Glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) values determined in subjects with normal glucose tolerance: 2008

Food Number and Item GI2 (Glucose = 100) Serve Size g GL3 per serve

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

BAKERY PRODUCTS Cakes Banana cake, made with sugar Banana cake, made without sugar Carrot cake, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) Chocolate cake made from packet mix with chocolate frosting (Betty Crocker, General Mills Inc., Minneapolis, USA) Cupcake, strawberry-iced (Squiggles, Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Australia) Lamingtons (sponge dipped in chocolate and coconut) (Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Australia) Pound cake 0% (Bimbo S.A de C.V, Mexico) Raspberry Coffee cake, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Vanilla cake, made from packet mix with vanilla frosting (Betty Crocker, USA) Desserts Apple Berry crumble, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Bavarian (mousse filling on biscuit base), Chocolate honeycomb, light (Sara Lee Bakery, Australia) Danish, Apple & Peach, light (Sara Lee Bakery, Australia) Doughnut, wheat dough, deep-fried (China) Muffins Apple muffin, made with rolled oats and sugar Apple muffin, made rolled oats and without sugar Apple Blueberry muffin (Sara Lee Bakery, Australia) Apple, oat, sultana muffin (Australia) Apricot, coconut and honey muffin (Australia) Banana, oat and honey muffin (Australia) Blueberry muffin (Sara Lee Bakery, Australia) Blueberry (Wild) 10-Grain muffin, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Chocolate butterscotch muffin (Australia) Chocolate chip muffin (Sara Lee Bakery, Australia)

478 5510 36 383

60 60 60 111

14 12 8 20

7312 8717 385 504 424

38 50 60 60 58

19 25 9 13 24

413 315 504 757 446 4810 494 544 604 6511 503 577 535 526

165 75 50 50 60 60 60 50 50 50 60 70 50 60

14 6 11 15 13 9 12 14 16 17 15 22 15 17

24 25 26 27 28 29

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

40 41 42 43 44

45 46 47

Cranberry & Orange Soy muffin, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Double chocolate muffin (Sara Lee Bakery, Australia) Muffin, plain, made from wheat flour (Spain) Muffin, reduced-fat, low-calorie, made from high-amylose corn starch and maltitol (Spain) Raisin Bran Flax muffin, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Raspberry Pomegranate muffin, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Pancakes Pancakes, homemade (Fiji) Pancakes, prepared from shake mix (Green's General Foods, Glendenning, Australia) Pancakes, prepared from wheat flour (China) Pancakes, buckwheat, gluten-free, made from packet mix (Orgran Natural Foods, Carrum Downs, Australia) Pancakes, gluten-free, made from packet mix (Freedom Foods, Cheltenham, Australia) Pancakes, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) Pan de sal (sweet bread roll), containing coconut flour (Philippines) Pastry, puff (PampasTM, Australia) Pikelets, Golden brand (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, Australia) Scones, plain, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co, Australia) BEVERAGES Aussie Bodies Start the Day UHT, Choc Banana flavored drink (Aussie Bodies Pty Ltd, Australia) Aussie Bodies Start the Day UHT, Chocolate flavored drink (Aussie Bodies Pty Ltd, Australia) Beer, Toohey's New (Tooheys Pty Limited, Australia)7 Chocolate DaydreamTM shake, fructose (Revival Soy, Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc, USA)8 Chocolate DaydreamTM shake, sucralose (Revival Soy, Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc, USA)8 Coca Cola Coca Cola, soft drink (Coca Cola Amatil, Sydney, Australia) Coca Cola, soft drink (Coca Cola Bottling Company, Atlanta, USA) Cordial, orange, reconstituted (Berri Ltd,

486 464 468 373 523 587

70 60 50 50 70 70

14 16 11 9 17 19

669 675 804 10211 616 46 61 565 8514 928

80 80 80 80 80 80 80 50 40 25

17 38 16 23 32 10 22 11 18 8

243 264 667 334 254

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

4 4 5 6 1

537 63 668

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

14 16 13

48 49 50 51 52

53

54 55 56

57 58 59 60

61 62 63 64

65 66 67

Berri, Australia) Fanta, orange soft drink (Coca Cola Amatil, Australia) Fruit punch (USA) Lemonade, Scheweppes, lemon soft drink (Cadbury Schweppes, Sydney, Australia) Mars Active Energy Drink, flavored milk (M&M/Mars, USA) Orange Delight Cocktail with pulp, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) RibenaTM blackcurrant fruit syrup, reconsituted with water (GlaxoSmithKline Group, Australia) Rice milk drink Rice milk drink, low-fat, Australia's Own NaturalTM (So Natural Foods, Taren Point, Australia) Vitasoy rice milk, low-fat, calcium enriched (National Foods Ltd, Australia)8 Slim FastTM French Vanilla ready-to-drink shake (Slim Fast Foods Company, Englewood, USA) Smoothie, made from milk and fruit Smoothie, banana (Australia) Smoothie, banana and strawberry, V8 Splash (Campbell's Soup Company, Camden, USA) Smoothie, mango (Australia) Smoothie, raspberry (Con Agra Inc, Omaha, USA) mean of four foods Smoothie, made from soy milk Smoothie drink, soy, banana (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 Smoothie drink, soy, chocolate hazelnut (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 SoloTM, lemon squash, soft drink (Cadbury Schweppes, Australia)8 Soy Beverage, Chocolate flavored, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Soy Beverage, Original flavored, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Soy Beverage, Vanilla flavored, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Up & Go, cocoa malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast) (Sanitarium Health Foods, Australia)8

686 67 545 464 445

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

23 19 15 15 7

525

250 mL

17

929 798 375

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

29 17 10

304 443 324 339 353 303 343 585 405

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

8 11 9 14 11 7 8 17 11

154 283 435

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

1 4 11

68 69 70

71 72 73

74 75 76 77 78

79 80 81 82

83

84 85 86

Up & Go, original malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast) (Sanitarium Health Foods, Australia)8 V8 Splash, tropical blend fruit drink (Campbell's Soup Company, USA) Xpress, chocolate (soy bean, cereal and legume extract drink with fructose)8 (So Natural Foods, Australia) V8 100% vegetable juice (Campbell's Soup Company, USA) Yakult, fermented milk drink with Lactobacilus casei (Yakult, Dandenong, Australia) Yakult Light, fermented milk drink with Lactobacilus casei (Yakult, Dandenong, Australia) Sports drinks Gatorade (Spring Valley Beverages Pty Ltd, Cheltenham, Vic, Australia) Isostar (Novartis Consumer Health, Nyon, Switzerland) Sustagen Sport (Mead Johnson, Rydalmere, NSW, Australia) Thorpedo Advanced Hydration for Kids, all flavors (Thorpedo Foods, Australia) Thorpedo Ultra Low GI Energy Water, all flavors (Thorpedo Foods, Australia) Drinks made from drinking mix powders Aussie Bodies Trim Protein Shake, Chocolate flavored (Aussie Bodies Pty Ltd, Australia) Aussie Bodies Trim Protein Shake, French Vanilla flavored (Aussie Bodies Pty Ltd, Australia) Build-UpTM nutrient-fortified drink, vanilla with fiber, (Nestl, Sydney, Australia) CinchTM Caf Latte weight management powder, prepared with skim milk (Shaklee Corporation, Pleasanton, USA) CinchTM Chocolate weight management powder, prepared with skim milk (Shaklee Corporation, USA) CinchTM Vanilla weight management powder, prepared with skim milk (Shaklee Corporation, USA) Complete Hot Chocolate mix made with hot water (Nestl, Australia) Hi-Pro energy drink mix, vanilla, containing soy protein and whey powder (Harrod foods, Sefton,

465 474 392

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

11 13 13

434 466 366

250 mL 65 mL 65 mL

4 6 3

7813 7015 439 112 164

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

12 13 21 4 2

394 413 414 273

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

5 5 14 8

163

250 mL

223 513 363

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

6 12 7

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

96

97 98 99 100

Australia) mixed in reduced-fat (1.5%) milk Malted milk powder in full-fat milk (Nestl, Australia) MiloTM (chocolate nutrient-fortified drink powder) MiloTM (Nestl, Australia) dissolved in water MiloTM (Nestl, Auckland, New Zealand) dissolved in water MiloTM (Nestl, Australia) dissolved in full-fat milk MiloTM (Nestl, New Zealand) dissolved in full-fat milk MiloTM Breakfast Smoothie powder prepared with skim milk (Nestl, Australia) NutrimealTM, meal replacement drink, Dutch Chocolate (Usana, Salt Lake City, USA) (2000) NutrimealTM, meal replacement drink, all flavors (Usana Australia, Baulkham Hills, Australia) (2007) Proform Hi-protein powder, neutral flavor, prepared with skim milk (MGC Dairy Co Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia) Proform Hi-protein powder, vanilla flavor, prepared with skim milk (MGC Dairy Co Pty Ltd, Australia) QuikTM (sweet drink powder) QuikTM, chocolate (Nestl, Australia), made with water QuikTM, chocolate (Nestl, Australia), prepared with 1.5% fat milk QuikTM, strawberry (Nestl, Australia), prepared with in water QuikTM, strawberry (Nestl, Australia), prepared with 1.5% fat milk BREADS Bagel, white (USA)9 Baguette Traditional French baguette (prepared with wheat flour, water, salt and 20 g yeast) (France) Whole Grain Baguette, President's Choice Blue Menutm (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) French baguette with chocolate spread (France) French baguette with butter and strawberry jam (France) Pain au lait (Pasquier, France) Barley breads Coarse barley kernel bread, 80% kernels 80% scalded intact kernels (20% white wheat flour) 80% intact kernels (20% white wheat flour)

453 553 525 352 363 395 263 202 453

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

12 9 8 9 9 13 4 3 22

425

250 mL

21

535 414 648 353

250 250 250 250

4 5 5 4

101 102 103 104 105 106

69 579 736 728 627 6310

70 30 30 70 70 60

24 10 9 27 26 20

107 108

34 40

30 30

7 8

109 110 111 112 113 114 115

116

117

118

119

120 121 122 123 124 125

126 127 128

Barley kernel bread, 50% kibbled barley (Australia) 48 Sunflower and barley bread (Riga bakeries, 576 Sydney, Australia) Sunflower and barley bread (Vogel's, UK) 7010 Barley flour breads Wholemeal barley flour (80%) bread 67 (20% white wheat flour) (Sweden) Wholemeal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (50% regular 50 barley flour, 50% high-fiber barley flour) (Sweden) Wholemeal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (20% regular 43 barley flour, 80% high-fiber barley flour) (Sweden) Barley flour bread, made from 50% wheat flour and 7415 50% coarse sieved barley flour (containing 4.2% total 1-3, 1-4 -glucan of which 2.8% soluble) (Italy) Barley flour bread, made from 80% wheat flour and 707 20% water-extracted barley flour (containing 6.3% total 1-3, 1-4 -glucan of which 5.7% soluble) (Italy) Whole grain barley flour bread, made from 50% barley 8514 flour and 50% wheat flour (containing 2.4% total 1-3, 1-4 -glucan of which 2.0% soluble) (Italy) Barley bread, 70% high-amylose barley flour and 49 30% white wheat flour, baked long-time at low tempertaure (Sweden) Barley bread, 70% high-amylose barley flour & 30% 70 white wheat flour, conventionally baked (Sweden) Wholemeal barley flour (80%) & white wheat flour (20%) breads - fermented or with added organic acids or salts (Sweden) Wholemeal barley flour bread (used as reference food 70 for the 5 breads below)9 Wholemeal barley flour bread with 53 9 sourdough (lactic acid) Wholemeal barley flour bread with lactic acid9 66 Wholemeal barley flour bread with calcium lactate9 59 9 Wholemeal barley flour bread with sodium propionate 65 Wholemeal barley flour bread with higher dose 57 9 sodium propionate Buckwheat bread Buckwheat bread, 50% dehusked buckwheat 47 groats and 50% white wheat flour (Sweden) Buckwheat bread (China) 672 Chickpea flour bread Chickpea flour bread, made from Amethyst-type 55

30 30 30 30 30 30 30

10 6 8 13 7 5 12

30

11

30

15

30

30

30 30 30 30 30 30

14 10 12 12 13 11

30 30 30

10 13 7

129 130

131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143

144

145

146

147

desi chickpeas (JK International Pty Ltd, Rocklea, Australia) Chickpea flour bread, made from extruded chickpea flour (Australia) Corn tortilla, made from white corn, Diego's brand (San Diego Tortilla Factory Pty Ltd, Andrews, QLD, Australia) Bread, flax, made from flax meal & wheat flour (Canada)9 Fruit breads Brgen Fruit loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, Australia) Brgen Fruit and Muesli bread (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Continental fruit loaf, wheat bread with dried fruit (Australia) Fruit and cinnamon bread (Finest, UK) Fruit and Spice Loaf, thick sliced (Buttercup bakeries, Moorebank, Australia) Fruit loaf, sliced (UK) HappinessTM (cinnamon, raisin, pecan bread) (Natural Ovens, Mannitowoc, USA) Muesli bread, made from packet mix in bread making machine (Con Agra Inc., USA) Whole-wheat bread with dried fruit (China) Gluten-free bread Gluten-free multigrain bread (Country Life Bakery, Dandenong, Australia) Gluten-free white bread (Country Life Bakery, Autralia) Gluten-free buckwheat bread, made with buckwheat meal & rice flour (Naturis Organic Bread, NSW, Australia) Hamburger/Hot dog buns 100% Whole wheat Gigantico Burger Buns, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) 100% Whole wheat Gigantico Hot Dog Rolls, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Oat bread Coarse oat kernel bread, 80% intact oat kernels and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden) Oat bran bread 50% oat bran (Australia)

67 496

30 50

8 11

67 445 534 476 7111 546 576 635 546 472 7913 405 725

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

8 6 7 7 11 8 9 9 7 7 10 3 8

626

30

626

30

65

30

12

44

30

148 149 150 151

152 153

154 155 156 157

158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166

167 168 169 170 171

45% oat bran and 50% wheat flour (Sweden) Oatmeal batch bread (UK) Rice bread Rice bread, low-amylose Calrose rice (Pav's Allergy Bakery, Ingleburn, Australia) Rice bread, high-amylose Doongara rice (Pav's Allergy Bakery, Australia) Rye bread Rye bread (50% rye flour + 50% wheat flour) (Turkey) Wheat and rye bread (75% wheat flour + 10% rye flour + 15% wheat bran) (Turkey) Rye kernel bread Coarse rye kernel bread, 80% intact kernels and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden) Whole-kernel rye bread, 60% whole rye kernels and 40% rye flour (Finland)11 Rye bread (80% rye flour + 20% oat -glucan concentrate) (Finland)11 Rye bread, 69% whole-grain rye flour (Jalkiuunileipa, Oululainen Ltd, Lahti, Finland) Specialty rye breads Blackbread, Riga (Berzin's Specialty Bakery, Sydney, Australia) BrgenTM Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) BrgenTM Rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Country Grain Organic Rye (Country Life Bakery, Australia) Roggenbrot, Vogel's (Stevns & Co, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Rye Hi-Soy with Linseed (Country Life Bakery, Australia) Schinkenbrot, Riga (Berzin's Specialty Bakery, Sydney, Australia) Sourdough rye (Australia) Wheat Breads Coarse wheat kernel bread, 80% intact kernels and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden) Spelt wheat breads White spelt wheat bread (Belgium) White spelt wheat bread (Slovenia)12 Wholemeal spelt wheat bread (Slovenia)12 Scalded spelt wheat kernel bread (Slovenia)12 Spelt multigrain bread (Pav's bakery, Australia)

50 628 729 619

30 30 30 30

9 9 8 7

50 40

30 30

7 6

41 57 66 7810

30 30 30 30

5 6 6 11

7614 5512 513 534 595 554 8615 48 52

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

10 6 5 5 8 5 12 6 10

65 74 63 67 5410

30 30 30 30 30

10 17 12 15 7

172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187

188 189 190

191 192

193 194

195 196 197

198

White wheat flour bread White flour (UK) White flour (Canada) White flour, SunblestTM (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) White flour (Sainsbury's, UK) White flour bread White flour (Pepperidge Farm, Norwalk, CT, USA) White flour (South Africa) White flour (Italy) White flour (Hovis, UK) White flour (Nishin Shokuhin, Japan) White flour (Vodova veka Penam, Olomouc, Czech Republic) White flour (Hovis, UK) White flour (Hovis Classic, British Bakeries Ltd, UK)9 White flour (China) White flour (Italy) White flour, homemade (UK)9 mean of sixteen studies White wheat flour bread, toasted White bread, toasted (Hovis, UK) White bread, fresh, toasted (British Bakeries Ltd, UK)9 White bread, homemade, fresh, toasted (UK)9 mean of three studies White wheat flour bread, frozen and defrosted9 White bread, frozen and defrosted (British Bakeries Ltd, UK)9 White bread, homemade, frozen and defrosted (UK) White wheat flour bread, frozen and defrosted, toasted White wheat bread, frozen, defrosted and toasted9 (British Bakeries Ltd, UK) White bread, homemade, frozen, defrosted9 and toasted (UK) WonderTM, enriched white bread (Interstate Brands Companies, Kansas City, USA) WonderTM, enriched white bread WonderTM, enriched white bread WonderTM, enriched white bread mean of three studies White bread with enzyme inhibitors White bread + acarbose (200 mg) (Mexico) White bread with insoluble fiber

5911 695 70 7010 713 716 717 72 7312 75 7510 7512 87 883 8912 89 752 507 63 66 60 75 62

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

8 10 10 10 10 11 9 11 11 10 13 11 11 12 18 12 11 7 8 9 8 9 8

64 54

30 30

8 7

719 724 773 73 50

30 30 30 30 30

10 10 11 10 8

199

200 201 202 203

204 205 206 207 208

209 210 211

212

213 214 215 216 217

White bread, enriched with 9 g lupin kernel fiber (viscous insoluble fiber) (Australasian Natural Ingredients Pty Ltd, Perth, Australia) White bread with added wheatgerm and fiber (UK) White bread with soluble fiber White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago psyllium) (Mexico) White bread, enriched with 12 g Arabinoxylan fiber14 (soluble fiber) (Australia) White bread, enriched with 6 g Arabinoxylan fiber14 (soluble fiber) (Australia) White bread enriched with Sunfibre (Cyamoposis tetragonolobus) (Indian cluster guar beans) White bread with 3 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan) White bread with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan) White bread with 10 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan) White bread with 15 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan) White bread with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 2 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan) White bread consumed with fiber drink White bread consumed with 5 g Sunfibre (Taiyo Kagaku Co, Ltd, Japan) dissolved in 250mL water White bread consumed with 10 g Sunfibre (Taiyo Kagaku Co, Ltd, Japan) dissolved in 250mL water White bread consumed with 10 g insoluble dextrin (Matsutani Chemical Industry Co Ltd, Japan) in 250 mL water White bread consumed with 10 g inulin (Orafti, Tienen, Belgium) in 250 mL water White bread with added ingredients White bread (100% wheat flour) + 2% pectin (George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia) White bread (100% wheat flour) + 5% fruit fiber (George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia) White bread (80% wheat flour + 20% chickpea flour) (George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia) White bread (90% wheat flour + 10% modified corn starch) (George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia) White bread (90% wheat flour + 10% tapicoa starch)

74

30

5911 65 41 56

30 30 30 30

6 11 4 7

634 645 685 561 552

30 30 30 30 30

10 10 11 10 9

494 575 666

676

85 76 79 78 77

30 30 30 30 30

11 9 9 10 10

218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227

228 229 230 231

232 233 234 235 236 237 238

(George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia) White bread (95% wheat flour + 5% oat bran) (George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia) White bread, containing 2% guar gum (George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia) White bread, containing 2% vinegar and 2.5% sourdough (Noble Rise Crunchy Toast, Australia) White bread containing Eurylon high-amylose maize starch (France)15 White bread eaten with powdered dried seaweed (Nori alga) (Spain) White bread eaten with vinegar as vinaigrette (Sweden) White bread eaten with 18 g white vinegar (6% acetic acid) (Sweden) White bread eaten with 23 g white vinegar (6% acetic acid) (Sweden) White bread eaten with 28 g white vinegar (6% acetic acid) (Sweden) White and wholemeal bread (ratio 1:1), fermented by sourdough lactobacilli (pH 1.5) and fiber-enriched with oat fiber (Italy) White bread, with different proving times and bread volumes White bread, prepared with a 10 min prove and a second 2 min proving (low loaf volume) (UK) White bread, prepared with a 30 min prove and a second 12 min proving (moderate loaf volume) (UK) White bread, prepared with a 60 min prove and a second 30 min proving (moderate loaf volume) (UK) White bread, prepared with a 40 min prove, a second 25 min proving and a third 50 min proving (large loaf volume) (UK) White resistant starch-enriched bread Fiber WhiteTM (Nature's Fresh, Auckland, New Zealand) WonderwhiteTM (Buttercup Bakeries, Australia) Wholemeal (whole wheat) wheat flour bread Wholemeal flour (Hovis, UK) Wholemeal flour (China) Wholemeal flour (Sainsbury's, UK) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Australia)

74 66 79 42 48 45 63 73 54 54

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

10 8 9 8 7 7 9 11 8 6

384 727 869 1007

30 30 30 30

5 9 11 13

7710 808 689 693 7112 726 74

30 30 30 30 30 30 30

11 11 7 9 8 8 10

239 240 241 242 243

244 245 246 247

248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258

259 260 261

Wholemeal flour (Hovis, UK) Wholemeal flour (South Africa) Wholemeal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Wholemeal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Wholemeal flour (France) mean of ten studies Wholemeal stoneground (whole wheat) wheat flour bread Wholemeal bread, stoneground flour (Bill's Organic Bread, Cardiff, Australia) Wholemeal flour, stoneground (Waitrose, UK) Specialty wheat breads Bakers DelightTM Hi Fibre Lo GI white bread (Bakers Delight Holdings, Australia) Bakers DelightTM Wholemeal Country Grain bread (Bakers Delight Holdings, Australia) BrgenTM Mixed Grain bread (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, Australia) BrgenTM Mixed Grain BrgenTM Mixed Grain BrgenTM Mixed Grain mean of three studies BrgenTM Oat Bran & Honey Loaf with Barley (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) (1995) BrgenTM Oatbran & Honey bread (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) (2002) BrgenTM Pumpkin Seed bread, containing 6% pumpkin seeds (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Brgen Soy-Lin, kibbled soy (8%) and linseed (8%) loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Brgen Wholmeal & Seeds (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Crusty malted wheat bread (Finest, UK) English MuffinTM bread (Natural Ovens, USA) English Muffin, Whole Grain Multigrain, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Golden HearthTM Organic Heavy Wholegrain bread (Gold Coast Bakeries, QLD, Australia) Healthy ChoiceTM Hearty 7 Grain (Con Agra Inc., USA) Healthy ChoiceTM Hearty 100% Whole Grain (Con Agra Inc., USA)

748 759 779 7816 8527 74 2

30 30 30 30 30 30

8 9 9 9 13 9

598 6613 527 539

30 30 30 30

7 8 8 6

344 4512 524 44 313 494 494 364 398 528 777 453

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

4 5 5 5 3 5 4 3 2 7 11 5

537 556 626

30 30 30

7 8 9

262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290

Helga'sTM Classic Seed Loaf (Quality Bakers, Sydney, Australia) Helga'sTM Traditional Wholemeal bread (Quality Bakers, Australia) Hunger FillerTM, whole grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) Malt loaf, organic (UK) MolenbergTM (Goodman Fielder, Auckland, New Zealand) Multigrain bread (Sainsbury's, UK) Multigrain batch bread (UK) 9-Grain Multi-Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Multigrain Loaf, spelt wheat flour (Australia) Multigrain (50% kibbled wheat grain) (Australia) Multigrain loaf, containing coconut flour (Philippines) Multiseed bread (UK) Nutty NaturalTM, whole grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) PerformaxTM (Country Life Bakery, Australia) Ploughman'sTM Wholegrain, original recipe (Quality Bakers, Australia) Ploughman'sTM Wholemeal, smooth milled (Quality Bakers, Australia) Seeded bread (UK) Sourdough wheat bread (Australia) Sourdough Vienna bread, Bakers DelightTM (Bakers Delight Holdings, Australia) Soy & Linseed bread (made from packet mix cooked in bread maker) (Con Agra Inc., USA) Stay TrimTM, whole grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) Tip TopTM EnerGI white bread (Tip Top Bakeries, George Weston Ltd, Australia) Tip TopTM EnerGI white bread (Tip Top Bakeries, George Weston Ltd, Australia) 3 Grain Bread, sprouted grains (Stonemill Bread, Toronto, Canada) Vogel's Honey & Oats (Stevns & Co, Sydney, Australia) Vogel's Wonder White 'Low GI' white bread (Quality Bakers, Australia) Vogel's Wonder White 'Low GI' white bread (Quality Bakers, Australia) 100% Whole GrainTM bread (Natural Ovens, USA) White wheat flour flatbread (Sweden)

689 7014 598 599 7510 8010 628 435 5410 43 60 544 597 383 47 6410 497 54 666 506 7010 54 58 556 555 543 59 5111 79

