Tut 6

Question 1. Suppose you are given the following facts: x, y, z: gt(x, y) gt(y, z) gt(x, z) a, b: succ(a, b) gt(a, b) x: gt(x, x) You want to prove that gt(5, 2). Consider the following attempt at a resolution proof:

a. What went wrong? b. What needs to be added to the resolution procedure to make sure that this does not happen? Question 2. What is wrong with the following argument: Men are widely distributed over the earth. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is widely distributed over the earth. How should the facts represented by these sentences be represented in logic so that this problem does not arise? Question 3. Consider the following axioms: 1. All hounds howl at night. 2. Anyone who has any cats will not have any mice. 3. Light sleepers do not have anything which howls at night. 4. John has either a cat or a hound.

Use resolution with predicate logic to affirm the following conclusion: If John is a light sleeper, then John does not have any mice. Question 4. Prove that each of the following sentences is valid by using existential graph: a. (Smoke Fire) ((Smoke Heat) Fire) b. ((Smoke Heat) Fire) ((Smoke Fire) (Heat Fire)) Question 5. Convert the following sentence into predicate logic, existential graph (EG) and conceptual graph (CG): If a farmer owns a donkey, then he beats it. Question 6. 1. Prove that: a. P(A | B A) = 1 b. P(X Y | E) = P(X | Y E).P(Y | E) c. P(Y | X E) = P(X | Y E).P(Y | E)/P(X | E) (the conditionalized version of Bayes' rule) 2. Show that the statement P(A B | C) = P(A | C).P(B | C) is equivalent to either of the statements P(A | B C) = P(A | C) and P(B | A C) = P(B | C) Question 7. Orville, the robot juggler, drops balls quite often when its battery is low. In previous trials, it has been determined that the probability that it will drop a ball when its battery is low is 0.9. On the other hand when its battery is not low, the probability that it drops a ball is only 0.02. The battery was recharged not so long ago, so there is only a 8% chance that the battery is low. A robot observer with a slightly unreliable robot observation system sends the information that Orville dropped a ball. The reliability of the robot observer is described by the following probabilities: P(observer reports Orville dropped ball | Orville dropped ball) = 0.8 P(observer reports Orville dropped ball | Orville did not drop ball) = 0.1 a. Draw the Bayesian network. b. Calculate the probability that the battery is low given the information of the robot observer. Question 8. In your local nuclear power station, there is an alarm that senses when a temperature gauge exceeds a given threshold. The gauge measures the temperature of the core. Consider the Boolean variables A (alarm sounds), FA (alarm is faulty), and FG (gauge is faulty) and the multivalued nodes G (gauge reading) and T (actual core temperature). a. Draw a Bayesian network for this domain, given that the gauge is more likely to fail

when the core temperature gets too high. b. Suppose there are just two possible actual and measured temperatures, normal and high; the probability that the gauge gives the correct temperature is x when it is working, but y when it is faulty. Give the conditional probability table associated with G. c. Suppose the alarm works correctly unless it is faulty, in which case it never sounds. Give the conditional probability table associated with A. d. Suppose the alarm and gauge are working and the alarm sounds. Calculate an expression for the probability that the temperature of the core is too high, in terms of the various conditional probabilities in the network.

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