Introduction to Bhikṣu and Bhikṣuṇī Saṅgha

(Buddhist Orders of Male and Female)

leIf' tyf leIf'0fL ;+3sf] kl/ro
-k'¿if tyf dlxnf af}4 ;+3_
MILAN SHAKYA

eujfg a'4sf] ;dodf ;+3nfO{ /fhgLlts ;d"x jf Jofkfl/s ;d"xsf] cy{df lnOGYof] . ;+3 eGg]
zAb wfld{s ;d"xsf ¿kdf klg lrlgGYof] . af}4x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ ;+3 elgGYof] .
lj:t[t cy{df ;+3 eGg] zAbn] af}4x¿sf cf7 kl/ifbnfO{ hgfpFb5 . t/ plxn]sf] ;dodf /
To; tfsfsf af}4 u|Gyx¿df b'O{ ju{sf dflg;x¿sf ;d"xnfO{ dfq ;+3 elgGYof] . ha leIf'x¿
hDdf x'Gy], To;a]nf leIf';+3 elgGYof] eg] leIf'0fLx¿ hDdf x'g] a]nfdf leIf'0fL ;+3 elgGYof] .
To;}n] Pss[t¿kdf logLx¿nfO{ …;+3 åoÚ elgGYof] .
;+3sf] vf; cy{ s] xf] eg], ;+3 Pp6f To:tf] ;d'bfo xf] h;n] a'4sf] pkl:yltnfO{ ;+;f/e/
km}nfO{lbG5, h;sf] hLjgz}nL Psbd ;f}Do, :d[ltjfg / d]nldnfkdf cfwfl/t ePsf] x'G5 .
a'4åf/f :yflkt / a'4sf pkb]zåf/f ;+rflnt ePsf x'Fbf ;+f;fl/s b'Mvlt/ nfg] vfnsf ;a}
dfgl;s k|j[lt / sd{x¿af6 d'lQm kfpg] z/0f xf] ;+3 h;nfO{ 1fg k|fKt u'?x¿sf] c6'6
k/Dk/fn] ;+jl4{t u/]sf] x'G5 . ;+3df ;a}sf] ;femf p2]Zo / d"No dfGotfx¿ x'G5g\ . o;sf] ;fy}
;+3 o:tf] ;d'bfo xf] h;n] ;4d{sf] cWoog / cEof;df 7"nf] d2t ug'{sf ;fy ;fy} dg'io
b'MvnfO{ a9fjf lbg] vfnsf /fu, å]if, df]x / ljIf]kaf6 klg Psbd} e/kbf]{ z/0f k|bfg ul//fv]sf]
x'G5 . o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo eGg' g} ;f+;fl/s hLjgsf ljleGg ljIf]kx¿, Jofs'ntfaf6 z/0f k|bfg
ug'{ tyf :jo+ 1fg / leqL af]wnfO{ ljsf; ug]{ vfnsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ul/lbg] xf] .
k/Dk/fut¿kn] o:tf] ;d'bfox¿ ljxf/sf leIf' / leIf'0fLx¿sf] ;+3 x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 / Tof] ;+3
cfkm} lgolGqt klg x'g] ub{5 . ;+3s} af/]df s]xL af}4 ljåfgx¿sf] l6Kk0fL oxfF pNn]v ug'{
;fGble{s xf]nf .

hfkfgL af}4 ljåfg lx/fsfjfsf zAbdf

;+3nfO{ Ps d]nldnfkk"0f{ ;d'bfosf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . Tof] ;+3nfO{ ;+3

;b:ox¿aLr Ps cfk;df zflGt / d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0fnfO{ a9fjf lbg] lsl;dn]
;+ul7t t'NofOPsf] x'G5 . ;a} ;+3 ;b:ox¿sf] Pp6} nIo eg]sf] lgjf{0f jf 1fg k|fKt
ug'{ xf] / ToxL p2]Zo cg'¿k hLjg ofkg ug'{ xf] . o:tf JolQmx¿ zflGtdo / cfk;L
d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0fdf Ps 7fpFdf hDdf x'g'k5{ / ;+u} hLjg ofkg ug'{k5{ . ;+3df
1
 ;a}n] 1fg k|fKt ul/;s]sf x'Fb}gg\ To;}n] tL ;a} dflg;x¿n] ;+3df zflGt sfod
ul//fVg d2t ug'{k5{ / ;a}n] cfˆgf] nflu 1fg k|fKt ug]{ r]i6f ul//fVg'k5{ . ;+3sf
cGo ;b:ox¿;+u ldn]/ zflGtk"j{s a:bfv]/L ;a}sf cf–cfˆgf ;femf nIo k|fKt ug]{
r]i6f x'g'k5{ .

ljlsk]l8of eGg] j]a;fO6sf cg';f/

kfln jf ;+:s[t zAb ;+3nfO{ df]6fdf]6L¿kdf Pp6} nIo, p2]Zo ePsf] ;d"x, u0f,
kl/ifb, ju{ jf ;d'bfosf ¿kdf cg'jfb ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/}h;f] af}4x¿sf] ;d"xnfO{
hgfpFbf of] zAbsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . / ;+3 h}gwdf{jnDaLx¿sf] klg x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftofM,
;+3nfO{ pk;Dkbf k|fKt leIf' jf leIf'0fLx¿sf] ;+3sf ¿kdf lnOG5 . cem ;"Id ¿kdf
eGg] xf] eg] ;+3sf] cy{ rf/dWo] Pp6f Pp6f e"ld k|fKt u/]sf jf ug]{ qmddf
/x]sfx¿sf] cfo{ ;+3 xf] . t/ w]/}h;f] ;+3 eGgfn] ljxf/df a:g] leIf' / leIf'0fLx¿sf]
;+3nfO{ g} lnOG5 . leIf' jf leIf'0fLsf] hLjgdf lgjf{0ftkm{ cl3 a9\gsf nflu Psbd
pko'Qm jftfj/0f kfOG5 eGg] vfnsf] wf/0ff af}4x¿sf] /x]sf] 5 . a'4 jrg jf a'4sf
pkb]zx¿nfO{ wf/0f ug]{, cg'jfb ug]{, cem JofVof ug]{ / km}nfpg] ;a} sfo{sf nflu
;+3 lhDd]jf/ x'G5 . s'g} b]z jf /fi6«nfO{ ;fFlRrs} af}4 b]z jf /fi6« eGgsf] nflu ToxfF
ax';+Vos dflg;x¿ af}4 x'g'k5{ / sd;]sd rf/ juL{o ;+3 cyf{t leIf', leIf'0fL,
pkf;s / pkfl;sf x'g'k5{ . To;} sf/0fn] af}4 tflGqs cEof;sf] k/Dk/fdf pkf;s
jf pkfl;sf tflGqs ;fws klg af}4 ;fws g} x'g] u5{ .

