2
2
1
2
2
1

b
y
a
x
i.e.,
1
S T = .
Equation of the chord joining two points on the
hyperbola
The equation of the chord joining the points
) tan , sec (
1 1
| | b a P and ) tan , sec (
2 2
| | b a Q is
|
|
\
| +
=
|
|
\
| +
|
|
\
|
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2 1 2 1 2 1
| | | | | |
b
y
a
x
.
Rectangular or equilateral hyperbola
(1) Definition : A hyperbola whose asymptotes are at right
angles to each other is called a rectangular hyperbola.
The eccentricity of rectangular hyperbola is always
2
.
The general equation of second degree represents a
rectangular hyperbola if A= 0,
ab h >
2
and coefficient
of
2
x
+ coefficient of
2
y
= 0.
(2) Parametric co-ordinates of a point on the
hyperbola XY = c
2
: If t is nonzero variable, the
coordinates of any point on the rectangular hyperbola
2
c xy =
can be written as ) / , ( t c ct . The point t ) / , ( t c ct on
the hyperbola
2
c xy =
is generally referred as the point
t.
For rectangular hyperbola the coordinates of foci are
) 0 , 2 ( a and directrices are
2 a x =
.
For rectangular hyperbola
2
c xy = , the coordinates of
foci are ) 2 , 2 ( c c and directrices are
2 c y x = +
.
(3) Equation of the chord joining points t
1
and t
2
: The
equation of the chord joining two points
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
2
2
1
1
, and ,
t
c
ct
t
c
ct
on the hyperbola
2
c xy = is
) (
1
1 2
1 2
1
ct x
ct ct
t
c
t
c
t
c
y
=
) (
2 1 2 1
t t c t t y x + = + .
(4) Equation of tangent in different forms
(i) Point form : The equation of tangent at ) , (
1 1
y x to the
hyperbola
2
c xy =
is
2
1 1
2c yx xy = + or
2
1
1
= +
y
y
x
x
.
(ii) Parametric form : The equation of the tangent at
|
\
|
t
c
ct,
to the hyperbola
2
c xy = is
c yt
t
x
2 = +
.On replacing
1
x by
ct
and
1
y by
t
c
on the equation of the tangent at
) , (
1 1
y x
i.e.,
2
1 1
2c yx xy = + we get
c yt
t
x
2 = +
.
Point of intersection of tangents at ' '
1
t and ' '
2
t is
|
|
\
|
+ +
2 1 2 1
2 1
2
,
2
t t
c
t t
t ct
.
(5) Equation of the normal in different forms :
(i) Point form : The equation of the normal at ) , (
1 1
y x too
the hyperbola
2
c xy =
is
2
1
2
1 1 1
y x yy xx = .
(ii) Parametric form : The equation of the normal at
|
\
|
t
c
ct,
to the hyperbola
2
c xy =
is
0
4 3
= + c ct yt xt
.
On replacing
1
x by
ct
and
1
y by t c / in the equation.
We obtain ,
2
1
2
1 1 1
y x yy xx =
0
4 3
2
2
2 2
= + = c ct yt xt
t
c
t c
t
yc
xct .
This equation is a fourth degree in t. So, in general four
normals can be drawn from a point to the hyperbola
2
c xy =
, and point of intersection of normals at
1
t and
2
t is
|
|
\
|
+
+ + +
+
+ +
) (
)} ( {
,
) (
} 1 ) ( {
2 1 2 1
2 2 1
2
1
3
2
3
1
2 1 2 1
2
2 2 1
2
1 2 1
t t t t
t t t t t t c
t t t t
t t t t t t c
.
Mathematics
1. The l ocus of the intersection poi nt of
a y x = o o sin cos and b y x = o o cos sin is
(a) Ellipse (b) Hyperbola
(c) Parabola (d) None of these
2. The length of the latus rectum of the parabola whose
focus is (3, 3) and directrix is 0 2 4 3 = y x is
(a) 2 (b) 1
3.
0 5 2 2
2
= + y x y
represents
(a) A circle whose centre is (1, 1)
(b) A parabola whose focus is (1, 2)
(c) A parabola whose directrix is
2
3
= x
(d) A parabola whose directrix is
2
1
= x
4. The equation of the directrix of the parabola
0 2 4 4
2
= + + + x y y
is
(a)
1 = x
(b)
1 = x
(c)
2
3
= x
(d)
2
3
= x
5. The curve described parametrically by
1
2
+ + = t t x
,
1
2
+ = t t y
represents
(a) A pair of straight lines (b) An ellipse
(c) A parabola (d) A hyperbola
6. The point of intersection of tangents at the ends of the
latus rectum of the parabola
x y 4
2
=
is
(a) (1, 0) (b) (1, 0)
(c) (0, 1) (d) (0, 1)
7. If the tangents at P and Q on a parabola meet in T, then
SP, ST and SQ are in
(a) A.P. (b) G.P.
(c) H.P. (d) None of these
8. The angle between tangents to the parabola
ax y 4
2
=
at the points where it intersects with the line
0 = a y x , is
(a)
3
t
(b)
4
t
(c)
6
t
(d)
2
t
9. The tangents drawn from the ends of latus rectum of
x y 12
2
= meets at
(a) Directrix (b) Vertex
(c) Focus (d) None of these
10. If the tangent and normal at any point P of a parabola
meet the axes in T and G respectively, then
(a)
SP SG ST = =
(b)
SP SG ST =
(c)
SP SG ST = =
(d) SP SG ST . =
11. The equation of k y x y x = + + 35 18 8 3 2
2 2
represents
(a) No locus if
0 > k
(b) An ellipse, if
0 < k
(c) A point if,
0 = k
(d) A hyperbola, if
0 > k
12. The number of points of intersection of the two
curves x y sin 2 = and
3 2 5
2
+ + = x x y
is
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d)
13. If the chord joining the points ) 2 , (