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

9 9 7 12 11 8 9 6 8 6 7 7 7 5 7 9 6 8 10 5 10 7 7 5 8 6 7 7 13

291 292 293

294 295 296

Wheat bread, Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) wheat, leavened with crushed whole grains (Denmark) Wheat bread, Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) wheat, leavened with honey and salt (Denmark) Wheat bread, Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) wheat, leavened with yeast (Denmark) Unleavened Breads Lebanese bread, white (Seda Bakery, Sydney, Australia) Pita bread, white, mini (UK) Pita bread, wholemeal (UK) BREAKFAST CEREALS All-BranTM (high-fiber, extruded wheat bran cereal) All-BranTM (Kellogg's, Pagewood, NSW, Australia)17 All-BranTM (Kellogg's, Battle Creek, MI, USA)11,14 All-BranTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada) All-BranTM (Kellogg's, Battle Creek, MI, USA) mean of four studies All-Bran Fruit 'n OatsTM (Kellogg's, Australia) All-Bran Soy 'n fiberTM (Kellogg's, Australia) All-Bran Wheat FlakesTM (Kellogg's, Australia) BalanceTM (Sainsbury's, UK) Barley flakes (China) Barley porridge Barley flour porridge, made from milled dehulled barley kernels (flour:water = 1:3) boiled for 2.5 min (Sweden) Barley flour porridge, made from milled high-amylose (covered) barley kernels (flour:water = 1:3), boiled for 2.5 min (Sweden) Barley porridge made from steamed thin (0.5 mm) dehulled barley flakes (Sweden) Barley porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) dehulled barley flakes (Sweden) Wholemeal barley flour porridge (100% regular barley) (flour:water = 1:3), boiled 2.5 min (Sweden) Wholemeal high-fiber barley flour porridge (50% barley flour: 50% high-fiber barley flour) (Sweden) Bran cereal, high fiber (UK) Bran Flakes Branflakes (Healthy Living, UK) Bran Flakes, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)

71 65 67

30 30 30

8 8 8

759 685 5613

30 30 30

12 10 8

297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307

30 38 515 557 446 419 333 608 745 693 46 39

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 50 (dry) 50 (dry)

4 8 12 12 9 7 4 12 17 14 15 11

308 309 310 311 312 313 314

62 65 68 55 4310 507 658

50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 30 30 30

17 18 23 8 5 10 12

315

316 317 318

319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331

332 333 334 335 336 337

338

339 340 341

Bran FlakesTM (Kellogg's, Australia) mean of three studies ChocapicTM (Nestl, France) ChocapicTM, wheat-based flaked cereal (2003) ChocapicTM, wheat-based flaked cereal (2003) ChocapicTM, wheat-based flaked cereal (2003) mean of three studies Coco PopsTM (cocoa flavored puffed rice) Coco PopsTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Coco PopsTM (Kellogg's, Australia) CornflakesTM Cornflakes (China) CornflakesTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Cornflakes (China) CornflakesTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada) Cornflakes (Kellogg's, UK) mean of five studies Cornflakes, Crunchy NutTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Corn PopsTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Energy MixTM, wheat-based flaked cereal (Quaker, France) Fibre First Multi-Bran Cereal, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Froot LoopsTM (Kellogg's, Australia) FrostiesTM, sugar-coated cornflakes (Kellogg's, Australia) Fruit and FibreTM Fruit and FibreTM (Sainsbury's, UK) Fruit and Fibre (UK) Fruit and Fibre (Value, UK) mean of three studies Fruity-BixTM, berry (Sanitarium, New Zealand) Golden WheatsTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Granola Clusters, Original, low fat, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Granola Clusters, Raisin & Almond, low fat, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) GrapenutsTM (Kraft Foods Inc, Port Chester, USA) GuardianTM (Kellogg's, Australia) HealthwiseTM for bowel health (Uncle Toby's, Wahgunyah, Australia)

74 63 7010 749 849 76 778 773 743 77 794 806 9314 813 724 804 807 5610 699 55

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

13 12 17 19 22 20 20 20 19 19 20 21 23 20 17 21 20 6 18 14

614 677 687 65 11310 718 634

30 30 30 30 30 30 30

13 14 13 13 25 16 14

707

30

15

756 379 669

30 30 30

16 5 12

342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371

High-fiber cereal (UK) Hi-LiteTM, containing 55% rolled barley grains (Freedom Foods, Cheltenham, Australia) Honey Rice BubblesTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Honey SmacksTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Hot cereal, apple & cinnamon (Con Agra Inc, USA) Hot cereal, unflavored (Con Agra Inc., USA) Just RightTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Just Right Just GrainsTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Kashi Seven Whole Grain Puffs (Kashi Company, USA) KompleteTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Mini Wheats, whole wheat Mini WheatsTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Mini Wheats (Sainsbury's, UK) Mini WheatsTM, blackcurrant (Kellogg's, Australia) Muesli Alpen original muesli, made from steamed rolled oats with dried fruit and nuts (Weetabix, UK) Brgen Fruit & Muesli (George Weston Foods, Australia) Brgen Soy-LinTM Muesli (George Weston Foods, Australia) Brgen Rye Muesli (George Weston Foods, Australia) Muesli (Value, UK) Muesli (Canada) Muesli (Healthy Eating, UK) Muesli, fruit (UK) Muesli, fruit and nut (UK) Muesli, gluten-free with Psyllium (Freedom Foods, Australia) Muesli, Light, mixed berry & apple flavor, Special K brand (Kellogg's, Australia) Muesli, Lite (Sanitarium, New Zealand) Muesli, Morning Sun Natural Apricot & Almond (Australia) Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, Australia) Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, New Zealand) Muesli, Natural Style Original Swiss Formula (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Muesli, Naytura Fruit and Nut (Woolworths Limited, Australia)

526 545 774 7110 376 255 6015 6211 6510 485 588 597 7210 5510 51 513 41 649 669 8610 677 5911 507 647 5412 495 406 579 626 486

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

9 10 20 16 8 5 13 14 16 10 12 12 15 11 10 9 7 12 16 18 14 11 5 13 10 6 8 11 11 7

372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379

380 381 382

383 384 385

386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399

Muesli, Swiss Bircher (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Muesli, Swiss Formula (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Muesli, toasted (Purina, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Muesli, toasted, with nuts (Australia) Muesli, wholewheat (UK) Muesli, yeast & wheat free (Freedom Foods, Australia) Vogel's Caf Style Fibre-Rich Muesli (Specialty Cereals, Mt Kuring-gai, NSW, Australia) NutrigrainTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Oat bran, consumed as a drink mixed with 41g glucose and water 15 g Oat bran (containing 2 g -glucan), consumed as a drink with glucose and water (Finland) 30 g Oat bran (containing 4 g -glucan), consumed as a drink with glucose and water (Finland) 30 g Oat bran (containing 4 g -glucan), consumed as a drink mixed with glucose and water, frozen for 13 days and then thawed before consumption (Finland) 45 g Oat bran (containing 6 g -glucan), consumed as a drink with glucose and water (Finland) Oat 'n Honey BakeTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Oats, rolled, uncooked (Lowan's Whole Foods, Box Hill, Australia) Porridge made from rolled oats Porridge (Uncle Toby's, Australia)17 Porridge, made from rolled oats cooked for 20 min (Canada) Porridge oats (Freedom Foods, Australia) Traditional porridge oats (Lowan Whole Foods, Australia) Porridge, made from steel-cut oats, cooked in water (USA) Porridge (China) Traditional Rolled Oats (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Old-Fashioned Steel Cut Oats, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Porridge (Hubbards, New Zealand) Porridge (Australia) Porridge (Value, UK) Porridge, organic (UK) Porridge, Scottish (UK) mean of thirteen studies Multi grain instant oatmeal, Regular and Cinnamon

525 568 43:4 655 566 455 486 6612

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

9 9 7 11 10 4 9 10

846 586 648

10 10 10

2 2 2

649 7711 594

10 30 30

2 13 11

42 498 504 518 524 552 575 578 589 584 6315 6311 637 552 557

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

9 11 10 11 17 13 11 14 12 12 19 18 20 13 14

400

401 402 403

404 405 406 407

408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415

416 417 418 419 420 421

& Spice, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Multigrain porridge, containing rolled oats, wheat, triticale, rye, barley and rice, cooked with water (The Monster Muesli Company, Beecroft, Australia) Wholemeal oat flour porridge (flour:water = 1:3), boiled 2.5 min (Sweden) Oat porridge made from thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from 0.5-0.6 mm thick flakes, cooked for 10min (Elovena; Raisio Group Ltd, Raisio, Finland) Oat porridge made from roasted thin (0.5 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from roasted thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from roasted and steamed thin (0.5 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Instant Porridge Instant porridge (China) Instant oat porridge, cooked in microwave with water (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Instant oatmeal porridge, made from packet (China) Instant oat cereal porridge prepared with water (UK) mean of four studies Pop TartsTM, Double Chocolate (Kellogg's, Australia) Puffed Wheat (Sanitarium, Australia) Raisin BranTM (Kellogg's, USA) Rice Bran, extruded (Rice Growers Co-Operative Ltd, Leeton, Australia) Rice Bubbles Rice BubblesTM (Kellogg's, Australia)17 Rice BubblesTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Rice BubblesTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Rice BubblesTM (Kellogg's, Australia) mean of four studies Shredded Wheat (Canada) Soy Crunch Multi-Grain Cereal, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Special KTM - formulation of this cereal varies in different countries

552

250

19

74 55 767

50 (dry) 250 250

24 15 19

69 50 80 53

250 250 250 250

19 14 22 14

693 8210 837 8310 793 702 8011 615 193

250 250 250 250 250 50 30 30 30

14 20 18 30 21 25 17 12 3

81 853 928 95 883 6710 474

30 30 30 30 30 30 30

21 22 24 25 23 13 9

422 423 424 425 426

427 428 429 430

431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441

442 443 444 445 446 447 448

Special KTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Special KTM (Kellogg's, USA) Special KTM, made from rice (Kellogg's, France) Soy TastyTM (flaked grains, soy nuts, dried fruit) (Sanitarium, Australia) SoytanaTM, Vogel's, soy and linseed bran crunch with sultanas (20.1 g fiber per 100 g), (Specialty Cereals, Mt Kuring-gai, NSW, Australia) Sultana BranTM (Kellogg's, Australia) (2007) Sultana BranTM (Kellogg's, Australia) (1997) SustainTM, Original (Kellogg's, Australia) (2007) Ultra-branTM, Vogel's, soy and linseed extruded wheat bran cereal (30.2 g fiber per 100 g) (Specialty Cereals, Australia) Vogel's Cluster Crunch Classic (Specialty Cereals, Australia) Vogel's Cluster Crunch, Honey Hazelnut (Specialty Cereals, Australia) Wild Oats Cluster Crunch Hazelnut Chocolate (Specialty Cereals, Australia) Wheat-bitesTM (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Wheat biscuits (plain flaked wheat) Vita-BritsTM (Uncle Toby's, Australia)17 Vita-BritsTM (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Weet-BixTM (Sanitarium, Australia) Weet-BixTM (Sanitarium, Australia) WeetabixTM (Weetabix of Canada Ltd.) Whole wheat GoldiesTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Wheat based cereal biscuit (UK) mean of seven studies Wheat biscuits (flaked wheat) with additional ingredients Good StartTM, muesli wheat biscuits (Sanitarium, Australia) Hi-Bran Weet-BixTM, wheat biscuits with extra wheat bran (Sanitarium, Australia) Hi-Bran Weet-BixTM with soy and linseed (Sanitarium, Australia) Honey GoldiesTM (Kellogg's Australia) Lite-BixTM, plain, no added sugar (Sanitarium, Australia) Oat bran Weet-BixTM (Sanitarium, Australia) Sultana GoldiesTM (Kellogg's Australia)

544 695 8412 605 493

30 30 30 30 45

11 14 20 12 12

643 7313 555 414

30 30 30 30

12 14 12 5

506 433 436 7211 61 686 69 694 7510 704 7210 692

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

10 8 8 18 12 13 12 12 16 14 14 13

684 614 573 723 703 574 656

30 30 30 30 30 30 30

14 10 9 15 14 11 13

449 450 451 452 453

454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468

469 470 471 472

BREAKFAST CEREALS WITH MILK Branflakes (Sainsbury's, UK), with semi-skimmed milk Cereal flakes with fruit (30 g), consumed with 125 mL skim milk (UK) Cocoa Crunch cereal (30 g) with 125 mL skim milk (UK) Cornflakes (Sainsbury's, UK) (30 g), consumed with 125 mL skim milk Honey Crunch cereal (30 g), consumed with 125 mL skim milk (UK) Hot oat cereal, prepared with 125 mL skim milk Hot oat cereal (30 g), berry flavor (UK) Hot oat cereal (30 g), cocoa flavor (UK) Hot oat cereal (30 g), fruit flavor (UK) Hot oat cereal (30 g), honey flavor (UK) Hot oat cereal (30 g), orchard fruit flavor (UK) Hot oat cereal (30 g) (UK) Hot oat cereal (30 g) (UK) mean of seven foods Muesli, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Australia) with 1.5% fat milk Muesli, Original (Sainsbury's, UK), consumed with semi-skimmed milk Muesli, Swiss (Sainsbury's, UK), consumed with semi-skimmed milk Muesli, Wheat free (Pertwee Farm's, UK), consumed with semi-skimmed milk Porridge, jumbo oats (Sainsbury's, UK), consumed with semi-skimmed milk Porridge, small oats (Sainsbury's, UK), consumed with semi-skimmed milk PreciseTM (Sainsbury's, UK), with semi-skimmed milk Rice PopsTM (Sainsbury's, UK), with semi-skimmed milk Wheat biscuits consumed with 125 mL skim milk Cereal biscuit (30 g), cocoa flavor (UK) Cereal biscuit (30 g), fruit flavor (UK) Cereal biscuit (30 g), honey flavor (UK) Cereal biscuit (30 g), wheat based (UK) mean of four foods BREAKFAST CEREAL BARS Cereal bar, cranberry flavor (UK)

765 578 5811 655 546

30 155 155 30 155

15 16 16 16 16

436 405 478 476 507 476 409 451 396 606 606 497 406 616 594 806

155 155 155 155 155 155 155 155 30 30 30 30 250 250 30 30

11 9 12 12 12 11 9 11 7 11 12 9 9 14 14 20

467 567 527 478 502

155 155 155 155 155

12 15 14 12 13

473

425

30

474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486

487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494

495 496 497

498 499 500

Cereal bar, hazelnut flavor (UK) Cereal bar, orange flavor (UK) Crunchy Nut CornflakesTM bar (Kellogg's, Australia) Fiber PlusTM bar (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Fruity-BixTM bar, wheat biscuit cereal with dried fruit and nuts with yoghurt coating (Sanitarium, Australia) Fruity-BixTM bar, wild berry, wheat biscuit cereal and covered with yoghurt coating (Sanitarium, Australia) Hi-LiteTM breakfast bar (Freedom Foods, Australia) K-Time Just RightTM bar (Kellogg's, Australia) K-Time Strawberry CrunchTM bar (Kellogg's, Australia) Muesli breakfast bar, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Australia) Omega bar, containing linseeds, sunflower kernels and nuts, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Australia) Rice Bubble TreatTM bar (Kellogg's, Australia) SustainTM bar (Kellogg's, Australia) CEREAL GRAINS Barley Barley kernels, high-amylose (hull-less) boiled in water for 25 min (kernel:water = 1:2.5) (Sweden) Barley kernels, waxy (hull-less), boiled in water for 25 min (kernel:water = 1:2.5) (Sweden) Barley kernels, boiled in water for 25 min (kernel:water = 1:2) (Sweden) Barley kernels, high-amylose (covered), boiled in water for 25 min (kernel:water = 1:2) (Sweden) Barley, pot, boiled in salted water 20 min (Goudas Food Products, Concord, Canada) Barley, pearled, boiled 60 min (UK) Barley, pot, boiled (Goudas Food Products, Canada) Barley, pot, boiled 20 min (Goudas Food Products, Canada) mean of eight studies Barley (Hordeum vulgare) (India) Barley, rolled (Australia) Buckwheat groats, hydrothermally treated, dehusked, boiled 12 min (Sweden) Corn/Maize Corn granules (China) Maize (Zea Mays), flour made into chapatti (India) Cornmeal porridge (China) Sweet corn

336 333 726 789 564 514 533 724 775 506 212 6311 5710

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

4 5 19 18 11 9 11 17 19 9 3 15 14

20 22 25 26 252 354 354 37 282 48 665 45

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 50 (dry) 150

8 9 10 11 11 15 15 16 12 20 25 13

523 59 683

150 30 150

15 8 9

501 502 503 504 505

506

507 508

509

510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517

518 519 520 521

522 523

Sweet corn, 'Honey & Pearl' variety (New Zealand) Sweet corn, on the cob, boiled 20 min (Australia) Sweet corn (China) Sweet corn (USA)11 Sweet corn (South Africa) mean of five studies Couscous Couscous, rehydrated with hot water (San Remo, Australia) Millet Millet porridge (China) Quinoa, cooked, refridgerated, reheated in microwave for 1.5 min (Nature First Organic, Australia) Rice, white Arborio, risotto rice, boiled (SunRice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Rice, boiled white, type NS Type NS (India)9 Type NS (Canada) Type NS, boiled in salted water (India) Type NS (China) Type NS, boiled 13 min (Italy)9,18 mean of five studies Type NS, boiled in salted water, refrigerated 16-20 h, reheated (India) Type NS, boiled 13 min, then baked 10 min (Italy)9,18 Long grain, boiled Long grain, white, unconverted, boiled 15 min (Mahatma brand, Riviana Foods, Wetherill Park, Australia ) Long grain, white (Uncle Bens, Auckland, New Zealand) Premium long grain, white (SunRice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Long grain, white, boiled 7 min (Star brand, Gouda Food Products, Canada) Long grain, boiled (Star Brand, Goudas Food Products, Canada) mean of five studies Rice, long grain, quick-cooking varieties Long grain, parboiled 10 min cooking time (Uncle Ben's, Masterfoods, Belgium) Long grain, parboiled, 20 min cooking time

3712 48 552 60 625 525 657

150 150 150 150 150 150 150

11 14 18 20 20 17 9

623 535

150 150

22 13

697

150

36

43 729 72 831 89 728 53 94 50

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

16 30 27 30 43 29 20 45 21

567 597 643 693 603 686 757

150 150 150 150 150 150 150

24 24 26 28 25 25 28

524 525 526

527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537

538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546

(Uncle Ben's, Masterfoods, Belgium) Long grain, white, pre-cooked, microwaved 2 min (Express Rice, plain, Uncle Ben's, Masterfoods, UK) Long Grain White Rice in 90 Seconds, microwaved (SunRice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Medium grain white rice, boiled 12 mins Sun Rice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Rice porridge/Congee Rice porridge (China) Rice porridge (Australia) Rice porridge, made from rice bran (China) Rice porridge, made from black rice (China) Rice porridge, made from Sticky rice (China) Rice, specialty rices American, easy-cook rice (Sainsbury's, UK) Broken rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Lion Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) Brown Rice, Uncle Ben's Ready Whole Grain (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Brown & Wild, Uncle Ben's Ready Whole Grain MedleyTM (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Chicken Flavored Brown Rice, Uncle Ben's Ready Whole Grain (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Glutinous rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Bangsue Chia Meng Rice Mill, Bangkok, Thailand) Jasmine rice, white Jasmine Fragrant rice, white (SunRice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Jasmine rice, white long grain, cooked in rice cooker (Golden World Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) Long Grain and Wild, Uncle Ben's Ready Rice (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Moolgiri white rice (Tajmahal Agro Industries, India) Original Long Grain, Uncle Ben's Ready Rice (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Red Raw rice, Sri Lankan, cooked in rice cooker (Australia) Roasted Chicken Flavored, Uncle Ben's Ready Rice (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Santa Fe, Uncle Ben's Ready Whole Grain MedleyTM (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Spanish Style, Uncle Ben's Ready Rice (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA)

525 767 758

150 150 150

19 44 29

696 885 191 423 657 4912 8610 485 455 464 987

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

23 13 3 14 21 22 37 20 18 18 31

894 10910 493 54 485 594 514 486 514

150 150 150 150 150

37 46 21 17 22

100 (dry) 46 150 150 150 21 18 22

547

548 549 550 551

552 553 554 555 556

557 558 559 560 561 562

563 564 565 566 567

568 569 570 571

Vegetable Harvest, Uncle Ben's Ready Whole Grain MedleyTM (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Rice, white low-amylose Calrose, white, medium grain, boiled (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Sungold, Pelde, parboiled (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Waxy (0-2% amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Pelde, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Rice, white high-amylose Doongara, white (SunRice CleverRiceTM brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Doongara, white, cooked in rice cooker (2007) Doongara, white (1995) Doongara, white (2005) Doongara, white (1995) Doongara, white (1992) mean of five studies Basmati, white, boiled Basmati, white, boiled (Sainsbury's, UK) Basmati, white, boiled 12 min (Value, UK) Basmati, white, organic, boiled 10 min (UK) Basmati, white, boiled (Mahatma brand, Australia) Basmati, white, boiled (SunRice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Basmati, white, boiled 8 min (UK) mean of six studies Basmati, white, quick cooking Basmati, easy cook, boiled 9 min (UK) Basmati, easy-cook rice (Sainsbury's, UK) Precooked basmati rice in pouch, white, reheated in microwave, Uncle Ben's Express (Masterfoods, UK) Quick cooking white basmati, cooked 10 min, Uncle Ben's Superior (Masterfoods, Belgium) Japanese Style Sushi rice, white (SunRice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Japonica/Koshihikari rice Japonica, short-grain brown rice (Japan) Japonica short-grain brown rice, pre-germinated (Japan) Japonica short-grain brown rice, pre-germinated (Japan) Koshikari (Japonica), white, short-grain,

485

150

17

8313 877 8811 9311

150 150 150 150

36 37 38 40

484 506 546 547 649 543 438 5211 5710 588 657 696 574 6711 688 574 605 8510

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

19 20 21 21 25 21 18 15 23 22 25 28 22 28 28 24 23 33

625 545 573 488

150 150 150 150

26 22 23 18

572 573 574 575 576

577 578

579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586

587 588 589 590 591 592 593

boiled 15 min, then steamed 10 min (Japan) Japonica, short-grain white rice (Japan) Japonica, short-grain white rice (Japan) Japonica white rice and pre-germinated Japonica brown rice (ratio 1:2) Japonica white rice and pre-germinated Japonica brown rice (ratio 2:1) Koshihikari rice, white (SunRice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Japonica rice enriched with Sunfibre (Cyamoposis tetragonolobus) (soluble fiber) Japonica rice with 3 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) Japonica rice with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) Milled, white, high amylose rice Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR62) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR36) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR62) rice, cooked in rice cooker 20 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR36) rice, cooked in rice cooker 19 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, cooked in rice cooker 14 min (Philippines) Rice, brown Brown (Canada) Brown, steamed (USA)11,14 Brown rice, boiled in excess water for 25 mins (SunRice brand, Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Brown rice (China) Calrose brown (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Doongara brown, high amylose (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Medium Grain Brown Rice in 90 seconds, microwaved on high (SunRice brand,

767 756 645 673 737

150 150 150 150 150

35 34 27 30 28

686 666

150 150

27 26

66 64 64 43 50 53 55 58

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

28 28 28 18 22 23 24 25

665 50 726 872 878 667 598

150 150 150 150 150 150 150

21 16 29 29 33 24 30

594 595 596 597

598 599 600 601

602

603 604 605

606 607 608

609 610 611 612 613

Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Pelde brown (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Parboiled, cooked 20 min, Uncle Ben's Natur-reis (Masterfoods, Belgium) Sunbrown QuickTM (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Rice, brown, high-amlyose Brown, high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 30 min (Philippines) Instant/puffed rice Instant rice, white, cooked 3 min (China) Instant rice, white, cooked 6 min (Trice brand, Australia) Instant rice, white, cooked 6 min (China) Puffed, white, cooked 5 min, Uncle Ben's Snabbris (Masterfoods, Belgium) mean of four studies Instant Doongara, white, cooked 5 min (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Parboiled rice Converted, white, boiled 20-30 min, Uncle Ben's (Masterfoods, USA) Parboiled, low-amylose, Pelde, Sungold (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Parboiled, high-amylose (28%), Doongara (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Sticky rice Rice, Sticky (China) Rice, Sticky (China) Rice, Sticky, high-amylose (China) Wheat Wheat, whole kernels Wheat, whole kernels (Triticum aestivum)(India)14 Wheat, precooked kernels Durum wheat, precooked, cooked 20 min (Ebly, Chateaudun, France) Durum wheat, precooked, cooked 10 min (Ebly, France) Durum wheat, precooked in pouch, reheated in microwave, Ebly Express (Ebly, France) Quick cooking (White Wings, Sydney, Australia) COOKIES Apricot Temptation fruit cookies, 97% fat-free (Freedom Foods, Australia)