d"n kfnL >f]t c+u'Q/ lgsfodf ;+3 -h;sf] cy{ cfo{ ;+3 g} xf]_ nfO{ o;/L kl/eflift
ul/Psf] 5 M

;+3 eGgfn] eujfg a'4sf To:tf lziox¿nfO{ hgfpFb5 h;n] /fd|f]l;t cEof; u/]sf
x'G5g\, h;n] ;f]emf]¿kdf cEof; u/]sf x'G5g\, h;n] ljlwk"j{s cEof; u/]sf x'G5g\ /
h;n] bIf x'g] u/L cEof; u/]sf x'G5g\ . csf]{ zAbdf, To:tf JolQmx¿ rf/ k|sf/sf
lziox¿sf] cfo{ ;+3 xf] h;nfO{ b'O{ b'O{ u/L hf]8f ldnfpFbf cf7 k|sf/sf a'4sf
cg'ofoLx¿sf] ;+3 aGg k'U5 M Tof] ;+3 k"hf ug{ nfos 5, cfb/ ug{ nfos 5, ;Ddfg
ug{ nfos 5 / k"/} ljZjsf nflu cg'Q/ k'0o If]q xf] Tof] ;+3 .

cem ;"Id¿kn] eGg'kbf{, af}4 ;+3 eGg]sf] To:tf JolQmx¿sf] ;d'bfo xf] h;n] lq/Tg – a'4, wd{
/ ;+3 – df z/0f lnPsf x'G5g\ . lq/Tgdf z/0f lnO;s]kl5 dflg;n] eujfg a'4sf] 1fg,
pxfFsf] pkb]z jf a'4 jrgdf 7"nf] >4f / ljZjf; k|s6 ub{5 . To;kl5 wfld{s hLjgsf nflu

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geO gx'g] cËsf ¿kdf ;+3sf] dx™jnfO{ a'‰b5 . ;+3sf] s]Gb|d} To:tf ;b:ox¿ /xG5g\ h;n]
wd{sf] cy{nfO{ k"0f{tof a'em]sf x'G5g\ / cfˆgf 1fg cg'¿k sfo{;Dkfbg ul//fv]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf
cfrfo{x¿ j[xt ;+3sf nflu hLljt gd"gf x'g\ / cfˆgf k|a'4 k|1fn] ev{/sf / cfkm"eGbf sd
1fgLx¿df cfTd ljZjf; pTkGg u/fP/ dfu{bz{g ul//xg ;Ifd x'G5g\ .

k|f/lDes ;+3

pk;Dkbf k|fKt dxfg cx{t a'4sf cf}/; k'qx¿ g} k|f/lDes ;+3sf] d'6' lyof] .

eujfg a'4n] af]lw1fg k|fKt u/]kl5 Psl5g PsfGtdf a;]/ ;™j -k|f0fLx¿_ nfO{ ;4d{sf] pkb]z
ug{ ;lsG5 ls ;lsGg eGg] af/] ;f]+Rg'eof] . pxfFn] k|fKt ug'{ePsf] 1fg jf wd{ Psbd} uDeL/,
;"Id / k/dfy{¿kdf :ki6 lyof] t/ To;nfO{ a'‰g / kl/j]If0ff ug{ TolQs} ufx|f] lyof] . cfkm"n]
k|fKt u/]sf] 1fg s] k|f0fLx¿n] a'‰g ;Snfg\ t < o:tf] ljrf/ eujfg\ a'4sf] dgdf k|s6 eof] .
nf]sdf s;/L cfˆgf] 1fg k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ eGg] af/]df w]/} ;f]+r]kl5 eujfg\ a'4n] sd dfq
/fu, å]if jf df]x ePsf k|f0fLx¿nfO{ g} ;j{k|yd wd{ b]zgf ug]{ c7f]6 ug'{eof] . To;}n] pxfFsf]
dgdf Tolta]nf ?b|s /fdk'q / cnf/ snfd hf] klxn] pxfFsf u'?x¿ lyP, tL b'O{ u'?x¿sf]
;+emgf cfof] . t/ pgLx¿ b'j} hgfsf] d[To' eO;s]sf] s'/f eujfg\ a'4n] cfˆgf] lbJob[li6 dfkm{t
yfxf kfpg'eof] . To;kl5 klxnf cfkm";+u} cEof; u/]sf kfFrhgf eb| ldqx¿tkm{ pxfFsf] Wofg
cfsif{0f x'g yfNof] . tL kfFr}hgf jf/f0f;L ghLs} /x]sf] ;f/gfysf] Clifktg d[ubfjgdf Wofg
ul//x]sf /x]5g\ . eujfg\ a'4 d[ubfjgdf k'Ug]ljlQs} tL k~r eb|Lo ldqx¿n] 6f9}af6 pxfFnfO{
b]v] . plxn] b'is/ rof{ Tofu]/ hfg'ePsf] x'Fbf a'4nfO{ sdhf]/ 7fg]/ rf/hgf ;Gtx¿n] pxfFnfO{
jf:t} gug]{ lgwf] u/]sf lyP t/ kfFrf} ;Gt sf}l08Gosf] dg zfGt lyof] . t/ tyfutsf] k|ef olt
vKg} g;Sg] lyof] ls pgLx¿nfO{ p7]/ uO{ pxfFnfO{ ge]6L ;'v} ePg . o:tf] kl/jt{gaf6 k|efljt
eO{ pgLx¿n] wd{b]zgfsf nflu ofrgf u/] .
eujfg\ a'4sf] pkb]z a'‰g] ;a}eGbf klxnf] JolQm sf}l08Go lyP / ;a}eGbf klxn] cx{t x'g
;Ifd JolQm klg pxLF lyP . a'4n] wd{ b]zgf hf/L /fVg'eof] / kl5 Ps Ps ub}{ rf/} hgf afFsL
;Gof;Lx¿n] cx{t kb xfl;n u/] . tL kfFr hgf cx{tx¿, qmdzM sf}l08Go, jfik, dxfgfd,
eb|Lo / cZjhLt nfO{ k~reb| juL{o elgG5 . To;a]nf b]lv g} lq/Tgsf] z'?jft eof] .
To;kl5 a'4sf] >fjs ;+3leq ;b:ox¿sf] ;+Vof lj:tf/} lj:tf/} a9\b} hfg yfNof] . a'4sf]
pkb]zn] wgL u/Lj, a|fXd0f, If]qL, Jofkf/L, gu/df a:g] dflg;x¿, ufpFn]x¿ OToflb ;a}
k|sf/sf dflg;x¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ yfNof] .
To;}aLr, jf/f0f;Ldf Pshgf Psbd} wgf9\o dxfhg a:bYof] . To;sf] 5f]/fsf] gfd oz lyof] .
oz dWo/fqL 3/af6 ;'t'Ss efu]/ gbL kf/ ub}{ a'4sf] klxnf] pkf;s aGg uP . To;kl5 pgsf]
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lktf oznfO{ vf]Hg lxF8\of] . kl5 eujfg\ a'4nfO{ e]6]kl5 ozsf] lktfsf] dg klg abNof] / ;+3df
k|j]z u¥of] . To;kl5 ozsL kTgL / dftf b'j}hgfn] klg a'4nfO{ e]6]/ ;+3df k|j]z u/] . To;kl5
ozsf ;fyLx¿ k"0f{, ljdn, ujfDktL / ;'jfx' ;a} ;+3df k"0f{ pk;Dkbf k|fKt leIf' ag] . wd{
>j0f u/]kl5 ;a} cx{t eP . To;a]nf dxfjUu eGg] kfln >f]tsf cg';f/ dflg;x¿nfO{ k|j|lht
ug{sf lglDt eujfg\ a'4n] vfnL …PxL leVjj]Ú eGg] Pp6f jfSof+; dfq eg] k'UYof] To;kl5 ;a}
lqrLj/ wf/L lz/ d'08g ePsf t]ho'Qm leIf'sf ¿kdf kl/0ft x'Gy] . eujfg\ a'4sf] af/]df ;'g]/
jf/f0f;Lsf pRr 3/fgfsf %) hgf o'jfx¿n] klg ;+3df k|j]z u/] / clt zL3| g} cx{t kb
k|fKt u/] . o;/L cx{tsf] ;+Vof ^) k'Uof] .
w]/}h;f] k/Dk/fdf k|rlnt egfO{ adf]lhd zfSod'lg a'4n] af]lw1fg nfe ePkZrft\ klxnf]
jiff{jf; cfˆgf tL ^) hgf lziox¿ ;lxt ;f/gfyd} ljtfpg' eof] . hj jiff{ ofd ;dfKt eof],
eujfg\ a'4n] tL ^) hgf lziox¿nfO{ wd{ k|rf/ ug{ 7fpF 7fpFdf k7fpg'eof] . dxfjUu sf
cg';f/ pxfFn] cfˆgf lziox¿nfO{ o:tf] cf1f lbP/ k7fpg'ePsf] lyof] M

