CONTENTS

1. Introduction 1.1 Abstracts 1.2. Four wheel steering system basics 1.3. History 1.4. Applications 1.5. Advantages 1.6. Limitations 3 4 5 6 7 8

2. Literature Review 2.1. Description of Mechanical Components 2.2. Description of Valve Mechanism Implemented 2.3. Study of Compressed Air Engine and its Working 10-19 20-25 26-28

3. Design and Fabrication 3.1. Design of Piston Cylinder 3.2. Design of Connecting Rod 3.3. Design of Crank Shaft 3.4. Design of Valve Mechanism 3.5. Design of Cam and Follower 3.6. Fabrication of Model 30 30-32 33-35 36 37 38-51

4. Problems Faced

52

5. Solutions Adapted

53

6. Conclusion

54

College name |Four wheel steering system

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Abstract

1.2. Four wheel steering system basics

1.3. History

1.4. Applications

1.5. Advantages

1.6. Limitations

College name |Four wheel steering system

1.1 Abstracts:
Production cars are designed to understeer and rarely do they oversteer. If a car could automatically compensate for an understeer/oversteer problem, the driver would enjoy nearly neutral steering under varying operating conditions. Four-wheel steering is a serious effort on the part of automotive design engineers to provide near-neutral steering. Also in situations like low speed cornering, vehicle parking and driving in city conditions with heavy traffic in tight spaces, driving would be very difficult due to vehicles larger wheelbase and track width. Hence there is a requirement of a mechanism which result in less turning radius and it can be achieved by implementing four wheel steering mechanism instead of regular two wheel steering. The main aim of this project is to turn the rear wheels out of phase to the front wheels. In order to achieve this, a mechanism which consists of two bevel gears and intermediate shaft which transmit 100% torque as well turns rear wheels in out of phase was developed. The mechanism was modelled using CATIA V5 R21. By changing the direction of the rear wheels there is reduction in turning radius of the vehicle which is efficient in parking, low speed cornering and high speed lane change. In city driving conditions the vehicle with higher wheelbase and track width face problems of turning as the space is confined, the same problem is faced in low speed cornering. Usually customers pick the vehicle with higher wheelbase and track width for their comfort and face these problems, so to overcome this problem a concept of four wheel steering can be adopted in the vehicle. Four wheel steering reduces the turning radius of the vehicle which is effective in confined space, in this project four wheel steering is adopted for the existing vehicle and turning radius is reduced without changing the dimension of the vehicle.

College name |Four wheel steering system

1.2 Four wheel steering Basics:

Steering is a system that is used in most type of transport to control the movement of the vehicle. Steering is the collection of components, linkages, etc. which allow a vessel (ship, boat) or vehicle (car, motorcycle, bicycle) to follow the desired course. An exception is the case of rail transport by which rail tracks combined together with railroad switches provide the steering function. Steering mechanism is the vehicle movement control system that includes few main components which are the steering wheel, the steering column, the steering rack and the vehicle wheels. In an active four-wheel steering system, all four wheels turn at the same time when the driver steers. In most active four-wheel steering systems, the rear wheels are steered by a computer and actuators. The rear wheels generally cannot turn as far as the front wheels. There can be controls to switch off the rear steer and options to steer only the rear wheel independent of the front wheels. Four-wheel steering, 4WS, also called rear-wheel steering or all-wheel steering, provides a means to actively steer the rear wheels during turning manoeuvres. It should not be confused with four-wheel drive in which all four wheels of a vehicle are powered. It improves handling and help the vehicle make tighter turns. Four wheel steering is a method developed in automobile industry for the effective turning of the vehicle and to increase the manoeuvrbility. In a typical front wheel steering system the rear wheels do not turn in the direction of the curve and thus curb on the efficiency of the steering. In four wheel steering the rear wheels turn with the front wheels thus increasing the efficiency of the vehicle. The direction of steering the rear wheels relative to the front wheels depends on the operating conditions. At low speed wheel movement is pronounced, so that rear wheels are steered in the opposite direction to that of front wheels. At high speed, when steering adjustments are subtle, the front wheels and the rear wheels turn in the same direction. Four wheel steering vehicles are being used increasingly due to high performance and stability that they bring to the vehicles. In this project, a high performance four wheel steered vehicle model is considered which is optimally controlled during a lane change manoeuvre in three different type of manoeuvre, low speed manoeuvre, medium speed manoeuvre and high speed manoeuvre.