766 647 807 58

150 150 150 150

29 23 31 24

463 877 872 745 7410 947

150 150 150 150 150 150

19 36 37 31 31 39

38 877 506

150 150 150

14 34 19

872 882 502

150 150 150

24 25 14

309 524 505 405 5411

50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 125 150

11 19 17 16 25

614

474

25

615 616 617 618 619

620 621 622

623 624 625 626 627 628 629

630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637

638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645

Milk ArrowrootTM (Arnotts, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Barquette Abricot (LU, Ris, Orangis, France) Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate (LU, Czech Republic) Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate (2002) Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate (2006) Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) mean of three studies Bebe Dobre Rano Coconut (LU, Czech Republic) Bebe Dobre Rano Four Cereals (LU, Czech Republic) Bebe Dobre Rano Honey and Hazelnuts (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) Bebe Dobre Rano Nuts & Honey (LU, Czech Republic) Bebe Dobre Rano Nuts and Honey (2002) Bebe Dobre Rano Nuts and Honey (2006) Bebe Dobre Rano with Milk (LU, Czech Republic) Bebe Jemne Susenky (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) Better Choice Multicereals (LU, Denmark) Better Choice Wholegrain (LU Denmark) Chocolate chip cookies, containing coconut flour (Philippines) Digestives Digestives (UK) Digestives (Canada) Evergreen met Krenten (LU, Netherlands) Gran'Dia Banana, Oats and Honey (LU, Brazil) Gran'Dia Chocolate with five cereals (Danone, Brazil) Grany en-cas Abricot (LU, France) Grany en-cas Fruits des bois (LU, France) Grany Rush Apricot (LU, Netherlands) Gyri des J reggelt! Mzlivel s gymlccsel / Fruits and Muesli (LU, Hungary) Gyri des J reggelt! Mzlivel s gymlccsel (2002) Gyri des J reggelt! Mzlivel s gymlccsel (2003) Gyri des J reggelt! Mzlivel s gymlccsel (2004) mean of three studies Highland OatmealTM (Westons Biscuits, Australia) Jo Reggelt Fruits and Figs (LU, Hungary) Jubilee Nuts and Honey (LU, Russia) (2002) Jubilee Nuts and Honey (LU, Russia) (2003) Jyvshyv Paussi Mysli and Fruits (LU Finland) Jyvshyv Paussi Mysli and Fruits (2002)

697 716 464 463 579 50 483 514 519

25 40 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

12 23 16 16 19 17 16 17 17

415 454 504 6711 514 463 43

50 50 50 25 50 50 25

14 15 18 14 17 16 7

395 597 6612 285 398 556 505 623

25 25 38 30 30 30 30 30

6 9 14 6 8 9 7 12

455 495 476 47 558 416 443 454 455

50 50 50 50 25 50 50 50 50

16 18 17 17 10 14 15 15 16

646 647 648 649 650 651 652

653 654 655 656

657 658 659

660 661 662 663 664

665 666

667 668 669 670 671

Jyvshyv Paussi Mysli and Fruits (2003) Jyvshyv Paussi Mysli and Fruits (2004) mean of three studies Jyvshyv Paussi Vanilla (LU Finland) (2004) Jyvshyv Paussi Vanilla (LU Finland) (2006) Jyvshyv Paussi Wholegrain (LU Finland) Leda Luxury gluten-free chocolate coated cookies (Leda Nutrition, QLD, Australia) LU P'tit Djeuner Chocolat (LU, France) LU P'tit Djeuner Miel et Ppites Chocolat (LU, France) LU P'tit Djeuner Miel et Ppites Chocolat LU P'tit Djeuner Miel et Ppites Chocolat LU P'tit Djeuner Miel et Ppites Chocolat mean of three studies LU Petit Djeuner, Chocolate, low in sugar (LU France) LU Petit Djeuner Chocolate & Cereals (LU, France) LU Petit Djeuner Chocolate & Cereals (2003) LU Petit Djeuner Chocolate & Cereals (2006) LU Petit Djeuner Cereals & Chocolate Chips, low in sugar (LU France, LU Belgium, LU Czech Republic) LU Petit Djeuner Coconut, nuts and chocolate (LU, France) LU Petit Djeuner Coconut, nuts and chocolate (2005) LU Petit Djeuner Coconut, nuts and chocolate (2006) LU Petit Djeuner Fruits and Muesli (LU France) LU Petit Djeuner Fruits and Muesli (2002) LU Petit Djeuner Fruits and Muesli (2003) LU Petit Djeuner Fruits and Muesli (2004) mean of three studies LU Petit Djeuner Honey & Chocolate chips (LU France) LU Petit Djeuner Honey & Chocolate chips (2003) LU Petit Djeuner Honey & Chocolate chips (2006) LU Petit Djeuner Milk and Cereals (LU France and LU Belgium) LU Petit Djeuner Milk and Cereals (2004) LU Petit Djeuner Milk and Cereals (2006) LU Petit Djeuner Multicereals (LU France, LU Belgium) LU Petit Djeuner with Fruits and Figs (LU France, LU Belgium) LU Petit Djeuner with Prunes (LU, France)

495 476 47 557 394 463 357 425

50 50 50 50 50 50 25 50

18 17 17 19 13 16 4 14

455 498 523 49 517

50 50 50 50 50

16 18 18 17 18

466 586 375

50 50 50

16 20 13

556 517 455 495 476 47

50 50 50 50 50 50

19 17 16 18 17 17

476 464

50 50

17 16

557 394 463 416 516

50 50 50 50 50

19 13 16 14 17

672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706

Macaroons, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) Maltmeal wafer (Griffin's Foods Ltd., New Zealand) Morning CoffeeTM (Arnotts, Australia) Nutrigrain Fruits des bois (Kellogg's, France) Oat biscuit (UK) Oat biscuit (China) Oat biscuit, Nairn'sTM Stem Ginger Oat Biscuit (Nairn's Oatcakes Ltd, Edinburgh, Scotland) Oatmeal (Canada) Oro (Saiwa, Italy) Petiki Go ! Fruits and Muesli (LU Poland) Petiki Go ! Fruits and Muesli (2002) Petiki Go ! Fruits and Muesli (2003) Petiki Go ! Fruits and Muesli (2004) mean of three studies Petit brun extra (LU, France) Petit LU Normand (LU, France) Petit LU Roussillon (LU, France) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Cranberry Orange Cookies (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Crunchy Oat Cookies (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Ginger & Lemon Cookies (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Prince Energie+ (LU, France) Prince fourre chocolat (LU, France) Prince fourre chocolat (LU, France) Prince gout chocolat (LU, France) Prince Meganana Chocolate (LU, Spain) Prince Petit Dej Cereals (LU, France) Prince Petit Dej Cereals and Chocolate (LU, France) Prince Petit Djeuner Vanille (LU, France and Spain) Principe megamanana vanilla (LU, Spain) Rich Tea (UK) Rich Tea (Canada) Sable des Flandres (LU, France) Shortbread (Arnotts, Australia) Shredded WheatmealTM (Arnotts, Australia) Snack Right Fruit Pillow, Apple and blackberry (Arnotts, Australia) Snack Right Fruit Pillow, Spicy apple and sultana (Arnotts, Australia) Snack Right Fruit Pillow, Wild berry (Arnott's, Australia)

32 5010 796 574 457 551 55 544 619 455 495 476 47 7712 513 484 604 627 645 735 505 535 535 4912 527 515 456 456 405 554 5710 648 624 433 453 523

30 25 25 35 25 25 25 25 40 50 50 50 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 45 45 45 50 50 50 50 50 25 25 20 25 25 35 35 35

6 9 15 13 7 9 9 9 21 16 18 17 17 15 10 9 10 10 11 13 15 16 17 18 18 18 16 16 7 10 8 10 11 11 11 13

707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715

Snack Right Fruit Slice, Mango and passionfruit (Arnott's, Australia) Snack Right Fruit Slice, Mixed berry (Arnott's, Australia) Snack Right Fruit Slice, Original Sultana (97% fat-free) (Arnott's, Australia) Snack Right Fruit Slice, Sultana with chocolate (Arnott's, Australia) The (LU, France) Veritable Petit Beurre (LU, France) Veritable Petit Beurre (LU, France) (2002) Veritable Petit Beurre (LU, France) (2006) Vitasnella frollini (Saiwa, Italy) CRACKERS Choice grain crackers (UK) Corn Thins, puffed corn cakes, gluten-free (Real Foods, St Peters, Australia) Cream Cracker (LU Triumfo, Brazil) High-calcium cracker (Danone, Malaysia) JatzTM, plain salted craker biscuits (Arnotts, Australia) Lees Cabin Crackers (Fiji) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Ancient Grains snack crackers (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Wheat & Onion snack crackers (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Wheat & Sesame snack crackers (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Wheat snack crackers (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Puffed Crispbread (Westons, Australia) Puffed rice cakes Puffed rice cakes, white (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Rice cake (China) Rice cakes, Calrose rice (low-amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Rice cakes, Doongara rice (high-amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Puffed rice cakes, caramel flavored (USA) Rice cracker, plain (Sakada, Japan) Rye crackers with oats (UK) Rye crackers with sesame (UK) Ryvita (Canada) Ryvita Pumpkin Seeds & Oats

493 503 482 453 417 518 545 546 5910

35 35 35 35 25 25 25 25 25

13 13 12 11 8 10 10 10 12

716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736

497 8710 6511 528 555 605 656 606 567 657 819 8211 823 917 615 8210 91 6411 5712 6910 467

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25

8 18 11 9 10 11 10 10 9 11 15 17 17 19 13 18 23 10 9 11 6

737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744

745 746 747 748

749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758

(George Weston Foods, North Ryde, Australia) Ryvita Sunflower Seeds & Oats (George Weston Foods, Australia) KavliTM Norwegian Crispbread (Players Biscuits, Sydney, Australia) SaoTM, plain square crackers (Arnotts, Australia) Water cracker Water cracker (Canada) Water cracker (Arnotts, Australia) Wholegrain crackers with sesame seeds and rosemary (UK) Wholewheat crackers with pumpkin and thyme (UK) Wholewheat sticks, crunchy, yeast extract flavored (UK) DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES Custard Custard, low-fat, vanilla flavored (Nestl, Australia) No Bake Egg Custard, prepared from powder with whole milk (Nestl, Australia) Custard, home made from milk, wheat starch, and sugar (Australia) TRIMTM, reduced-fat custard (Pauls Ltd, Brisbane, Australia) mean of four studies Custard, low-fat, trifle flavored (Nestl, Australia) Creme Fraiche Creme fraiche dessert, peach (Finest, UK)8 Creme fraiche dessert, raspberry (Finest, UK)8 Fromage Frais Fromage Frais, red fruit: blackcurrant8 (Healthy Living, UK) Fromage Frais, red fruit: raspberry8 (Healthy Living, UK) Fromage Frais, red fruit: red cherry8 (Healthy Living, UK) Fromage Frais, red fruit: strawberry8 (Healthy Living, UK) Fromage Frais, yellow fruit: mandarin and orange8 (Healthy Living, UK) Fromage Frais, yellow fruit: mango and papaya8 (Healthy Living, UK) Fromage Frais, yellow fruit: passionfruit and pineapple8 (Healthy Living, UK)

488 717 709 639 7811 538 363 508

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

7 12 12 11 14 8 6 7

294 352 4310 374 363 303 288 307 225 318 256 299 196 257 185

100 100 100 100 100 100 150 150 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

3 6 7 6 5 2 7 5 2 2 2 2 1 2 1

759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768

769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779

Fromage Frais, yellow fruit: peach and apricot8 (Healthy Living, UK) Fruche, low-fat, apricot vanilla honey (National Foods Ltd, Melbourne, Australia) Fruche, low-fat, berry compote (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Fruche, low-fat, duet peach on pineapple (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Fruche, low-fat, lemon sorbetto (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Fruche, low-fat, orange sorbetto (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Fruche, low-fat, peach roulade (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Fruche on Fruit, low-fat, toffee apple (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Ice cream, low carbohydrate, chocolate (Australia)7 Ice fruit confection, Frosty Fruits Orange Mango Splits (Nestl Peter's, Australia) Ice cream, Regular/type NS Ice cream (half vanilla, half chocolate) (Italy)24 Ice cream, Reduced- or Low-fat ChocolloTM, low-fat chocolate flavored ice cream (Wendy's Supa Sundaes Pty Ltd, Australia) Ice cream, low-fat, Bulla Light Creamy vanilla (Regal Cream Products, VIC, Australia) Ice cream, low-fat, Bulla Light Real Dairy chocolate (Regal Cream Products, Australia) Ice cream, low-fat, Bulla Light Real Dairy English toffee (Regal Cream Products, Australia) Ice cream, low-fat, Bulla Light Real Dairy mango (Regal Cream Products, Australia) Ice cream, low-fat, vanilla, 'Light' (Nestl Peter's, Australia) Ice cream, low-fat, Light & Creamy, Raspberry Ripple (Nestl Peter's, Australia) Ice-cream, low-fat (1.2 % fat), Light Prestige8 rich vanilla (Norco, Australia) Ice-cream, low-fat (1.4% fat), Light Prestige8 traditional toffee (Norco, Australia) Ice-cream, reduced-fat (7.1 % fat), Prestige8 golden macadamia (Norco, Australia) Ice cream, Premium (high-fat)

225 345 376 345 343 343 376 476 327 594

100 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 50 50

1 8 8 8 7 7 8 16 1 7

57 246 365 273 273 304 46 553 475 374 373

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

6 3 7 3 3 4 7 9 5 5 4

780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789

790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799

800 801 802 803 804

Ice cream, premium, Ultra chocolate, 15% fat (Sara Lee, Gosford, NSW, Australia) Ice cream, premium, French vanilla, 16% fat (Sara Lee, Australia) Milk, condensed, sweetened (Nestl, Australia) Milk, full-fat Full-fat (Italy)24 Full-fat (3% fat, Skanemejerier, Malmo, Sweden)8 Full-fat (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Sydney, Australia)25 Full-fat (Canada) Full-fat, pasteurised, fresh, organic (Arla, UK)8 Full-fat (USA)8 Full-fat, standardised homogenised, pasteurised, British (Dairycrest, UK)8 mean of seven studies Fermented cow's milk (ropy milk, langfil, 3% fat) (Arla, Gavle, Sweden)8 Fermented cow's milk (filmjolk, 3% fat) (Skanemejerier, Malmo, Sweden)8 Full-fat milk + 20g wheat bran (Italy)24 Milk, full-fat, flavored Banana, honey and malt flavored milk (Australia) Masters mocha milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Milk, reduced-fat Milk, reduced fat (1.4%) (Lite WhiteTM, Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)25 Milk, semi-skimmed, British (Dairycrest, UK)8 Milk, semi-skimmed, pasteurised, organic (Arla, UK)8 mean of three studies Milk, reduced fat with added omega 3 (Take CareTM, Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)25 Milk, reduced fat (98% fat free) with added omega 3 (Farmers BestTM, Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)25 Milk, reduced- or low-fat, flavored Big MTM flavored milk, chocolate or strawberry (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Masters Light, 99% fat free chocolate or mocha milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Masters, reduced fat, chocolate or strawberry milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Milk, low-fat, chocolate, with aspartame, Lite WhiteTM (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia) Milk, low-fat, chocolate, with sugar, Lite WhiteTM

373 383 616 11 21 312 346 346 412 4610 314 11 11 28 314 324 306 256 348 30 233 276

50 50 100 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

4 3 33 1 3 4 4 4 5 5 4 3 8 9 4 3 4 4 3 4

374 275 355 246 344

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

9 6 9 3 9

805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820

821 822

823 824 825 826 827 828 829

830 831

832 833

(Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia) Rush flavored milk (Parmalat Australia Ltd, South Brisbane, Australia) Rush Heavenly Vanilla Malt milk Rush Intense Coffee milk Rush Ultimate Chocolate milk Rush Wicked Latte milk Milk, skim/low-fat PuraTM HiLo milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia) PuraTM Skimmer milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Milk, skim, made from powder (Arla Foods, Sweden)8,9 PuraTM Light Start milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia) PuraTM Tone milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Milk, skim (Canada) Milk, skim (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)25 Milk, skim (USA) Milk, skim (USA)8 Milk, skimmed, pasteurised, British (Dairycrest, UK)8 ShapeTM milk, fat free (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)25 mean of eleven studies Milkshake, made from ChocolloTM, low-fat chocolate ice cream, skim milk and malted milk powder (Wendy's Supa Sundaes Pty Ltd, Australia) Mousse, prepared Nestl Combo mousse (Nestl, Australia) Nestl Milo flavored mousse (Nestl, Australia) Mousse, reduced-fat, prepared from commerical mousse mix with water Butterscotch, 1.9% fat (Nestl, Australia) Chocolate, 2% fat (Nestl, Australia) Citrus (Nestl, Australia) Hazelnut, 2.4% fat (Nestl, Australia) Mango, 1.8% fat (Nestl, Australia) Mixed berry, 2.2% fat (Nestl, Australia) Strawberry, 2.3% fat (Nestl, Australia) mean of seven foods Pudding, instant (White Wings, Australia) Chocolate, made from powder and whole milk Vanilla, made from powder and whole milk Pudding, made from dairy and rice, YoplaitTM Le Rice (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Le Rice, Apple & Cinnamon flavor Le Rice, Apricot & Almond Muesli flavor

314 243 265 263 205 205 27 305 305 325 326 32 373 4815 343 312 214

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

7 5 5 5 3 3 3 4 5 4 4 4 5 6 6 4 6

425 463

70 70

5 6

364 314 475 364 335 365 323 362 474 404

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 100

4 3 14 4 4 4 3 4 7 6

524 454

180 180

20 18

834 835 836 837 838 839

840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864

Le Rice, Caramel flavor Le Rice, Forest Berries flavor Le Rice, Raspberry & Apple flavor Le Rice, Strawberry flavor Le Rice, Tropical Mango flavor Le Rice, Vanilla flavor mean of eight foods Yoghurt Jalna Bush Honey Bio Dynamic yoghurt (Jalna Dairy Foods, VIC, Australia)25 Jalna Premium Vanilla Creamy yoghurt (Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia) Yoghurt, black cherry (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, black cherry (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, bourbon vanilla (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, champagne rhubarb (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, Devonshire fudge (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, Greek style, honey topped (UK)8 Yoghurt, lemon curd (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, orange blossom (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, peach & apricot (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, peach melba (Value, UK)8 Yoghurt, raspberry (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, red fruit: Morello cherry8 (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, red fruit: raspberry and black cherry (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, red fruit: raspberry and cranberry (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, Scottish raspberry (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, strawberry (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, strawberry and cream (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, summer fruit: apricot8 (Healthy Living Light, UK) Yoghurt, summer fruit: peach and vanilla8 (Healthy Living Light, UK) Yoghurt, summer fruit: raspberry8 (Healthy Living Light, UK) Yoghurt, summer fruit: strawberry8 (Healthy Living Light, UK) Yoghurt, toffee (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, tropical fruit: guava and passionfruit8 (Healthy Living Light, UK)

416 454 524 546 546 434 482 263 184 173 6715 6414 4912 377 367 6714 4211 286 575 438 356 378 4212 327 306 416 114 267 285 369 4111 247

180 180 180 180 180 180 180 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

16 16 20 21 20 16 18 3 3 2 8 20 19 13 12 30 17 5 18 7 4 5 11 13 5 16 1 3 3 5 7 3

865 866 867 868 869 870

871 872 873

874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886

887 888 889 890 891

892

Yoghurt, tropical fruit: mango8 328 (Healthy Living Light, UK) Yoghurt, tropical fruit: peach and apricot8 276 (Healthy Living Light, UK) Yoghurt, tropical pineapple8 (Healthy Living Light, UK) 387 Yoghurt, Valencia orange8 (Finest, UK) 347 8 Yoghurt, vanilla (Healthy Living Light, UK) 4713 8 Yoghurt, white peach (Finest, UK) 5412 TM Yoghurt, frozen, President's Choice Blue Menu brand (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Mochaccino frozen yoghurt 515 Strawberry Banana frozen yoghurt 556 Vanilla frozen yoghurt 465 mean of three foods 51 Low-fat yoghurt Low-fat, fruit, aspartame, SkiTM 144 (Dairy Farmers, Australia) Low-fat, fruit, sugar, SkiTM (Dairy Farmers, Australia) 337 Low-fat, sugar-sweetened, strawberry classic, 335 TM Yoplait Lite (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Low-fat (0.9%), fruit, wild strawberry (Ski d'liteTM, 3114 Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia) Low-fat, Nestl Diet Blueberry (Nestl, Australia) 324 Low-fat, Nestl Diet Mixed Berry (Nestl, Australia) 284 Low-fat, Nestl Diet Peaches & Cream 283 (Nestl, Australia) Low-fat, apricot (UK)8 426 8 Low-fat, black cherry (UK) 415 8 Low-fat, hazelnut (UK) 539 Low-fat, peach melba (Value, UK)8 5611 8 Low-fat, raspberry (UK) 346 8 Low-fat, strawberry (UK) 6111 Vaalia, low-fat, sugar sweetened yoghurt (Pauls Ltd, Australia) Heavenly Honey flavor 324 Lemon Creme flavor 436 Luscious Berries flavor 292 Passionfruit flavor 323 Strawberry flavor 283 mean of five foods 333 Natural yoghurt Fat-Free Natural yoghurt 195 25 (Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia)

200 200 200 200 200 200

4 3 5 11 7 17

125 125 125 125 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

11 11 10 11 2 10 10 9 4 3 3 12 11 15 16 10 18

200 200 200 200 200 200 200

11 17 9 11 8 11 2

893 894 895

896

897 898 899 900 901

902 903

904 905 906 907

908 909 910

911 912 913 914 915 916

Greek Style yoghurt, Premium blend (Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia)25 Leben European Style yoghurt (Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia)25 Yoghurt, low fat, natural (UK)8 mean of four foods Non-fat yoghurt Passionfruit yoghurt, fat-free (Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia) Diet VaaliaTM, sweetened with acesulfame K and Splenda Diet VaaliaTM, exotic fruits (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8 Diet VaaliaTM, mango (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8 Diet VaaliaTM, mixed berry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8 Diet VaaliaTM, strawberry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8 Diet VaaliaTM, vanilla (Pauls Ltd, Australia)8 mean of five foods SkiTM, non-fat, sugar sweetened SkiTM, Honey flavor (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia) SkiTM, vanilla flavor (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia) YoplaitTM, non-fat, artificially sweetened yoghurts (National Foods Ltd, Australia) YoplaitTM No Fat berry fruit flavors8 YoplaitTM No Fat Strawberry Classic flavor8 YoplaitTM No Fat tropical fruit flavors8 YoplaitTM No Fat yoghurt, various flavors8 mean of four foods Probiotic yoghurt Yoghurt, probiotic, prune (UK)8 Yoghurt, probiotic, raspberry (UK)8 Yoghurt, probiotic, strawberry (UK)8 mean of three foods Reduced-fat yoghurt Reduced-fat, VaaliaTM, apricot & mango (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8 Reduced-fat, VaaliaTM, french vanilla (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8 Reduced-fat, Extra-LiteTM, strawberry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8 Reduced-fat, strawberry (Czech Republic) Reduced-fat, YoplaitTM Lite, berry fruit flavors (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Reduced-fat, YoplaitTM Lite, tropical fruit flavors

124 115 3510 196 274

200 200 200 200 200

1 1 12 3 5

232 232 253 232 232 231 402 404

200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

4 3 3 3 3 3 14 12

163 193 204 183 181 4410 4510 5214 47 264 264 284 435 253 373

200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

2 2 3 3 2 13 13 15 14 8 3 9 14 9 12

917 918

919 920 921 922 923 924

925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933

934 935 936 937

(National Foods Ltd, Australia) Reduced-fat, YoplaitTM Lite, various flavors (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Reduced-fat, YoplaitTM Lite, Fruit Salad flavor (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Yoghurt drinks Probiotic drink, cranberry (UK)8 Probiotic drink, orange (UK)8 Probiotic drink, original (UK)8 Vitalise Multivitamin Cultured Milk Fruit Drink (Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia) Wildberry Yoghourt on the Go (Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia) Yoghurt drink, reduced-fat, VaaliaTM, tropical passionfruit (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8 Soy-based dairy product alternatives Soy milks Soy milk, full-fat (3%), Original, 0 mg calcium, with maltodextrin, (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 Soy milk, full-fat (3%), Calciforte, 120 mg calcium, with maltodextrin (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 (2000) Soy milk, full-fat (3%), 120 mg calcium, Calciforte (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 (2006) Soy milk, Vitasoy Organic (National Foods Ltd, Australia)8 Soy milk, Vitasoy So Milky Regular (National Foods Ltd, Australia)8 Soy milk, low-fat (0.7%), Vitasoy Light Original (National Foods Ltd, Australia)8 Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), Vitasoy So Milky Lite (National Foods Ltd, Australia)8 Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), 120 mg calcium, Light, containing maltodextrin (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.8%), 120 mg calcium, Vitasoy Premium Vitality+ (National Foods Ltd, Australia)8 Soy milk drinks Soy Beverage, Chocolate flavored, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Soy Beverage, Original flavored, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Soy Beverage, Vanilla flavored, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), Vitasoy Lush,

272 325

200 200

9 9

569 308 345 245 194 384

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

17 10 11 4 4 14

445 364 414 433 215 455 173 443 183

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

8 6 6 7 2 4 1 8 2

405 154 283 313

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

11 1 4 6

938 939 940 941 942 943

944

Chocolate (National Foods Ltd, Australia)8 Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), Vitasoy Lush, Vanilla (National Foods Ltd, Australia)8 Soy smoothie drink, banana, 1% fat (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 Soy smoothie drink, chocolate hazelnut, 1% fat (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 Up & GoTM, cocoa malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast) (Sanitarium, Australia)8 Up & GoTM, original malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast) (Sanitarium, Australia)8 XpressTM, chocolate (soy bean, cereal, legume extract drink with fructose)8 (So Natural Foods, Australia) Soy yoghurt Soy yoghurt, peach and mango, 2% fat, sugar (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 FRUIT AND FRUIT PRODUCTS Apples, raw Apple, Golden Delicious (Canada) Apple, dried (Australia) Sliced Apples, canned, solid packed without juice (Langeberg and Ashton Foods Pty Ltd, South Africa) Apricots Apricots, raw, NS (Australia) Apricot Halves canned in fruit juice (Langeberg and Ashton Foods Pty Ltd, South Africa) Apricots, dried Apricots, dried (Australia) Apricots, dried, ready to eat (UK) Apricots, dried, ready to eat, bite size (UK) mean of three studies Apricot dried fruit snack (Australia) Apricot & apple fruit strips, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Australia) Apricot jam/fruit spread Apricot 100% Pure Fruit spread, no added sugar (Freedom Foods, Australia) Apricot 100% Fruit Spread, CotteesTM brand (Cadbury Schweppes, Australia) Apricot fruit spread, reduced sugar (Glen Ewin Jams, Para Hills, Australia) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Twice the Fruit

