BSC 2085 Final Exam Topics There is a vast amount of content in any Anatomy and hysiolo!

y class" #ou are responsi$le for it all" %o&ever' to narro& your scope of study for the departmental comprehensive final exam' a study !uide is provided" (f it is not on the study !uide' it is not on the exam" (f it is on the study !uide' you should $e prepared to ans&er )uestions in detail" Thou!h the exam is a *5+)uestion multiple choice exam' prepare as if it is an essay exam" This type of preparation &ill li,ely increase your performance on the exam" Be a$le to define' explain' or reco!ni-e the follo&in!. /" 2" 4" 6" 5" =" *" 8" ?" /0" //" 0efine Anatomy 1 hysiolo!y 2ist 1 reco!ni-e examples of 3levels of or!ani-ation3 The $ody systems' their functions 1 ma5or or!ans 0irectional terms7$e a$le to use" 0escri$e the different planes 1 sections" 8evie& the anatomical terms for $ody parts and re!ions" 2ist the $ody cavities 1 the four )uadrants" 9hat or!ans are found in each cavity and )uadrant: ;ame B<T% layers of the linin! mem$rane around the lun!s' heart' intestines 1 other a$dominal viscera 0efine homeostasis" 9hat is a positive feed$ac, loop: A ne!ative feed$ac, loop: 8eco!ni-e examples of ne!ative feed$ac, 1 positive feed$ac," 9hat is the effect on the controlled varia$le: <r' compare> contrast positive 1 ne!ative feed$ac, in terms of the relationship $et&een stimulus 1 response" 9hat are the ma5or $ody systems involved &ith maintainin! homeostasis: 9hat is an ion: 9hat are the ma5or intra+ and extracellular cations and anions in the human $ody: 0escri$e the 6 types of $onds" rovide a $iolo!ically si!nificant example of each one" 9hat characteristic@sA does &ater possess that ma,es it a !ood solvent: 9ith respect to car$ohydrates' proteins' lipids' and nucleic acids //"/" identify monomers 1 polymers //"2" compare> contrast !eneral molecular structure //"4" provide specific examples &here found in the $ody 0escri$e the 6 levels of protein structure 1 state the importance of protein shape for protein function" 9hat is a phospholipid: 9hat is its structure: 9here do you find phospholipids in the $ody: 0iscuss the $asic components and purpose of en-ymes" 9hat factors affect en-yme activity: 2ist an en-yme specifically studied durin! the course" 9hat does is do: 9hat is AT : 9here is the ener!y held in this molecule: 0escri$e the !enerali-ed reversi$le reaction for release of ener!y from AT and explain the role of AT in the cell" 9hat or!anelle is responsi$le for aero$ic production of AT : 9hat are the other t&o methods of AT production in the cells: 9hat is cellular respiration: 9hat are the functions of the plasma mem$rane: Function of various or!anelles &ithin a cell @mitochondrion' E8' ri$osome' lysosomes' Bol!i apparatus' centriole' nucleus' nucleolusA: 9here @in &hat or!anellesA &ould one find 0;A' 8;A: %o& are they the same: 0ifferent: 0escri$e the $asics of protein synthesis in terms of transcription and translation" %o& and &hy is 8;A made for this process: 8eferrin! to a !enerali-ed cell cycle' includin! interphase and the sta!es of mitosis' descri$e the events that ta,e place in each sta!e" Explain differences. diffusion facilitated diffusion' active transport" 9hich of these descri$es !as exchan!e in lun!' ;aC>DC pump' !lucose entry into the cell: 9hat is histolo!y: 9hat are the four ma5or tissue types: Contrast the !eneral features of the four ma5or types" %o& do you name epithelial tissues: @num$er of layers' cell shapeA" 9here do you find each type: 9hat are the functions of each type: Correlate the structure &ith the function" 9here do you find serous> mucus mem$ranes: 9here do you find !o$let cells: 9hat special function do !o$let cells perform: 9hat are the !eneral characteristics of connective tissue @CTA: ;ame the = types of CT proper and !ive an example of &here you &ould find each type in the $ody" 9hat are the other types of CT: 9here are these found: 9hat are their functions: 2ist 1 descri$e the 4 types of cartila!e and &here each is found in the $ody" 9hat are the !eneral functions of s,in: (n the epidermis there are a variety of cells &ith speciali-ed functions" 0escri$e the function of ,eratinocytes' melanocytes' mer,el cells' and 2an!erhans cells" 9hat is the function of EeisnerFs Corpuscles and acinian Corpuscles: 2ist the three layers of s,in" 9hat features does the dermis have that the epidermis does not: 9hich layer contains fat: (nto &hich layer does one !ive a hypodermic in5ection: 9hat is responsi$le for fin!er prints: %o& is the s,in involved in $ody temperature re!ulation: ;ame' descri$e' and !ive an example of the five types of $ones @i"e" lon!' short' etc"A" (dentify the various parts of a typical lon! $one @epiphysis' diaphysis' etc"A 0istin!uish $et&een osteo$last' osteocyte' osteoclast' chondrocyte' chondro$last

