Chapter 4

First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics is simply the conservation of energy principle and can be defined as, the energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it can only change from one form to other with certain process such as, combustion, chemical and mechanical. The conservation of energy principle may be expressed as follows: the net change (increased or decreased) in the total energy of the system during a process is equal to the difference between the total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system.
Total energy Total energy Change in the total energy of the system leaving the system = entering the system

The above relation is often referred to as the energy balance. The energy is a property and the value of a property does not change unless the state of the system changes. Also, the first law of thermodynamics is called the law of the conservation of heat and work undergoing a cycle, and then for a change of state of a system. Many measurements were made during a cycle (control mass) for various amounts of work and heat, and the results were compared. The results were always proportional and the observations led to the formulation of the first law of thermodynamics as,

Q = W
The symbol, Q , which is called the cyclic integral of the heat transfer, represents the net heat transfer during the cycle, and W , the cyclic integral of the work, represents the net work during the cycle.

65

The First Law of Thermodynamics of a Control Mass

We now considered the first law of thermodynamics for a control mass that undergoes a change of state. We begin by introducing of the energy property, which is given by the symbol E. Consider a system that undergoes a cycle, in which it changes from state 1 to state 2 by process A, and returns from state 2 to state 1 by process B as shown in Fig. 41. Considering the two separate processes, we have,
2 1 2 1

Q A + QB = W A + WB
2 1 2

Now consider another cycle in which the control mass change from state 1 to state 2 by process C and returns to state 1 by process B, as before. For this cycle we can write,
2 1 2 1

Q
1

+ QB = Wc + WB
2 1 2

Subtracting the two equations, we get,

Q A QC = W A WC
1 1 1

or, by rearranging,

(Q W ) A = (Q W ) C
1

Fig. 4-1 Control mass undergoing a cycle Since A and C represents arbitrary processes between state 1 and 2, the quantity
Q W is the same for all processes between state 1 and state 2. Therefore, Q W depends only on the initial and final states and not on the path. We conclude
66

that this is a point function and this property is the energy of the mass and is given by the symbol E. Thus we can write,

Q W = dE or Q = dE + W
Because E is a property, its derivative is written dE. The above equation is integrated from an initial state 1 to a final state 2, we have,
Q12 = E 2 E1 + W12

The determination of the energy change of a system during a process involves the evaluation of the energy of the system at the beginning and at the end of the process as follows,
E system = E final E initial = E 2 E1

The energy can be exist in various forms such as internal (sensible, latent, chemical, and nuclear), kinetic, potential, electric, and magnetic, and their sum is the total energy E of a system. In the absence of electric, magnetic and surface tension effects ( i.e., for simple compressible systems), the change in total energy of a system during a process is the sum of the changes in its internal, kinetic, and potential energies and can be expressed as,
E = U + KE + PE

Where,
U = m(u 2 u1 ) 1 2 m( v 2 2 v1 ) 2 PE = mg ( z 2 z1 ) KE =

or

1 2 E = m (u 2 u1 ) + ( v 2 2 v 1 ) + g ( z 2 z1 ) 2

Most of engineering systems are stationary and no change of its velocity and elevation during process, it means that, KE = PE = 0 , and the total energy change reduces to
E = U . The energy can be transferred to or from the system in three forms: Heat,

67

Work and Mass Flow. For a closed system or fixed mass, the only two forms of energy are the heat and work interaction.

Heat Transfer, Q
The heat transferred to a system (heat gain) increases the internal energy of the system, and the heat transferred from a system (heat loss) decreases the internal energy of a system.

Work, W
The energy interaction that is not caused by a temperature difference between a system and surroundings is called work. A rising piston, rotating shaft, and electrical wire crossing the system boundaries are work done.

Energy Balance of Closed System

Noting that the energy can be transferred in the forms of heat and work and the net transfer of a quantity is equal to the difference between the amounts transferred inlet and outlet, and the energy balance can be defined as,
(Qin Qout ) (Win Wout ) = E system

The first law of thermodynamics for closed system and fixed boundary (rigid tank) as shown in Fig. 4-2, and the kinetic and potential energies are negligible, KE = PE = 0 , then the thermodynamics first law relation becomes,
Qi + Wi + mu1 = Qo + Wo + mu 2

or

Q W = m(u 2 u1 )

68

Fig. 4-2 Closed system and fixed boundary (stationary). For no interaction work done and heating process, the first law takes,
Q = m(u 2 u1 )

For cooling process, the first law takes,

Q = m(u 2 u1 )