r/y leSvj] rfl/s+ ax'hglxtfo ax'hg ;'vfo nf]sfg'sDkfo cTyfo lxtfo ;'vfo b]jdg':;fgf+ df
Ps]g å] culdTy . b];]y leSvj] wDd+ cflbsNof0f+ dem]sNof0f+ kl/of];fgsNof0f+

x] leIf'x¿ Û hfg'xf];\ . ax'hgsf] lxtsf] nflu ax'hgsf] sNof0fsf nflu nf]snfO{ s?0ff /fvL, b]j tyf
dg'iox¿sf] ;'vsf] nflu, /fd|f]sf] nflu sNof0fsf] nflu ofqf ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{+x¿ b'O{hgf slxn]klg Ps}
7fpFdf ghfg';\ . x] leIf'x¿, ;'?df, dWodf / cGtdf ;d]t sNof0fsf/L ePsf] of] wd{nfO{ k|rf/ k;f/
ug{ lx8\g'xf];\ .

dxfjUu I. II.I

o;/L tL leIf'x¿ jf/f0f;L gu/af6 pQ/df cof]Wof / >fj:tL;Dd / sf}zn b]zsf 7"N7"nf
gu/x¿df ofqf u/] . pgLx¿ klZrddf k|ofu / sf}zfDjL;Dd / ToxfFaf6 klg k"j{lt/ cl3 a9\b}
/fhu[x / j}zfnL h'g qmdzM du3 / j[hL u0f/fHosf /fhwfgLx¿ lyP .
To;kl5 eujfg\ a'4 k"j{tkm{ p?j]nf eGg] 7fpFdf ofqf ug'{eof] . ToxfF pxfFn] af]lw1fg nfe
x'g' cufl8 b'is/rof{ ug'{ePsf] lyof] . To;a]nf, g}/~hgf gbLsf] lsgf/df cfˆgf kfFr;o hgf
lziox¿nfO{ ;fydf lnP/ p?ljNj sfZok tkrof{ ub}{ lyP . p?ljNj sfZok duwdf ;a}eGbf
cfb/0fLo tkZjLsf ¿kdf kl/lrt lyP . pgsf b'O{hgf Clif efO{x¿ uof sfZok / gbL sfZok
klg ghLs} a:by] . b'j}sf @%)÷@%) lziox¿ lyP . p?ljNj sfZokdf wd{ a'‰g] Ifdtf 5 eGg]
s'/f eujfg\ a'4nfO{ yfxf lyof] . To;}n] eujfg\ a'4 pgLsxfF hfg'eof] . t/ cfkm" klxNo}
k"0f{¿kdf 1fgL ePsf] 7fgL sfZokn] eujfg\ a'4;+u pkb]zsf] nflu ofrgf u/]gg\ . eujfg\
a'4n] cfˆgf] Cl4 k|bz{g -Cl4 k|fltxfo{_ ul/;s]kl5 dfq sfZokn] pxfFnfO{ u'?sf] ¿kdf
:jLsf/ u/] . To;kl5 p?ljNj sfZokn] pk;Dkbf k|fKt u/]/ ;+3df k|j]z u/] . ;fy} pgsf kfFr