1
2
1
at at and ) 2 , (
2
2
2
at at
of the parabola
ax y 4
2
=
passes through the focus of
the parabola, then
(a) 1
2 1
= t t (b) 1
2 1
= t t
(c) 1
2 1
= + t t (d) 1
2 1
= t t
14. The locus of the midpoint of the line segment joining
the focus to a moving point on the parabola
ax y 4
2
=
is
another parabola with the directrix
(a) a x = (b)
2
a
x =
(c)
0 = x
(d)
2
a
x =
15. On the parabola
2
x y =
, the point least distance from
the straight line 4 2 = x y is
(a) (1, 1) (b) (1, 0)
(c) (1, 1) (d) (0, 0)
Mathematics
16. The length of the latus-rectum of the parabola whose
focus is
|
|
\
|
o o 2 cos
2
, 2 sin
2
2 2
g
u
g
u
and directrix is
g
u
y
2
2
=
,
is
(a)
o
2
2
cos
g
u
(b)
o 2 cos
2
g
u
(c)
o 2 cos
2
2
2
g
u
(d)
o
2
2
cos
2
g
u
17. The line
0 1 = x
is the directrix of the parabola
0 8
2
= + kx y
. Then one of the values of k is
(a)
8
1
(b) 8
(c) 4 (d)
4
1
18. The centre of the circle passing through the point (0, 1)
and touching the curve
2
x y =
at (2, 4) is
(a)
|
\
|
10
27
,
5
16
(b)
|
\
|
10
5
,
7
16
(c)
|
\
|
10
53
,
5
16
(d) None of these
19. Consider a circle with its centre lying on the focus of the
parabola
px y 2
2
=
such that it touches the directrix of
the parabola. Then, a point of intersection of the circle
and the parabola is
(a)
|
\
|
p
p
,
2
(b)
|
\
|
p
p
,
2
(c)
|
\
|
p
p
,
2
(d)
|
\
|
p
p
,
2
20. Which one of the following curves cuts the parabola
ax y 4
2
=
at right angles
(a)
2 2 2
a y x = +
(b)
a x
e y
2 /
=
(c) ax y = (d)
ay x 4
2
=
21. The angle of intersection of the curves
t / 2
2
x y =
and
x y sin = , is
(a)
) / 1 ( cot
1
t
(b)
t
1
cot
(c)
) ( cot
1
t
(d)
) / 1 ( cot
1
t
22. The equation of the common tangent to the curves