The first law of thermodynamics for closed system and moving boundary as shown in Fig. 4-3, and the kinetic and potential energies are negligible, KE = PE = 0 , then the thermodynamics first law relation becomes,
Qi + Wi + mu1 + PV1 = Qo + Wo + mu 2 + PV2 Qi + Wi + m(u1 + Pv1 ) = Qo + Wo + m(u 2 + Pv 2 )

Fig. 4-3 Closed system and moving boundary (frictionless piston-cylinder). or

Q W = m(h2 h1 )
Q = m(h2 h1 )

For no interaction work done and heating process, the first law takes,

For cooling process, the first law takes,

69

 Q = m(h2 h1 )

Cooling process with work done from paddle wheel

A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is being stirred by a paddle wheel as shown in Fig. 4-4. The tank is not insulated and heat transferred to surrounding, the kinetic and potential energies are negligible, KE = PE = 0 , then the first law becomes,
Q W = m(u 2 u1 )

Applying the sign role or the directions of heat and work in the system, the first law takes the following form,
Q (W ) = m(u 2 u1 ) W Q = m(u 2 u1 )

Or applying the sum of energy at inlet that is equal the sum of energy at outlet,
Ei = E o Qi + Wi + mu1 = Qo + Wo + mu 2

There is no heat transfer inter the system, Qi=0, and no work done leave the system, Wo=0,.
Wi + mu1 = Qo + mu 2 or the form of, W pw in Qout = m(u 2 u1 )

or

W Q = m(u 2 u1 )

Fig. 4-4 Paddle wheel stirred fluid in closed system

70

Electric Heating of Fluid in Insulated Rigid Tank

A rigid tank contains fluid that is being heat by an electric heater as shown in Fig. 4-5. The tank is insulated and no heat transferred to surrounding, the kinetic and potential energies are negligible, KE = PE = 0 , then the thermodynamics first law becomes,
Q W = m(u 2 u1 )

Applying the sign role or the directions of heat and work in the system, the first law takes the following form,
(We ) = m(u 2 u1 ) We = m(u 2 u1 ) IVt = m(u 2 u1 )

Where, V is the volt, I is the current, and t is the heating time.

Fig. 4-5 Electric heating process

Energy Balance of Steady-flow System

A large number of engineering devices such as turbine, compressor, and nozzles are operating for long period of time under the same conditions, (steady-flow process). During the steady-flow process, no intensive or extensive properties within the control volume change with time. Thus, the volume V, the mass m, and the total energy content E of the control volume remain constant as shown in Fig. 4-6.

71

Fig. 4-6 Steady-flow process and control volume As a result, the boundary work is zero for steady flow system (because the volume is constant in control volume Vcv = constant.), and the sum of mass or energy entering the control volume must be equal to the sum of mass or energy leaving the control volume (since mcv= constant and Ecv=constant). Then, the rate of the general energy and mass balance for steady flow process as follows,
& = E & E in out and, & in = m & out m

or

ECV = 0

and

mCV = 0

During the steady flow process, the fluid properties at inlet or exit remain constant. Also, the rate of heat and work interaction between a steady flow system and its surrounding do not change with time. For steady flow process, there are some applications has multi-inlet and multi-exit as shown in Fig. 4-7.

Fig. 4-7 Steady flow process in general So, the first law of thermodynamics for steady flow process becomes for that case,
2 vo v i2 & & & & & i (hi + & o (ho + Qi + Wi + m + gz i ) = Qo + Wo + m + gz o ) 2 2

72

For single stream flow, one inlet and one exit as shown in Fig. 4-8, the first low of thermodynamics becomes,

Fig. 4-8 Steady flow process for one inlet and one exit
2 vo v i2 & & & & & & Qi + Wi + mi (hi + + gz i ) = Qo + Wo + mo (ho + + gz o ) 2 2

2 v i2 vo & & & & & & Q + W + m ( h + + gz ) = Q + W + m ( h + + gz o ) And, i i i i o o o 2 2

In such cases, it is common practice to assume that the heat to be transferred into
& , and work produced by the system (work output) at the system (heat input) at a rate of Q

& and the inlet and outlet are denoted by subscripts 1 and 2. The first law of a rate of W

thermodynamics for single stream steady flow systems becomes,

2 v2 v1 2 & & & [(h2 + Q W = m + gz 2 ) (h1 + + gz1 )] 2 2 2 v2 2 v1 & & & [(h2 h1 ) + Q W = m + g ( z 2 z1 )] 2

For specific quantity, the energy balance on a unit mass basis defined as,
q w = ( h2 h1 ) +
2 v2 2 v1 + g ( z 2 z1 ) 2

Some Steady Flow Applications

Many engineering devices operate under the same conditions for long periods of time and never change throughout the operating time such as, turbines, compressors, pumps, boilers, heat exchangers, nozzles and diffusers and these devices can be analyzed as steady flow processes.
73

Turbine
A turbine is a rotary machine which used in thermal power station as shown in Fig. 4-9, whose purpose is the production of shaft work by expansion the fluid. The work done in the turbine is positive since it done by the fluid on the moving blades to causing rotational velocity of the turbine shaft.

