Hand-dug Well water is the major source of water for domestic use in Song town shows that human activities, indiscriminate location of dump sites and poor drainage system close to these wells contribute to the pollution of the well water. This research which is aimed at assessing the potential level of hazard arising from the level of contaminants in the well water revealed that, some of its physical, chemical and biology characteristics tested are above World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water. The results obtained are stated with that of the (WHO) Standards in bracket. Temperature; 30 – 31 oC (5 – 10 0C), TDS; 36.2 – 106 mg/l (5 – 100 mg/l), Iron; 0.12 – 0.4 mg/l (0.1 mg/l), Manganese; 2 –5 mg/l (0.3 – 0.5 mg/l), Colonies of Bacterial; 80 – 150 cfu/ml(< 1 cfu/ml), Lead; 0.2 – 0.4 mg/l (0.05 – 0.1 mg/l), pH; 6.5 – 7.0 (6.5 – 8.5), Nitrite; 11 – 30 mg/l (45 mg/l), Nitrate; 6 – 18 mg/l (45 mg/l), Sodium Chloride; 30 – 95 mg/l (250 mg/l), Calcium; 10.8 – 32.16 mg/l (13 mg/l), Sodium; 19.5 – 38.3 mg/l (20 mg/l), Copper; 0.12 – 0.45 mg/l (1.0 mg/l), Ammonia and Ammonium; 1.22 – 2.35 mg/l and 1.15 – 2.28 mg/l (0.15 mg/l) respectively, Sulphate; 24 – 40mg/l (100 –200 mg/l). The result shows that the well water is unsatisfactory for direct drinking and for industrial uses.
Hand-dug Well water is the major source of water for domestic use in Song town shows that human activities, indiscriminate location of dump sites and poor drainage system close to these wells contribute to the pollution of the well water. This research which is aimed at assessing the potential level of hazard arising from the level of contaminants in the well water revealed that, some of its physical, chemical and biology characteristics tested are above World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water. The results obtained are stated with that of the (WHO) Standards in bracket. Temperature; 30 – 31 oC (5 – 10 0C), TDS; 36.2 – 106 mg/l (5 – 100 mg/l), Iron; 0.12 – 0.4 mg/l (0.1 mg/l), Manganese; 2 –5 mg/l (0.3 – 0.5 mg/l), Colonies of Bacterial; 80 – 150 cfu/ml(< 1 cfu/ml), Lead; 0.2 – 0.4 mg/l (0.05 – 0.1 mg/l), pH; 6.5 – 7.0 (6.5 – 8.5), Nitrite; 11 – 30 mg/l (45 mg/l), Nitrate; 6 – 18 mg/l (45 mg/l), Sodium Chloride; 30 – 95 mg/l (250 mg/l), Calcium; 10.8 – 32.16 mg/l (13 mg/l), Sodium; 19.5 – 38.3 mg/l (20 mg/l), Copper; 0.12 – 0.45 mg/l (1.0 mg/l), Ammonia and Ammonium; 1.22 – 2.35 mg/l and 1.15 – 2.28 mg/l (0.15 mg/l) respectively, Sulphate; 24 – 40mg/l (100 –200 mg/l). The result shows that the well water is unsatisfactory for direct drinking and for industrial uses.
Hand-dug Well water is the major source of water for domestic use in Song town shows that human activities, indiscriminate location of dump sites and poor drainage system close to these wells contribute to the pollution of the well water. This research which is aimed at assessing the potential level of hazard arising from the level of contaminants in the well water revealed that, some of its physical, chemical and biology characteristics tested are above World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water. The results obtained are stated with that of the (WHO) Standards in bracket. Temperature; 30 – 31 oC (5 – 10 0C), TDS; 36.2 – 106 mg/l (5 – 100 mg/l), Iron; 0.12 – 0.4 mg/l (0.1 mg/l), Manganese; 2 –5 mg/l (0.3 – 0.5 mg/l), Colonies of Bacterial; 80 – 150 cfu/ml(< 1 cfu/ml), Lead; 0.2 – 0.4 mg/l (0.05 – 0.1 mg/l), pH; 6.5 – 7.0 (6.5 – 8.5), Nitrite; 11 – 30 mg/l (45 mg/l), Nitrate; 6 – 18 mg/l (45 mg/l), Sodium Chloride; 30 – 95 mg/l (250 mg/l), Calcium; 10.8 – 32.16 mg/l (13 mg/l), Sodium; 19.5 – 38.3 mg/l (20 mg/l), Copper; 0.12 – 0.45 mg/l (1.0 mg/l), Ammonia and Ammonium; 1.22 – 2.35 mg/l and 1.15 – 2.28 mg/l (0.15 mg/l) respectively, Sulphate; 24 – 40mg/l (100 –200 mg/l). The result shows that the well water is unsatisfactory for direct drinking and for industrial uses.