313 303 343 435 465 392

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

5 7 8 11 11 13

503

200

13

945 946 947

393 295 422

120 60 120

6 11 4

948 949

343 515

120 120

3 6

950 951 952 953 954

307 316 327 31 423 296

60 60 60 60 15 20

8 7 7 7 5 5

955 956 957 958

436 506 557 568

30 30 30 30

7 9 7 7

959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977

978 979 980

Apricot spread (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) mean of four studies Banana, raw Banana (Australia) Banana (Canada) Banana (South Africa) Banana, processed fruit fingers, Heinz KidzTM (H J Heinz, Malvern, Australia) Blackberry 100% Fruit Spread, CotteesTM brand (Cadbury Schweppes, Australia) Blackberry Sour Buzz dried fruit leather, Sunripe School Straps (Windsor Farm Foods, Australia) Bluberries, wild (Wild Blueberries Association, Canada) Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Breadfruit, peeled, boiled 10 min (Jamaica) Breadfruit, peeled, boiled 26 min (Jamaica) Breadfruit, raw (Australia)8 Breadfruit, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) mean of four studies Cherries, dark, raw, pitted (Australia)25 Cherries, sour, pitted, canned (Always Fresh brand, Australia)8 Custard apple, raw, flesh only (Australia) Dates Dates, Barhi variety, dried and vacuum packed (United Arab Emirates) Dates, Bo ma'an variety, dried and vacuum packed (United Arab Emirates) Dates, Khalas (Rutab, soft early ripened) variety (United Arab Emirates) Dates, Khalas (Tamer, sun dried stored in traditional Bedu manner) variety (United Arab Emirates) Dates, Khalas variety, dried and vacuum packed (United Arab Emirates) mean of five studies Divine Date spread (Buderim Ginger, Buderim, QLD, Australia) Figs, dried, tenderised, Dessert Maid brand (Ernest Hall & Sons, Sydney, Australia) Fruit Salad canned in fruit juice, containing peach, pear, apricot, pineapple and cherries (Langeberg and Ashton Foods Pty Ltd, South Africa) Ginger

513 475 629 705 6111 465 355 537 475 609 68 728 626 636 415 542 506 315 475 458 363 424 294 616 543

30 120 120 120 30 30 30 100 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 60 60 60 60 60 60 25 60 120

8 11 16 16 12 8 7 5 10 17 18 20 16 9 9 10 22 14 14 20 16 18 5 16 6

981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 995

996 997 998

999 1000 1001 1002

Ginger, candied, sucrose-free (Buderim Ginger, Australia) Ginger Spread, sucrose-free (Buderim Ginger, Australia) Original Ginger marmalade (Buderim Ginger, Australia) Grapes, black, Waltham Cross (Australia) Grape Nectar (Chateau Barrosa, Lyndoch, SA, Australia) Grapefruit, ruby red segments, canned in juice (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Kiwi fruit (Australia)8 Lychee, canned in syrup and drained, Narcissus brand (China) Mandarin segments, canned in juice (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Mango (Mangifera indica) (Australia)8 Mango, low-fat frozen fruit dessert, FrutiaTM (Weis Frozen Foods, Toowong, Australia) Mixed fruit, dried (Value, UK) Nectarines, raw (Australia)8 Oranges, raw Oranges, type NS (South Africa) Oranges, type NS (Canada) Orange & Grapefruit segments, canned in juice (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Orange Marmalade Marmalade, orange 100% Pure Fruit spread, no added sugar (Freedom Foods, Australia) Marmalade, orange (Australia) Breakfast Marmalade 100% Fruit Spread, CotteesTM brand (Cadbury Schweppes, Australia) mean of three foods Paw paw/papaya, raw Paw paw (Carica papaya (Australia)8 Peaches Peach, canned in natural juice (Goulburn Valley brand, Ardmona Foods, Mooroopna, Australia) Peach, canned in natural juice (SPC Ltd, Shepparton, Australia) Peach, canned in natural juice (SPC Ardmona Ltd, Shepparton, VIC, Australia) mean of three studies

104 102 507 59 525 475 587 798 472 513 423 607 436 336 403 534

25 25 25 120 20 120 120 120 120 120 100 60 120 120 120 120

2 2 9 11 8 10 7 16 6 8 10 24 4 3 4 10

273 489 554 43 566 304 456 464 40

30 30 30 30 120 120 120 120 120

4 9 10 8 5 3 5 6 5

1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009

1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020

1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1025

Peach, canned in heavy syrup (Letona Foods, Hawthorn East, VIC, Australia) Peach, canned in heavy syrup (Homebrand, Yennora, NSW, Australia) Peach, canned in reduced-sugar syrup, SPC Lite (SPC Ltd, Australia) Peach & Grapes, canned in natural fruit juice (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Peach & Pineapple, canned in natural fruit juice (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Peach, dried (UK) Peach & pear fruit strips, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Australia) Pears Pear halves, canned in reduced-sugar syrup, SPC Lite (SPC Ltd, Australia) Pear halves, canned in natural juice (SPC Ltd, Australia) Pear, dried (UK) Pineapple Pineapple, raw (Australia)8 Pineapple pieces, canned in fruit juice (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Pineapple pieces, canned in natural fruit juice (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Pineapple & Papaya pieces, canned in natural juice (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Prunes, pitted (Sunsweet Growers Inc., Yuba City, USA) Raisins Raisins (Canada) Raspberry 100% Pure Fruit spread, no added sugar (Freedom Foods, Australia) Raspberry 100% Fruit Spread, CotteesTM brand (Cadbury Schweppes, Australia) Rockmelon/Cantaloupe Rockmelon/Cantaloupe, raw (Australia)8 Rockmelon/Cantaloupe, raw (Australia)7 Strawberries, fresh, raw (Australia)8 Strawberry jam (Australia) Strawberry100% Fruit Spread, CotteesTM brand (Cadbury Schweppes, Australia) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Twice the Fruit Spread - Strawberry & Rhubarb (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)

5811 643 629 465 454 355 296

120 120 120 120 120 60 20

9 12 11 6 6 8 3

256 4315 4315 667 434 555 537 294 6411 264 465

120 120 60 120 120 120 120 60 60 25 30

4 5 12 6 8 10 9 10 28 3 8

659 70 407 5110 465 6912

120 120 120 30 30 25

4 4 1 10 8 6

1026 1027 1028

1029 1030 1031 1032 1033

1034 1035 1036

Strawberry fruit leather (Stretch Island Fruit CompanyTM, Washington, USA) Strawberry & wildberry dried fruit leather, Sunripe School Straps (Windsor Farm Foods, Australia) Strawberry processed fruit bars, Real Fruit Bars (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Sultanas Sultanas (Australia) Sultanas (Value, UK) Sultanas (UK) mean of three studies Tropical dried fruit snack (Australia) Vitari, wild berry, non-dairy, frozen fruit dessert (Nestl, Australia) Watermelon Watermelon, raw (Australia)8 Watermelon, raw (Australia)7 Wild berry dried fruit snack (Australia) FRUIT JUICES Apple juice Apple juice, unsweetened, reconstituted (Berrivale Orchards Ltd, Berri, Australia) Apple juice, Granny Smith, unsweetened (Australia) Apple juice, pure, clear, unsweetened (The Wild About Fruit Company, Wandin, VIC, Australia) Apple juice, pure, cloudy, unsweetened (The Wild About Fruit Company, Australia) Apple and blackcurrant juice, no added sugar (Berri Ltd, Australia) Apple and cherry juice, pure, unsweetened (The Wild About Fruit Company, Australia) Apple and mango juice, pure, unsweetened (The Wild About Fruit Company, Australia) Apple, pineapple and passionfruit juice, unsweetened (The Wild About Fruit Company, Australia) Carrot juice, freshly made (Sydney, Australia)8 Cranberry juice Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray, Melbourne, Australia) Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray Inc., Lakeville-Middleboro, MA, USA) Cranberry juice drink, Ocean Spray

294 40 9012

30 30 30

7 8 23

5611 566 5811 57 413 598

60 60 60 60 15 100

26 23 24 25 5 12

7213 803 354

120 120 15

4 5 4

1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048

395 443 442 373 454 433 475 485 433 523 683 564

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

10 13 13 10 11 14 16 16 10 16 24 16

(Gerber Ltd., Bridgewater, Somerset, UK) mean of three studies Orange juice 1049 Orange juice (Canada) 1050 President's Choice Blue MenuTM Oh-Mega j Orange juice beverage (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) 1051 Orange juice, unsweetened, reconstituted concentrate, Quelch brand (Berri Ltd, Australia) 1052 Orange juice, unsweetened, reconstituted concentrate, Mr Juicy brand (Berri Ltd, Australia) mean of four studies 1053 Prune juice (Golden Circle, Australia) SuperJuice (Berri Ltd, Australia) SuperJuice Greenzone, containing apple, orange 1054 and pineapple juice 1055 SuperJuice Immune, containing apple juice, pineapple juice and guava puree 1056 SuperJuice Kickstart, containing apple juice, blueberry puree and banana puree Tomato juice 1057 Tomato juice, low sodium, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) 1058 Tomato juice, no added sugar (Campbell's Soup Company, Camden, USA) 1059 Tomato juice, canned, no added sugar (Berri Ltd, Australia) mean of three studies INFANT FORMULA AND WEANING FOODS Formula InfasoyTM, soy-based, milk-free (Wyeth Nutritionals, Baulkham Hills, NSW, Australia)8 KaricareTM gold starter formula with omega plus LCP oils (Nutricia, Auckland, New Zealand)8 Nan-1TM infant formula with iron (Nestl, Australia)8 S-26TM infant formula (Wyeth Nutritionals, Australia)8 Weaning Foods Apple baby food (Czech Republic) FarexTM baby rice, 7 g cereal with 80 g water (Heinz Wattie's Ltd., Malvern, Australia)8 Robinsons First Tastes from 4 months (Nutricia, Wells, UK)

59 466 484 536 545 502 433 473 473 393

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

19 12 14 9 11 12 15

250 mL 12 250 mL 250 mL 12 11

236 333 384 31

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

2 3 4 2

1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065

556 355 306 366 465 9513

100 mL 100 mL 100 mL 100 mL 120 87

4 2 2 3 10 6

1066 1067 1068

1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075

Apple, apricot and banana cereal8 Creamed rice porridge8 Rice pudding8 Heinz for Baby from 4 months (Heinz Wattie's Ltd, Australia) Chicken and noodles with vegetables, strained8 Sweetcorn and rice8 Porridge/Gruel (Semper Foods AB, Sweden) Gruel (wholemeal wheat, rye, rice, wheat and oat flour), made with whole milk and water24 Porridge (rice & wheat flour), apple-pear flavored, made with whole milk and water24 Porridge (wholemeal wheat, oat, rice & wheat flour), fruit flavored, made with whole milk and water24 Porridge (rice and wheat flour), made with whole milk and water24 Rice porridge, made with whole milk and water24 LEGUMES AND NUTS Baked Beans Baked Beans, canned (Canada) Baked Beans, Heinz Vegetarian baked haricot beans (HJ Heinz Company, Dandenong, VIC, Australia)11 Baked Beans in Cheesy Tomato sauce (HJ Heinz, Australia) Baked Beans in Barbecue sauce (HJ Heinz, Australia) Baked Beans in Ham sauce (HJ Heinz, Australia) Baked Beans in Mild Curry sauce (HJ Heinz, Australia) Baked Beans in Sweet Chilli sauce (HJ Heinz, Australia) Baked Beans in Tomato sauce (HJ Heinz, Australia) Baked Beans in Tomato sauce, canned, reheated in microwave for 1.5 min (HJ Heinz, Australia) Beans, dried, boiled Beans, dried, type NS (Italy)24 Blackeyed beans/peas (Cowpeas), boiled Blackeyed beans (Canada) Blackeyed peas (Vigna unguiculata), boiled (Nigeria)11,14 Blackeyed peas (Vigna unguiculata), boiled, consumed with 4.24 g salt (Nigeria)11,14 Butter Beans Butter beans, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand (Simplot Australia, Cheltenham, Australia)8

568 598 596

75 75 75

7 5 6

6711 6513 47 46 51 54 51

120 120 250 250 250 250 250

5 10 12 14 15 16 15

1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084

403 40 444 474 534 495 463 405 577

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

6 6 10 13 13 11 12 8 13

1085 1086 1087 1088

37 334 52 38

150 150 150 150

11 10 16 11

1089

363

150

1090 1091 1092 1093

1094 1095 1096 1097 1098

1099 1100 1101

1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111

Butter beans, dried, soaked overnight, boiled 50 min (UK) Butter beans, dried, soaked overnight, cooked in salted water (South Africa) Butter beans (Canada) mean of four studies Cannellini beans, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand (Simplot Australia, Cheltenham, Australia)8 Chickpeas (Garbanzo beans, Bengal gram), boiled Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum Linn), dried, soaked, boiled 35 min (Philippines) Chickpeas (Canada) Chickpeas, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand (Simplot Australia, Australia)8 Chickpea Hommus dip, Chris' Traditional brand (Capitol Chilled Foods Pty Ltd, ACT, Australia)8 Four bean mix, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand (Simplot Australia, Australia)8 Haricot/Navy beans Haricot/Navy beans, boiled (Canada) Haricot/Navy beans (King Grains, Canada) Haricot beans, home-cooked, soaked overnight, boiled 1h in water, baked in tomato sauce 2 h11 (HJ Heinz, Australia) Kidney Beans Kidney/white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), soaked, boiled 17 min (Philippines) Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) (India) Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), red, soaked 20 min, boiled 70 min (Sweden) Kidney beans (Canada) mean of four studies Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), autoclaved Kidney beans, dried, soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h (India)14 Black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), soaked overnight, cooked 45 min (Philippines) Dark Red Kidney beans, canned in brine, drained, Edgell'sTM brand (Simplot Australia, Australia)8 Red Kidney beans, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand (Simplot Australia, Australia)8 Red Kidney beans, dried, soaked overnight, boiled 60 min (UK)

267 287 364 323 315

150 150 150 150 150

5 6 7 7 6

10 365 383 225 375

150 150 150 30 150

3 11 9 1 9

316 39 23

150 150 150

9 12 7

14 19 25 298 223 34 7011 20 435 364 515

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

3 5 6 7 6 8 17 5 10 9 12

1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121

1122 1123

1124 1125 1126 1127 1128

Lentils Lentils, type NS (Canada) Lentils, brown, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand (Simplot Australia, Australia)8 Lentils, green, dried, boiled (Australia) Lentils, red, split, dried, boiled 25 min (UK) Marrowfat peas, dried, boiled (Canada) Mung beans Mung bean (Phaseolus areus Roxb), soaked, boiled 20 min (Philippines) Mung bean, fried (Australia) Mung bean, germinated (Australia) Mung bean, pressure cooked (Australia) Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan Linn. Huth.), soaked, boiled 45 min (Philippines) Pinto beans Pinto beans, steamed (USA)11,14 Refried Pinto beans, Casa FiestaTM brand (Capital Foods Pty Ltd, Australia) Soya beans Soya beans, dried, boiled (Canada) Soya beans, dried, boiled (Australia) Soya beans, canned (Canada) Soya beans, canned in brine, drained, Edgell'sTM brand (Simplot Australia, Australia)7 Split peas, yellow, dried, soaked overnight, boiled 55 min (UK) MEAL REPLACEMENT & WEIGHT MANAGEMENT PRODUCTS Chocolate, lactose-free, weight management drink (UK)24 Chocolate weight management bar (Shaklee Corporation, Pleasanton, CA, USA) Chocolate weight management drink (UK)24 Chocolate weight management drink (UK)24 Hazelnut & Apricot bar (Dietworks, South Yarra, Australia) InZoneTM nutritious beverage powder, prepared with water (Indevex AB, Sweden) Juice Plus+ Complete meal replacement powder, Dutch chocolate flavor (Australia) Juice Plus+ Complete meal replacement powder, French vanilla flavor (Australia)

293 425 373 217 473 31 538 254 425 22

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

5 9 5 4 9 5 9 4 7 4

33 383

150 150

8 10

155 203 142 143 256

150 150 150 150 150

1 1 1 1 3

1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136

2910 294 235 398 427 285 355 324

250 mL 31 250 mL 250 mL 50 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

6 4 4 7 9 2 7 6

1137 1138 1139 1140

1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151

1152 1153 1154

1155 1156 1157 1158

1159

Lean CuisineTM frozen convenience meals (Nestl, Australia) French style chicken with rice, reheated8 Honey Soy Beef with Wholemeal Noodles, reheated Burmese Vegetable Curry & rice, reheated Chicken Pomodoro, reheated L.E.A.NTM products (Usana Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA) L.E.A.N FibergyTM bar, Harvest Oat NutrimealTM, drink powder, Dutch Chocolate L.E.A.N (Life long) NutribarTM, Peanut Crunch L.E.A.N (Life long) NutribarTM, Chocolate Crunch Lemon weight management bar (Shaklee Corporation, USA) Lemon weight management bar (UK)24 Malt toffee weight management bar (UK)24 Peanut Butter weight management bar (Shaklee Corporation, USA) ProvideTM nutritious beverage powder, prepared with water (Indevex AB, Sweden) ReduceXSTM Chocolate Deluxe formulated meal replacement powder, prepared with water (Australia)8 SICCON D2TM nutritious beverage powder, prepared with water (Indevex AB, Sweden) SlimFast weight management products SlimFast bars SlimFast chocolate caramel meal replacement bar (SlimFast Foods Ltd, Slough, Berks, UK) SlimFast chocolate meal replacement bar (SlimFast Foods Ltd, UK) SlimFast Chocolate Muesli snack bar (SlimFast Foods Ltd, UK) SlimFast beverages SlimFast Double Chocolate meal replacement powder, prepared with skim milk (SlimFast Foods Ltd, UK) SlimFast French Vanilla ready-to-drink shake (Slim Fast Foods Company, Englewood, NJ, USA) SlimFast meal replacement powder, prepared with skim milk (Unilever Australasia, Australia) SlimFast Strawberry Supreme ready-to-drink shake (SlimFast Foods Ltd, UK) SlimFast meals SlimFast Garden vegetable soup with

366 534 496 468

280 280 280 280

17 19 20 17

454 263 304 324 234 328 437 224 285 106 285

50 250 40 40 31 50 50 31 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

13 3 6 6 3 7 10 3 2 1 2

543 273 496

50 50 50

18 6 16

364 375 356 333

50 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

17 10 12 10

202

250 mL

1160 1161

1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172

peppers and croutons (SlimFast Foods Ltd, UK) SlimFast Pasta Florentina meal (SlimFast Foods, UK) Tony Ferguson's Meal Replacement Shake, all flavors, prepared with water (Australia) Worldwide Sport Nutrition reduced-carbohydrate products (2000 formulations) (Worldwide Sport Nutritional Supplements Inc., Largo, FL, US) Designer chocolate, sugar-free8 Burn-itTM bars Chocolate deluxe8 Peanut butter8 Pure-proteinTM bars Chewy choc-chip8 Chocolate deluxe8 Peanut butter8 Strawberry shortcake8 White chocolate mousse8 Pure-proteinTM cookies Choc-chip cookie dough8 Coconut8 Peanut butter8 MIXED MEALS AND CONVENIENCE FOODS Beef and ale casserole, convenience meal (Finest, UK)8 Berrynice Yoghurt Crunch (low fat yoghurt, honey toasted oats, strawberries and blueberries) (McDonald's Australia Ltd, Australia) Burgers Fillet-O-FishTM burger (fish patty, cheese and tartare sauce on a burger bun) (McDonald's Australia Ltd, Australia) Hamburger (beef patty, ketchup, pickle, onion and mustard on a burger bun) (McDonald's Australia Ltd, Australia) Lean beef burger (lean beef patty, tomato, mixed lettuce, cheese, onion and sauce on a burger bun) (McDonald's Australia Ltd, Australia) McChickenTM burger (chicken patty, lettuce, mayonnaise on a burger bun) (McDonald's Australia Ltd, Australia) Vege Burger (vegetable patty, lettuce, tomato and sweet chilli sauce on a burger bun) (Australia) Cannelloni, spinach and ricotta (UK)

535 222

250 250 mL

12 6

143 293 233 304 384 224 434 404 253 425 377

35 50 50 80 80 80 80 80 55 55 55

3 2 1 4 5 2 6 6 3 4 3

1173 1174

5312 435

300 216

8 15

1175

6610

128

20

1176

668

95

17

1177

664

164

17

1178

663

186

26

1179 1180

598 154

100 300

14 8

1181 1182 1183

1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189

1190 1191 1192 1193

1194 1195 1196 1197

1198

1199 1200 1201 1202

Chicken korma and peshwari rice, prepared meal (Finest, UK) Chicken korma and rice, convenience meal (Healthy Living, UK) Chicken nuggets, frozen, reheated in microwave oven 5 min (Savings, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Australia) Chicken McNuggetsTM consumed with sweet Thai chilli sauce (McDonald's, Australia) Chicken tikka masala and rice, convenience meal (Healthy Living, UK) Chilli beef noodles, prepared convenience meal (Finest, UK) Chilli con carne, made from haricot beans (Australia) Chow mein, chicken, convenience meal8 (Healthy Living, UK) Chow mein, chicken, convenience meal (Serves One, UK) ContinentalTM Wholegrain Pasta & Sauce (Unilever Australiasia, Epping, NSW, Australia) Wholegrain Pasta & Sauce, Cheesy, prepared with water, reduced-fat milk & margarine Wholegrain Pasta & Sauce, Creamy Carbonara, prepared with water, reduced-fat milk & margarine Wholegrain Pasta & Sauce, Creamy Sun-dried Tomato, prepared with water, reduced-fat milk & margarine Wholegrain Pasta & Sauce, Parmesan and Cracked Pepper, prepared with water, reduced-fat milk and margarine Cottage pie (UK) Cumberland fish pie (UK) Cumberland pie (UK) Dates, Khalas (Rutab, soft early ripened) (90 g), eaten with full-fat plain yoghurt (125 g) (United Arab Emirates) Dates, Khalas (Tamer, dark brown commercial) (60 g), eaten with full-fat plain yoghurt (125 g) (United Arab Emirates) Dumpling, containing meat and shallots (China) Fajitas, chicken (UK) Greek lentil stew with a bread roll, home made (Australia) Instant mashed potato (McCain, McCain Foods, USA),

446 459 464

300 300 100

21 21 7

556 347 424 349 557 477

100 300 300 300 300 300

12 21 19 12 13 18

375 394 436 335

200 200 200 200

8 9 10 7

658 405 296 375

300 300 300 215

22 12 11 19

294

185

15

283 4214 405 66

100 300 360 100

6 18 15 22

1203 1204 1205

1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221

1222 1223 1224 1225

eaten with 62 g cheese and 16 g butter (Canada) Kidney beans, (canned) with bacon and tomatoes (Australia) Kidney beans, (cooked from dried beans) with bacon and tomatoes (Australia) Lamb moussaka, prepared convenience meal8 (Finest, UK) Lasagne Lasagne, beef (frozen) (UK) Lasagne, meat (Healthy Living, chilled, UK) Lasagne, type NS (Finest, UK) Lasagne, type NS (UK) Lasagne, vegetarian (UK) Lentil and cauliflower cury with rice (Australia) Lentil and cheese pie (Australia) Lentils and vegetables, steamed for 10 min then boiled for 10 min consumed with an orange (Chile) Mushroom stroganoff with rice (UK) Parboiled rice (Uncle Bens Converted, Mars, USA) consumed with 68 g cheese and 14 g butter (Canada) Pasta bake, tomato and mozzarella (UK) Pasta eaten with other foods Fusilli pasta twists (Tesco Stores Ltd, UK), boiled 10 min in salted water, served with canned tuna (UK) Fusilli pasta twists (Tesco Stores Ltd, UK), boiled 10 min in salted water, served with cheddar cheese (UK) Fusilli pasta twists (Tesco Stores Ltd, UK), boiled 10 min in salted water, served with chilli con carne (UK) Spaghetti, beans & vegetables steamed for 25 min, consumed with an orange (Chile) Pies, beef, party size (Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Australia) Pizza Pizza, Super Supreme, pan (11.4% fat) (Pizza Hut, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Pizza, Super Supreme, thin and crispy (13.2 % fat) (Pizza Hut, Australia) Pizza, Vegetarian Supreme, thin and crispy (7.8 % fat) (Pizza Hut, Australia) Stone Baked Whole Wheat Pizza - Vegetable, Pesto and Feta Cheese, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Potato with added ingredients

