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UNIT II

Isentropic Flow with Variable Area


A steady one dimensional isentropic flow in variable area passages is called variable area flow. The following assumptions are made in this chapter.

1. The flow is assumed to be a steady flow If the flow parameters do not vary with time is referred to as steady flow

2. The direction of flow is onedimensional If the flow parameters do not vary in directions normal to the flow direction is one dimensional flow. 3. The flow is assumed as isentropic flow It is assumed that the heat transfer is negligible and there are no other irreversibilities due to fluid friction etc., But the real systems deviate from the above assumed isentropic process. Therefore it is used as a standard reference for comparing the actual one. 2.1Comparison of Isentropic and Adiabatic processes Fig .! shows adiabatic and isentropic e"pansion of a perfect gas between two states I and .

By substituting different values of #$% &subsonic to supersonic', it yields a graph as (hown in Fig .)

Fig ) Variation of Area ratio with $ach number

2. I!"U#$% &UNCTI'N For solving *et propulsion problems, it is sometimes convenient to employ a +uantity called impulse function. It is defined as the sum of pressure force and impulse force.

,ne dimensional flow through a c-ntrol surface is shown in Fig ... The net thrust &or' side wall thrust produced by the stream is a result of changes in pressure and $ach number between sections ! and applying momentum e+uation between sections ! and . The thrust e"erted by the fluid

The above e+uation is convenient to find the thrust e"erted by the flowing fluids using $ach number $. To obtain a relation between the nondimensional impulse function and the $ach number the flow is assumed to be isentropic

/e can also e"press the mass flow rate in four different nondimensional forms and are &i' $ass flow rate interms of pressure ratio &ii' $ass flow rate interms of area ratio &iii $ass flow rate interms of $ach number and &iv' 0umerical value of mass flow parameter

12.( &lows throu)h No**les As we have studied earlier in this chapter. convergent no11les are used for sonic and subsonic flows. They can also be used as flow regulating and flow measuring devices. 2onvergent divergent no11les are used for super sonic flows. They are used in compressors and turbine blade rows etc. 12.(.1 Con+er)ent no**les The flow from an infinite reservoir to an e"haust chamber through a convergent no11le is shown is Fig .3. The stagnation conditions &4o,To etc' in the reservoir is 5ept constant, but the e"haust chamber pressure can be varied by using a valve.

Fig. . 3 Isentropic flow through a con vergetil no11le

The pressure variation along the length of a no11le and the e"haust chamber is shown in Fig .3. /hen there is no flow, the stagnation pressure &4 is e+ual to the chamber pressure 4b &curve a'. /hen the chamber pressure is reduced by opening a valve, flow will ta5es place and the pressure decreases along the no11le and up to the no11le e"it. But the no11le e"it pressure and the chamber pressure both are e+ual &curves b and c'. The pressure 12.(.2 Con+er)ent di+er)ent no**les Fig .6 shows the flow from an infinite re through a convergent divergent no11le to an e"haust chamber. The e"periment is similar to the one above, e"cept that a converging diverging no11le is to be used. In curves a, b and c the acceleration ta5es place in the convergent part and upto the throat. The diverging part acts as a diffuser through which the pressure rises to the chamber pressure 4b. 7ence these cun%es acts as a 8Venturi% The pressure ratio at the throat is critical for the curve c%.

&i). 2., &low throu)h a con+er)ent di+er)ent no**le 2ontinuous acceleration ta5es place in curve #g%, hence it a design curve but other curves are offdesign curves. /hen bac5 pressure is further lowered, the velocity is supersonic after the throat t, a point where discontinuity in the flow occurs. In curves a% and e flow discontinuous and eddies are formed after the throat which results sudden increase in pressure &shoc5 wave' so that bac5 pressure is reached. /hen the bac5 pressure is lowered further, the shoc5 wave moves downstream till it reaches the e"it as in curve 9. The bac5 pressure increases suddenly through a shoc5 wave and is above the no11le e"it pressure &4e'. /hen the bac5 pressure is lowered further, the chamber pressure is reduced

but the no11le "it pressure is same as the design pressure is shown in Fig .6 and .!: &a' in curve h%.

/hen the bac5 pressure is reduced, mass flow rate increases and it goes upto the critical state &c' and then there is no further increase in mass flow with decrease in bac5 pressure. This condition of flow is choc5ed flow. The necessary conditions for this flow is &!' The pressure ratio must be e+ual to the critical pressure ratio and the corresponding mach number $ ; !

2.(.3 '+er e-pandin) and under e-pandin) in no**les If the bac5 pressure is greater than the design pressure, the no11le is said to be over e"panding and if it is less, the no11le is said to be under e"panding 12.(.. No**le efficiency It is defined as the ratio of actual change or drop in enthalpy to the isentropic change or drop in enthalpy.

It measures the fraction of available energy of e"pansion that is converted in to <inetic form. 2./1 &low throu)h 0iffusers

=iffusion process is the deceleration of flow with rise in pressure. Fig. .!> shows both reversible and irreversible diffusion of supersonic flow. The covergent part is supersonic and the divergent part is subsonic. In an isentropic diffusion, continuous rise in static pressure ta5es place. In practical cases this 5ind of diffusion is not possible? hence a shoc5 is introduced at the throat section which increases the pressure suddenly. The mach number after the shoc5 is subsonic &$ @ !'

&i). 2.11 1e+ersible and irre+ersible flows in a diffuser

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