Fig. 4-9 Adiabatic turbine process The energy balance ofo this steady-flow system is,
2 v2 2 v1 & & & [(h2 h1 ) + Q W = m + g ( z 2 z1 )] 2

If the process occurred in the turbine which insulated fro surrounding (adiabatic process,
& = 0 ) we get, Q
2 v2 2 v1 & [(h2 h1 ) + Power = W = m + g ( z 2 z1 )] 2

kW

For some cases, by neglecting the kinetic and potential energy, we obtain,
& (h2 h1 ) Power = W = m kW

Compressors and Pumps

The purpose of compressors (gas) or pumps (liquid) is the same, to increase the pressure of a fluid by adding shaft work as shown in Fig. 4-10.

74

Fig. 4-10 Compressor and pump process For gas compressors, by neglecting the kinetic energy at inlet only and potential energy at inlet and outlet, and some heat transferred to the surrounding, we obtain,
& (W &)=m & [(h2 h1 ) + Q & & =Q power = W in out

1 2 v 2 ] or 2 1 & [(h2 h1 ) + v 2 +m 2] 2

kW

For ideal gas, and the compression is adiabatic process, and neglecting the kinetic energy, we get
& =m & (h2 h1 ) power = W kW in & C Pave (T2 T1 ) power = m kW

For pumps, by neglecting the kinetic and potential energy,

& =m & ( h2 h1 ) power = W in

kW

For pumps, the increasing pressure is usually occurred at constant temperature, and the liquid temperature does not change throughout the process. So, the change only in the pressure and the steady flow energy equation for pumps can be write as,
& =m & v( P2 P1 ) power = W in kW

Nozzles and Diffusers

Nozzles and diffusers are usually utilized in jet engine, rockets and air craft. The nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid. A diffuser is a device that increases the
75

pressure of the fluid. That is, nozzles and diffuser perform opposite tasks as shown in Fig. 4-11.

Fig. 4-11 Nozzle and diffuser The energy balance for this steady flow system which no heat transferred, no work and potential energy is zero, we get for nozzle,
2 v2 2 v1 0 = (h2 h1 ) + 2 2 v h2 = h1 2 2

Q fluid velocity at inlet v1 0

For diffuser,
2 v2 2 v1 0 = (h2 h1 ) + 2 2 v h2 = h1 + 1 2

Q fluid velocity at outlet v 2 0

Heat Exchanger
The heat exchangers are usually used for cooling of a hot fluid inside the coil by using cooled fluid outside the coil as Fig. 4-12. The energy balance of heat exchanger, the steady flow system which no heat transferred to the surrounding, no work done, and
& 1 equal kinetic and potential energies are negligible. The heat rejected from hot fluid, m

& 2 , then we get, to the heat added to the cooled fluid m

& 1 (h2 h1 ) = m & 2 (h4 h3 ) m

76

Fig. 4-12 Heat exchanger process

Throttling Process
A throttling process occurs when a fluid flowing in a line suddenly encounters a restriction in the flow passage such as, valves and capillary tubes as shown in Fig. 4-13.

Fig. 4-13 Throttling process in valves and capillary tubes For throttling process, the steady flow system which no heat transferred, no work done, and kinetic and potential energies are negligible, we get,
h1 = h2

Usually the throttling process is called constant enthalpy process.

Mixing Process

Fig. 4-14 Mixing chamber process In engineering applications, mixing two streams of fluid in a certain system are occurred without heat transferred to surrounding, no work done, and kinetic and potential
77

energies are negligible as shown in Fig. 4-14. The energy balance of steady flow process as,
& 1 h1 + m & 2 h2 = m & 3 h3 m and for mass balance &1 + m &2 = m &3 m

Examples of First Law of Thermodynamics 1. Is it possible to compress an ideal gas isothermally in an adiabatic piston-cylinder device? Explain. Impossible to compress an ideal gas isothermally in an adiabatic piston-cylinder device because during the compression process which to keep the temperature constant, it is necessary to remove heat from the system boundary, heat is interaction out the system. 2. Consider two identical rooms, one with a refrigerator in it and the refrigerator door is open, and the other without one. If all the doors and windows are closed, will the room that contains the refrigerator be cooler or warmer than the other room? Why? The room which contain refrigerator is becoming warmer than the other, because electric work done for the compressor is added to room, work is interaction into the system. 3. A 2.5 m3 rigid tank contains air at 300 kPa and 150 oC. The air is now cooled until its temperature drops to 40 oC. Determine (a) the final pressure in the tank and (b) the amount of heat transfer. Solution