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;o lziox¿n] klg To:t} u/] . pgLx¿n] cfkm"n] nufPsf j:qx¿ gbLdf kmfn]/ leIf'sf] rLj/
nufP . s]xL ;dokl5, gbLdf j:q, b08 / c¿ ;fdu|Lx¿ t}l//fv]sf] b]v]/ b'O{hgf efO{x¿ klg
cfˆgf] bfh'dfly s]xL cfkb ljkb cfOnfUof] ls eGg] z+sf dgdf lnP/ Tot}tkm{ cfP . eujfg\
a'4nfO{ e]6]/ pgLx¿ klg cfˆgf lziox¿;lxt ;+3df k|j]z u/] . To;/L ;+3 ;+Vof ca Ps
xhf/ x'guof] .
To;kl5 eujfg\ a'4 lziox¿;lxt duwtkm{ k|:yfg ug'{eof] . af]w uofeGbf s]xL k/
uofzLif{ eGg] kj{tsf] lzv/df a;]/ eujfg\ a'4n] tL Ps xhf/ lziox¿nfO{ uofzLif{ ;"qsf] wd{
b]zgf ug'{eof] . /fhu[x gu/df 6f9f s'g} clUgs'08df cfuf] bg bg aln/x]sf] b]v]/ eujfg\ a'4n]
clblQ kofo{ eGg] ;"qsf] b]zgf ug'{eof] . To; ;"qdf s;/L lj1fg, OlGb|o / j]bgf ;a} /fuflUg,
å]ifflUg / df]xflUgn] k|Hjlnt 5g\ eGg] ljifodf atfOg'sf ;fy} oL clUgx¿n] hLjg / ;'v ;a}
hnfP/ gi6 kfl/lbg] ePsf]n] k|f0fL -;™j_ x¿n] b'MvnfO{ oyfjt lsl;dn] cIf'00f agfO/fVg]
To:tf s'/fx¿k|ltsf] cf;lQmnfO{, t[i0ffnfO{ ;d'n gi6 u/]/ k|1f]Tkfb ug'{k5{ eGg] pkb]z klg
lbOPsf] 5 .
duwsf /fhf lalDa;f/n] klg eujfg a'4 uof kj{tdf lj/fhdfg x'g'ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f
yfxf kfP/ pxfFnfO{ /fhu[xdf cfdGq0f u/] . ToxLF 7fpFdf ljlDa;f/n] eujfg\ a'4nfO{ snG6s
lgjfk j]g'j0f ljxf/ bfg lbPsf lyP . ToxfF snG6s eGg] kIfLx¿n] Psrf]l6 /fhfsf] Hofg
arfOlbPsf lyP To;}n] Tof] ljxf/sf] gfd} snG6s lgjfk eGg] /xg uof] . Tof] ljxf/df eujfg\
a'4n] bf];|f] jiff{jf; latfpg'ePsf] lyof] . To;a]nfb]lv jiff{jf; Ps jflif{s rng h:t} aGguof] .
jiff{jf; cjlwe/ lrGtg / efjgf cEof; ul/G5 / ;+3df ;a}nfO{ Pss[t u/]/ /fVg] Pp6f
k|d'v zlQmsf ¿kdf lnOG5 jiff{jf;nfO{ . dxfjUu sf cg';f/ o; jiff{jf;df ;lDdlnt x'gsf
nflu klxn] rfl/sf ug{ uPsf ^) hgf lziox¿ kms]{/ cfPsf lyP . s]xL jif{leq} /fhu[xs}
cf;kf;df w]/} ;+Vofdf ljxf/x¿ lgdf{0f ug{ ;+3 ;kmn eof] / Pp6f u[4s"6 kj{tsf] lzv/df
klg lgdf{0f ul/of] .
;+3 :yfkgf ePsf] k|yd jif{d} /fhu[xdf eujfg\ a'4n] tyfutsf pkb]znfO{ cg'z/0f ug]{ /
cfkm" klg cfb{z h:t} eP/ b]vfpg] cx{tx¿sf] cfo{ ;+3 :yfkgf ug'{eof] . Tolta]nf ;+3df k|j]z
ug]{x¿df zfl/k'q / df}b\uNofog lyP . kl5 oL b'O{ eujfg\ a'4sf cu| >fjs lzio eP/ lg:s] .
klxn] zfl/k'q / df}b\uNofognfO{ qmdzM sf]lnt / pklt:; elgGy] . sf]lntsf] hGd gfnGbfdf
ePsf] lyof] eg] pklt:; l5d]sL ufpFdf hlGdPsf lyP . b'j}hgf j|fXd0f kl/jf/sf lyP . b'j}hgf
Psbd ldNg] ;fyL lyP / ;+ho eGg] tLly{s u'?sf r]nfx¿ lyP . ;+hosf c¿ @%) hgf
r]nfx¿ klg lyP . d[To' ;dodf cfhLljs -tLly{s wd{_ k/Dk/f sf k|lz4 u'? ;~hon] cfˆgf
b'O{ lzio sf]lnt / pklt:;nfO{ zfSod'lg a'4sf] lzio aGg hfg" egL ;Nnfx lbPsf /x]5g\ .
o;sf] nuQ}, sf]lnt jf zfl/k'qsf] e]6 leIf' cZjhLt -kflnM c:;lh_ l;t eof] . cZjhLtsf]

5
cg'xf/df 5fPsf] k|efn] Psbd cfslif{t eO{ zfl/k'qn] cZjhLtnfO{ pgsf] u'? / pgn] kfPsf
pkb]zsf af/]df k|Zg u/] . cZjhLtn] b'O{6f jfSodf ;Dk"0f{ s'/f atfOlbP .

o] wdf{ x]t' k|ejf x]t'it]iff+ tyfutf] Xjjbt t]iff+ rof] lg/f]wf] Pj+ jfbL dxf>d0f+
cy{ M ;a} wd{x¿ -j:t'x¿_ x]t'åf/f k|efljt 5g\ Ù ltgsf x]t' sf ;fy;fy} / tL
x]t'nfO{ lg/f]w jf cGt ug]{ dfu{ klg tyfutn] atfpg'ePsf] 5 .