IJSRET @ 2014 QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF HAND-DUG WELL IN SONG TOWN Yakubu Mandafiya JOHN 1 , Haruna Mavakumba KEFAS 2 , Daniel Oricha ANTHONY 3 and Aminu Baba USMAN 4 1, 2, 3 Chemical Engineering Department, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria. 4 Mechanical Engineering Department, Adamawa State Polytechnic, Yola, Nigeria. ABSTRACT Hand-dug Well water is the major source of water for domestic use in Song town shows that human activities, indiscriminate location of dump sites and poor drainage system close to these wells contribute to the pollution of the well water. This research which is aimed at assessing the potential level of hazard arising from the level of contaminants in the well water revealed that, some of its physical, chemical and biology characteristics tested are above World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water. The results obtained are stated with that of the (WHO) Standards in bracket. Temperature; 30 31 o C (5 10 0 C), TDS; 36.2 106 mg/l (5 100 mg/l), Iron; 0.12 0.4 mg/l (0.1 mg/l), Manganese; 2 5 mg/l (0.3 0.5 mg/l), Colonies of Bacterial; 80 150 cfu/ml(< 1 cfu/ml), Lead; 0.2 0.4 mg/l (0.05 0.1 mg/l), pH; 6.5 7.0 (6.5 8.5), Nitrite; 11 30 mg/l (45 mg/l), Nitrate; 6 18 mg/l (45 mg/l), Sodium Chloride; 30 95 mg/l (250 mg/l), Calcium; 10.8 32.16 mg/l (13 mg/l), Sodium; 19.5 38.3 mg/l (20 mg/l), Copper; 0.12 0.45 mg/l (1.0 mg/l), Ammonia and Ammonium; 1.22 2.35 mg/l and 1.15 2.28 mg/l (0.15 mg/l) respectively, Sulphate; 24 40mg/l (100 200 mg/l). The result shows that the well water is unsatisfactory for direct drinking and for industrial uses. 1. Introduction Well water is obtained from underground water, and is widely used for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes (Encarta, 2005). The well water, in its natural state is never pure for domestic uses (Hall, 1981). The extent of the impurities is traced to the source, which is ground water. When it rain, water flows on the ground surface and collect small stones, erode top fertile soil and organic matter in the form of suspended material and drain through the soils slowly and join the underground water reserves. The element in the water can cause health problems; Lead (above 0.05mg/l) is known to influence brain activity, causing learning disabilities (Encarta, 2005). Copper (above 1.omg/l) has been linked to migraines, arthritis, emotional disturbances and even cancer. Manganese or iron (above 0.1mg/l and 0.05mg/l respectively) cause unwanted staining (i.e. staining of the teeth) and encourage bacteria growth (Encarta, 2005). Song (9 o 4928N 12 o 3730E / 9.8244 o N 12.625 o E) town of Adamawa State of Nigeria with population of well over 4,000 people whose climate is characterized by wet season from April to October while the dry season last from November to March with mean annual rainfall of between 79mm to 197mm, the wettest month being August and September. Temperatures are generally high throughout the year except between November and February when harmattan winds tends to reduce temperature to 26.9 o C. However, mean annual temperature is around 28 o C.Relative humidity also varies seasonally in the study area, with low value of about 18- 30% between January and March. Increasing in peak of 82% between April to August and September, and declining again in October. Song is a town with characteristically rapidly growing populations with unplanned settlements that leads to the rise in refuse (waste) dumps, which invariably pose disposal problems. This is usually a common problem with many rapidly developing towns in Nigeria. Population growth, poor development plan, chronic unhygienic habits, poorly managed cattle market and poor enforcement of regulations are reasons for the environmental pollution. Hand-dug wells located in unhygienic areas of Song town are due to acute shortages of portable water and the consumption of this contaminated water affects the health of the people of this area thereby increasing individual and government expenditures in respect to ill health treatment. It is noted that about 90 percent of the population in Song Local Government area in Adamawa State depends on the well water for domestic uses (Adebayo et al, 1999), which may contain some level of the contaminants. International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET) Volume 2 Issue 10 pp 610-613 January 2014 www.ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882 IJSRET @ 2014 This research is intended to assess the quality of well water in Song town, Song local Government area in Adamawa State. The assessments of the well water will reveal the pollution level and how detrimental it is to the inhabitant. 2. Procedures Well water samples collected from five wells were the major experimental materials and were chosen based on their proximity to obvious sources of pollution such as dumpsites, latrines, drainages, areas of high human activities like laundry and waste effluents from abattoir and cattle market. Description of some of the hand-dug wells are summarized in Table 1. Table 1: Wells Descriptions. Name of Sample Area Nature and Dimension of Source A Gudure (market Environment) Well at 3m from road path and 2m from mechanic workshop B Ankwan Sarki Well at 4m from road path C Mayanka Well at 4m from abattoir and pool of stagnant water, 3m from Drainage D Fadde Murke Well at 4m from domestic waste effluent and 3m from high domestic activities (laundry etc) E Tsohon Kasuwa Well in a residence house at 3m from pit latrine and drainage effluent, 5m from dumpsite and foot path The water sampling involved the collection of water sample to be tested for physical, chemical and microbial.The collection of the water sample for microbial analysis involve the use of five (5) Pieces of 300ml clean, sterilized bottles, while that of physical and chemical analysis involves the use of five (5) pieces of two (2) liters containers. At the site where the samples were being collected, the bottles were first half-filled, shaken and emptied. The bottles were then filled completely and covered. The samples were kept in an ice box (cooler) in order to avoid temperature rise and biological changes. The collection of the water sample from the site to the testing point (laboratory) was done within three (3) hours. 3. Analysis of well water samples. Conductivities, Total Dissolved Solids and Salinity of the well water samples were immediately measured after sample collection using a Hach Sension 5 Portable Conductivity meterwhile a Hach Sension 5 Portable Temperature meter for pH and Temperature measurements was also used. The Trace and Heavy Metals in the well water samples were determined by Hach DR/2010, DR/2000 Spectrophotometer and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, pye Unicorn SP 9 (AAS) using appropriate wavelength for each metal (Fe, Zn, Pb and Cu). The Turbidity of the samples was also determined using a Turbidity meter. The bacteriological analysis for the presence of microbial and faecal contamination was carried out. The organisms were cultured using Nutrient Agar and Mac Conkey agar.The colonies were counted using Leica Quebec dark field colony counter. The colonies were counted using Leica Quebec dark field colony counter. Table 2: Results of Physical, Chemical and Microbial Analysis Compared with WHO Standards S/ N Parameter Gudur e Angwa nSarki Mayan ka Fadde Murk e Tsohon Kasuwa WHO standards (maximum permissible level) 1. Temperature 30.0 30.0 30.0 31.0 30.5 5-10 0 C (>26 0 C; undesirable) 2. PH 6.5 7.0 6.8 8.4 6.8 6.5 8.5 3. Turbidity(FAU) 45 30 50 20 40 5 10 4. T D S 77.5 106 36.2 47.1 63.2 5 100 International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET) Volume 2 Issue 10 pp 610-613 January 2014 www.ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882 IJSRET @ 2014 5. Conductivity s/cm 167.3 229 78.5 102.8 126.5 1000 6. Nitrate (NO 3 ) 10 18 6 14 12 45 7. Nitrite (NO 2 ) 14 21 11 30 18 45 8. Chloride 45 57.5 30 49 47 250 9. Sodium chloride 74.25 95.0 49.5 80.85 77.55 250 10 Sodium as Na + 29.25 38.3 19.5 31.80 25.2 20 11. Sulphate 32 28 40 24 39 100 200 12. Iron 0.12 0.4 0.28 0.23 0.25 0.1 13. Phosphate 1.31 0.86 1.44 0.67 1.30 Nil 14. Copper 0.45 0.15 0.30 0.22 0.12 1.0 15. Hardness (Ca as CaCo 3 ) 53.2 27.2 80.4 48.8 62.4 150 16. Hardness(Mg as CaCo 3 ) 130.64 67.16 197.4 119.5 8 145.38 150 17. Total Hardness 183.84 94.36 277.8 168.3 8 207.78 150 18 Calcium (as Ca 2+ ) 21.28 10.8 32.16 19.52 25.0 13 19. Magnesium Carbonate 110 56.55 166.2 100.7 122.41 150 20. Magnesium 31.9 16.4 48.2 29.2 35.5 0.2 21. Manganese 2 4 3 6 5 0.3 0.5 22. Ammonia (NH 3 ) 1.76 2.35 2.12 1.22 2.31 0.15 23 Ammonium (NH 4 ) 1.66 2.28 1.98 1.16 1.15 0.15 24. Ammonium nitrate (NH 3 -N) 1.40 2.13 1.72 1.01 1.53 NiL 25. Lead 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.27 0.37 0.05 0.1 26 Coli form (cfu/100ml) 126 130 168 220 172 Not more than 1cfu/100ml 27. Colonies of Bacteria(cfu/ml) 80 90 101 98 150 Not more than 1cfu/ml 28. E. coli Present Present Present Presen t Present 29. Salmonella typhi Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Not permitted 4. Discussion of results The Temperature of the well water sample is in the range of 30 31 0 C , which is above the most desirable temperature (i.e. 26 0 C) for public water supply (Sharma, 2000). The high temperature recorded is also the cause of high number of colonies forming unit in the water samples, because bacteria grows at high temperature (i.e. 37 o C and above) (Jawetz, 2002). Such water should be chlorinated using chlorine for disinfections, before drinking. It is also noted that the water samples are highly turbid, which is caused by the presence of suspended and colloidal matters in the water. The high amount of Turbidity (i.e. in the range of 20 50 FAU) in the water, which is against that of the WHO standards (i.e. 5 10 FAU) is also caused by the soil type (sanding soil) of the region, since turbidity depend upon the type of soil over which the water has moved. It is therefore, necessary for the water to be filtered using a sample filter cloth for drinking, to avoid outbreak of epidemic which is mainly caused by turbidity in water (Sharma, 2000). The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the water samples is very high (i.e. 36.2 106 mg) as against that of the WHO (i.e. 5 100 mg/l) which signifies hardness and alkalinity in the water. Thus, the high level of TDS has been attributed to unlining of wall of the wells, which causes the falling of the wall to the water directly. It is therefore advisable to coagulate the water with the use of Aluminum Sulphate [Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ] for hardness, to avoid much soap consumption in laundries and deposit of debris in boiler (Encarta, 2005 and Ababio, 2002). High concentration of Iron and Manganese was recorded (i.e. 0.12 0.4 mg/l and 2 5 mg/l) respectively as against the WHO standards (0.1mg/l and 0.3 0.5 mg/l respectively), which lead to the growth of micro-organism in the water, increase hardness of water International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET) Volume 2 Issue 10 pp 610-613 January 2014 www.ijsret.org ISSN 2278 0882 IJSRET @ 2014 and tendency of corrosion of water pipes and other equipment when use in process industries. The high level of Iron and Manganese recorded could be traced to location of the wells particularly Well B and D which are close to dumpsites and blood from abattoir, where all sorts of metals are found. It is therefore necessary for this water to be coagulated using lime (Na 2 CO 3 ) for removal of the Iron and Manganese and disinfections for both domestic and industrial uses (Ababio, 2002). High concentration of Lead (i.e. 0.2 0.4 mg/l) was also recorded compare to the WHO standards (0.05- 0.1mg/l), which could be attributed to the location of some of the wells close to dumpsite and drainage system. This indicates the possible outbreak of lead poisoning, hypertension and damage to nervous and reproductive systems and kidneys. Preventive measures such as avoidance of indiscriminate dumping of wastes and location of