78

State 1, P1V1 = mRT1 ,

m = P1V1 / RT1 = 300 2.5 /(0.287 423) = 6.18 mRT1 mRT2 P T , or 1 = 1 = P1 P2 P2 T2

kg

Process 1 2 is constant volume, V = C = P2 = P1 T2 313 = 300 = 221.99 423 T1 kPa

First Law of Thermodynamics for closed volume and fixed boundary, K.E = 0, P.E = 0, W = 0 Q = U = m(u 2 u1 ) For Ideal - gas, air u1 = C V T1 = 0.718 423 = 303.714 kJ / kg u 2 = CV T2 = 0.718 313 = 224.734 kJ / kg Q = m (u 2 u1 ) = 6.18 (224.734 303.714) = 488.096 kJ

4. A mass of 20 kg of air in a frictionless piston-cylinder device is heated from 27 to 80

o

C by passing current through a resistance heater inside the cylinder. The pressure

inside the cylinder is held constant at 400 kPa during the process, and a heat loss of 30 kJ occurs. Determine the electric energy supplied in kWh. Solution

First Law of Thermodynamics for closed system and moving boundary, Assume, K.E = 0, P.E = 0 Qi + Wi + m h1 = Q0 + Wo + m h2 , Qi = Qo + m (h2 h1 ) Wi = Wo = 0

For Ideal gas, air h1 = C P T1 = 1.005 300 = 301.5 kJ / kg

h2 = C PT2 = 1.005 353 = 354.765 kJ / kg Qi = 30 + 20 (354.765 301.5) = 1095.3 kJ

79

Electric Work, We = Qi = 1095.3

kW .s =

1095.3 = 0.3043 3600

kWh

5. Water is being heated in a closed vessel on top of a range while being stirred by a paddle wheel. During the process, 3000 kJ of heat transferred to the water, and 150 kJ of heat is lost to the surrounding air. The paddle-wheel work amounts to 250 N.m, determine the final energy of the system if its initial energy is 200 kJ. Solution
First Law of Thermodynamics for closed system, Fixed boundary, K.E = 0, P.E = 0 Qi + Wi + m u1 = Q0 + Wo + m u 2 , Q Initial Energy, Ei = m u1 , Wi = W pw , Wo = 0 Final Energy, E f = m u 2

Final Energy, E f = m u 2 = Qi + Wi + m u1 Qo E f = 3000 + 250 + 200 150 = 3050.25 1000 kJ

6. A classroom that normally contains 60 peoples which one person at rest may be assumed to dissipate heat at a rate of 432 kJ/h. There are 15 light bulbs in the room, each with a rating of 150 W. The rate of heat transfer to the classroom through the walls and the windows is estimated to be 15000 kJ/h. If the room air is to be maintained at a constant temperature of 22 oC and the supply fresh air at 35 oC with volume flow rate of 10 L/s for one person is provided .Determine the number of window air conditioning units required if the unit cooling capacity is about of 8 kW.

Solution
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First law of Thermodynamics, steady flow and control volume. Assume K.E = 0, P.E = 0 & i hi = Qo + Wo + m & o ho , Qi + Wi + m &i = m &o = m &a Steady mass flow rate, m & a (hi ho ) Cooling capacity, Qo = Qi + m Air Denisty, a = P 100 = = 1.13 RT 0.287 (35 + 273) kg / m 3 No input or output work, Wi = Wo = 0

& = 1.13 10 60 10 3 = 0.678 & a = a V m Qi = Qwall + Qlight + Q persons = 15000 + 15 Qi = 49020 For Ideal gas, air h1 = C P T1 = 1.005 308 = 309.54 kJ / kg h2 = C P T2 = 1.005 295 = 296.475 kJ / kg kJ / h

kg / s 150 3600 + 60 432 1000

Qo = 49020 + 0.678 (309.54 296.475) 3600 = 80909.052 kJ / h Qo = 80909.052 = 22.475 kJ / s = 22.475 kW 3600 Qo 22.475 Number of Units = = = 2.81 3 Units Unit Capacity 8