x y 8
2
= and 1 = xy is
(a) 2 9 3 + = x y (b) 1 2 + = x y
(c) 8 2 + = x y (d) 2 + = x y
23. The equation of the parabola whose focus is the point
(0, 0) and the tangent at the vertex is 0 1 = + y x is
(a)
0 4 4 4 2
2 2
= + + y x xy y x
(b)
0 4 4 4 2
2 2
= + + y x xy y x
(c)
0 4 4 4 2
2 2
= + + + y x xy y x
(d) 0 4 4 4 2
2 2
= + + + y x xy y x
24. If
0 = a
and the line 0 4 3 2 = + + d cy bx passes through
the points of intersection of the parabolas
ax y 4
2
=
and
ay x 4
2
= , then
(a)
0 ) 2 3 (
2 2
= + c b d
(b)
0 ) 2 3 (
2 2
= + + c b d
(c)
0 ) 3 2 (
2 2
= + c b d
(d)
0 ) 3 2 (
2 2
= + + c b d
25. The locus of mid point of that chord of parabola which
subtends right angle on the vertex will be
(a)
0 8 2
2 2
= + a ax y
(b)
) 4 (
2
a x a y =
(c)
) 4 ( 4
2
a x a y =
(d)
0 4 3
2 2
= + + a ax y
26. The equation of a circle passing through the vertex and
the extremities of the latus rectum of the parabola
x y 8
2
=
is
(a)
0 10
2 2
= + + x y x
(b)
0 10
2 2
= + + y y x
(c)
0 10
2 2
= + x y x
(d)
0 5
2 2
= + x y x
27. The centre of an ellipse is C and PN is any ordinate and A,
A are the end points of major axis, then the value of
N A AN
PN
' .
2
is
(a)
2
2
a
b
(b)
2
2
b
a
(c)
2 2
b a +
(d) 1
28. Let P be a variable point on the ellipse 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
with foci
1
F and
2
F . If A is the area of the triangle
2 1
F PF ,
then maximum value of A is
(a) ab (b) abe
(c)
ab
e
(d)
e
ab
Mathematics
29. A man running round a race-course notes that the sum
of the distance of two flag-posts from him is always 10
metres and the distance between the flag-posts is 8
metres. The area of the path he encloses in square metres
is
(a) t 15 (b) t 12
(c) t 18 (d) t 8
30. If the angle between the lines joining the end points of
minor axis of an ellipse with its foci is 2 / t , then the
eccentricity of the ellipse is
(a) 1/2 (b)
2 / 1
(c)
2 / 3
(d)
2 2 / 1
31. The eccentricity of an ellipse, with its centre at the origin,
is
2
1
. If one of the directrices is
4 = x
, then the equation
of the ellipse is
(a)
1 3 4
2 2
= + y x
(b)
12 4 3
2 2
= + y x
(c)
12 3 4
2 2
= + y x
(d)
1 4 3
2 2
= + y x
32. The line p y x = + o o sin cos will be a tangent to the
conic 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
, if
(a)
o o
2 2 2 2 2
cos sin b a p + =
(b)
2 2 2
b a p + =
(c)
o o
2 2 2 2 2
cos sin a b p + =
(d) None of these
33. The angle of intersection of ellipse 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
and
circle
ab y x = +
2 2
, is
(a)
|
\
|
ab
b a
1
tan
(b)
|
\
| +
ab
b a
1
tan
(c)
|
|
\
|
+
ab
b a
1
tan
(d)
|
|
\
|
ab
b a
1
tan
34. On the ellipse
1 9 4
2 2
= + y x
, the points at which the
tangents are parallel to the line y x 9 8 = are
(a)
|
\
|
5
1
,
5
2
(b)
|
\
|
5
1
,
5
2
(c)
|
\
|

