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FICCI
CE
Accuracy is defined as closeness of agreement between observed values and known reference standard. Accuracy can be measured by measuring central tendency of the process.
FICCI
CE
Accuracy
There are three popular measures of accuracy: Mean Mode Median The most commonly used measure of accuracy is mean ( simple arithmetic mean). Hence for the purpose of Six Sigma we confine our study on Mean only.
FICCI
CE
Measurement of accuracy
Mean - it is the arithmetic average of the measurements. To find the mean, all the measurements X1, X2, X3, , Xn are added and their sum is divided by the number of measurements, n. Mathematically it is represented as:( X1 + X2 + X3 ++ Xn) n
Mean X =
FICCI
CE
Precision is the measure of dispersion between several individual observations of relevant quality characteristics. Precision describes consistency of the process. Precision can be measured through :1. Range: Range is the difference between the largest and smallest measurement in a given set of observations. 2. Standard Deviation: Standard deviation in general terms is a measure of mean variation of values from the central tendency. Standard deviation is more reliable method of measuring precision, hence for the purpose of Six Sigma, we will confine our study on Standard deviation.
FICCI
CE
Measurement of precision
Mean Deviation of values from central tendency can also be used to measure dispersion. However, there is one difficulty in the use of this measure, that the algebraic sum of all deviations is zero.
Standard deviation is calculated as root mean square of the deviations of observations from the mean which henceforth will be represented by abbreviation SD.
FICCI
CE
FICCI
CE
FICCI
CE
5
(X12 + X22 +.+Xn2) - n ( X )2 Variance, V = (n - 1) = = 2.5 SD = 2.5 =1.5811 730 - 5 x (12) 2 (5 - 1)
FICCI
CE
Accuracy & precision of a process can be best explained by using the analogy of a rifle firing at a target.
FICCI
CE
With the center of the target taken to be the true value of the characteristic being measured and by the rifle shots representing the measured values, there are four combinations of accuracy and precision as depicted in the following slides.
FICCI
CE
FICCI
CE
FICCI
CE
FICCI
CE
FICCI
CE
As observed from the Picturization in the preceding slides, the objective of moving towards world class quality is to continuously achieve greater consistency of the processes by aiming for consistently higher levels of accuracy & precision