7. The steam radiator for a heating system has a volume of 20 L and is filled with superheated vapor at 300 kPa and 250 oC. At this moment both inlet and exit valves to the radiator are closed. Determine the amount of heat that will be transferred to the room when the steam pressure drops to 100 kPa. Also, show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation line. Solution
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State 1, from steam table, superheated vapor at, P1 = 300 u1 = 2728.7 kJ/kg, v1 = 07964 m 3 /kg kg V 20 10 -3 = = 0.0251 Steam mass, m = v1 0.9764 State 2, from steam table, at, P1 = 100 v f < v 2 < v g state 2, wet vapor
v 2 = v f + x2 (v g v f ) 0.7964 = 0.001043 + x 2 (1.694 0.001043) x 2 = 0.47 u 2 = u f + x 2 (u g u f ) u 2 = 417.36 + 0.47 (2506.1 417.36) = 1399.07 Q W = U = m(u 2 u1 ) Q = m (u 2 u1 ) = 0.0251 (1399.07 2728.7) = 33.39 kJ / kg

kPa,

T1 = 250

Cooling process occured at constant volume, V1 = V2 = C kPa, v1 = v 2 = 0.7964 kg

First law of thermodynamics for closed system, fixed boundary, W = 0 kJ

8. A well-insulated rigid tank initially contains 8 kg of a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at 100 kPa and quality of 18.1 %. An electric resistor placed in the tank is connected to a source of 220 V, and a current of 4 A flows through the resistor when the switch is turned on. Determine how long it will take to vaporized all the liquid in the tank. Also, show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.

Solution
82

State 1, from steam table at, P1 = 100 v1 = v f + x1 ( v g v f )

kPa, and

x1 = 0.181 m 3 / kg

v1 = 0.001043 + 0.181 (1.694 0.001043) = 0.30747 u 1 = u f + x1 u fg u 2 = 417.36 + 0.181 2088.7 = 795.415 kJ / kg Heating process occured at constant volume, V1 = V2 = C x 2 = 100 % , saturated water vapor, v 2 = 0.30747

m 3 / kg
m 3 / kg , x 2 = 100 %

State 2, from saturated steam table, at, v 2 = v g = 0.30747 T (o C) 160 u 2 = 2568.4 T2 = 160
o

v g (m 3 / kg ) 0.30747 kJ / kg

u g (kJ / kg ) 2568.4

First law of thermodynamics for closed system, fixed boundary, Q = 0, electric work, W e Q We = U = m(u 2 u1 ) We = m (u 2 u1 ) = 8 (2568.4 795.415) = 14183.88 kJ & = Power = I V = 220 4 = 880 W = 0.88 kW = 0.88 W
e

kJ / s

& = W / t W e e & = Heating time, t = We / W e 14183.88 = 4.48 0.88 60 60 hr

9. A piston-cylinder device contains 1.2 kg of N2 initially at 100 kPa and 27 oC. The Nitrogen is now compressed slowly in a polytropic process during which PV1.3 = C until the volume is reduced by one-half. Determine the work done and the heat transfer for this process.
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Solution

State 1, P1 = 100 V1 = 1.0685

kPa, m3 ,

T1 = 300

From ideal gas equation, P1V1 = mRT1 , 100 V1 = 1.2 0.2968 300 for ideal gas of N 2 kJ / kg m3 P1V1n = P2 V2n kPa
P2V2 246.23 0.53424 = mR 1.2 0.2968

u1 = CV T1 = 0.743 300 = 222.9 Process 1 2, Polytropic PV n = C , V1 P2 = P1 V 2 V1 = 100 0.5V 1

n 1.3

State 2, V2 = 0.5V1 = 0.5 1.0685 = 0.53424

= 246.23

From ideal gas equation, P2V2 = mRT2 , T2 = T2 = 369.35 K

u 2 =C V T2 = 0.743 369.35 = 274.427 W1 2 =

kJ / kg kJ

P2V2 P1V1 246.23 0.53424 100 1.0685 = 82.32 = 1 n 1 1.3

First law of thermodynamics, closed volume, moving boundary, K.E = 0, P.E = 0 W1 2 = Wb , boundary work, = Wi , Qi = 0, W0 = 0 Qi + Wi + m u1 = Qo + Wo + m u 2 Qo =W i+ m(u1 u 2 ) = 82.32 + 1.2 (222.9 274.424 = 144.15 0 + Wi + m u 1 = Qo + 0 + m u 2 kJ

10. Air enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 300 kPa, 200 oC, and 30 m/s and leaves at 100 kPa and 180 m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 80 cm2. Determine (a) the mass flow rate through the nozzle, (b) the exit temperature of the air, and (c) the exit area of the nozzle. Solution
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State 1, from ideal gas equation, P1V 1= mRT1