a'4sf pkb]zsf] dd{ a'‰gnfO{ zfl/k'qnfO{ olt zAbx¿ kof{Kt lyof] . kl5 zfl/k'qn] oxL
pkb]z cfˆgf ldq df}b\uNofo0f jf pklt:;nfO{ klg ;'gfP . pklt:;n] klg tTsfn} o;sf] cy{
a'lemxfn] .
;~hosf @%) lziox¿sf ;fy zfl/k'q / df}buNofo0f b'j}hgf /fhu[xl:yt j]0f'jg jfl6sfdf
uP hxfF a'4 To;a]nf wd{b]zgf ub}{x'g'x'GYof] / ;a}hgf cfo{;+3sf ;b:o ag]/ tTsfn} cx{t klg
eP . zfl/k'q k|1fdf cu| >fjssf ¿kdf lrlgP eg] df}b\uNofo0f Cl4kfbdf cu|>fjssf ¿kdf
lrlgP . ;+3df Tolta]nf !@%) leIf'x¿ eP M tLdWo] Psxhf/hgf sfZok bfh'efO{sf lziox¿
lyP eg] @%) hgf zfl/k'q / df}b\uNofo0fn] NofPsf lyP . af}4 ;"qx¿df wd{kof{o ;'Gg]
>fjsx¿dWo] ljz]if u/L cfo{;+3sf k|d'v ;b:osf ¿kdf oL !@%) leIf'x¿sf] gfd pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5 .
To;a]nf /fhu[x gu/df lkknfog gfd u/]sf Ps hgf j|fXd0f tkZjL a:by] . lkknaf]6d'lg
hGd]sf] x'gfn] pgsf] gfd lkknfog /flvPsf] lyof] . kl5 pgL dxfsfZoksf gfdn] lrlgPsf
lyP . lkknfogsf] ljjfx eb|f slknfgL eGg] cfOdfO;+u ePsf] lyof] . eb|f klg tkrof{df
Tolts} ¿rL /fVg] dlxnf lyOg\ . ljlwjt\ ljjfx ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 klg tL b'j}hgfn] bDkltsf
¿kdf geP/ bfh' alxgLsf ¿kdf /xg] lgwf] u/] . cGtdf b'j}hgf k"0f{¿kn] ;f+;fl/s hLjgnfO{
Tofu]/ Pshgf /fd|f] u'?sf] vf]hLdf lx8\g] s'/fdf ;xdt eP . dxfsfZokn] a'4n] af]lw1fg k|fKt
ug'{ePsf] lbgdf u[xTofu u/] . eujfg\ a'4 j]0f'jg jfl6sfdf lj/fhdfg x'g'x'G5 eGg] va/ ;'g]/
dxfsfZok pt}lt/ xtf/ xtf/ uP/ a'4sf] lzio ag] . To;sf] nuQ} kl5 pgsL kTgLn] klg
u[xTofu u/]/ eujfg\ a'4sf] lziof algg\ .
eujfg\ a'4 slknj:t'df kmls{g'ePsf] ;DaGwdf b'O{6f dtx¿ kfO{G5, y]/jfb k/Dk/f cg';f/
ljleGg hfts tyf lgbfg syfsf >f]tdf pNn]v u/] adf]lhd af]lw1fg nfe ePsf] klxnf] jif{d}
eujfg\ a'4n] /fhu[xaf6 slknj:t'lt/ k|:yfg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . Tof] eGbf cufl8 ^ jif{;Dd pxfF
u[xgu/eGbf aflx/} /xg'eof] . t/ d"n;jf{l:tjfb ljgosf cg';f/ eg] eujfg\ a'4 af]lw1fg k|fKt
ePsf] ^ jif{ lalt;s]kl5 dfq ;j{k|yd slknj:t' hfg'ePsf] lyof] . Tof] eGbf cufl8 pxfFn]
>fjl:tdf /x]/ sf]zn /fh k|;]ghLtnfO{ a'4wd{df lblIft ug'{ePsf] lyof] . cfkm" a'4wd{df o;/L
6
lblIft ePsf] nuQ} k|;]ghLtn] eujfg\ a'4sf lktf ;'4f]bg dxf/fhnfO{ >fjl:tdf eujfg\ a'4sf]
pkl:yltsf af/]df va/ k7fPsf lyP . /fhf ;'4f]bgn] a'4nfO{ slknj:t'df cfdGq0f u/]/
Gou|f]wf/fd ljxf/ bfg:j¿k lbPsf lyP . xfn slknj:t'l:yt s'bfgnfO{ g} Gou|f]wf/fd ljxf/
egL klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . slknj:t'd} zfSox¿sf] cx+sf/nfO{ rsgfr'/ ug{ eujfg\ a'4n]
;j{k|yd pkfnL eGg] Pshgf b/jf/Lof xhfdnfO{ k|j|lht ug'{eof] . To;kl5 pxfFsf efO{x¿
clg?4, elb|s / /]jtn] klg ;+3df k|j]z u/] . v/fj :jefj ePsf sf/0f b]jbQ /fhf eof] eGg]
;j{gf; x'g]5 eGg] dg;fon] eujfg\ a'4n] b]jbQnfO{ klg k|j|lht ug'{eof] . t/ leIf' eO;s]kl5
klg b]jbtsf] v/fj / 3fts lgotdf s'g} kl/jt{g cfPg . Gou|f]wf/fd ljxf/d} eujfg\ a'4sf]
k'q /fx'nn] klg k|j|Hof lnP . a'4sf] sfsfsf] 5f]/f cfgGbn] klg ;+3df k|j]z u/]/ eujfg\ a'4sf]
lglh cg'r/ ;Dd eP . To;kl5 eujfg\ a'4n] cfˆgf] sfsfsf] 5f]/f gGb hf] cfˆgL >Ldltk|ltsf]
df]xdf cGwf] lyP, nfO{ klg a'4wd{df lblIft ug'{eof] .

leIf'0fL ;+3sf] :yfkgf

af]lw1fg k|flKt kZrft\ eujfg\ a'4n] w]/} dlxnfx¿nfO{ klg wd{ b]zgf u/]/ d'lQmsf] af]6f]
b]vfOlbg'eof] . tL dWo] /fhf ljlDa;f/sL kTgL cyf{t\ /fhu[x gu/sL dxf/fgL If]df, sf]zn g/]z
k|;]ghLtsL dxf/fgL dlNnsf OToflb lyP . t/ leIf'0fL ;+3 g} Tolta]nf lgdf{0f ePsf] rflxF
lyPg .
eujfg\ a'4 klxnf]kN6 slknj:t'df cfpg'ePsf] a]nfdf dxf/fh ;'4f]bgn] eujfg\ a'4
lj/fhdfg x'g'ePsf] 7fpF Gou|f]wf/fd ljxf/df uP/ wd{b]zgf >j0f ug{df b/jf/sf dlxnfx¿nfO{
/f]s nufPsf lyP . t/ eujfg\ a'4sf] pkb]z ;'Gg dxf/fgL dxfk|hfklt lgs} cft'/ lyOg\ .
t;y{ pgn] / pgsf ;]ljsfx¿n] ev{/} dfq eujfg\ a'4sf] ;+3df k|j]z u/]sf cfˆg} cfkmGt
dxfgfdnfO{ af]nfP/ eujfg\ a'4sf pkb]z dxfgfdsf] d'vaf6 ;'Gg] ub{lyg\ . To:tf] pkb]z
;'g]kl5 dxf/fgLn] ca w]/} a]/ kv]{/ a:g ;lsgg\ To;}n] dxf/fhsf] ;d]t :jLs[tL glnO{ cfkm";+u}
kfFr;o hgf cGo zfSo dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fydf lnP/ eujfg\ a'4nfO{ cfkm} e]6\g lgl:sg\ . cfkm"
klg leIf'0fL aGg] 7"nf] OR5f ePsf] sf/0f dxfk|hfklt uf}tdLn] eujfg a'4nfO{ …dlxnfx¿nfO{
klg ;+3df k|j]z u/fpg'xf];\Ú egL tLg kN6;Dd ofrgf ul/g\ . t/ pkfl;sf eP/} df]If vf]Hg]
;Nnfx eujfg a'4sf] lyof] . pxfFn] eGg'eof], …k'0o sd{ u/]/ z'4, a|Xdro{ hLjg latfpg'xf];\, /
To;n] ubf{ tkfO{+n] lbuf] kmn, clwi7fg / ;'v kfpg'x'g]5 .Ú
dxf/fh ;'4f]bg hLljt x'Fbf;Dd dxf/fgL dxfk|hfkltn] w}o{tfk"j{s oxL ;Nnfx dfg]/ cEof;
ub}{ al;g\ t/ cfˆgf] kltsf] d[To'kZrft\ km]l/ PskN6 pgn] k"0f{ pk;Dkbfk|fKt leIf'0fLsf] ¿kdf
;+3df k|j]z ug]{ sf]lz; ul/g\ . eujfg a'4n] slknj:t'af6 k|:yfg ug'{ePsf] a]nf dxf/fgL
7
k|hfklt / ozf]w/f cGo kfFr ;o hgf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fydf lyP/ eujfg\ a'4sf] kl5 kl5 nfu] .
To;a]nf ;a}n] zL/ d'08g u/]/ leIf'0fL h:t} j:q klxl/Psf lyP .
lxF8\bf lxF8\b} pgLx¿ ylst eO;s]sf lyP / w"n} w"nf]n] 9fls;s]sf lyP . /fhu[x hfg]
af6f]d} kg]{ j[HhLx¿sf] gfl6sf eGg] Onfsfdf aNn pgLx¿ a'4nfO{ Psrf]l6 km]l/ e]6g ;Ifd
eP . a'4sf] wd{b]zgf ;'lg;s]kl5 dxfk|hfklt uf}tdLn] km]l/ ToxL ;+3df k|j]z ug]{ cg'dlt g}
dflug\ . t/ pgsf] cg'/f]w k'g cZjLs[t ul/Pkl5 pgLx¿ ¿Fb} kms]{ . dlxnfx¿sf] oqf] pT;fx
pdË b]v]/ cfgGbn] klg eujfg\ a'4nfO{ cfˆgf] lg0f{o abNgsf nflu cfu|x u/] . cfgGbn] tLg
kN6 a8f] pT;fx / Jou|tfsf ;fy eujfg\ a'4nfO{ cg'/f]w u/] . cGtdf cfP/ eujfg\ a'4
dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;+3df k|j]z u/fpg /fhL x'g'eof] . t/ cf7j6f zt{x¿ h;nfO{ ci6 u? wd{
elgG5 klg dlxnfx¿n] dfGg'kg]{ eof] . tL cf7j6f zt{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .

!= s'g} leIf'0fLn] pk;Dkbf k|fKt u/]sf] Ps zo jif{ k'u]klg pgn] ev{/sf slnnf
>fd0f]/nfO{ e]6\bfv]/L klg jGbgf ug'{k5{ .
@= pk;Dkbf k|j|Hof k|fKt ug'{ cufj} b'O{ jif{ cWoog ug'{kg]{
#= jfrgfky cyf{t csf{sf] bf]if -zLn pn+3g_ eGg gkfpg]
$= leIf'x¿eGbf klxn] bfg u|xg ug{ gkfpg]
%= !% lbg nfdf] dfgTj u|xg ug'{kg]{
^= x/]s !%÷!% lbgdf pk;Dkbfsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ / pkb]zsf] nflu ofrgf ug'{kg]{
&= s'g} leIf'sf] ;+/IfsTj jf cf>o glnOsg PSn} jiff{jf; latfpg gkfpg]
*= jiff{jf; ;lsPkl5 klg leIf'0fLx¿n] b'O{ ;+3 cyf{t leIf' ;+3 tyf leIf'0fL;+3sf ;fd'Gg]
kfkb]zgf jf k|jf/0ff ug'{kg]{

To;a]nfsf] ;dfhdf cfOdfO{x¿nfO{ cs}{ b[li6n] x]l/GYof], pgLx¿nfO{ vfnL 3/sf] sfd ug]{
j:t'sf ¿kdf ckdfghGo¿kn] Jojxf/ ul/GYof] . Tof] lk5l8Psf] ;dfhaf6 cfOdfOx¿sf] s'g}
xflg gxf];\ / To;n] pgLx¿sf] af/]df gfgfy/Lsf s'/f sf6\g] df}sf gkfcf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] aflx/
b]vfpgsf] nflu ePklg oL lgodx¿ nfu" ul/Psf] xf] . cfOdfOx¿sf] bhf{df h'g rLh tTsfnLg
;dfhsf] b[li6df ;Ddfghgs jf k'0osf/s lyof] To:tf] cfr/0f cfOdfO{x¿n] bzfp{g'kYof]{ . olb
To:tf] lgod gagfOlbPsf] eP cfOdfO{x¿ 3/ aflx/ dfq lg:sbf klg Tolta]nfsf] ;dfhn] s'/f
sf6\Yof] eg] ;+3df t emg\ k|j]z} ug{ lbOg] lyPg . To;}n] aflx/ aflx/ leIf'0fLx¿n] To;a]nf
pRr 7flgPsf] k'?ifsf] bhf{sf] ;fd'Gg] gtd:ts x'g'k/]tf klg leq leq eg] s'g} lsl;dsf]
e]b/lxt eP/ ;dfgk"j{s g} d'lQmsf] nflu ;+3if{/t x'gkfpg] eof] . Tof] Pp6f eujfg\ a'4sf] 7"nf]
pkfosf}zNo lyof] g ls dlxnfnfO{ xf]Rofpg] s'g} k|oTg . To;}n] Tolta]nfsf] hflt cx+sf/n]
el/k"0f{ ljs[t ;dfhdf t'R5 7flgPsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ k'?if ;/xs} ;dfg clwsf/ lbnfpg] k|yd
8
dxfk'?if zfSod'lg a'4 g} x'g'x'GYof] . Toltdfq xf]Og ljgo / cGo >f]tx¿df klg dlxnfn]
cx{tkb jf To:t} 7"nf] 1fg k|fKt u/]sf] w]/} pbfx/0f jf j[tfGtx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . Tolta]nf
eujfg\ a'4nfO{ klxn] slxNo} gePsf] leIf'0fL;+3 :yfkgf ug'{ lyof] / kl/j|fhs leIf'x¿s}
;d'bfoleq leIf'0fLx¿sf] klg pkl:yltsf nflu k|fjwfgx¿ lgdf{0f ug'{ lyof] .
t/ clxn] cfP/ of] s'/fnfO{ dlxnf clwsf/ sdL{x¿n] 7"nf] d'2f agfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf]
dfGotfdf oL ci6 u? wd{ ;a} a'4n] agfPsf lyPgg\ j? To;a]nfsf cx+sf/L / k'?ifk|wfg
;dfhn] agfPsf x'g\ . xf] aflx/af6 ‰jf§ x]bf{, of] ljZjf; jf egfO{ ;xL g} xf]nf, t/ dfly g}
:ki6 kfl/;lsof] ls a'4sf] ;dodf cfOdfO{x¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ lgs} xb;Dd s'l07t ul//flvPsf]
lyof] / clxn] klg w]/}h;f] 7fpFdf To:t} cj:yf 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ hfTofledfgL a|fXd0f ;dfhdf
k'?ifeGbf tNnf] bhf{df /flvGYof] . ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] eujfg\ a'4sf] s?0ff k'?if / dlxnf ;a}df
;dfg¿kn] JofKt 5 . a'4n] g} dlxnfx¿n] klg k'?ifx¿n] h:t} cx{tkb nfe ug{ jf lgjf{0f
nfe ug{ ;Sb5g eg]/ eGg'ePsf] 5 . a'4sf] ;dodf w]/} k'?if / dlxnf cx{tx¿ eP . cl3
eg]em}F Tolta]nfsf] cx+sf/L ;dfhsf] d'vdf a'emf] xfNgs} nflu dfq lyof] eujfg\ a'4n] ;'?df
dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;+3df k|j]z u/fpg aflx/ aflx/ gfd~h'/ ug'{k/]sf] / ;+3df k|j]z u/fO;s]kl5
klg ci6 u? wd{ nfu" ug'{ k/]sf] . To;s} kmn:j¿k dlxnfx¿ klg ca ;dfhsf] s'g} cfnf]rgf
a]u/ g} jf s'g} cfklt lagf g} ;+3df :jtGq¿kn] k|j]z x'g ;Sg] eP / leIf'x¿;/x ;dfg¿kn]
lgjf{0f xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] eP . eujfg\ a'4n] Tolt gug'{ePsf] eP tL s§/ a|fXd0f ;dfhn]
dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;+3df k|j]z ug}{ lbg] lyPg h:tf] cl3 g} elg;s] . of] Pp6f clx+;s / zflGtk"0f{
pkfosf}zNo lyof] . t/ dxfofg / jh|ofgdf k"0f{¿kn] km/slsl;dn] o; s'/fnfO{ lnOG5 eGgsf
cy{ af]lw k|fKt ug]{ sfo{df dxfofg / jh|ofgdf dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] e]befj /flvGg .