368 219 358

250 250 300

12 7 10

477 284 348 255 206 6010 258 35 266 27 234 283 274 405 54 456

300 300 300 300 300 300 300 200 300 100 300 200 100

17 11 10 8 10 25 11 7 11 10 10 12 12

366 304 496 544

100 100 100 100

9 7 12 11

1226 1227 1228 1229 1230

1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257

Potato, Estima (50 g), microwaved 6 min then baked 10 min, served with baked beans (89 g) (UK) Potato, Estima (50 g), microwaved 6 min then baked 10 min, served with canned tuna (62 g) (UK) Potato, Estima (50 g), microwaved 6 min then baked 10 min, served with cheddar cheese (62 g) (UK) Potato, Estima (50 g), microwaved 6 min then baked 10 min, served with chilli con carne (63 g) (UK) Potato noodles with meat (China) President's Choice Blue MenuTM convenience meals (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Barley Risotto with Herbed Chicken (entree) 4-Bean Salad, low-fat Cauliflower-Topped Shepherd's Pie (entree) Chicken Curry with Vegetables (entree) Deluxe Cheddar Macaroni & Cheese Dinner Ginger-Glazed Salmon (entree) Lentil and Bean Vegetable Patties Linguine with Shrimp Marinara (entree) Penne with Roasted Vegetables (entree) Rotini with Chicken Pesto (entree) 3-Rice Bayou Blend Rice & Beans Sidedish 4-Rice Pilaf Rice & Beans Sidedish Rice & Lentils Espana Sidedish Sesame Ginger Chicken with Vegetables (entree) Tomato and Herb Chicken (entree) Vegetable Ancient Grain Vegetable Patties Vegetarian Chili Yellow Curry Chicken (entree) Sausages and mash potato, prepared convenience meal (UK) Sirloin chop with mixed vegetables and mashed potato, homemade (Australia) Shepherds pie, prepared convenience meal (UK) Spaghetti bolognaise, home made (Australia) Steak and ale with cheddar mash potato8 convenience meal (Finest, UK) Stuffed bun, with shallots and meat, steamed (China) Sushi Sushi, salmon ('I Love Sushi', Sydney, Australia)8 Sushi, roasted sea algae, vinegar and rice (Japan) Sweet and sour chicken with noodles, prepared convenience meal (Serves One, UK)

626 767 395 757 173

139 112 112 113 300

23 20 10 23 8

384 133 214 268 346 413 545 406 395 574 444 465 495 448 295 543 396 255 617 6612 669 529 4812 394 488 55 417

300 100 300 300 60 300 113 300 300 300 50 50 50 300 300 113 300 300 300 360 300 360 300 100 100 100 300

15 1 4 3 13 18 15 11 17 25 15 16 17 8 9 14 11 4 25 35 29 25 12 12 17 20 21

1258

1259

1260

1261

1262 1263 1264 1265

1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273

1274

Tandoori chicken masala & rice convenience meal (Finest, UK) White bread with accompaniments Chicken Tandoori Deli Choice white French roll (tandoori chicken, tomato, lettuce, cucumber, mint & yoghurt sauce on a roll) (McDonald's Australia) Chicken Tandoori Deli Choice Multigrain roll (tandoori chicken, tomato, lettuce, cucumber, mint & yoghurt sauce on a roll) (McDonald's Australia) Turkey & Cranberry Deli Choice Multigrain roll (turkey, lettuce, cranberry sauce, cheese and mayonnaise on a roll) (McDonald's Australia) White wheat flour bread, butter, cheese, regular milk and fresh cucumber (Sweden)8 White wheat flour bread, butter, yoghurt and pickled cucumber (Sweden)8 White bread roll with cheese (UK) White bread (Rustico Panem, Panem, Verona, Italy), consumed with 35 g butter11,14 (Burro Galbani, Cademartori, Lodi, Italy) White bread (Rustico Panem, Panem, Verona, Italy), eaten with 35 g Mazola corn oil (CDC, Milan, Italy)11,14 White bread (Rustico Panem, Panem, Verona, Italy), eaten with 35 g olive oil (Olio Sagra, Lucca, Italy)11,14 White bread consumed with margarine, eggs and orange juice White bread (30 g), toasted, served with baked beans (51 g) (Hovis, UK) White bread (30 g), toasted, served with cheddar cheese (36 g) (Hovis, UK) White Bread (Wonder Bread, Interstate Bakeries) (140 g), consumed with 30 g raw almonds (Canada) White Bread (Wonder Bread, Interstate Bakeries) (140 g), consumed with 60 g raw almonds (Canada) White bread (Wonder Bread, Interstate Bakeries), (100 g), consumed with 60 g raw, unblanched almonds (California Almonds, USA) White Bread (Wonder Bread, Interstate Bakeries) (140 g), consumed with 90 g raw almonds (Canada) NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT PRODUCTS Choiced m TM, vanilla (Mead Johnson Nutritionals, Evansville, USA)

455

300

27

787

270

44

676

270

32

635

200

34

55 39 505 78

200 200 100 36

37 11 20 11

20 20 5813 506 352 74 44 39

36 36 81 66 170 200 160

3 3 11 5 37 23 20

31

230

16

1275

234

237 mL

1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288

1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300

Diasip, diabetes-specific enteral formula8 (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands) Diason/Nutrison Diabetes, diabetes-specific enteral8 formula (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands) Diben, diabetes-specific enteral formula8 (Fresenius Kabi AG, Germany) Enercal PlusTM, made from powder (Wyeth-Ayerst International Inc, Madison, USA) EnsureTM, vanilla (Abbott Australasia, Kurnell, NSW, Australia) EnsureTM, vanilla (Abbott Australasia) EnsureTM bar, chocolate fudge brownie (Abbott Australasia) EnsureTM Hospital, nutritional supplement powder, prepared with water (Abbott Nutrition International) Ensure PlusTM, vanilla (Abbott Australasia) Ensure PuddingTM, old fashioned vanilla (Abbott Laboratories Inc, Ashland, USA) Fortimel enteral formula (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)8 Glucerna Chocolate Graham nutritional supplement bar (Ross Nutrition, Canada) Glucerna, diabetes-specific enteral formula (Abbott Laboratories Inc, USA) Glucerna enteral nutritional supplement, vanilla GlucernaTM, vanilla flavor8 (Abbott Nutrition International) GlucernaTM, vanilla flavor8 (Abbott Nutrition International) GlucernaTM, vanilla flavor (Ross Nutrition, Canada) GlucernaTM, vanilla (Abbott Laboratories Inc., USA)8 mean of four studies Glucerna Select, enteral nutritional supplement8 (Abbott Nutrition International) Glucerna SR, diabetes-specific enteral formula (Abbott Laboratories Inc., USA) InslowTM (Abbott Nutrition International -Japan)8 JevityTM (Abbott Australasia) JevityTM HiCal, enteral nutritional supplement (Abbott Nutrition International) Novasource Diabet, diabetes-specific enteral formula8 (Novartis Consumer Health SA, Switzerland) Nutridrink (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)9 Nutridrink Multifiber, containing 2.3 g fiber/100 mL

123 174 227 6113 508 483 433 515 404 364 258 202 153

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 237 mL 237 mL 237 mL 38 250 mL 237 mL 113 250 mL 50 250 mL

3 5 5 24 19 16 8 3 19 9 6 5 4

194 204 262 312 243 163 235 253 483 596 265 25 22

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 237 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

4 4 8 8 6 2 6 6 17 27 8 12 10

1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316

(Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)9 Nutrison Mutli fiber enteral formula8 (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands) Nutrison Standard enteral formula8 (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands) Promote with fiberTM nutritional supplement (Ross Nutrition, USA) ProsureTM, ready-to-drink supplement, vanilla flavor (Abbott Nutrition International) ProsureTM, ready-to-drink supplement, vanilla flavor (Abbott Nutrition International) Resource DiabeticTM, French vanilla (Novartis Nutrition Corp., Young America, USA)8 Resource DiabeticTM, Swiss chocolate (Novartis, Auckland, New Zealand) ResourceTM fruit beverage, peach flavor (Novartis, New Zealand) ResourceTM thickened orange juice, honey consistency (Novartis, New Zealand) ResourceTM thickened orange juice, nectar consistency (Novartis, New Zealand) SustagenTM, Dutch Chocolate (Mead Johnson, Bristol Myers Squibb, Rydalmere, Australia) SustagenTM Hospital with extra fiber, drink made from powdered mix (Mead Johnson, Australia) SustagenTM Instant Pudding, vanilla, made from powdered mix (Mead Johnson, Australia) TapionTM nutritonal supplement (Abbott Nutrition International - Japan) TwoCal HNTM, high nitrogen nutritional supplement, vanilla flavor (Abbott Nutrition International) UltracalTM with fiber (Mead Johnson, Evansville, IN, USA) NUTS Cashew nuts Cashew nuts, salted (Coles Supermarkets, Australia)8 Cashew nuts (UK)8 Cashew nuts, organic, roasted and salted (UK)8 Cashew nut halves (UK)8 Cashew nuts, roasted and salted (UK)8 mean of five foods Mixed nuts and raisins (UK)

2810 348 498 545 555 343 164 408 479 547 314 334 273 275 555 40

250 mL 250 mL 237 mL 237 mL 237 mL 237 mL 237mL 237 mL 237 mL 237 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 250 mL 237 mL 237 mL

9 10 16 20 23 8 7 16 18 19 13 15 13 7 27 12

1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322

225 256 2512 276 279 251 215

50 50 50 50 50 50 50

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

1323 1324

Mixed nuts, roasted and salted (UK) Peanuts Peanuts, crushed (South Africa)8 PASTA and NOODLES Buckwheat noodles (China) Buckwheat noodles, instant (China) Corn pasta, gluten-free (Orgran Natural Foods, Carrum Downs, VIC, Australia) (2007) Corn pasta, gluten-free (Orgran Natural Foods, Australia) Fettucine, egg Fettucine, egg (Australia) Fettucine, egg (Mother Earth Fine Foods, Rowville, Australia) Fusilli pasta twists Fusilli pasta twists (Tesco Stores Ltd, UK), boiled 10 min in salted water (UK) Fusilli pasta twists, dry pasta, boiled in 10 min in unsalted water (UK) Fusilli pasta twists, tricolour, dry pasta, boiled 10 min in unsalted water (UK) Fusilli pasta twists, wholewheat, dry pasta, boiled 10 min in unsalted water (UK) mean of four studies Gluten-free pasta, maize starch, boiled 8 min (UK) Gnocchi, type NS (Latina, Pillsbury Australia Ltd, Mt. Waverley, Australia) Instant noodles Instant 'two-minute' noodles, Maggi (Nestl, Australia) (1995) Instant 'two-minute' noodles, Maggi (Nestl, Auckland, New Zealand) Instant 'two-minute' noodles, Maggi, all flavors (Nestl Australia) (2005) Instant noodles, all flavors (Woolworths Limited, Australia) mean of four studies Lasagne pasta sheets, boiled for 10 min Lasagne sheets, dry pasta, boiled in unsalted water (Value, UK) Lasagne, egg, dry pasta, boiled in unsalted water (UK) Lasagne, egg, verdi, dry pasta, boiled in

2410 74

50 50

4 0

1325 1326 1327 1328

591 532 687 7810

180 180 180 180

25 22 31 32

1329 1330

324 476

180 180

15 22

1331 1332 1333 1334

619 5411 5111 558 552 54 689

180 180 180 180 180 180 180

29 26 23 23 25 23 33

1335 1336

1337 1338 1339 1340

465 488 527 525 502 558 539 526

180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180

11 12 13 11 12 26 23 23

1341 1342 1343

1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349

1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358

1359 1360 1361 1362

1363 1364

unsalted water (UK) mean of three studies Linguine Thick, durum wheat, white, fresh (Sweden) Thick, fresh, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w monoglycerides, boiled 8 min (Sweden) Thin, durum wheat (Sweden) Thin, fresh, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w monoglycerides, boiled 3 min (Sweden) Thin, fresh, durum wheat with 39% w/w egg, (Sweden) Thin, fresh, with 0.6% w/w monoglycerides and 30% w/w egg, boiled 3 min (Sweden) mean of four studies Mung bean noodles (Longkou beanthread), dried, boiled (Yantai cereals, China) Proti pasta, protein-enriched, boiled in water (Vital Nature Inc, San Antonio, TX, USA) Ravioli, durum wheat flour, meat filled, boiled (Australia) Rice noodles/pasta Rice noodles, dried, boiled (Thai World, Bangkok, Thailand) Rice noodles, freshly made, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia) Rice noodles made from IR42 (high amylose) rice flour, boiled for 22 min (Philippines) Rice pasta, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Australia) Rice pasta, brown, boiled 16 min (Rice Grower's Co-op, Australia) Rice and maize pasta, gluten-free, Ris'O'Mais (Orgran Foods, Australia) Spaghetti Spaghetti, gluten-free, rice and Hi-Maize (high-amlyose) flour (Freedom Foods, Australia) Spaghetti, gluten-free, rice and split pea, canned in tomato sauce Spaghetti, 75% durum wheat flour and 25% chickpea flour boiled 10 min (Rio Dulce SA, Guadalajara, Spain) Spaghetti, soy (Revival Soy, Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc, USA)8 Spaghetti, white or type NS, boiled 10-15 min White, boiled for 10 min (Rio Dulce SA, Guadalajara, Spain) White, durum wheat, boiled 10 min in salt water

53 43 48 49 61 45 53 523 399 281 391 616 404 41 51 928 766

180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180

24 21 23 23 29 18 22 23 18 14 15 23 15 18 24 35 37

515 689 41 477

180 220 180 180

25 19 19 17

51 58

180 180

24 28

1365 1366 1367 1368

1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374

1375 1376 1377

1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388

(Barilla, Parma, Italy)15 White, durum wheat flour, boiled 12 min (Starhushalls, Kungsornen AB, Jarna, Sweden) White, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w monoglycerides, boiled 12 min (Sweden) White, boiled 15 min in salted water (Unico, Concord, ON, Canada) 100% durum semolina spaghetti, boiled 15 min (Unico, Canada) mean of six studies Spaghetti, white or type NS, boiled 20 min White, durum wheat, boiled 20 min (Australia) Spaghetti, white, boiled White (France) White (Nishin Shokuhin, Japan) White (Unico, Canada) White (Vetta, Greens Foods, Glendenning, Australia) White (Canada) mean of five studies Spaghetti, white, durum wheat semolina (Panzani, Marseilles, France) Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 11 min Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 16.5 min Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 22 min mean of three cooking times Spaghetti, wholemeal, boiled Wholemeal (Canada) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Whole Wheat spaghetti (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Wholemeal pasta, dark durum wheat, boiled 10 min in salted water (Melia Ltd, Raisio, Finland) Spirali, durum wheat, white, boiled to al dente texture (Vetta, Australia) Split pea and soya pasta shells, gluten-free (Orgran Foods, Australia) Tagliatelle, egg pasta, boiled in water for 7 min (UK) Tagliatelle, egg, boiled (Sainsbury's, UK) Udon noodles, plain, reheated 5 min (Fantastic, Windsor Gardens, SA, Australia)8 Vermicelli, white, boiled, VettaTM (Australia) Wheat noodle, dried (China) Wheat noodle, fresh (China)

47 53 443 41 493 587 39 46 483 497 508 462

180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180

23 25 21 19 24 26 18 22 23 22 24 22

5915 6515 4610 57 424 455 58 4310 296 466 545 628 357 462 827

180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180

28 31 22 27 17 18 29 19 9 20 24 30 16 19 34

1389 1390 1391

1392 1393

1394 1395 1396 1397

1398 1399 1400 1401 1402

1403 1404

1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411

SNACK FOODS AND CONFECTIONERY Brownies, containing coconut flour (Philippines) Chick Pea chips (Freedom Foods, Australia) Chocolate crinkles, containing coconut flour (Philippines) Chocolate, dark Chocolate, dark, Dove (M&M/Mars, USA) Chocolate, dark with raisins, peanuts and jam (Czech Republic) Chocolate, milk, plain Chocolate, milk, plain with sucrose (Belgium)8 Chocolate, milk (Cadbury's Confectionery, Ringwood, Australia) Chocolate, milk, Dove (Mars Confectionery, Ballarat, Australia) Chocolate, milk (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia) mean of four studies Chocolate, milk, artificially sweetened Chocolate candy, sugar free, Dove (M&M/Mars, USA)8 Chocolate, white, Milky Bar (Nestl, Australia) CocoaviaTM Chocolate Covered Almonds (M&M/Mars, USA)8 Combos Snacks Cheddar Cheese Crackers (M&M/Mars, USA) Combos Snacks Cheddar Cheese Pretzels (M&M/Mars, USA) Corn chips Corn chips, plain, salted (DoritosTM original, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia) (1998) Corn chips, plain, salted (DoritosTM original, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia) (1985) Chips or Crisps, made from flaxseed, corn or rice President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Flaxseed Tortilla chips, Sea Salt Flaxseed Tortilla chips, Spicy Japanese Tamari Rice & Corn Crisps Japanese Wasabi & Honey Rice & Corn Crisps Thai Curry Rice & Corn Crisps Fruit and nut mix (Finest, UK) Fruit Bars Apple Fruit Bar, fat-free, President's Choice Blue

42 447 43

50 50 50

11 8 10

233 445

50 50

6 12

345 496 458 428 433 233 446 213 546 526

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 30 50 50

7 14 13 13 12 3 13 2 17 18

424 72

50 50

11 18

456 345 916 827 846 153 9013

50 50 50 50 50 50 40

9 7 35 32 33 4 27

1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419

1420

1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426

1427 1428

1429

1430

1431

MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Apricot and Almond bar (UK) Apricot filled fruit bar (pureed dried apricot filling in wholemeal pastry) (Mother Earth, New Zealand) Apricot & Yoghurt Healtheries Simple Bar, wheat and gluten-free (Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia) Berry & Yoghurt Healtheries Simple Bar, wheat and gluten free (Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia) Berrylicious Trim Bar (Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia) Blackberry Sour Buzz dried fruit leather, Sunripe School Straps (Windsor Farm Foods, Australia) Fig Fruit bar, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Fruit & Yogurt Apple Cinnamon Chewy Bars (Soy), President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Fruit & Yogurt Cranberry Blueberry Bars (Soy), President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Heinz KidzTM Fruit Fingers, banana (HJ Heinz, Australia) Raspberry Fruit bar, fat-free, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Real Fruit Bars, strawberry (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Roll-Ups, processed fruit snack (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Strawberry fruit leather (Stretch Island Fruit CompanyTM, Washington, USA) Strawberry & Wildberry dried fruit leather, Sunripe school straps (Windsor Farm Foods, Australia) Gelato Gelati, sucrose-free frozen dessert, chocolate flavor (Alba Foods, Newtown, Australia) Gelati, sucrose-free frozen dessert, vanilla flavor (Alba Foods, Newtown, Australia) Ice cream and cone ChocolloTM, low-fat chocolate flavored ice cream eaten with a plain cone (Wendy's Supa Sundaes Pty Ltd, Australia) ChocolloTM, low-fat chocolate flavored ice cream eaten with a waffle cone (Wendy's Supa Sundaes Pty Ltd, Australia) Jelly, made from commercial jelly crystals,

346 508 405 514 464 355 708 343

30 50 50 50 50 30 40 40

5 17 10 13 8 7 21 7

332

40

6111 7411 9012 9912 294 40

30 40 30 30 30 30

12 23 23 24 7 8

375 394

100 100

10 11

447

100

556

110

15

536

120

10

1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449

1450

Raspberry Razzle flavor (Aeroplane Jelly Company, West Ryde, Australia) Jelly beans Jelly beans, assorted colors (Allen's, Nestl, Australia) Jelly beans, assorted colors (Savings, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Australia) Kudos Milk Chocolate Granola bar with M&M's Milk Chocolate Mini Baking Bits (M&M/Mars, USA) Kudos Whole-Grain bars, chocolate chip (M&M/Mars, Hackettstown, USA) Kudos Milk Chocolate Granola bars, Peanut Butter flavor (M&M/Mars, USA) Licorice, soft (Coles Supermarkets, Australia) Life Savers, peppermint candy (Nestl, Australia) M & M's, peanut (Mars Confectionery, Australia) Mars Bar Mars Bar (Mars Confectionery, Australia) Mars Bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Marshmallows (Candy Lane, Australia) Milky Way bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Milky Way Lite bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Muesli bar, crunchy, containing dried apricot (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Nougat, Jijona (La Fama, Spain)9 Nutella, chocolate hazelnut spread (Ferrero Australia, Milson's Point, NSW, Australia) (1997) Nutella, chocolate hazelnut spread (Ferrero Australia, Australia) (2003) Nutella, chocolate hazelnut spread (Ferrero Australia, Australia) (2007) mean of three studies Pirate's Booty, aged white cheddar extruded snack, made from corn and rice (Robert's American Gourmet, Sea Cliff, NY, USA) Popcorn Microwave Popping Corn, butter flavor, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Microwave Popping Corn, natural flavor, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Popcorn (China) Popcorn, plain, cooked in microwave oven (Green's Foods, Glendenning, NSW, Australia)

808 766 524 628 456 7811 706 333 628 6812 626 628 455 617 32 334 304 254 29 705

30 30 50 50 50 30 30 30 60 60 30 60 45 30 30 20 20 20 20 20

22 21 18 20 14 16 21 6 25 27 15 26 15 13 4 4 4 3 3 8

1451 1452 1453 1454

728 588 551 557

20 20 20 20

9 7 6 6

1455 1456 1457

1458 1459 1460 1461 1462

1463 1464 1465 1466 1467

1468

1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476

Poppin Microwave Popcorn, butter flavor (Green's Foods, Australia)8 Poppin Lite Microwave Popcorn, butter flavor, 50% reduced fat (Green's Foods, Australia)8 Popcorn, plain, cooked in microwave oven (Uncle Toby's, Australia) mean of seven studies Pop TartsTM, double choc (Kellogg's, Australia) Potato crisps Potato crisps, plain, salted (Canada) Potato crisps, plain, salted (Arnott's, Australia) Potato crisps (China) mean of three studies President's Choice Blue MenuTM Original and Tomato Basil Vegetable Sticks (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Pretzels Pretzels, oven-baked, traditional wheat flavor (Parker's, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia) Pretzels, oven-baked, traditional wheat flavor, 97% fat free (Parker's, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia) Puffed rice squares (Czech Republic) Skittles (Mars Confectionery, Australia) Snack bars Chewy Chocolate Chip & Marshmallow Granola Bar, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Chewy Cranberry Apple Granola Bar, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Chocolate Healtheries Simple bar, wheat and gluten free (Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia) Chocolate Raspberry ZingTM bar (Revival Soy, Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc., USA)7 CocoaviaTM Chocolate Almond Snack bar (M&M/Mars, USA) CocoaviaTM Cripsy Chocolate Bar (M&M/Mars, USA) ExtendBarTM Apple Cinnamon Delight Bar (ExtendBar, USA) ExtendBarTM Chocolate Delight Bar (ExtendBar, USA) ExtendBarTM Peanut Delight Bar (ExtendBar, USA) Granola bar, containing coconut flour (Philippines)

628 678 89 655 702 517 57 602 56 668

20 20 20 20 50 50 50 50 50 50

6 7 10 7 24 12 10 12 12 25

839 846 775 705 786

30 30 30 50 26

16 20 19 32 16

585

26

12

353 475 637 335 337 416 325 46

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

10 2 17 8 5 7 5 9

1477 1478 1479 1480

1481 1482 1483 1484 1485

1486 1487 1488

1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502

Munch Peanut Butter bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Oat bar, made from oat flour and bran starch (Canada)9 Peanut Butter Chocolate PalTM bar (Revival Soy, Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc., USA)8 60% Whole Wheat Fig Fruit bar, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Slimfast Meal Options bar, rich chocolate brownie (SlimFast Foods Co, West Palm Beach, USA) Snack bar, Apple Cinnamon (Con Agra Inc., Omaha, NE, USA) Snack bar, Peanut Butter and Choc-Chip (Con Agra Inc., USA) Trim bar, Chocorama (Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia) Trim Bar, Mocha flavor (Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia) Snickers Bar Snickers Bar (Mars Confectionery, Australia) Snickers Bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Snickers Bar (M&M/Mars, USA)9 mean of three studies Soy Joy Fruit & Soy Bar (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) Apple Soy Joy Bar Apricot Soy Joy Bar Chocolate Orange Soy Joy Bar Mango Coconut Soy Joy Bar Plum + Fe Soy Joy Bar Plum + Folic acid Soy Joy Bar Raisin Almond Soy Joy Bar Sanzashi Soy Joy Bar Strawberry Soy Joy Bar SunshineTM soy protein chips, lightly salted8 (Revival Soy,Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc., USA) Tropical fruit and nut mix (Finest, UK) TwistiesTM, cheese-flavored, extruded snack, rice and corn (Smith's Snackfood Co., Australia) Twix Cookie Bar, caramel (M&M/Mars, USA) Yummiees lollies (Allseps Pty. Ltd., Australia) SPORTS (ENERGY) BARS Clif bar, Chocolate Brownie Energy bar

275 59 524 726

50 50 50 50

5 14 13 26

6413 408 376 313 253

50 50 50 50 50

21 12 10 4 3

415 434 68 51

60 60 60 60

15 15 23 18

192 274 417 282 253 272 284 295 332 878 497 745 446 433

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 50 50 50 60 15

2 3 5 3 3 3 3 4 4 23 14 22 17 2

1503

576

65

22

1504 1505 1506 1507

1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515

1516 1517 1518 1519

1520 1521

1522 1523

1524 1525

1526 1527 1528 1529 1530

(Clif Bar Inc., Berkeley, USA) Performance Chocolate Energy bar (Power Bar, USA) Power Bar (Powerfood Inc., Berkeley, USA) Power Bar, chocolate Power Bar, chocolate9 Ironman PR bar, chocolate (PR Nutrition, San Diego, CA, USA)9 SmartZone Nutrition Bar (Hershey's Food Corporation, Hershey, PA, USA) SmartZone Chocolate flavor SmartZone Chocolate flavor SmartZone Crunchy Blueberry flavor SmartZone Crunchy Chocolate Brownie flavor SmartZone Crunchy Chocolate Caramel flavor SmartZone Crunchy Chocolate Peanut Butter flavor SmartZone Crunchy Key Lime flavor SmartZone Peanut Butter flavor Snickers Marathon Energy Bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Chewy Chocolate Peanut flavor Cookies & Creme flavor Multi Grain Crunch flavor Peanut Butter flavor Snickers Marathon Low Carb Lifestyle Energy Bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Chocolate Fudge Brownie flavor Peanut Butter flavor Snickers Marathon Nutrition Bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Dark Chocolate Crunch flavor Honey & Roasted Almond flavor Snickers Marathon Protein Performance Bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Caramel Nut Rush flavor Chocolate Nut Burst flavor SoLo GI Nutrition Bar (New Era Nutrition Inc, Alberta, Canada) SoLo GI Berry Bliss Nutrition bar SoLo GI Chocolate Charger Nutrition bar SoLo GI Lemon Lift Nutrition bar SoLo GI Mint Mania Nutrition bar SoLo GI Peanut Power Nutrition bar SoLo GI Snack Bar (New Era Nutrition Inc,