1 =

P1 300 = = 2.209 RT1 0.287 473

kg / m 3 kg / s kJ / kg

& = 1 A1V1 = 2.209 80 10 4 30 = 0.5304 Mass flow rate, m From ideal gas properties of air at T1 = 473 h1 + K, h1 = 475.24

From first law of thermodynamics for steady flow through nozzle, V12 V2 30 2 180 2 = h2 + 2 , 475.25 + = h2 + 2 2 2 1000 2 1000 h2 = 459.5 kJ / kg From ideal gas properties of air at h2 = 459.5 kJ / k , & = 2 A2V2 , A2 = m & / 2V2 Mass flow rate, m T2 = 460.99 K

2 =

P2 100 = = 0.7558 RT2 0.287 460.99

kg / m 3

A2 = 0.5304 /(0.7558 180) = 3.898 10 3 m 2 = 38.98 cm 2

11. Steam at 5 MPa and 500 oC enters a nozzle steadily with a velocity of 80 m/s, and it leaves at 2 MPa and 400 oC. The inlet area of the nozzle is 50 cm2, and heat is being lost at a rate of 90 kJ/s. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the steam, (b) the exit velocity of the steam, and the exit area of the nozzle. Solution

85

State 1, from steam table, superheated at, P1 = 5 h1 = 3433.8 h2 = 3247.6 kJ / kg , kJ / kg , v1 = 0.06857 v 2 = 0.1512 m / kg
3

MPa, MPa,

T1 = 500 T2 = 400

C
o

State 2, from steam table, superheated at, P2 = 2 m 3 / kg

A1V1 50 10 4 80 & = 1 A1V1 = Mass flow rate, m = = 5.8335 v1 0.06857 First law of thermodynamics for steady flow through nozzle,

kg / s

V12 V22 V2 80 2 90 = h2 + + Qo , 3433.8 + = 3247.6 + + h1 + 2 2 2 1000 2 1000 5.8335 V2 = 589.868 m / s & = 2 A2V2 , A2 = m & v 2 / V2 Mass flow rate, m A2 = 5.8335 0.1512 / 589.868 = 1.4953 10 3 m 2 = 14.953 cm 2

12. Air at 80 kPa and 127 oC enters an adiabatic diffuser steadily at a rate of 6000 kg/h and leaves at 100 kPa. The velocity of the air stream is decreased from 230 to 30 m/s as it passes through the diffuser. Find (a) the exit temperature of the air and (b) the exit area of the diffuser. Solution

State 1, from ideal gas properties of air at T1 = 400

K,

h1 = 400.98

kJ / kg

From first law of thermodynamics for steady flow through nozzle, V12 V22 230 2 30 2 h1 + = h2 + , 400.98 + = h2 + 2 2 2 1000 2 1000 h2 = 426.98 kJ / kg

86

From ideal gas properties of air at h2 = 426.98 & = 1 A1V1 = 2 A2V2 Mass flow rate, m

kJ / kg ,

T2 = 425.7

2 =

P2 100 = = 0.8185 RT2 0.287 425.7

kg / m 3 m2

& / 2V2 = (6000 / 3600) /(0.8185 30) = 0.0679 A2 = m

13. Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine. The inlet conditions of the steam are 10 MPa, 450 oC, and 80 m/s, and the exit conditions are 10 kPa, 90 percent quality, and 50 m/s. The mass flow rate of the steam is 12 kg/s. Determine (a) the change in kinetic energy, (b) the power output, and (c) the turbine inlet area. Solution

State 1, from steam table, superheated at, P1 = 10 h1 = 3240.9 kJ / kg , v1 = 0.02975 m / kg

3

MPa, kPa,

T1 = 450 x 2 = 90 % kJ / kg

State 2, from steam table, wet vapor at P2 = 10

h2 = h f + x 2 (hg h f ) = 191.83 + 0.9 2392.8 = 2345.35

V22 V12 50 2 80 2 & = K .E = m kJ / s 12 2 1000 2 1000 = 23.4 2 2 2 2 V2 V1 & W & & =m & ( ) ( ) + Q h h g z z + 2 1 2 1 , Q = 0, P.E = 0 2 2 2 & = 12((2345.35 3240.9 ) + 50 80 ) = 10770 kW = 10.77 W MW 200 & = A1V1 / v1 , A1 = m & v1 / V1 Mass flow rate, m

A1 = 12 0.02975 / 80 = 4.4625 10 3 m 2 = 44.63 cm 2

14. Refrigerant, R-134a enters an adiabatic compressor as saturated vapor at -20 oC and leaves at 0.7 MPa and 70 oC. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 1.5 kg/s.
87