/2" /4" /6" /5" /=" /*" /8" /?" 20" 2/" 22" 24" 26" 25" 2=" 2*" 28" 2?" 40" 4/"

42" 44" 46" 45" 4=" 4*" 48" 4?" 60" 6/" 62" 64" 66" 65" 6=" 6*" 68" 6?" 50" 5/" 52" 54" 56" 55" 5=" 5*" 58" 5?" =0" =/" =2" =4" =6" =5" ==" =*"

0escri$e the @microscopicA functional parts of compact $one @canaliculi' osteon' etc"A 0istin!uish $et&een compact $one and spon!y $one" 0escri$e the internal structural components of each" Bive the functions of $one and of the s,eletal system in !eneral" Explain or dia!ram @$rieflyA the role of $one in calcium stora!e and release @into the $lood streamA" (nclude information on the roles of calcitonin and parthyroid hormone" 0istin!uish $et&een axial 1 appendicular s,eletal components @locations' ma5or components of each division' individual $onesA 2ist> descri$e the three ma5or classes of 5oints" Dno& the de!ree of movement and types of movements allo&ed at each 5oint" Briefly descri$e the = types of freely movea$le 5oints" 9here in the $ody can you find each of these: 2ist and explain the functions of muscle tissue" 0escri$e the structure' characteristics' location in the $ody' and function of s,eletal' cardiac' and smooth muscle" %o& do contractions differ $et&een the three types of muscle: (dentify the various macroscopic parts of a muscle @epimysium' perimysium' fascicle' etc"A 0escri$e the @microscopicA functional parts of a muscle cell @myosin' actin' etc"A" (nclude definin! and descri$in! a sarcomere and the associated structures @G line' etc"A" Dno& the Slidin! Filament Theory 1 neurolo!ical events leadin! up to contraction" @i"e" from the impulse to relaxationA" Can you outline ho& an electrical si!nal is transmitted from the neuron to the muscle: 9hat is meant $y the term Hexcitation+contraction couplin!:I 0efine 1 descri$e a motor unit" 9hat is the difference $et&een a sin!le t&itch' temporal summation' tetanus' 1 treppe" 0efine latent' contraction' relaxation periodsJ&hat is !oin! on in each of these periods in relationship to muscle contraction @slidin! filament theoryA: 0escri$e the three ener!y systems used to synthesi-e AT @see K/6 a$oveA (dentify the 4 $asic functions of the nervous system in maintainin! homeostasis" 9hat other or!an system is intimately involved &ith maintainin! homeostasis: Classify the or!ans of the nervous system into central 1 peripheral divisions" 0ifferentiate $et&een somatic and autonomic divisions of the nervous system" 2ist the characteristics and function of nervous tissue" 0escri$e the various cells found in nervous tissue" 9hich cell &ould have dendrites and an axon: Compare 1 contrast the characteristics 1 functions of neuro!lia 1 neurons" (dentify 1 !ive function of soma' axon' and dendrite" 0escri$e the difference $et&een a neuron and a nerve" 9here specifically &ould you find each of these in the $ody: 0efine !ray matter 1 &hite matter" 9hat ma,es the tissue !ray or &hite: 9hat are the differin! functions of the 2 types of matter in the spinal cord" 0escri$e the factors that contri$ute to !eneration of a restin! mem$rane potential" Dno& &hat ions are movin! &here for action potential !eneration" 0efine depolari-ation' repolari-ation' hyperpolari-ation' electrochemical !radient' refractory period" 2ist the se)uence of events involved in !eneration of an action potential @A A" 8elate the terms depolari-e' repolari-e' and hyperpolari-e to the events of an A " 9hat is threshold: %o& can it $e reached: 9hat is a refractory period: 0istin!uish $et&een a$solute and relative refractory periods" 9hat is the conse)uence of a neuron havin! an a$solute refractory period: 9hy do you suspect the refractory period is lon!er in the heart: Compare 1 contrast !raded potentials 1 action potentials" 0escri$e the myelin sheath and its function" 9here do you find these: 0escri$e continuous conduction" Compare and contrast it &ith saltatory conduction" 9hat is an E S : An ( S : 0efine Summation" 0istin!uish $et&een spatial 1 temporal summation or explain temporal 1 spatial summation of synaptic potentials" 9hat is a neurotransmitter: 2ist some examples" Are they excitatory or inhi$itory: 9hat are the !ross anatomical features of the spinal cord 1 $rain: 0escri$e ho& the $rain and spinal cord are protected" (dentify the menin!es and descri$e their function" 0escri$e the functions of the principal sensory 1 motor tracts of the spinal cord" 0escri$e the functional components of a reflex arc and the relationship of reflexes to homeostasis" 2ist all structures an impulse &ould pass throu!h on the &ay from the peripheral receptor to the effector" 9here are cell $odies of sensory and motor neurons located: 9hat is CSF: 9hat is its function: Specifically &here is it found in the C;S: 9here> ho& is it produced: 9hat is the path of circulation: 9here is it rea$sor$ed: 9hat is the $lood $rain $arrier: 0escri$e the structural $asis for and importance of the $lood $rain $arrier" (nclude the role of astrocytes in your discussion" 2ist the four principle parts of the $rain" Bive !eneral functions of each area" @i"e"' Compare the structure and functions of the $rain stem' cere$ellum' diencephalon' cere$rum"A 2ist the three parts of the $rain stem" State the functions of each component of the $rain stem"