536 585 53 39

65 65 65 65

22 24 22 10

114 163 153 235 164 143 143 182

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3

365 504 504 345

50 50 50 50

9 14 14 8

204 214

50 50

2 2

496 413

25 25

5 4

263 324

50 50

6 6

295 282 295 233 274

50 50 50 50 50

6 6 6 5 5

1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537

Alberta, Canada) SoLo GI Berry Bliss Snack bar SoLo GI Chocolate Charger Snack bar SoLo GI Lemon Lift Snack bar SoLo GI Mint Mania Snack bar SoLo GI Peanut Power Snack bar VO2 Max Chocolate Energy bar (M&M/Mars, USA) ZonePerfect Nutrition bar, Double Chocolate flavor (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, USA) SOUPS Barley Vegetable Instant soup, low-fat, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Carrot soup, President's Choice Blue MenuTM Soupreme (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Chicken and mushroom soup (UK)24 Chicken and mushroom soup (UK)24 Chicken & Vegetable with wholegrain pasta, Country Ladle (Campbell's Soups, Homebush, NSW, Australia)8 Garden vegetable soup with peppers and croutons, SlimFast (SlimFast Foods Ltd, Slough, Berks, UK) Indian Lentil Instant soup, low-fat, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Lentil, ready-to-serve, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Minestrone Minestrone, condensed, prepared with water (Campbell's Soup Company, Camden, NJ, USA) Minestrone, Traditional, Country Ladle (Campbell's Soups, Australia)8 Minestrone & Pasta Instant soup, low-fat, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) mean of three studies Mushroom Barley, ready-to-serve, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Pasta & Fagioli soup, ready-to-serve, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Pumpkin Soup, creamy, Heinz Very SpecialTM, with pumpkin, cream, potatoes (Heinz Wattie's Ltd, Australia) Spicy Black Bean Instant soup, low-fat, President's

295 282 295 233 274 498 447

25 25 25 25 25 65 50

3 3 3 2 3 22 8

1538

413

250

11

1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544

354 466 6914 433 202 627

250 250 250 250 250 250

5 8 13 5 5 12

1545

579

250

11

1546 1547 1548

486 393 543

250 250 250

18 7 22

1549 1550 1551 1552

47 4510 528 767 575

250 250 250 250 250

15 3 10 14 18

1553

1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560

Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Spicy Black Bean with Vegetables soup, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Spicy Thai Instant soup, low-fat, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Tomato soup, condensed, prepared with water (Campbell's Soup Company, Camden, NJ, USA) Tomato & Herb, President's Choice Blue MenuTM Soupreme (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Vegetable soup (UK)24 Vegetable Couscous Instant soup, low-fat, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Vegetarian Chili Instant soup, low-fat, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Winter Squash, President's Choice Blue MenuTM Soupreme (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) SUGARS AND SYRUPS Blue Agave cactus nectar, high-fructose Organic Agave Cactus Nectar, light, 90% fructose (Western Commerce Corp., City of Industry, CA, USA)8 Organic Agave Cactus Nectar, light, 97% fructose (Western Commerce Corp., USA)8 Premium Agave nectar (Sweet Cactus Farms, USA) mean of three studies Fructose 25 g portion (Sweeten Less, Maximum Nutrition Inc., Toronto, Canada)8 50 g portion (Sweeten Less, Canada) 50 g portion (China) mean of three studies Glucose 50 g portion (dextrose) 50 g portion (Bio-Health, Dawson Traders Ltd., Toronto, Canada) 50 g portion (Canada) 50 g portion (GlucodinTM glucose tablets, Boots, North Ryde, NSW, Australia) 25 g portion (Bio-Health, Canada)8 50 g portion (dextrose) 100 g portion (Bio-Health, Canada)8 mean of seven studies

465

250

12

564 524 475 6012 574 364 414

250 250 250 250 250 250 250

17 15 7 11 19 10 5

1561 1562 1563

111 101 194 13 11 12 231 15 96 96 100 1029 103 111 114 1033

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 10

1564 1565 1566

1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573

1574

1575

1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597

1598 1599

Glucose consumed with American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) 25 g glucose (Glucodex) 40 min before 3 g dried ginseng8,27 Glucose consumed with gum/fiber 46 g Glucose + 15 g apple and orange fiber extract (FITA, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) (total carbohydrate content of drink = 50 g) 50 g Glucose + 14.5 g guar gum 50 g Glucose + 14.5 g oat gum (78% oat -glucan) 100 g Glucose + 20 g acacia gum15,28 75 g Glucose + 4.24 g salt (Nigeria)11,14 Golden Syrup (Australia) Honey Yellow box (46% fructose) (Australia)8 Stringy Bark (52% fructose) (Australia)8 Red Gum (35% fructose) (Australia)8 Iron Bark (34% fructose) (Australia)8 Capilano Premium Honey, blend of eucalypt & floral honeys (Capilano Honey Limited, QLD, Australia) Yapunya (42 % fructose) (Australia)8 Pure (Capilano Honey Ltd., Richlands, Qld, Australia) Leabrook Farms Yellow box honey (Spring Gully Foods Pty Ltd, SA, Australia) Commercial Blend (38% fructose) (WA blend, Capilano Honey Ltd., Australia)8 Salvation Jane (32% fructose) (Australia)8 Clover honey, ratio of fructose: glucose, 1.09 (Vazza Farms, Hermiston, OR, USA) Commercial Blend (28% fructose) (NSW blend, Capilano Honey Ltd., Australia)8 Buckwheat honey, ratio of fructose:glucose, 1.12 (Vazza Farms, USA) Cotton honey, ratio of fructose:glucose, 1.03 (Gene Brandi Apiaries, Los Banos, CA, USA) Honey, NS type (China) Tupelo honey, ratio of fructose:glucose, 1.54 (Tropical Blossom Honey Co, Edgewater, FL, USA) Honey, NS (Canada)8 mean of seventeen types of honey Lactose 50 g portion (China) 25 g portion (BDH, Poole, UK)8

76

10

793

10

62 57 85 86 636 354 444 463 483 513 525 586 604 623 645 698 726 736 747 744 748 878 613 461 48

10 10 10 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 10 10

6 6 9 9 13 6 9 8 7 11 9 12 13 11 10 15 9 16 16 16 16 18 12 5 5

1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609

Maltose 50 g portion (Canada) 50 g portion (China) Maple flavored syrup (Cottee's Foods, Australia) Maple syrup, pure Canadian (Queen Foods, Australia) Sucrose 50 g portion (Redpath Sugars, Toronto, Canada) 50 g portion (Japan) 25 g portion (Redpath Sugars, Canada)8 50 g portion (South Africa) 100 g portion (Redpath Sugars, Canada)15 50 g portion (China) mean of six studies VEGETABLES Broad beans, frozen, reheated in microwave (Logan Farm Pty Ltd, Australia)8 Green peas Pea, frozen, boiled (Canada)8 Pea, green (Pisum Sativum) (India)14 Pumpkin Butternut pumpkin, boiled (Australia)8 Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) Pumpkin, boiled in salted water (South Africa) mean of three studies Sweet corn Sweet corn, 'Honey & Pearl' variety (New Zealand) Sweet corn on the cob, boiled 20 min (Sydney, Australia) Sweet corn (China) Sweet corn, boiled (USA) Sweet corn (South Africa) mean of five studies Root vegetables Carrots Carrots, raw, diced (Australia) Carrots, raw, ground (Australia) Carrots, peeled, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia)8 Carrots, peeled, diced boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia)8 mean of four studies Cassava (Manihot esculenta), peeled, boiled 30 min,

10512 1052 685 546 58 60 60 659 65 844 654

10 10 25 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

11 11 15 10 6 6 6 7 7 8 7

1610

639

80

1611 1612 1613 1614 1615

516 5414 516 664 759 64 3712 48 552 60 625 525

80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

4 4 3 12 3 6 6 8 9 11 11 9

1616 1617 1618 1619 1620

1621 1622 1623 1624 1625

355 391 335 492 394 9411

80 80 80 80 80 120

2 2 2 2 2 36

1626

1627 1628 1629 1630

1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651

frozen, thawed and reheated for 1 min Parsnips, peeled, boiled (Australia)8 Potato Baked potato Potato, white with skin, baked (UK) Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum), peeled, baked 45 min (Jamaica) Pontiac, peeled and baked (Australia) Potato, white without skin, baked (UK) mean of four foods Baked, Russet Burbank potatoes Russet, baked without fat (USA) Boiled potato Asterix, peeled, boiled 30 min (Sweden) Asterix, peeled, boiled 30 min, served with 15.4 g sunflower oil (Ica Handlarna, Solna, Sweden) Charlotte, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min (UK) Charlotte, boiled (UK) Desiree, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) Estima, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min (UK) Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum), peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) King Edward potato, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min in unsalted water (UK) Marfona potato, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min in unsalted water (UK) Maris Piper potato, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min in unsalted water (UK) Nicola potato, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min (UK) Nicola potato, unpeeled, boiled whole for 15 min (Australia) Pontiac, peeled, boiled whole for 30 min (Australia) Pontiac, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) Sava, peeled, boiled 21-30 min (Sweden) Sebago, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) Boiled/cooked, white/Type NS Type NS, boiled (China) Type NS, boiled in salted water (India) Red potatoes, boiled with skin on in salted water for 12 min (Canada) Potato, white, boiled (UK) mean of four studies Boiled potato cooked then cooled

525

80

695 836 9311 988 866 111 78 92 665 8111 10115 665 594 7510 563 854 597 583 56 889 118 877 661 76 897 9610 827

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

19 25 17 26 22 33 20 24 15 19 17 17 19 21 18 25 9 9 14 16 24 14 13 26 19 24 21

1652 1653

1654 1655

Sava, peeled, boiled 21-30 min, refrigerated 24 h, consumed cold (Sweden) Sava, peeled, boiled 21-30 min, refrigerated 24 h, consumed cold with white vinegar (28 g) and olive oil (8 g) (Sweden) Type NS, boiled in salted water, refrigerated, reheated (India) Potato, red, cubed, boiled in salted water 12 min, stored overnight in refrigerator, consumed cold (Canada) Canned potatoes New, canned, heated in microwave 3 min (Mint Tiny TatersTM, Edgell'sTM brand, Cheltenham, Australia) French Fries French fries (Ica Handlarna, Solna, Sweden), baked at 250oC for 9 min French Fries, baked 15 min (OreIda Golden Fries, H.J. Heinz Co, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum), peeled, fried in vegetable oil (Jamaica) Instant Mashed potato Instant (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA) Instant (Canada) Instant (Edgell's Potato Whip, Edgell's, Australia) Instant (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA) Instant (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA), prepared with water Instant (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA) mean of six studies Instant mashed potato consumed with added fat Mashed potato, instant (Farmland, Australia) consumed with 30 g Sunola oil (80% MUFA oil) Mashed potato, instant (Farmland, Australia) consumed with 36.5 g butter (69% saturated fat) Mashed potato, instant (Farmland, Australia) consumed with 30 g sunflower oil (64% PUFA oil) Mashed potato Type NS (South Africa) Type NS (China) Type NS (France) mean of three studies Desiree potato, mashed (UK)

88 67

150 150

18 13

23 565

150 150

8 12

1656

659

150

12

1657 1658 1659

54 646 706

150 150 150

16 21 21

1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665

797 8013 86 888 924 976 873 7110 7410 688

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

16 16 17 18 18 19 17 17 18 17

1666 1667 1668

1669 1670 1671 1672

7110 733 83 76 10213

150 150 150 150 150

14 15 17 15 26

1673

1674 1675 1676 1677

1678 1679 1680

1681 1682 1683

1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692

1693 1694 1695

Pontiac, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min, mashed (Australia) Microwaved potato Estima, microwaved 6 min then baked 10 min (UK) Pontiac, peeled and microwave on high for 6-7.5 min (Australia) Prince Edward Island white potato, cooked in microwave for 18 min (Canada) Russet Burbank potato, unpeeled, cooked in microwave for 18 min (Canada) New Potato New (Canada) New, unpeeled and boiled 20 min (Australia) New potato, boiled (UK) mean of three studies Steamed potato Potato, NS type, steamed (China) Potato (Solanum Tuberosum), peeled, steamed 1 h (India)14 California white potatoes, cubed, roasted in soybean oil (Canada) Sweet potato, cooked Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), boiled(Australia) Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) Sweet potato, orange flesh, peeled, cut into pieces, boiled for 8 min (Australia) (2006) Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), peeled, baked 45 min (Jamaica) Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), peeled, fried in vegetable oil (Jamaica) Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) Sweet potato, orange (China) Sweet potato, purple skin white flesh, peeled, cut into pieces, boiled for 8 min (Australia) (2006) mean of nine studies Tapioca Tapioca (Manihot Utilissima), steamed 1 h (India)14 Taro Taro (China) Taro (Colocasia esculenta) peeled, boiled (Australia)

919

150

18

938 799 735 779

150 150 150 150

24 14 15 19

708 7812 8015 76 622 6511 728

150 150 150 150 150 150 150

12 16 18 16 12 18 14

44 465 616 7712 948 767 825 774 755 706 7010 485 54

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 250 150 150

11 15 11 19 42 34 37 16 22 22 12 4 4

1696

1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702

1703 1704

1705 1706

1707 1708

1709 1710

1711 1712

Taro, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) mean of three studies Yam Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) Yam (China) Yam, steamed (China) Yam (Dioscorea spp.), boiled (Nigeria)11,14 mean of four studies Yam (Dioscorea spp.), boiled, consumed with 4.24 g salt (Nigeria)11,14 Coco yam (Xanthosoma spp.), peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) Yam, Lucea (Dioscorea rotundata) Lucea Yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 (Jamaica) Lucea Yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) Yam, Negro (Dioscorea rotundata) Negro yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) Negro yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) Yam, Round leaf yellow (Dioscorea cayenensis) Round leaf yellow yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) Round leaf yellow yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) Yam, Sweet (Dioscorea alata) Sweet yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) Sweet yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) Yam, White (Dioscorea alata) White yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) White yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica)

5612 53 355 542 514 74 548 74 615

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

4 4 13 19 18 28 20 28 28

747 775

150 150

20 29

734 736

150 150

23 28

683 807

150 150

23 32

794 827

150 150

20 32

756 806

150 150

24 28

1713 1714 1715 1716

INDIGENOUS OR TRADITIONAL FOODS OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS AFRICAN Brown beans (South Africa) 248 14 FooFoo corn (Zea mays) and ndole (vegetable soup) 34 (Cameroon) Ga kenkey, prepared from fermented cornmeal (Zea mays) 121 eaten with fish, tomato and onion sauce (Ghana) Gari, roasted cassava dough (Manihot utilissima) 563

50 (dry) 150 100

6 7 15

1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727

eaten with fish, tomato and onion sauce (Ghana) Gram dhal soaked overnight, cooked in salted water (South Africa) Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) stew and plantain14 (Musa paradisiaca) (Cameroon) Koki beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and cassava14 (Manihot esculenta) (Cameroon) Maize meal porridge, unrefined, maize-meal:water = 1:3 (South Africa) Maize meal porridge, refined, maize-meal:water = 1:3 (South Africa) M'fino/Morogo, wild greens (South Africa) Rice (Oriza sativa) and tomato soup (Cameroon)14 Unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) eaten with fish, tomato and onion sauce (Ghana) White rice (Oryza sativa), boiled, eaten with fish, tomato and onion sauce (Ghana) Yam (Dyscoria species) eaten with fish, tomato and onion sauce (Ghana) Yam (Dioscorea species) and groundnut14 (Arachis hypogaea) soup (Cameroon) ARABIC AND TURKISH Dates, Khalas (Rutab, soft early ripened) (90 g), eaten with full-fat plain yoghurt (125 g) (United Arab Emirates) Dates, Khalas (Tamer, dark brown commercial) (60 g), eaten with full-fat plain yoghurt (125 g) (United Arab Emirates) Hummus (chickpea salad dip) Lebanese bread (white, unleaved), hummus, falafel and tabbouleh Stuffed grapevine leaves (rice and lamb stuffing with tomato sauce) ASIAN Broken rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Lion foods, Bangkok, Thailand) Butter rice, warm white rice and butter (Japan) Curry rice (Japan) Curry rice with cheese (Japan) Glutaminous rice flour, instant, served warm with roasted ground soybean (Japan)

53 48 52 716 747 688 46 404 343 66 50

50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry)

1 25 30

120 34 120 (raw) 13 150 150 14 24 -

1728

375

215

19

1729

294

185

15

1730 1731 1732

64 8612 3011

30 120 100

0 39 5

1733 1734 1735 1736 1737

868 79 67 55 65

150 150 150 150 100

37 40 41 27 27

1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761

1762 1763 1764 1765 1766

Glutinous rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Bangsue Chia Meng Rice Co., Bangkok, Thailand) Glutinous rice, type NS (Esubi Shokuhin, Japan) Glutinous rice ball with cut glutinous cake (mochi) (Japan) Glutinous rice cake with dried sea algae (Japan) Jasmine rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Golden World Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) Lotus root powder (China) Low-protein white rice with dried sea algae (Japan) Lychee, canned in syrup, drained (Narcissus brand, China) Mung bean noodles, dried, boiled (China) Non-glutaminous rice flour, served warm with drink (Yamato Nousan, Japan) Rice cracker, plain (Sakada, Japan) Rice gruel with dried algae (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) Rice noodles, dried, boiled (Thai World, Bangkok, Thailand) Rice noodles, fresh, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia) Roasted rice ball (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) Salted rice ball (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) Soba noodles, instant, reheated in hot water, served with soup (Japan) Sushi, salmon ('I Love Sushi', Sydney, Australia)8 Sushi, roasted sea algae, vinegar and rice (Japan) Udon noodles, fresh, reheated (Fantastic brand, Windsor Gardens, SA, Australia)8 Udon noodles, instant, with sauce and fried bean curd (Nishin Shokuhin, Japan) White rice, dried sea algae and milk, eaten together (Japan) White rice, dried sea algae and milk (milk eaten before rice) (Japan) White rice, dried sea algae and milk (milk eaten after rice) (Japan) mean of three types White rice with dried fish strip (okaka) (Japan) White rice with fermented soybean (natto) (Japan) White rice with instant miso soup (soybean paste soup) (Japan) White rice with low-fat milk (Japan) White rice and non-sugar yoghurt (yoghurt eaten

946 86 48 83 10910 336 70 798 399 68 91 81 616 404 77 80 46 488 55 628 48 57 56 55 56 79 56 61 69 59

150 150 75 75 150 15 150 120 180 100 30 250 180 180 75 75 180 100 100 180 180 300 300 300 300 150 150 150 300 150

31 56 13 32 46 3 42 16 18 34 23 15 23 15 21 21 22 17 20 30 23 27 26 26 26 40 24 29 32 19

1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773

before rice) (Japan) White rice and non-sugar yoghurt eaten together (Japan) White rice with pickled vinegar and cucumber (pickled food eaten before rice) (Japan) White rice with pickled vinegar and cucumber (pickled food eaten with rice) (Japan) White rice topped with raw egg and soy sauce (Japan) White rice with roasted ground soybean (Japan) White rice with salted dried plum (umeboshi) (Japan) White rice with sea algae rolled in sheet of toasted sea algae (Japan) ASIAN INDIAN Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum), eaten as roasted bread made from bajra flour Banana, (Musa sapientum), Nendra variety, unripe, steamed 1 h14 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Bengal gram dhal, chickpea Black gram, (Phaseolus mungo), soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h14 Chapatti Chapatti, bajra Chapatti, barley Chapatti, maize (Zea mays) Chapatti, flour from malted wheat, moth bean (Phaseolus aconitifolius) and bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) Chapatti, flour made from popped wheat, moth bean and bengal gram Chapatti, flour from roller dried wheat, moth bean and bengal gram Chapatti, wheat flour, thin, with green gram (Phaseolus aureus) dhal Cheela (thin savoury pancake made from legume flour batter) Cheela, bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) Cheela, bengal gram (Cicer arietinum), fermented batter Cheela, green gram (Phaseolus aureus) Cheela, green gram (Phaseolus aureus), fermented batter

58 63 61 72 56 80 77

150 150 150 150 150 150 150

19 27 26 26 29 39 39

1774 1775 1776 1777 1778

49 7011 48 11 4310

75 (dry) 120 150 150 150

25 31 16 4 8

1779 1780 1781 1782

49 48 59 669

60

25

1783 1784 1785

408 609 443

60 60 200

14 23 22

1786 1787 1788 1789

421 361 451 381

150 150 150 150

12 10 12 10

1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804

Dosai (parboiled and raw rice, soaked, ground, fermented and fried) with chutney Green gram, (Phaseolus aureus), soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h14 Horse gram, (Dolichos biflorus) soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h14 Idli (parboiled and raw rice with black dhal, soaked, ground, fermented, steamed) with chutney Lentil and cauliflower curry with rice (Australia) Millet/Ragi, (Eleucine coracana), dehusked, soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h14 Pongal (rice and roasted green gram dhal, pressure cooked) Poori (deep-fried wheat flour dough) with potato palya (mashed potato) Porridge, made from scoured wheat, consumed with Bengal gram, green gram and black gram Porridge, made from decorticated finger millet, eaten with Bengal gram, green gram and black gram Porridge, made from popped rice (aralu), consumed with Bengal gram, green gram and black gram Porridge, made from expanded rice (puri), consumed with Bengal gram, green gram and black gram Rajmah, Phaseolus vulgaris (India) Tapioca (Manihot utilissima), steamed 1h14 Upittu (roasted semolina and onions, cooked in water) AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL Acacia aneura (mulga seed) roasted, wet ground to paste8 Acacia coriacea, desert oat seed bread8 Araucaria bidwillii (bunya tree nut), baked 10 min8 Bush honey, sugar bag8 Castanospermum austral (blackbean seed), sliced, soaked 1 wk, pounded and baked8 Dioscorea bulbifera (cheeky yam), peeled, sliced, soaked 2 d, baked 15 min8 Macrozamia communis (cycad palm seed), sliced, soaked 1 wk, pounded, baked8 PACIFIC ISLANDERS Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) (Australia)8 Banana/plantain, green

552 3814 5111 602 6010 6810 452 571 39 65 76 74 19 7010 694

150 150 150 250 360 150 250 150 100 100 100 100 150 250 150

22 6 15 31 31 23 35 28 23 44 52 47 6 12 28

1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811

8 46 47 43 8 34 402

50 75 50 30 50 150 50

1 11 7 11 1 12 10

1812

68

120

18

1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821

Green banana, boiled (New Zealand) Plantain (Musa AAB) (Fiji) Roti/chappati (Fiji) Sweet Potato Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) (Australia) Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) Tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) (Fiji) Taro Taro (Colocasia esculenta) peeled, boiled (Australia) Taro, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) PIMA INDIAN Acorns (Quercus emoryi, stewed with venison8 Cactus jam (Stenocereus thurberi) Corn hominy (Zea mays)8 Fruit Leather (Stenocereus thurberi) Lima beans broth (Phaseolus lunatus)8 Tortilla (Zea mays and Olneya tesota) White teparies broth (Phaseolus acutifolius)8 Yellow teparies broth (Phaseolus acutifolius)8 SOUTH AMERICAN Arepa, corn bread cake, made with corn flour (Mexico)14 Arepa, made from ordinary dehulled dent corn flour12,31 (25% amylose) Arepa, made from dehulled high-amylose (70%) corn flour12,31 Arepa, made from white corn meal flour (Venezuela) Arepa, made from white corn meal flour, supplemented with 20% stabilised rice bran (Venezuela) Corn tortilla (Mexico) Corn tortilla, served with refried mashed pinto beans and tomato sauce (Mexico) Corn tortilla, fried, with mashed potato, fresh tomato and lettuce (Mexico) Ground beef served with rice and an orange (Chile) Lentil soup, pureed consumed with an orange (Chile) Pinhao, Brazilian Parana Pine seeds (Araucaria angustifolia) with coat, cooked for 1.5 h in 1 L of water (Brazil) Pinhao, without coat, cooked for 1h in 1L of water (Brazil)

3810 686 595 44 7712 635 54 5612 355

120 120 60 150 150 150 150 150 150

8 21 16 11 19 23 4 4 13

1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829

161 91 405 70 363 38 313 293

100 30 150 30 250 60 250 250

1 18 12 17 12 9 10 8

1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840

72 81 44 54 60 52 39 78 319 499 47

100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 300 300 50

31 35 11 19 19 12 9 11 24 16 8

1841

43

50

1842 1843 1844 1845 1846

Pinto beans, boiled in salted water (Mexico) Spaghetti served with beef tomato sauce and an orange (Chile) Spaghetti served with pressure-cooked white beans and an orange (Chile) Wheat tortilla (Mexico) Wheat tortilla served with refried pinto beans and tomato sauce (Mexico) WEST INDIAN/CARIBBEAN Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), peeled, boiled 26 min, frozen, thawed and reheated for 1 min Cassava (Manihot esculenta), peeled, boiled 30 min, frozen, thawed and reheated for 1 min Dasheen (Colocasia esculenta) Dasheen, peeled, boiled 30 min, refrigerated, reheated for 1 min Dasheen, peeled, boiled 30 min, crushed, refrigerated, reheated for 1 min Dasheen, peeled, boiled 30 min, uncrushed (whole), refrigerated, reheated for 1 min Dasheen, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) mean of four foods Eddoe (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum), peeled, boiled 30 min, refrigerated, reheated for 1 min Green banana/plantain (Musa sapientum) Green banana, peeled, boiled 10 min (Jamaica) Green banana, peeled, fried in vegetable oil (Jamaica) Green banana/plantain, boiled 23 min, frozen, thawed and reheated for 1 min Green plantain (Musa paradisiaca), peeled, boiled 10 min (Jamaica) Green plantain (Musa paradisiaca), peeled, fried in vegetable oil (Jamaica) Ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca), peeled, boiled 10 min (Jamaica) Ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca), peeled, fried in vegetable oil (Jamaica) Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum), peeled, boiled 30 min, refrigerated, reheated for 1 min Irish potato, peeled, boiled 30 min, crushed Irish potato, peeled, boiled 30 min, uncrushed (whole), refrigerated, reheated for 1 min

14 427 7714 30 28

150 300 300 50 100

4 21 25 8 5

1847 1848

609 9411

120 120

17 36

1849 1850 1851 1852 1853

7710 666 7512 725 732 6110

150 150 150 150 150 150

44 38 43 19 36 21

1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863

375 353 6511 394 403 662 906 718 667 6610

120 120 120 120 120 120 120 150 150 150

10 11 17 9 14 13 26 35 33 33

1864 1865 1866 1867

1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879

mean of three foods Sadha roti (leavened wheat-based bread) Tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), peeled, boiled 30 min, refrigerated, reheated for 1 min Tannia, peeled, boiled 30 min, crushed, refrigerated, reheated for 1 min Tannia, peeled, boiled 30 min, uncrushed (whole), refrigerated, reheated for 1 min mean of three foods Yam Coco yam (Xanthosoma spp.), peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) Lucea yam (Dioscorea rotunda), peeled, cubed, boiled 30 (Jamaica) Lucea yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) Negro yam (Dioscorea rotundata), peeled, cubed, boiled 30 (Jamaica) Negro yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) Round leaf yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis), peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) Round leaf yellow yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) Sweet yam (Dioscorea alata), peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) Sweet yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) White yam (Dioscorea alata), peeled, boiled 30 min, refrigerated, reheated for 1 min White yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) White yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica)

68 659 605 525 508 54 615 747 775 734 736 683 807 794 827 626 756 806

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

34 33 29 28 30 28 20 29 23 28 23 32 20 32 15 24 28

Footnotes 1. NS, not specified; AUC, area under the curve. Serving sizes in grams unless otherwise specified. 2. Mean SEM. Two GI values are shown for each food - one in which glucose sugar was used as the reference food and one in which white bread was used as the reference food. 3. Estimated by multiplying the food's listed GI value with glucose as the reference food by the listed g carbohydrate per serving and dividing by 100. 4. Sydney University's Glycemic Index Research Service (Human Nutrition Unit, University of Sydney, Australia), unpublished observations, 1995-2007.