5
1
,
5
2
(d)
|
\
|
5
1
,
5
2
35. The area of the quadrilateral formed by the tangents at
the end points of l atus rectum to the ell ipse
1
5 9
2 2
= +
y x
, is
(a) 27/4 sq. unit (b) 9 sq. unit
(c) 27/2 sq. unit (d) 27 sq. unit
36. Tangent is drawn to ell ipse 1
27
2
2
= + y
x
at
) sin , cos 3 3 ( u u where ) 2 / , 0 ( t u e . Then the value of
u such that sum of intercepts on axes made by this
tangent is minimum, is
(a) 3 / t (b) 6 / t
(c) 8 / t (d) 4 / t
37. The locus of the middle point of the intercept of the
tangents drawn from an external point to the ellipse
2 2
2 2
= + y x between the co-ordinates axes, is
(a)
1
2
1 1
2 2
= +
y x
(b)
1
2
1
4
1
2 2
= +
y x
(c)
1
4
1
2
1
2 2
= +
y x
(d)
1
1
2
1
2 2
= +
y x
38. If the normal at any point P on the ellipse cuts the major
and minor axes in G and g respectively and C be the
centre of the ellipse, then
(a)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( b a Cg b CG a = +
(b)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( b a Cg b CG a =
(c)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( ) ( b a Cg b CG a + =
(d) None of these
39. The locus of the poles of normal chords of an ellipse is
given by
(a)
2 2 2
2
6
2
6
) ( b a
y
b
x
a
= +
(b)
2 2 2
2
3
2
3
) ( b a
y
b
x
a
= +
(c)
2 2 2
2
6
2
6
) ( b a
y
b
x
a
+ = +
(d)
2 2 2
2
3
2
3
) ( b a
y
b
x
a
+ = +
40. If u and | are eccentric angles of the ends of a pair of
conjugate diameters of the ellipse 1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
, then
| u is equal to
(a)
2
t
(b) t
Mathematics
41. If PQ is a double ordinate of hyperbola
1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
such that OPQ is an equilateral triangle, O being the
centre of the hyperbola. Then the eccentricity e of the
hyperbola satisfies
(a)
3 / 2 1 < < e
(b)
3 / 2 = e
(c)
2 / 3 = e
(d)
3 / 2 > e
42. Equation
u cos
8
3
8
1 1
+ =
r
represents
(a) A rectangular hyperbola
(b) A hyperbola
(c) An ellipse (d) A parabola
43. If the two tangents drawn on hyperbola 1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
in
such a way that the product of their gradients is
2
c
, then
they intersects on the curve
(a)
) (
2 2 2 2 2
a x c b y = +
(b)
) (
2 2 2 2 2
a x c b y + = +
(c)
2 2 2
c by ax = +
(d) None of these
44. C the centre of the hyperbola 1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
. The tangents
at any point P on this hyperbola meets the straight lines
0 = ay bx and 0 = + ay bx in the points Q and R
respectively. Then = CR CQ .
(a)
2 2
b a +
(b)
2 2
b a
(c)
2 2
1 1
b a
+
(d)
2 2
1 1
b a
45. If
9 = x
is the chord of contact of the hyperbola
9
2 2
= y x
, then the equation of the corresponding
pair of tangents is
(a)
0 9 18 8 9
2 2
= + x y x
(b)
0 9 18 8 9
2 2
= + x y x
(c)
0 9 18 8 9
2 2
= x y x
(d)
0 9 18 8 9
2 2
= + + x y x
46. Let ) tan , sec ( u u b a P and ) tan , sec ( | | b a Q , where
2
t
| u = +
, be two points on the hyperbola 1
2
2
2
2
=
b
y
a
x
.
If (h, k) is the point of intersection of the normals at P and
Q, then k is equal to
(a)
a
b a
2 2
+
(b)
|
|
\
|
+
a
b a
2 2
(c)
b
b a
2 2
+
(d)
|
|
\
|
+
b
b a
2 2
47. The combined equation of the asymptotes of the
hyperbola
0 5 4 2 5 2
2 2
= + + + + y x y xy x
(a)
0 2 5 2
2 2
= + + y xy x
(b)
0 2 5 4 2 5 2
2 2
= + + + + y x y xy x
(c) 0 2 5 4 2 5 2
2 2
= + + + + y x y xy x
(d) 0 2 5 4 2 5 2
2 2
= + + + + + y x y xy x
48. An ellipse has eccentricity
2
1
and one focus at the point
|
\
|
1 ,
2
1
P
. Its one directrix is the common tangent nearer
to the point P, to the circle
1
2 2
= + y x
and the hyperbola
1
2 2
= y x
. The equation of the ellipse in the standard
form, is
(a) 1
12 / 1
) 1 (
9 / 1
) 3 / 1 (
2 2
=
+
y x
(b) 1
12 / 1
) 1 (
9 / 1
) 3 / 1 (
2 2
=
+
+
y x
(c) 1
12 / 1
) 1 (
9 / 1
) 3 / 1 (
2 2
=
y x
(d) 1
12 / 1
) 1 (
9 / 1
) 3 / 1 (
2 2
=
+
y x
49. If a circle cuts a rectangular hyperbola
2
c xy =
in A, B, C,
D and the parameters of these four points be
3 2 1
, , t t t
and
4
t respectively. Then
(a)
4 3 2 1
t t t t = (b) 1
4 3 2 1
= t t t t
(c)
2 1
t t = (d)
4 3
t t =
50. The equation of common tangents to the parabola
x y 8
2
=
and hyperbola
3 3
2 2
= y x
, is
(a) 0 1 2 = + y x (b) 0 1 2 = y x
(c) 0 1 2 = + y x (d) 0 1 2 = y x
Mathematics
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (ab) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (bd) 35. (d) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (d) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (b) 50. (a)

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COORDINATE-GEOMETRY

taken in the same order..

in both cases is obtained with the help of

(d) A strai ght l ine passing through the point

11. If the equation 0 ) 3 ( 3

If the normal at the point ) 2 , (

13. If the chord joining the points ) 2 , (

22. The equation of the common tangent to the curves

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