College name |Four wheel steering system

1.3 History:

A 1910 photo of the 80 hp Caldwell Vale in action.

Previously, Honda had four-wheel steering as an option in their 19872001 Prelude and Honda Ascot Innova models (19921996). Mazda also offered four-wheel steering on the 626 and MX6 in 1988. General Motors offered Delphi's Quadrasteer in their consumer Silverado/Sierra and Suburban/Yukon. However, only 16,500 vehicles have been sold with this system since its introduction in 2002 through 2004. Due to this low demand, GM discontinued the technology at the end of the 2005 model year.[2] Nissan/Infiniti offer several versions of their HICAS system as standard or as an option in much of their line-up. A new "Active Drive" system is introduced on the 2008 version of the Renault Laguna line. It was designed as one of several measures to increase security and stability. The Active Drive should lower the effects of under steer and decrease the chances of spinning by diverting part of the G-forces generated in a turn from the front to the rear tires. At low speeds the turning circle can be tightened so parking and maneuvering is easier.

Mercedes-Kbelwagen G5 Mercedes-Benz Typ G 5 (W 152, 19371941)

College name |Four wheel steering system

1.4 Applications:
(a) Two Wheel Steer : A 4-Wheel Steering System is flexible enough to work as a 2-wheel steer by restricting the rear wheel movement. (b) Four Wheel Steer: Front wheel directions are opposite to rear wheel directions. This helps to take sharp turn with least turning radius. This is done at slow speed. (c) Crab Steer: At high speed lane change, both the front and rear wheels face in same direction. (d) Zero turn: Front and Rear wheels are so aligned that the vehicle moves in a circle of zero radius.

College name |Four wheel steering system

1.5 Advantages:
The idea behind four wheel steering is that a vehicle requires less driver input for any steering manoeuvre if all four wheels are steering the vehicle. As with two wheel steer vehicles, tyre grip holds the four wheels on the road. However, when the driver turns the wheel slightly, all four wheels react to the steering input, causing slip angles to form at all four wheels. The entire vehicle moves in one direction rather than the rear half attempting to catch up to the front. The vehicle responds more quickly to steering input because rear wheel lag is eliminated.

1. Superior cornering stability. 2. Improved steering responsiveness and precision. 3. High speed straight line stability. 4. Notable improvement in rapid lane changing manoeuvres. 2. Smaller turning radius and tight space manoeuvrability at low speed. 7. Relative wheel angles and their control.

College name |Four wheel steering system

1.6 Limitations:
The effect that it produces is not felt significantly at low speed or in commercial cars but in heavy vehicles like trucks and towing vans it provides significant lane changing and low speed manoeuvrability. Its mechanism is extensively complex. Although many designs have been brought forward so far, none has the right combination of simple design, low maintenance with low cost.

1. Difficult to fabricate. 2. Not commercially viable for all vehicles. 3. Complex design techniques are required for four wheel steering system. 4. Usually suitable only for low speed manoeuvrability.

College name |Four wheel steering system

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Description of Mechanical Components

2.2

Description of Four Wheel Transmission Motors used

2.3

Study of Four Wheel Steering System and its Working

College name |Four wheel steering system

2.1 Description of Mechanical Components:

Various Mechanical parts used in engine are: 1. Chassis 2. Vehicle Body 3. Track Rod 4. Steering wheel 5. Gears 6. Transmission motors

College name |Four wheel steering system

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