5. Glycemic Index Laboratories, Inc. (Toronto, Canada), unpublished observations, 2004 - 2007. 6. International Diabetes Institute (Melbourne, Australia), unpublished observations, 2006 - 2007. 7. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 10 g carbohydrate. 8. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 25 g carbohydrate. 9. GI calculated from the 120 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food formula. 10. V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, Le Plessis-Robinson, France), unpublished observations, 1996-2000. 11. GI calculated from the 180 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food formula. 12. GI calculated by using a mathematical formula based on results from an in vitro starch hydrolysis assay. 13. White rice was used as the reference food, but glucose was also tested and had a GI of 122. The observed GI was multiplied by 100 and then divided by 122 to convert it to a GI on the glucose scale (ie, glucose = reference food with a GI of 100). 14. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 75 g carbohydrate. 15. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 100 g carbohydrate. 16. B Spratt (George Westons Foods, Australia), unpublished observations, 2007. 17. Values based on 0.5 g carbohydrate/kg body weight. 18. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 70 g carbohydrate. 19. Glycemic Index Symbol Program: http://www.gisymbol.com.au; Accessed 30 August 2007. 20. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 180 min for only 4 time points (0, 60, 120 and 180 min). 21. J Dzieniszewski, J Ciok (National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland), unpublished observations, 1996-2001. 22. J Brand-Miller, S Holt (University of Sydney, Australia), and V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, Le Plessis-Robinson, France), unpublished observations, 2000-2001. 23. C Dalaudier (Nairn's Oatcakes Ltd, Scotland), unpublished observations, 2007. 24. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 30 g carbohydrate. 25. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 20 g carbohydrate. 26. Potato used as the reference food with a GI fixed at 80. The GI of the test food was calculated by expressing the test food's glucose AUC value as a percentage of the potato's AUC value. 27. GI calculated from the 90 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food formula. 28. GI calculated from the 150 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food formula. 29. GI included in original article determined from AUC measured 120 min for only 4 time points (0, 30, 60 and 120 min). 30. GI included in original article determined from AUC measured 240 min for only 6 time points (0, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min). 31. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 45 g carbohydrate. 32. Ordinary corn flour arepa was used as the reference food.

Glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) values determined in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, small subject numbers or values showing wide variability: 2008
Food Number and Item GI2 (Glucose = 100) Serve Size g GL3 per serve

1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893

1894 1895 1896 1897

BAKERY PRODUCTS Cakes Angel food cake (Loblaw's, Toronto, Canada) Carrot cake, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) Pound cake (Sara Lee Canada, Bramalea, Canada) Sponge cake, plain (Canada) Croissant (Food City, Toronto, Canada) Crumpet (Dempster's Corporate Foods Ltd., Etobicoke, Canada) Doughnut, cake type (Loblaw's, Canada) Flan cake (Weston's Bakery, Toronto, Canada) Muffins Blueberry muffin (Culinar Inc., Canada) Bran muffin (Culinar Inc., Grandma Martin's Muffins, Aurora, Canada) Carrot muffin (Culinar Inc., Canada) Corn muffin, low-amylose4 Corn muffin, high-amylose4 Oatmeal, muffin, made from mix (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada, Peterborough, Canada) Pancakes Pancakes, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) Pan de sal (sweet bread roll), containing coconut flour (Philippines) Pastry (Canada) Waffles, Aunt Jemima (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada) BEVERAGES Lucozade, original (sparkling glucose drink) (Glaxo Wellcome Ltd., Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK) Sports drinks Allsport, orange (PepsiCo Inc., Somers, NY, USA) Cytomax, orange (Cytosport, Concordia, CA, USA) Gatorade, orange flavor, US formula (Gatorade, Chicago, IL, USA) GatorLode, orange flavor

67 39 54 466 67 69 76 65 59 60 62 102 49 69

50 60 53 63 57 50 47 70 57 57 57 57 57 50

19 9 15 17 17 13 17 31 17 14 20 30 14 24

51 68 596 76

80 80 57 35

11 24 15 10

1898

9510

250 mL

40

1899 1900 1901 1902

534 627 8912 1009

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

11 7 13 51

1903 1904

(Gatorade, Chicago, IL, USA) Poweraid, orange (Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta, GA, USA) XLR8, orange flavor (Softpac Industries Inc., Plymouth, Minn, USA) BREADS Bagel, white, frozen (Lender's Bakery, Montreal, Canada) Baguette, white Baguette, white, plain (France) Classic French baguette (prepared with wheat flour, ascorbic acid, water, salt & 50 g yeast) (France) Classic French baguette (prepared with wheat flour, ascorbic acid, water, salt & 50 g yeast) (France) French bread, fermented with leaven (France) French bread, fermented with yeast (France) Traditional French baguette (prepared with wheat flour, water, salt and 20 g yeast) (France) Bread stuffing, Paxo (Campbell Soup Co Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Barley Breads Coarse barley kernel bread, 75% kernels Barley kernel bread, 50% kernels (Canada) Barley flour bread, 100% barley flour (Canada) Hamburger bun (Loblaw's, Toronto, Canada) Kaiser rolls (Loblaw's, Canada) Melba toast, Old London (Best Foods Canada Inc., Etobicoke, Canada) Gluten-free bread Gluten-free white bread, unsliced (gluten-free wheat starch) (UK) Gluten-free white bread, sliced (gluten-free wheat starch) (UK) Gluten-free fiber-enriched, unsliced (gluten-free wheat starch, soya bran) (UK) Gluten-free fiber-enriched, sliced (gluten-free wheat starch, soya bran) (UK) Rye kernel (pumpernickel) bread Rye kernel bread (Pumpernickel) (Canada) Wholegrain pumpernickel (Holtzheuser Brothers Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Wholemeal rye bread (75% rye flour with 25% cracked rye grains) (Schilstad bread, Aarhus, Denmark)

655 687

250 mL 250 mL

13 9

1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912

72 9515 836 7817 8018 8135 695 74

70 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

25 14 15 14 13 13 12 16

1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918

27 43 67 61 73 70

30 30 30 30 30 30

5 9 9 9 12 16

1919 1920 1921 1922

71 80 69 76

30 30 30 30

11 12 9 10

1923 1924 1925

41 46 54

30 30 30

5 5 7

1926 1927 1928 1929

1930 1931 1932 1933

1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939

1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952

Rye kernel bread, Pumpernickel (80% kernels) (Canada) Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, Toronto, Canada) Pumpernickel bread (Canada) Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, Canada) mean of seven studies Wholemeal rye bread Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) mean of four studies Specialty rye breads Brgen Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Klosterbrot wholemeal rye bread (Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd., Canada) Light rye (Silverstein's Bakery, Toronto, Canada) Linseed rye (Rudolph's Specialty Bakery Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Sourdough rye (Canada) Volkornbrot, wholemeal rye bread (Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd., Canada) Wheat Breads Cracked wheat kernel (bulgur) bread 50% cracked wheat kernel (Canada) 75% cracked wheat kernels (Canada) White wheat flour bread White flour (USA)5 White flour (Dempster's Corporate Foods Ltd., Canada) White flour (Canada) White flour (Israel) mean of four studies White wheat flour bread, hard, toasted (Italy) White Turkish bread (Turkey) White bread, fiber-enriched White, high-fiber (Dempster's Corporate Foods Ltd., Canada) White, high-fiber (Weston's Bakery, Toronto, Canada) White bread with enzyme inhibitors White bread + acarbose (200 mg) (Mexico) White bread roll + 3 mg trestatin (pancreatic alpha-amylase inhibitor) (Switzerland)6,7 White bread roll + 6 mg trestatin (Switzerland)6,7

55 55 56 62 533 41 62 63 66 586 746 67 68 55 57 56

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

7 7 7 8 6 6 9 9 9 8 7 9 10 7 7 7

58 48 70 71 71 785 732 73 87 67 69 18 48 29

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

12 10 10 10 10 12 10 11 15 9 9 3 6 3

1953

1954 1955 1956 1957 1958

1959 1960 1961

1962

1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976

White bread with soluble fiber White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago psyllium) (Mexico) White bread with Sunfibre (Cyamoposis tetragonolobus) (Indian cluster guar beans) White bread with 3 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan) White bread with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan) White bread with 10 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) White bread with 15 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) White bread with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 2 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan), viscosity 2 White bread consumed with fiber drink White bread consumed with 5 g Sunfibre (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) dissolved in 250 mL water White bread consumed with 10 g Sunfibre (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) dissolved in 250 mL water White bread consumed with 10 g insoluble dextrin (Matsutani Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Japan) in 250 mL water White bread with 10 g inulin (Orafti, Tienen, Belgium) in 250 mL water Wholemeal (whole wheat) wheat flour bread Wholemeal flour (Canada)3 Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Denmark)6,7 Wholemeal flour (USA)4 Wholemeal flour (Kenya) mean of eleven studies Wholemeal Turkish bread Specialty wheat breads Brgen Mixed Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) MolenbergTM (Goodman Fielder, New Zealand)

41

30

53 49 47 37 39

30 30 30 30 30

8 8 8 6 6

46 41 48

46

52 64 65 67 67 69 69 71 71 73 87 69 2 49 696 848

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

6 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 10 11 9 8 8 12

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986

Multigrain loaf, containing coconut flour (Philippines) Semolina bread (Kenya)5 Whole-wheat snack bread (Ryvita Co Ltd., Poole, Dorset, UK) Middle Eastern flatbread Pita bread, white (Canada) Pita bread, white (Sainsbury's, UK) Pita bread, white (Value, UK) Wheat flour flatbread (India) Amaranth : wheat (25:75) flour flatbread (India) Amaranth : wheat (50:50) flour flatbread (India) BREAKFAST CEREALS All-BranTM, high-fiber, extruded wheat bran cereal (Kellogg's Inc., Etobicoke, Canada) Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum) popped, eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener (India) Bran BudsTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)9 Bran Buds with psyllium (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)9 Bran ChexTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Toronto, Canada)9 CheeriosTM (General Mills Inc., Etobicoke, Canada)9 Corn BranTM (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada, Peterborough, Canada)9 Corn ChexTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9 CornflakesTM CornflakesTM (Kellogg's, Auckland, New Zealand) CornflakesTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada) CornflakesTM (Kellogg's, USA)4 Cornflakes (Kellogg's, France) Cornflakes (Kellogg's, MI, USA) mean of five studies Cornflakes, high-fiber (Presidents Choice, Sunfresh Ltd., Toronto, Canada)9 Cream of WheatTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9 Cream of WheatTM, Instant (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9 CrispixTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)9 Fruitful LiteTM (Hubbards, Auckland, New Zealand) Golden GrahamsTM (General Mills Inc., Canada)9 GrapenutsTM (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc., Canada)9 GrapenutsTM Flakes (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc., Canada)9 LifeTM (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)9

65 64 74 9729 57 6716 6920 669 6610 7620

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

8 16 15 10 10 10 11 10 11

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

50 9719 58 47 58 74 75 83 7216 86 92 9316 13233 9510 74 66 74 87 30 71 67 80 66

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 250 250 30 12 30 30 30 30

12 18 7 6 11 15 15 21 18 22 24 25 33 25 17 17 22 22 18 13 17 17

2009 Muesli, No Name (Sunfresh Ltd., Toronto, Canada)9 Oat bran 2010 Oat bran, raw (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)9 2011 Oat bran, raw 2012 Oat Bran (Quaker Oats Co, Peterborough, ON, Canada) mean of three studies 2013 Oat bran crisp (Natureal GI-crisp, Finn Cereal, Vantaa, Finland)10,11 2014 Oat bran flour (Natureal GI-flour, Finn Cereal, Vantaa, Finland), consumed mixed with cold water10,11 Porridge made from rolled oats 2015 Porridge (Canada) 2016 Porridge (Canada) 2017 Porridge (USA)4 mean of three studies Instant Porridge 2018 Quick Oats (Quaker Oats Co., Canada) 2019 One Minute Oats (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)9 2020 Pro StarsTM (General Mills Inc., Canada)9 2021 Puffed Wheat (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)9 2022 Red River Cereal (Maple Leaf Mills, Toronto, Canada)9 2023 Rice ChexTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9 2024 Rice KrispiesTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)9 2025 Shredded WheatTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9 2026 Sultana Bran (Healthy Living, UK) 2027 TeamTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9 2028 Thank GoodnessTM (Hubbards, New Zealand) 2029 TotalTM (General Mills Inc., Canada)99 2030 Wheat flakes, enriched with extruded oat-bran concentrate (8.1% -glucan) (Canada) 2031 WeetabixTM, plain flaked wheat biscuits (Weetabix of Canada Ltd., Thornhill, Canada)9 2032 Juicy cereal bar (stavnata tycinka FIT, Usovsko, Czech Republic) 2033 Wheat flake bar, containing frutcose and extruded oat bran concentrate (6.5% -glucan) (Canada) CEREAL GRAINS Amaranth Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum) popped, eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener (India) Barley Pearl Barley

60 50 59 60 56 79 40

30 10 10 10 10 30 30

11 2 3 4 3 10 2

62 69 75 69 65 66 71 67 49 89 82 83 9017 82 6518 76 36 74 8516 30

250 250 250 250 250 250 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

14 16 17 16 17 17 17 13 11 23 22 17 15 18 15 17 6 16 17 5

2034

9719

30

21

2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043

2044 2045 2046

2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052

2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060

Barley, pearled (Canada) Barley (Canada) Barley (Canada) Barley, pearled (Canada) mean of four studies Barley (Hordeum vulgare) (India) Barley, cracked (Malthouth, Tunisia) Buckwheat Buckwheat (Canada) Buckwheat (Canada) Buckwheat (Canada) mean of three studies Corn/Maize Maize meal porridge/gruel (Kenya) Cornmeal Cornmeal, boiled in salted water 2 min (McNair Products Co. Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Cornmeal + margarine (McNair Products Co. Ltd., Canada) Sweet corn Sweet corn, cooked (Israel) Sweet corn (Canada) Sweet corn (USA)5 mean of three studies Sweet corn, whole kernel, canned, diet-pack, drained (Featherweight, USA)5 Sweet corn, frozen, reheated in microwave (Green Giant Pillsbury Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Taco shells, cornmeal-based, baked (Old El Paso Foods Co., Toronto, Canada) Couscous Couscous, boiled 5 min (Near East Food Products Co., Leominster, MA, USA) Couscous, boiled 5 min (Tunisia) Millet Millet, boiled (Canada) Millet flour porridge (Kenya) Rice, white White (Oryza sativa), boiled (India) Rice, boiled white, type NS Type NS, boiled (France) Type NS, eaten alone (France) Type NS, boiled (France)

22 22 27 29 252 37 50 49 5110 63 54 109 68 69

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

9 9 11 12 11 16 21 15 15 19 16 9 8

527 5911 60 57 46 47 68

150 150 150 150 150 150 20

17 19 20 19 13 16 8

61 69 7110 107 6915 43 45 47

150 150 150 150 150 150 150

21 23 26 30 13 14 14

2061 2062 2063 2064 2065

2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073

2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082

2083 2084

2085

Type NS (Canada) Type NS (France) Type NS (Canada) Type NS (Pakistan) Type NS (Kenya) mean of eight studies Long grain, boiled Long grain, boiled 5 min (Canada) Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Toronto, Canada) Long grain, boiled 25 min (Surinam) Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) Long grain, boiled 15 min Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) Long grain, nonglutinous (non waxy) rice variety RD 21/23 (low amylose), boiled (Thailand) mean of eight studies Rice, specialty rices Cajun Style, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Bolton, Canada) Garden Style, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) Glutinous (waxy) rice, low-amylose, boiled (Thailand) Long Grain and Wild, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) Mexican Fast and Fancy, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) Saskatchewan wild rice (Canada) Rice, white low-amylose White, low-amylose, boiled (Turkey) Rice, white high-amylose Bangladeshi rice variety BR16 (28% amylose) Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, white, long-grain (27% amylose), boiled 17.5 min Japonica rice enriched with Sunfibre (Cyamoposis tetragonolobus) (soluble fiber) Japonica rice with 3 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) Japonica rice with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) Milled, white, high amylose rice Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines)

51 52 56 69 112 598 41 55 562 57 58 60 60 71 573 51 55 75 54 58 57 17 37 39

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

21 19 23 26 47 21 16 22 24 23 23 24 24 29 23 19 20 20 21 18 7 14 15

54 54

150 150

22 22

61

150

26

2086 Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines) 2087 Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines) Rice, brown 2088 Brown (Oryza Sativa), boiled (South India)6 2089 Brown, high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 30 min (Philippines) Instant/puffed rice 2090 Instant rice, white, boiled 1 min (Canada) Parboiled rice 2091 Parboiled rice (Canada) 2092 Parboiled rice (USA)5 2093 Converted, white, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada)5 2094 Converted, white, long grain, boiled 20-30 min, Uncle Ben's (Masterfoods USA) 2095 Boiled, 12 min (Denmark)4 2096 Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) 2097 Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) 2098 Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) 2099 Long grain, boiled 5 min (Canada) 2100 Long grain, boiled, 10 min (USA)4 2101 Long grain, boiled 15 min (Canada) 2102 Long grain, boiled 25 min (Canada) mean of twelve studies 2103 Parboiled rice, eaten as part of a traditional Indian meal (India)6 Parboiled, low-amylose 2104 Bangladeshi rice variety BR2, parboiled (12% amylose) Parboiled, high-amylose 2105 Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, parboiled (28% amylose) 2106 Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, traditionally parboiled (27% amylose) 2107 Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, pressure parboiled (27% amylose) 2108 Bangladeshi rice variety BR4, parboiled (27% amylose) mean of four studies Rye, whole kernels 2109 Rye, whole kernels (Canada)

59 61

150 150

25 26

5019 39

150 150

17 16

46 48 72 45 50 39 42 43 46 38 61 47 46 483 99

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 -

19 17 26 16 18 14 15 15 17 14 22 17 17 17 -

51

150

19

35 32 27 33 322 29

150 150 150 150 150 50 (dry)

13 12 11 13 12 11

2110 2111

2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2121 2122 2123

Rye, whole kernels, pressure cooked (15 psi) 30 min in 2 L water (Canada) Rye, whole kernels (Canada) mean of three studies Wheat Wheat, whole kernels Wheat, whole kernels (Canada) Wheat, whole kernels, pressure cooked (15 psi) 30 min in 2 L water (Canada) Wheat, whole kernels (Canada) mean of three studies Wheat, type NS (India)11 Wheat, type NS (India)6 Semolina Semolina, roasted at 105oC then gelatinised with water (India) Semolina, steamed and gelatinised (India) Cracked wheat (bulgur/bourghul) Bulgur, boiled (Canada) Bulgur, boiled in 800 mL water 20 min (Canada) Bulgur, boiled (Canada) Bulgur, boiled 20 min (Canada) Bulgur, boiled 20 min (Canada) mean of five studies COOKIES Arrowroot Arrowroot (McCormicks's, Interbare Foods, Toronto, Canada) Arrowroot plus (McCormicks's, Canada) Chocolate chip cookies, containing coconut flour (Philippines) Digestives Digestives (Canada) Digestives, Peak Freans (Nabisco Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Digestives, gluten-free (maize starch) (Nutricia Dietary Care Ltd., Redish, Stockport, UK) Golden Fruit (Griffin's Foods Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand) Graham Wafers (Christie Brown & Co., Toronto, Canada) Highland Oatcakes (Walker's Shortbread Ltd.,

34 39 34

50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry)

13 15 13

42 44 48 45 63 90 559 5413 46 46 46 46 53 471

50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

14 14 16 15 24 34 6 6 12 12 12 12 14 12

2124 2125 2126

63 62 50

25 25 25

13 11 8

2127 2128 2129 2130 2131 2132

55 62 58 7725 74 57

25 25 25 25 25 25

9 9 10 13 13 8

2133 2134 2135

Aberlour-on-Spey, Scotland) Macaroons, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) Oro (Saiwa, Italy) Vanilla Wafers (Christie Brown & Co., Canada) CRACKERS Breton wheat crackers (Dare Foods Ltd., Kitchener, Canada) Rye crispbread Rye crispbread (Canada) Rye crispbread (Ryvita Company Ltd., UK) High-fiber rye crispbread (Ryvita Company Ltd., Poole, Dorset, UK) Premium Soda Crackers (Christie Brown & Co., Canada) Stoned Wheat Thins (Christie Brown & Co., Canada) DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES Ice cream, Regular/NS Ice cream, NS (Canada) Ice cream, NS (USA)15 Ice cream, chocolate flavored (USA) Ice cream (half vanilla, half chocolate) (Italy)16 mean of four studies Milk, full-fat Full-fat (Italy)16 Full-fat (USA)15 Milk, Full-fat + 20 g wheat bran (Italy)16 Probiotic drink, pink grapefruit (UK)4 Yoghurt Yoghurt, type NS (Canada) Yoghurt, Strawberry (Healthy Living Light, UK)4 Yoghurt, low-fat, toffee (UK)4 Soy-based dairy product alternatives Tofu-based frozen dessert, chocolate with high-fructose (24%) corn syrup (USA) FRUIT AND FRUIT PRODUCTS Apples, raw Apple, NS (Denmark) Apple, Braeburn (New Zealand)4 Apple, NS (Canada) Apple, NS (USA)15

33 6717 77

30 40 25

6 21 14

2136

67

25

2137 2138 2139 2140 2141

63 63 59 74 67

25 25 25 25 25

10 11 9 12 11

2142 2143 2144 2145

368 62 6815 80 629 24 40 25 6018 364 4516 5118 11514

50 50 50 50 50 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 200 200 200 50

5 7 10 10 8 3 4 3 20 3 5 15 10

2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153

2154 2155 2156 2157

28 324 34 40

120 120 120 120

4 4 5 6

2158

2159 2160 2161 2162 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175 2176 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186