well close to dumpsites should be employed to avoid infection caused by the lead. The pH of the water samples varies with different sampling point from 6.5 8.4. The PH value falls in the range of WHO standard (i.e. 6.5 8.5) thus, when consumed, will have no negative effects on both human beings and industrial processes. The result of nitrite and nitrate (11 30 and 6 18 mg/l respectively) is below that of the WHO standard (45 mg/l), which shows their presence in the water is not harmful. But nitrite in the water is due to partly oxidized organic matters present in the water (Sharma, 2000). This requires the water to be fully treated (coagulation process) for drinking, because excess of nitrite or nitrate cause mathemoglobinemia disease to children. The concentration of Chloride or Sodium Chloride (i.e. 30 95 mg/l) in the water is far below the WHO standards (250 mg/l). Therefore, making the Water portable. The concentration of Calcium (in the range of 10.8 32.16 mg/l) and Sodium (in the range of 19.5 38.3 mg/l) is found to be far above that of the WHO standards (13 mg/l and 20 mg/l respectively). Calcium compounds, a major reason for hardness of water which are as a result soil nature coming from Calcium Chloride, gypsum and limestone can be minimized by lining these wells to prevent falling of wall of the well directly into the water (Encarta, 2005). Also, the concentration of Copper (in the range of 0.12 0.45 mg/l) in the wells is below the WHO standard (1.0 mg/l). Though, the presence .of Copper indicates pollution, but small quantity of it is desirable from health point of view (Sharma, 2000). Also, according to Sharma (2000) Copper is rarely found in natural water. It existence in high concentration in the well water is an index of pollution from leachate and run effluent of the polluted environments where the wells are located. The concentration of Ammonia (in the range of 1.22 2.35 mg/l) and Ammonium (in the range of 1.15 2.28 mg/l) was found to be far above WHO standards (0.15mg/l). Their presence in water is due to decomposition of organic matters that may lead to depreciation of Oxygen Demand in the water (Sharma 2000). Such organic matters are as a result of the wells proximity to dumpsites and latrines. Though Lower concentration of Sulphate (in the range of 24 40 mg/l) was also recorded compare to the WHO standards (100 - 200mg/l), it is necessary for this water to be completely treated for hardness, using Na 2 CO 3 , Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 or Ferric Chloride as the coagulant, for domestic and industrial uses to prevent soap consumption and corrosion of boilers.. This is because, the presence of Sulphate also contribute to high level of hardness in the water. High Colonies of Bacteria (i.e. 80 150 cfu/ml) were recorded in the water samples and the presence of Escherichia coli (E-coli), which indicates the possibility of presence of pathogenic bacteria in the water (Sharma, 2002). It is obvious that the wells are been exposed to all sorts of contaminants such as domestic wastes since they have no casing head (cover) and also, the leaching of wastes from dumpsites into the wells, and human activities such as washing around the wells. This shows that the water from these wells is not in any way suitable for drinking and should therefore be purified for drinking. Reference: [1] Adebayo, A.A and Tukur A. L. (1990). Adamawa State in Maps. Paraclete Publishers, Yola, Nigeria. 23-26 [2] Hall, Fred (1981).Plumbing: Cold Water Supplies, Drainage and Sanitation. International Student Edition.Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. New York. PP 39. [3] Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg (2002). Medical Microbiology. International Edition. 22 nd Edition McHill, New York Page 135. [4] Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005. http://encarta.msn.com. [Retrieved 2010]. [5] Sharma J.L. Public Health Engineering, Second Edition, Satya Prakashan, New Delhi. PP 113-135 (2000).
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