Determine (a) the power input to the compressor and (b) the volume flow rate of the refrigerant at the compressor inlet. Solution
State 1, from steam table at, x1 = 100 % h1 = 235.31 kJ / kg , v1 = 0.1464 T1 = 20 m 3 / kg
o

State 2, from steam table, wet vapor at P2 = 0.7 h2 = 307.01 kJ / kg

MPa,

T2 = 70

First law of thermodynamics for steady flow through adiabatic Compressor,

V22 V12 & W & & =m & ( ) ( ) Q h h g z z + + 2 1 2 1 , Q = 0, K.E = 0 P.E = 0 2 & =m & (h2 h1 ) = 1.5 (235.31 307.01) = 107.55 kW W & = 107.55 kW Input Power = W

15. Air enters the compressor of a gas-turbine plant at ambient conditions of 100 kPa and 27 oC with a low velocity and exit at 1 MPa and 350 oC with a velocity of 80 m/s. The compressor is cooled at a rate of 1200 kJ/min, and the power input to the compressor is 250 kW. Determine the mass flow rate of the air through the compressor. Solution

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State 1, from ideal gas properties of air at, P1 = 100 h1 = 300.19 h2 = 631.11 kJ / kg State 2, from ideal gas properties of air at, P2 = 1 kJ / kg

kPa, T1 = 300 MPa, T2 = 623

K K

First law of thermodynamics for steady flow through Compressor,

V22 V12 & & & Q W = m + g ( z 2 z1 ) , (h2 h1 ) + 2 V22 & W & =m & ( ) Q h h + 2 1 2

P.E = 0

1200 80 2 & ( 631 . 11 300 . 19 ) (250) = m + 60 2 1000 kg / s

& = 0.6884 m

16. A superheated water vapor is throttled from 8 MPa and 500 oC to 6 MPa. Determine the final temperature of steam. Solution
State 1, superheated vapor at, P1 = 8 MPa, h1 = 3398.3 kJ / kg kJ / kg , P2 = 6 MPa h2 = 3398.3 kJ / kg T1 = 500
o

Throttling process 1 2 occured at constant enthalpy, h1 = h2 State 2, at h2 = 3398.3 T2 = 490.08 K From superheated vapor table at, P2 = 6 MPa,

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17. Liquid water at 300 kPa and 20 oC is heated in a chamber by mixing with superheated steam at 300 kPa and 300 oC. Cold water enters the chamber at a rate of 1.8 kg/s. If the mixture leaves the mixing chamber at 60 oC, determine the mass flow rate of the superheated steam required. Solution

For steady state mixing process. &1 + m &2 = m &3 Mass balance, m & 1 h1 + m & 2 h2 = m & 3 h3 = (m &1 + m & 2 ) h3 Heat balance, m State 1, subcooled water at, T1 = 20 State 2, superheated vapor at P2 = 300
o

C kJ / kg T2 = 300
o

From saturated water table, h1 = h f = 83.96 kPa,

From superheated vapor table, h2 = 3069.3 State 3, subcooled water at, T3 = 60

o

kJ / kg kJ / kg

From saturated water table, h3 = h f = 251.93 & 2 3069.3 = (1.8 + m & 2 ) 251.93 1.8 83.96 + m & 2 = 0.1073 kg / s m

18. Refrigerant, R-134a at 1 MPa and 80 oC is to be cooled to 1 MPA and 30 oC in a condenser by air. The air enters at 100 kPa and 27 oC with a volume flow rate of 1.5 m3/s and leaves at 95 kPa and 60 oC. Determine the mass flow rate of the refrigerant. Solution

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R - 134a side, State 1, from superheated vapor table at, P1 = 1 h1 = 313.2

o

MPa, T1 = 80 Tsat = 39.39

o

kJ / kg MPa, C state 2, is subcooled liquid

St ate 2, from saturated table at, P2 = 1 T2 = 30 C < Tsat at 1 MPa, Air side, State 3, for ideal gas of air, h3 = C P T3 = 1.005 300 = 301.5 kJ/kg h2 = h f at T2 = 30 o C = 91.49 kJ / kg

&A = Air mass flow rate, m

& P3 V 100 1.5 A = 1.742 kg / s = RT3 0.287 300

State 4, for ideal gas of air, h4 = C P T4 = 1.005 333 = 334.665 kJ/kg Heat balance equation for condenser, W = 0, K .E = 0, P.E = 0 Heat rejected from R - 134a side, Q R = Heat added to air side, Q A & R (h2 h1 ) = m & R (91.49 313.2) QR = m
& A (h4 h3 ) = 1.742 (334.665 301.5) Q A =m & R (91.49 313.2) = 1.742 (334.665 301.5) m & R = 0.2605 kg/s m