;+3sf] ;+Vofdf Jofks j[l4 x'Fb} uPkl5 eujfg\ a'4n] >fd0f]/x¿nfO{ ;+3df s;/L lng] / k"0f{
k|j|Hof lnO{ leIf' aGg nfossf x¿nfO{ s;/L pk;Dkbf k|bfg ug]{ eGg] af/] cfˆgf lziox¿nfO{
:ki6 lgb]{zg lbg'eof] . eujfg\ a'4 x'gtM ;+3sf dfu{bz{s g} x'g'x'GYof] t}klg …;+3gfosÚ jf
…;+3k|d'vÚ s'g} klg JolQm ;+3df lyPg . t;y{ eujfg\ a'4n] ;a}vfn] t}of/Lx¿ u/L pk;Dkbfsf]
ljlwnfO{ ;DkGg ug{sf nflu b'O{ hgf jl/i7 leIf'x¿ / kfFr k|sf/sf k|lzIfsx¿nfO{ 5fGg] ljlw
lgdf{0f ug'{eof] .
;+3sf ;b:ox¿n] cfˆgf] 6fpsf] k"/} vf}/]sf] x'Gy] h;sf] ;f+s]lts cy{ j}/fu efjgf lyof] /
To;/L hfToflegLnfO{ a9fjf lbg]vfnsf s'g} klg rLh z/L/df /fVb}gg\y] . o;} sf/0fn]
leIf'x¿n] a|fXd0f ;fdflhs ju{nfO{ emNsfpg] hg} klg nufpFb}gy] . jl/i7 >fjsx¿n] cfkm"x¿
;+3df cfbz{Qd gd'gf ag]/ wfld{s hLjg lhpg] / cx{t dfu{sf] kmn k|fKt ug{sf nflu Pp6f
:ki6 cfwf/zLnf v8f ul/lbPsf x'Gy] . wd{ cg';/0f ug]{ ;a}sf leIf'sf] hLjg ljtfpgsf lglDt
p:t} kl/l:ylt, cfzo / ;xgzlQm gx'g] b]lv;s]kl5 eujfg\ a'4n] ;+3df k|j]z u/fpg ;a}eGbf
9
klxn] ;+3 k|j]z ug{ OR5's dflg;x¿sf] pT;fx / dfgl;s t}of/L OToflbnfO{ /fd|/L d'NofÍg
ul/g'kg]{ / pk;Dkbfsf nflu ckgfOg'kg]{ ljlwx¿ OToflbsf af/]df lj:t[t dfu{bz{gx¿ lbg'eof] .
kl5 kl/l:yltadf]lhd kl/dfh{g ub}{ tL dfu{bz{gx¿nfO{ emg emg lj:t[t / Jofks kfl/Fb} nluP .
pk;Dkbf jf k|j|Hofsf dfu{bz{gx¿ / ;+3sf] hLjgz}nLnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ cfrf/;+lxtf g}
eujfg a'4sf ljgosf lzIffx¿sf ;f/ x'g\ / zLnsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu oL lzIffx¿ lbOg
yfn] . leIf'sf] ljz]if u'0f eg]s} pgn] kfngf ug]{ zLn xf] .
h:tf] klxn] klg elg;lsof], ;'?sf] ;+3n] cfo{ ;+3nfO{ hgfpFbYof] . cfo{ ;+3df rf/ qmdfut
e"ldsf JolQmx¿ ;dfj]z 5g\ . tL x'g\ M >f]tfkGg, ;s[bfufdL, cgfufdL / cx{t To;df klg
dfu{ / kmn u/L cf7 k|sf/sf ;+3nfO{ lnOG5 . t/ eujfg\ a'4n] cf7 k|sf/sf ;xefuLtf ePsf]
b'O{ cËfTds ;+3 :yfkgf ug'{ePsf] lyof] . k|yd cË leIf' jf leIf'0fL ;+3 lyof] eg] bf]>f] cË
pkf;s jf pkfl;sf ;+3 lyof] . cf7 txsf ;xfefuL ;+3 dWo] 5 j6f leIf' jf leIf'0fL ;+3 d}
k5{g\ / afFsL b'O{j6f pkf;sx¿sf] ;+3df kb{5 . cf7k|sf/sf ;+3 o; k|sf/ 5 M

1.1 Monk -leIf'_

1.2 Nun -leIf'0fL_
1.3. Novice ->fd0f]/_
1.4 Female Novice ->fd0f]l/sf_
1.5 Underaged trainee -lzIfdf0f_
1.6 Fasting person -pkjf;:y_
2.1 Laymen -pkf;s_
2.2 Laywomen -pkfl;sf_

kl5 ljsl;t ePsf c7f/j6f lgsfox¿df xfn s]xL lgsfo dfq afFsL /x]sf] 5 . leIf' /
leIf'0fLx¿n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ zLnx¿sf] ;+Vof klg lgsfolkR5] km/s km/s ePsf] b]lvG5 . x/]s
lgsfocg';f/ leIf' / leIf'0fLx¿n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ zLnx¿sf] ;+Vof o; k|sf/ 5 . 1

lgsfo leIf' zLn ;+Vof leIf'0fL zLn ;+Vof

kfln 311 227
wd{u'Kts 348 250
dxf;f+l3s 290 218
dlxzf;s 380 251
;jf{l:tjfb -rLlgof_ 355 257
;jf{l:tjfb -;+:s[t_ c1ft 263
d"n;jf{l:tjfb -rLlgof_ 354 245
d"n;jf{l:tjfb -ltAatL_ 371 262