=8" Correlate functions &ith each ma5or area of the adult $rain" 9here are the motor and sensory cortexes located: 9hat is the function of each area: 9hat is BrocaFs Area: 9ernic,eFs Area: 9hat is the function of the re+motor area: =?" 2ist the structures in the diencephalon: 9hat is the function of each: *0" ;ame the lo$es of the $rain" */" Dno& all t&elve pairs of cranial nerves 1 &hat each of their main functions are" *2" %o& can receptors $e classified: 0escri$e each of the follo&in! receptors and indicate &hat sensation it detects 1 !ive an example of &here it can $e found in the $ody. nociceptors' thermoreceptors' mechanoreceptors @$oth proprioceptors 1 $aroreceptorsA' chemoreceptors' and photoreceptors" *4" 0escri$e the anatomy of the A;S" %o& is it different from the somatic nervous system: 0iscuss the 2 divisions of the A;S 1 the !eneral physiolo!ical roles of each" 0escri$e the ma5or parasympathetic and> or sympathetic physiolo!ical effects on tar!et or!ans @e"!"' B( tract' heart' $lood vessels' respiratory system' etc"A" *6" 2ist the anatomical features of the eye from superficial to deep and then from the point of li!ht enterin! the eye to the optic nerve" Bive the function and characteristics of each structure you listed" *5" 0escri$e the receptors of the retina" 9hich ones have $etter acuity in $ri!ht li!ht: 0im li!ht: 9hy: Compare> contrast the function of rods 1 cones in vision" *=" Ear. Anatomy7external' middle' inner **" 2ist the structures sound &aves &ould $e conducted $y from the external environment to the vesti$ulocochlear nerve" 0escri$e ho& the various structures of the outer' middle' and inner ear function in hearin!" *8" 9hat does the macula of utricle or saccule detect: 9hat does the semicircular canal detect: 0istin!uish $et&een static and dynamic e)uili$rium"