2187 2188

Apple, NS (Italy) mean of five studies Apricots Apricots, raw, NS (Italy) Apricots, canned in light syrup (Riviera, Aliments Caneast Foods, Montreal, Canada) Apricots, dried (Wasco foods, Montreal, Canada) Banana, raw Banana (Canada) Banana (Israel) Banana (Italy) Banana (Canada) Banana, ripe (all yellow) (USA)15 Banana, under-ripe (Denmark)7,17 Banana, slightly under-ripe (yellow with green sections) (USA)15 Banana, over-ripe (yellow flecked with brown) (USA)15 Banana, over-ripe (Denmark)7,17 mean of nine studies Cherries, raw, sour (Canada) Chico (Zapota zapotilla coville), raw (Philippines)4 Dates, dried (Australia) Dates, NS type (Israel) Fruit Cocktail, canned (Delmonte Canadian Canners Ltd., Hamilton, Canada) Grapefruit, raw (Canada) Grapes, raw Grapes, NS (Canada) Grapes, NS (Italy) Kiwi fruit, Hayward (New Zealand)4 Mango, raw Mango (Mangifera indica) (Philippines)4 Mango, ripe (Mangifera indica) (India)6 Oranges, raw Oranges, NS (Denmark) Orange, NS (Israel) Oranges, NS (Italy) Oranges (Sunkist, Van Nuys, CA, USA) Oranges NS (Canada) mean of five studies Papaya/Paw paw, raw Papaya/Paw paw, raw (Carica papaya) (Philippines)4 Paw paw (papaya), ripe (India)6

44 363 57 64 32 46 496 58 58 51 30 42 48 52 483 22 40 10321 624 55 25 43 49 474 41 6016 31 475 48 48 51 454 60 6016

120 120 120 120 60 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 60 60 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120

6 5 5 12 10 12 12 13 15 13 6 11 12 11 11 3 12 42 21 9 3 7 9 6 8 9 3 6 5 5 6 5 9 17

Peach, raw Peach, raw (Canada) Peach, raw (Italy) Peach, canned in light syrup (Delmonte, Canadian Canners Ltd., Canada) Pear, raw 2192 Pear, raw, NS (Canada) 2193 Pear, Winter Nellis, raw (New Zealand)4 2194 Pear, Bartlett, raw (Canada) 2195 Pear, raw, NS (Italy) mean of four studies 2196 Pear, canned in pear juice, Bartlett (Delmonte, Canadian Canners Ltd., Canada) 2197 Pineapple (Ananas comosus), raw (Philippines)4 Plum, raw 2198 Plum, raw, NS (Canada) 2199 Plum, raw, NS (Italy) 2200 Raisins (Israel) 2189 2190 2191 FRUIT JUICES Apple juice Apple juice, unsweetened (USA)15 Apple juice, unsweetened (Allens, Toronto, Canada) Grapefruit juice, unsweetened (Sunpac, Toronto, Canada) Orange juice, reconstituted from frozen concentrate (USA)15 Pineapple juice, unsweetened (Dole Packaged Foods, Toronto, Canada)

28 56 52

120 120 120

4 5 9

33 344 41 42 382 44 51 24 53 666

120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 60

4 4 3 5 4 5 8 3 6 28

2201 2202 2203 2204 2205

41 41 48 576 46

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

12 12 9 15 15

LEGUMES AND NUTS 2206 Baked beans, canned haricot/navy beans in tomato sauce (Libby, McNeill & Libby, Chatham, Canada) 2207 Beans, dried, boiled, type NS (Italy)16 2208 Blackeyed beans/peas (Cowpeas), boiled (Canada) Butter Beans 2209 Butter beans, dried, soaked, cooked 1.25 h (South Africa) 2210 Butter beans, dried, boiled + 5 g sucrose (South Africa) 2211 Butter beans, dried, boiled + 10 g sucrose (South Africa)

56

150

20 50 298 302 312

150 150 150 150 150

6 15 6 6 6

2212

2213 2214 2215 2216

2217 2218 2219

2220 2221 2222 2223 2224

2225 2226 2227 2228

2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235 2236

Butter beans, dried, boiled + 15 g sucrose (South Africa) Chickpeas (Garbanzo beans, Bengal gram), boiled Chickpeas, dried, boiled (Canada) Chickpeas (Canada) Chickpeas, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Chickpeas, curry, canned (Canasia Foods Ltd., Scarborough, Canada) Haricot/Navy beans Haricot/Navy beans, pressure cooked at 15 psi for 25 min (King Grains, Toronto, Canada) Haricot/Navy beans, dried, boiled (Canada) Haricot/Navy beans, pressure cooked at15 psi for 25 min (King Grains, Canada) mean of three studies Kidney Beans Kidney beans (USA)4 Kidney beans, dried, boiled (France) Kidney beans, dried, boiled (Canada) Kidney beans (Canada) mean of four studies Kidney beans, canned (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Lentils Lentils, type NS (USA)4 Lentils, green Lentils, green, dried, boiled (Canada) Lentils, green, dried, boiled (France) Lentils, green, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Lentils, red Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) mean of four studies Lima beans, baby, frozen, reheated in microwave oven (York, Canada Packers, Toronto, Canada) Marrowfat peas, dried, boiled (USA)4 Peas, dried, boiled (Australia) Pinto beans Pinto beans, dried, boiled (Canada)

544

150

11

31 33 42 41

150 150 150 150

9 10 9 7

29 30 59 39 23 231 42 46 346 52

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

9 9 19 12 6 6 10 11 9 9

28 22 3015 52

150 150 150 150

5 4 5 9

18 21 31 32 264 32 31 22 39

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

3 4 6 6 5 10 6 2 10

2237 2238 2239

Pinto beans, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Romano beans (Canada) Split peas, yellow, boiled 20 min (Nupack, Mississauga, Canada) MEAL REPLACEMENT & WEIGHT MANAGEMENT PRODUCTS Boost, vanilla flavor (Mead Johnson, Evansville, Ind, USA) Boost High-Protein, vanilla flavor (Mead Johnson, Evansville, Ind, USA) Chocolate soya weight management drink (UK)16 GatorPro, chocolate flavor (Gatorade, Chicago, IL, USA) Met-RX , vanilla (Met-RX substrate Technology Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) Optifuel (Twin Laboratories Inc, Ronkonkowa, NY, USA) MIXED MEALS AND CONVENIENCE FOODS Fish Fingers (Canada) Kugel (Polish dish containing egg noodles, sugar, cheese and raisins) (Israel) Pizza Pizza, cheese (Pillsbury Canada Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Pizza, plain baked dough, served with parmesan cheese and tomato sauce (Italy) Sausages, NS type (Canada) Stirfried vegetables with chicken and boiled white rice, home made (Australia) White boiled rice, grilled beefburger, cheese, and butter (France) White boiled rice, grilled beefburger, cheese and butter (France) White bread with accompaniments Classic French Baguette with 10 g butter and 2 slices of ham (25 g) (France) White bread with butter (Canada) White bread with Haricot/navy beans (Canada) White bread with Haricot/navy beans (Canada) White bread with butter and skim milk cheese (Canada)

45 46 32

150 150 150

10 8 6

2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245

534 599 7317 898 5816 788

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

23 21 26 40 6 27

2246 2247

386 656

100 150

7 31

2248 2249 2250 2251 2252 2253

60 80 286 7317 27 22

100 100 100 360 440 440

16 22 1 55 14 11

2254 2255 2256 2257 2258

5916 59 42 54 62

100 100 100 100 100

25 28 12 16 23

2259 2260 2261

White bread with skim milk cheese (Canada) White/wholemeal wheat bread with peanut butter (Canada) White/wholemeal wheat bread with peanut butter (Canada) NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT PRODUCTS Biosorb drink, standard (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)4 EnsureTM, vanilla flavor (Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, USA) Nutridrink enteral formula (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)4 Nutridrink Multi Fibre enteral formula (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)4 NUTS Peanuts Peanuts (Canada)4 Peanuts (Mexico)4 PASTA and NOODLES Capellini (Primo Foods Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Instant noodles (Mr Noodle, Vancouver, Canada) Mung bean noodles Lungkow beanthread noodles (National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs, Qingdao & Guangdong, China) Mung bean noodles, boiled (Thailand) Imitation mung bean noodles, boiled (Thailand) Macaroni Macaroni, plain, boiled 5 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Macaroni, plain, boiled (Turkey) Macaroni, boiled (Italy)7 mean of three studies Macaroni and Cheese, boxed (Kraft General Foods Inc., Don Mills, Ontario, Canada) Rice noodles/pasta Rice noodles made from IR42 (high amylose) rice flour, boiled for 22 min (Philippines) Rice noodles made from IR42 (high amylose) rice flour, boiled for 22 min (Philippines) Rice vermicelli, Kongmoon (National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs, China)

55 51 67

100 100 100

26 23 29

2262 2263 2264 2265

5016 7510 6119 5319

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

15 33 28 24

2266 2267

136 23

50 50

1 2

2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2276

45 47 26 45 51 45 48 56 50 64

180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180

20 19 12 20 22 23 27 24 33

2277 2278 2279

45 46 58

180

23

Spaghetti 2280 Spaghetti, homemade, durum wheat, no monoglyceride, boiled 6 min (Denmark) 2281 Spaghetti, protein enriched, boiled 7 min (Catelli Plus, Catelli Ltd., Montreal, Canada) Spaghetti, white, boiled 5 min 2282 Boiled 5 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) 2283 Boiled 5 min (Canada) 2284 Boiled 5 min (Canada) 2285 Boiled 5 min (Middle East) mean of four studies Spaghetti, white or type NS, boiled 10-15 min 2286 White, durum wheat, boiled 12 min (Denmark) 2287 Boiled 15 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) 2288 Boiled 15 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) 2289 Boiled 15 min (Canada) mean of four studies 2290 Spaghetti, Durum wheat, boiled 20 min (USA) Spaghetti, white, boiled 2291 White (Denmark) 2292 White, durum wheat (Catelli Ltd, Montreal, Canada)5 2293 White (Australia)5 2294 White (Israel) 2295 White (Canada) 2296 White (Italy) 2297 White (Canada) 2298 White (Canada) mean of eight studies 2299 Spaghetti, wholemeal, boiled (Australia)5 2300 Star Pastina, white, boiled 5 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) 2301 Tortellini, cheese (Stouffer, Nestl, Don Mills, Canada) 2302 Wheat (egg) noodles, boiled (Thailand) SNACK FOODS AND CONFECTIONERY Brownies, containing coconut flour (Philippines) Burger RingsTM, barbeque-flavored (Smith's Snack Food Co, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) Chocolate crinkles, containing coconut flour (Philippines) Chocolate, milk, plain, low-sugar with maltitol (Belgium)4 Corn chips, NachipsTM

59 27

180 180

28 14

32 34 40 44 383 34 32 36 41 362 6415 33 34 38 427 42 42 45 48 412 32 38 50 57

180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 -

15 16 19 21 18 16 15 17 20 17 27 16 16 17 20 20 19 22 23 19 14 18 10 -

2303 2304 2305 2306 2307

43 9016 54 3516 74

50 50 50 50 50

12 28 12 8 21

(Old El Paso Foods Co., Canada) 2308 Granola bar, containing coconut flour (Philippines) 2309 Juicy cereal bar (Stavnata Tycinka FIT, Usovsko, Czech Republic) SPORTS (ENERGY) BARS Clif bar, Cookies & Cream flavor (Clif Bar Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA) MET-Rx Bar, vanilla flavor (Met-Rx Sibstrate Technology Inc, Irvine, CA, USA) Power bar, chocolate (Powerfood Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA) PR-bar, Cookies 'N Cream flavor (Twin Laboratories Inc, Ronkonkowa, NY, USA) SOUPS Black Bean soup (Wil-Pack Foods, San Pedro, CA, USA) Green Pea, canned (Campbell Soup Co Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Lentil, canned (Unico, Concord, Canada) Noodle soup (traditional Turkish soup with stock and noodles) Split Pea (Wil-Pak Foods, USA) Tarhana soup (traditional Turkish soup with wheat flour, yoghurt, tomato, peppers) Tomato soup (Canada) SUGARS, SYRUPS, AND SUGAR ALCOHOLS Fructose 50 g portion 50 g portion 50 g portion (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO, USA)15 25 g portion, fed with oats19 mean of four studies Glucose 50 g portion (dextrose)5 25 g portion, fed with oats19 50 g portion5 50 g portion mean of four studies Glucose consumed with American ginseng

50 8516

50 30

10 17

2310 2311 2312 2313

1016 7412 8311 8112

65 65 65 65

49 24 37 23

2314 2315 2316 2317 2318 2319 2320

64 66 44 1 60 20 389

250 250 250 250 250 250

17 27 9 0 16 6

2321 2322 2323 2324

205 21 24 25 231 85 92 93 96 922

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

2 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 10 9

2325 2326 2327 2328

2329 2330 2331

2332

2333

2334 2335 2336 2337 2338 2339 2340 2341 2342 2343

2344 2345

2346 2347 2348 2349

(Panax quinquefolius L.) 25 g glucose (Glucodex solution, Rougier Inc., 78 4,11 Chambly, Quebec) with 3 g dried ginseng 25 g glucose (Glucodex) 40 min 80 4,11 after 3 g dried ginseng 100 g Glucose + 20 g cellulose20 1035 (CSIR Biochemical Unit, New Delhi, India) Glucose consumed with a mixed meal 30 g glucose with 150 g grilled beefburger, 55 30 g cheese, 10 g butter (total meal contained 50 g carbohydrate) (France) 30 g glucose with 150 g grilled beefburger, 57 30 g cheese, 10 g butter (total meal contained 50 g carbohydrate) (France) 25 g glucose with 30 g oat bran flour (Natureal 80 4 GI-flour, Finn Cereal, Vantaa, Finland) Locust honey (Romania)4,11 32 Lactose 50 g portion (Sigma Chemical Company, USA)15 43 19 25 g portion, fed with oats 48 Sucrose 50 g portion (Sigma Chemical Company, USA)15 58 50 g portion 5910 50 g portion 60 19 25 g portion, fed with oats 64 30 g portion16 82 4 25 g portion 11021 mean of six studies 728 Sugar alcohols and sugar-replacement compounds GI values based on the assumption that their carbohydrate is available Isomalt (Sudzucker AG, Mannheim, Germany)21 21 Isomaltulose, PalatinoseTM 323 21 (Sudzucker AG, Mannheim, Germany) Lactitol 25 g lactitol5,22 -17 25 g lactitol MC (Danisco sweeteners, Surrey, UK)22 31 Litesse 25 g Litesse II, bulking agent with polydextrose and 72 22 sorbitol (Danisco Sweeteners, UK) 25 g Litesse III ultra, bulking agent with polydextrose 42 22 and sorbitol (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)

10 10 10

8 8 10

250

19

250

20

10 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

8 7 4 5 6 6 6 6 8 11 7

10 10

0 3

10 10 10 10

0 0 1 0

2350

2351

2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358

2359 2360

Lycasin HBC, syrup containing 50-55% maltitol, 5-8% sorbitol and 35-40% hydrogenated oligo-scaccharides (lab 2212, Roquette, France)21 Lycasin HBC, syrup containing 50-55% maltitol, 5-8% sorbitol and 35-40% hydrogenated oligo-scaccharides (lab 2212, Roquette, France)21 Maltitol-based sweeteners or bulking agents Maltitol, 50 g portion (Japan)21 25 g Malbit CR (87% maltitol) (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)22 25 g Maltidex 100 (> 72% maltitol) (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)22 Maltitol and Sucrose mixture (25 g Maltitol + 25 g Sucrose) (Japan)21 25 g Malbit CH (99% maltitol) (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)22 25 g Maltidex 200 (50% maltitol) (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)22 Tagatose sugar replacement, Gaio (Arla Foods, Germany)21 Xylitol 25 g xylitol22 25 g Xylitol C (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)22 VEGETABLES Broad beans (Canada)4 Green peas Pea, cooked (Israel) Pea, frozen, boiled (Canada)4 Sweet corn Sweet corn, cooked (Israel) Sweet corn (Canada) Sweet corn, boiled (USA)5 mean of three studies Sweet corn, whole kernel, diet-pack, Featherweight, canned, drained, heated (USA)5 Sweet corn, frozen, heated in microwave (Green Giant, Pillsbury Canada Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Root vegetables Beetroot (Canada)4 Carrots Carrots, raw (Romania)4,11 Carrots, NS (Canada)4

4710

10

256

10

26 3012 4411 46 7329 8928 31

10 10 10 10 10 10 10

3 3 4 5 7 9 0

77 82

10 10

1 1

2361 2362 2363 2364 2365 2366 2367 2368

7916 354 39 527 5911 60 57 46 47

80 80 80 150 80 80 80 80 80

9 5 3 17 11 11 13 6 7

2369 2370 2371

6416 16 9220

80 80 80

4 1 6

2372

Carrots, peeled, boiled, ground to smooth paste (Australia) 2373 Cassava, boiled, with salt (Kenya, Africa) 2374 Parsnips (Canada)4 Potato Baked potato 2375 Ontario, white, baked in skin (Canada) Baked, Russet Burbank potatoes 2376 Russet, baked without fat (Canada) 2377 Russet, baked without fat, 45-60 min (USA)5 2378 Russet, baked without fat (USA)5 mean of three studies Boiled potato 2379 Desiree, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min in unsalted water (UK) 2380 Maris Peer potato, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min in unsalted water (UK) 2381 Nardine, boiled (New Zealand) 2382 Ontario, white, peeled, cut into cubes, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) 2383 Prince Edward Island, peeled, cubed, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) Boiled/cooked, white/Type NS 2384 Type NS (Kenya, Africa) 2385 White, cooked (Romania)4,11 2386 Potatoes (Germany) 2387 White, boiled (Canada) 2388 Type NS, boiled 19 min (Denmark) 2389 Potatoes, white (Italy) 2390 Type NS, peeled, boiled (Lebanon) mean of seven studies Boiled potato cooked then cooled 2391 Type NS, peeled, boiled and then cooled to 26oC (Lebanon) Canned potatoes 2392 Prince Edward Island, canned, heated in microwave (Avon, Cobi Foods Inc., Port Williams, Canada) French Fries 2393 French fries, frozen, reheated in microwave (Cavendish Farms, New Annan, Canada) Instant Mashed potato 2394 Instant (France) 2395 Instant (Carnation Foods Co. Ltd., Manitoba, Canada)

6017 46 9719

80 100 80

4 12 12

60 56 78 94 76 7717 9416 7017 58 63

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

18 17 23 28 23 13 27 18 16 11

24 41 49 54 56 61 85 537 54

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

7 12 15 15 11 16 26 14 16

61

150

11

75

150

22

7412 86

150 150

15 17

2396 2397

2398 2399 2400

2401 2402 2403 2404

2405 2406 2407

2408 2409 2410 2411 2412

Instant (Canada) Instant (UK) mean of four studies Mashed potato Type NS (Canada) Ontario, white, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min, mashed (Canada) Prince Edward Island, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min mashed (Canada) mean of three studies Microwaved potato Type NS, microwaved (USA)4 New Potato New (Canada) New (Canada) Steamed potato Potato dumplings (60% white potatoes, 40% white wheat flour, boiled in salted water), consumed with olive oil, tomato sauce and parmesan cheese (Italy) Sweet potato Sweet potato, NS (Canada) Sweet potato, peeled, cubed, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) mean of three studies Swede Swede (rutabaga) (Canada)4 Tapioca Tapioca boiled with milk (General Mills Canada Inc., Etobicoke, Canada) Tapioca, boiled (India)6 Yam Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) Yam (Canada) INDIGENOUS OR TRADITIONAL FOODS OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS AFRICAN Cassava, boiled, with salt (Kenya) Ga Kenkey, prepared from fermented cornmeal (Zea mays) (Ghana)23 Gari, roasted cassava dough (Manihot utilissima) (Ghana)23

88 9516 864 67 73 73 71 82 47 54 52

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

18 17 17 13 20 13 15 27 10 11 23

486 59 786 62 728 81 932 254 5112

150 150 150 150 150 250 250 150 150

16 18 20 19 7 14 17 9 18

2413 2414 2415

46 446 493

100 150 100

12 18 13

2416 2417 2418 2419 2420

Green plantain (musa paradisiaca), boiled (Ghana)23 Maize meal porridge/gruel (Kenya) Millet flour porridge/gruel (Kenya) White rice (Oryza sativa), boiled (Ghana)23 White yam (Dyscoria species) (Ghana)23 ARABIC AND TURKISH Kibbeh saynieh (made with lamb and burghul) Majadra (Syrian, lentils and rice) Middle Eastern flatbread Moroccan Couscous (stew of semolina, chickpeas, vegetables) Tarhana soup (wheat flour, yoghurt, tomato, green pepper) Turkish bread, white wheat flour Turkish bread, whole wheat Turkish noodle soup ASIAN Lungkow beanthread (National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs, Qingdao & Guangdong, China) Rice vermicelli, Kongmoon (National Cereals, China) Stirfried vegetables, chicken and rice, home made (Australia)

415 109 107 406 657

120 (raw) 50 (dry) 150 150

15 41 17 26

2421 2422 2423 2424 2425 2426 2427 2428

6116 245 9729 589 20 87 49 1

120 250 30 250 30 30 250

9 10 16 17 15 8 0

2429 2430 2431

26 58 7317

180 180 360

12 23 55

ASIAN INDIAN 2432 Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum), popped, eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener 2433 Appam (thin pancake made from fermented rice flour batter with tender coconut) eaten with Bengal gram curry6 2434 Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum), eaten as roasted bread made from bajra flour 2435 Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum) 2436 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Chapatti 2437 Chapatti, amaranth-wheat (25:75) composite flour, served with bottle gourd and tomato curry 2438 Chapatti, amaranth-wheat (50:50) composite flour, served with bottle gourd amd tomato curry 2439 Chapatti, baisen (Pakistan) 2440 Chapatti, bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum) 2441 Chapatti, barley

9719 904

30 250

18 58

5513 67 37 6610 7620 27 67 37

75 (dry) 75 (dry) 150 60 60 165 -

28 34 14 20 23 -

2442 2443

Chapatti, maize (Zea mays) Chapatti, wheat, served with bottle gourd and tomato curry 2444 Chapatti, wheat flour, thin, with green gram (Phaseolus aureus) dhal 2445 Dhokla, leavened, fermented, steamed cake; dehusked chickpea and wheat semolina 2446 Dhokla, leavened, fermented, steamed cake; dehusked chickpea and wheat semolina 2447 Dosai (parboiled and raw rice, soaked, ground, fermented and fried) with chutney 2448 Green gram, whole with varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked 2449 Green gram dhal with varagu, pressure cooked 2450 Idiappam (steamed rice flour dough with tender coconut) eaten with Bengal gram curry6 2451 Idli (parboiled and raw rice + black dhal, soaked, ground, fermented, steamed) with chutney 2452 Jowar, roasted bread made from Jowar flour (Sorghum vulgare) 2453 Laddu (popped amaranth, foxtail millet, roasted legume powder, fenugreek seeds) in hot sweet syrup 2454 Laddu (popped amaranth, foxtail millet, roasted legume powder, fenugreek seeds) in hot sweet syrup 2455 Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana)6 2456 Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana) flour eaten as roasted bread 2457 Pongal (rice and roasted green gram dhal, pressure cooked) 2458 Poori (deep-fried wheat flour dough) with potato palya (mashed potato) 2459 Puttu (rice flour, steamed with tender coconut) eaten with Bengal gram curry6 2460 Rice (Oryza Sativa), boiled served with bottle gourd and tomato curry Semolina 2461 Semolina (Triticum aestivum), steamed 2462 Semolina (Triticum aestivum), pre-roasted 2463 Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented black gram dhal (Phaseolus mungo) 2464 Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented green gram dhal (Phaseolus aureus) 2465 Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented

64 669 814 354 316 773 576 7812 864 772 778 244 294 84 10413 903 822 794 6915

60 200 100 150 150 80 (dry) 78 (dry) 250 250 70 (dry) 50 50 70 (dry) 70 (dry) 250 150 250 150

21 41 7 9 30 29 39 52 40 39 7 9 42 52 47 34 58 26

559 766 4612 6220 547

67 (dry) 67 (dry) 71 (dry) 71 (dry) 71 (dry)

28 38 23 31 27

2466 2467 2468 2469 2470

bengal gram dhal (Cicer arietum) Varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked Upittu (roasted semolina and onions, cooked in water) Uppuma kedgeree (millet, legumes, fenugreek seeds; roasted and cooked in water) Uppuma kedgeree (millet, legumes, fenugreek seeds; roasted and cooked in water) Varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked ISRAELI Melawach (dough made from white wheat flour and butter, fried) Melawach Melawach + 15 g locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua) fiber (soluble) Melawach + 15 g maize cob fiber (insoluble) Melawach + 15 g lupin (Lupinus albus) fiber PACIFIC ISLANDERS Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) PIMA INDIAN Mesquite cakes (Prosopis velutina)4

688 673 183 193 688

76 (dry) 150 150 150 76 (dry)

34 28 6 6 34

2471 2472 2473 2474 2475

6110 717 316 5910 7210

115 115 130 130 130

32 38 16 31 38

2476 2477

786 254

150 150

20 9

2478

253

60

SOUTH AMERICAN 2479 Black Beans 2480 Brown beans 2481 Burrito (made from scrambled eggs, tomato, onions, vegeatble oil, boiled pinto beans and flour tortilla) 2482 Burrito (made from scrambled eggs, tomato, onions, vegeatble oil, boiled pinto beans and flour tortilla) consumed with nopales (prickly pear cactus) 2483 Chilaquiles (casserole made from corn tortilla, vegetable oil, tomato sauce, cheese, boiled pinto beans) 2484 Chilaquiles (casserole made from corn tortilla, vegetable oil, tomato sauce, cheese, boiled pinto beans), consumed with nopales (prickly pear cactus) 2485 Nopales (prickly pear cactus) 2486 Quesadillas (made from low-fat cheese, avocado, boiled pinto beans and flour tortilla) 2487 Quesadillas (made from low-fat cheese, avocado, boiled pinto beans and flour tortilla) consumed with

30 38 374 293

150 150 -

7 9 -

519 358

7 363 254

100 -

0 -

nopales (prickly pear cactus)