1
Karma Lekshe Tsomo (ed.), Sakyadhita: Daughters of the Buddha, (New York: Snow Lion Publications, 1988), p.
257

10
 j}/fuL leIf' jf leIf'0fLx¿sf] hLjg ljtfpg] dflg;df lgDg tLg cfzox¿ -motivations_ x'g'
h?/L 5 eg]/ ljgo u|Gyx¿df atfOPsf] kfOG5 M

!= j}/fu
@= 1fgfsf+Iff
#= b'Mv ;+j]u, ;a}eGbf dx™jk"0f{ cfzo

k|ltdf]Ifsf cg';f/ pgLx¿ leIf' jf leIf'0fLsf rLj/ nufpFb5g\, j|Xdro{ hLjg ofkg
ub{5g\, ;a} cfˆgf ;DklQx¿nfO{ ToflulbG5g\ / cfkm";+u Pp6f lk08kfq, bf/L jf skfn vf}/g]
cf}hf/ -/]h/_ / b08 dfq /fVb5g\ .
;'? ;'?sf ;+3sf] Jojxf/, cGtlqmof OToflbsf sf/0fn] eujfg a'4n] leIf' tyf
leIf'0fLx¿åf/f kfngf ul/g'kg]{ zLnx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug'{ePsf] xf] .
;+3sf] hLjgnfO{ g} vNaNofpg] vfnsf jf leIf' jf leIf'0fLx¿sf] cEof;sf] ljkl/t b]lvg]
cfr/0fx¿ / lqmofsnfkx¿ s;}af6 klg x'g uPsf] a]nfdf eujfg\ a'4n] tL cfr/0f tyf
lqmofsnfk h;af6 To:tf] ;d:of b]vfk/], ltgsf hu jf >f]t sxfFg]/ /x]5 eg]/ 5fgljg u/L
s] dg;fon] To:tf] sfo{ x'gk'Uof] eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg] ug'{x'GYof] . ;+3df To:t} lgodsf]
cfjZostf k/]sf avt dfq To;nfO{ ldNg]vfnsf] plrt zLnsf] lgdf{0f x'GYof] .
;+3sf] ;'?jft ePsf] ;'? ;'?sf lbgx¿df eujfg\ a'4sf pkb]zx¿dWo] >fjsofgl;t
;DalGwt pkb]zs} Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ ul/GYof] / cEof; ul/GYof] . wfld{s cEof;df
k|fy{lds¿kdf leIf' tyf leIf'0fLx¿ g} k"0f{¿kn] ;+nUg x'Gy] . u[x:y hLjg eg]sf] ;+;f/sf]
h~hfn, e|flGt / cf;lQmdf km:g' l;jfo s]xL klg xf]Og egL 7flgGYof] hasL leIf' leIf'0fLsf]
hLjgdf eujfg\ a'4åf/f atfOPsf] pkb]zsf] cWoog cEof;df cfkm"nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] ;dlk{t
ul/lbg] :jtGqtf kfOG5 eGg] ;f]rfO{ Tolta]nf /x]sf] lyof] .
lq/Tgdf z/0f lnPsf ;+3sf pkf;s pkfl;sfx¿nfO{ cfˆgf kl/>d jf WofgnfO{ k'0o
sfo{df / ljz]if u/L ;+3nfO{ ;xof]u u/]/, 6]jf k|bfg u/]/ k'0o sdfpg'd} s]lGb|t ug{sf nflu
k|f]T;flxt ul/GYof] . ljgodf klg u[x:yx¿n] k~rzLnsf] kfngf ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . pkf;s pkfl;sf ;+3sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ bfg, zLn, d}qL, IfflGt, ;a} hLljt k|f0fLx¿sf]
hLjgnfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ / cfˆgf] JolQmut bfloTjsf af/]df l;sfOGYof] . cfˆgf cfr/0fnfO{ klg
leIf' jf leIf'0fLx¿sf] cfr/0f h:t} agfP/ u[x:y -pkf;s pkfl;sf_ ;+3n] klg cfˆgf] b}lgs
hLjgsf h~hfn, sfdx¿nfO{ r6Ss} Tofu]/ pkb]zsf] uDeL/¿kn] cEof; ug{ g;s'~hn];Dd
jf To:tf] ;do gcfp~h]n;Dd kv]{/ a:b} cfˆgf] Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd zLnsf] cEof;nfO{ dha't
agfO/fVb5g\ .

11
 af}4 Oltxf;nfO{ kN6fP/ x]g]{ xf] eg] a'4wd{sf] k|rf/df y'k|} u[x:yx¿n] dx™jk"0f{ / k|efjsf/L
of]ubfg / 6]jf lbP/ uPsf] xfdL kfpF5f}F . a'4sf] ;dodf / s]xL k':tf k5fl8 u[x:yx¿n] k|fozM
ljzfn kl/ifbsf] dfemdf ul/Psf wd{b]zgf >j0f ug]{ w]/} df}sf cj;/x¿ kfpFb} cfPsf lyP .
leIf' leIf'0fL ;+3 cfˆgf] :yfoL lgjf; agfpg rfx]df u[x:yLx¿dfly g} cfl>t eOg} /fv] t}klg
u[x:yx¿sf] cEof;nfO{ eg] Tolt Wofg lbOPsf] kfOGg . sfnfGt/df dxfofgsf pkb]zx¿
Jofks¿kdf hgdfg;df k|rf/ k|;f/ eO;s]kl5 u[x:yx¿sf] hLjgdf 7"N7"nf sl7gfOx¿
ePtfklg klg af]lw jf lgjf{0f nfe ug]{ s'/fdf u[x:yx¿sf] ;+3 klg ;Ifd g} 5 eg]/ Psrf]l6
km]l/ :jLsf/ ug{ yflnof] .

Bibliography

Rinpoche, Tarthang Tulku (ed.) – Crystal Mirror, Vol VI, Berkeley: Dharma Publishing, 1984
Rinpoche, Tarthang Tulku (ed.) – Crystal Mirror, Vol VIII, Berkeley: Dharma Publishing, 1992
Tsomo, Karma Lekshe (ed.), Sakyadhita: Daughters of the Buddha, New York: Snow Lion Publications,
1988
Hirakawa, Akira, – Monastic Discipline for the Buddhist Nuns, An English translation of the Chinese text
of the Mahasanghika Bhiksuni - Vinaya, Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute, 1999
Hirakawa, Akira – A History of Indian Buddhism: from Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana, Delhi: Motilal
Banarsidass, 1990

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