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Problems
1- Consider two identical rooms, one with a refrigerator in it and the other without one. If all the doors and windows are closed, will the room that contains the refrigerator be cooler or warmer than the other room? Why? 2- A fixed quantity of fluid is cooled and simultaneously compressed. If the heat rejected is 50 kJ and the work done in compression is 34 kJ, determine the change in internal energy. 3- A mass of 20 kg of air in a frictionless piston-cylinder device is heated from 27 to 80 C by passing current through a resistance heater inside the cylinder. The pressure inside the cylinder is held constant at 400 kPa during the process, and a heat loss of 30 kJ occurs. Determine the electric energy supplied in kWh. 4- A piston-cylinder device contains 1.2 kg of N2 initially at 100 kPa and 27 C. The Nitrogen is now compressed slowly in a polytropic process during which PV1.3 = C until the volume is reduced by one-half. Determine the work done and the heat transfer for this process. 5- 1 kg of air can be expanded between two states as it does 20 kJ of work and receives 16 kJ of heat. A second kind of expansion can be found between the same initial and final states which require a heat input of only 9 kJ. What is the change of internal energy in the first expansion and what is the work done by the air in the second expansion? 6- The steam radiator for a heating system has a volume of 20 L and is filled with superheated vapor at 300 kPa and 250 C. At this moment both inlet and exit valves to the radiator are closed. Determine the amount of heat that will be transferred to the room when the steam pressure drops to 100 kPa. Also, show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation line. 7- A well-insulated rigid tank initially contains 8 kg of a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at 100 kPa. Initially, three-quarters of the mass in the liquid phase. An
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electric resistor placed in the tank is connected to a source of 220 V and a current of 4 A flows through the resistor when the switch is turned on. Determine how long it will take to vaporized all the liquid in the tank. Also, show the process on a t-v diagram with respect to saturation lines. 8- A piston-cylinder device initially contains 0.5 m3 of saturated water vapor at 200 kPa. At this state, the piston is resting on a set of stops, and the mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 300 kPa is required to move it. Heat is now slowly transferred to the steam until the volume doubles. Show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines and determine (a) the final temperature, (b) the work done during this process, and the total heat transfer. 9- A system receives 180 kJ by heat transfer at constant volume. Next it rejects 200 kJ by heat transfer as it receives 50 kJ of work at constant pressure. a- If an adiabatic process can be found which will restore it to the initial state, how much work transfer is done during the process. b-Take the internal energy in the initial state as zero find the corresponding internal energy at the other two states. 10- 1 kg of a certain fluid is contained in a cylinder at an initial pressure of 20 bar. The fluid expands according to the law PV2= constant until the volume is doubled. The fluid is then cooled at constant pressure until the piston regains its original position; heat is added at constant volume until the pressure rises to the original value of 20 bar. Calculate the network done, for an initial volume of 0.05 m3. 11- In the turbine of a gas turbine unit the gases flow through the turbine is 17 kg/s and the power developed by the turbine is 14 MW. The enthalpies of the gases at inlet and outlet are 1200 kJ/kg and 360 kJ/kg respectively, and the velocities of the gases at inlet and outlet are 60 m/s and 150 m/s, respectively. Calculate the rate of heat transfer.

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12- Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine. The inlet conditions of the steam are 10 MPa, 450 C, and 80 m/s, and the exit conditions are 10 kPa, 90 percent quality, and 50 m/s. The mass flow rate of the steam is 12 kg/s. Determine (a) the change in kinetic energy, (b) the power output, and (c) the turbine inlet area. 13- Air enters the compressor of a gas-turbine plant at ambient conditions of 100 kPa and 27 C with a low velocity and exit at 1 MPa and 350 C with a velocity of 80 m/s. The compressor is cooled at a rate of 1200 kJ/min, and the power input to the compressor is 250 kW. Determine the mass flow rate of the air through the compressor. 14- Steam at 5 MPa and 500 C enters a nozzle steadily with a velocity of 80 m/s, and it leaves at 2 MPa and 400 C. The inlet area of the nozzle is 50 cm2, and heat is being lost at a rate of 90 kJ/s. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the steam, (b) the exit velocity of the steam, and the exit area of the nozzle. 15- Air at 80 kPa and 127 C enters an adiabatic diffuser steadily at a rate of 6000 kg/h and leaves at 100 kPa. The velocity of the air stream is decreased from 230 to 30 m/s as it passes through the diffuser. Find a- The exit temperature of the air and b- The exit area of the diffuser.

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