Switching and Routing Concepts and Configurations

Topic 1: IPv4 Addressing (2hrs)

Addressing is a key function of Network layer protocols that enables data communication between hosts
on the same network or on different networks.
Internet Protoco! version 4 (IPv4) provides hierarchical addressing for packets that carry our data.
Anato"# of an IPv4 Addresses
Three t#pes of addresses:
$etwor% address The address by which we refer to the network.
&roadcast address A special address used to send data to all hosts in the network.
'ost addresses The addresses assigned to the end devices in the network.
Ca!cu!ating 'ost( $etwor% Address and &roadcast Address
1)
1
2)
*)
4)
+)
Reserved IPv4 Ranges
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,egac# IPv4 Addressing
Pu-!ic and Private Addressing
Pu-!ic address designed to be used in the hosts that are publicly accessible from the Internet. It is the
address assigned by the ISP.
Private Address address that are used in networks that require limited or no Internet access.
The private address -!oc%s are:
!.!.!.! to !."##."##."## $!.!.!.! %&'
(".).!.! to (".*."##."## $(".).!.! %"'
+".)&.!.! to +".)&."##."## $+".)&.!.! %)'
Activit#: C!assif# whether the given IP is pu-!ic or private)
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P!anning to Address the $etwor%
The allocation of these addresses inside the networks should be planned and documented for the purpose
of,
. Preventing duplication of addresses
". Providing and controlling access
*. -onitoring security and performance
Static or .#na"ic Addressing
Static Address the network administrator must manually configure the network information for
a host. They are useful for printers. servers. and other networking devices that need to be
accessible to clients on the network. /hen using static IP addressing. it is necessary to maintain
an accurate list of the IP address assigned to each device. These are permanent addresses and are
not normally reused.
.#na"ic Address address provided by a 012P server. 012P enables the automatic
assignment of addressing information such as IP address. subnet mask. default gateway. and other
configuration information. 012P is generally the preferred method of assigning IP addresses to
hosts on large networks because it reduces the burden on network support staff and virtually
eliminates entry errors.
Su-net /as% 0 The subnet mask is created by placing a binary in each bit position that represents the
network portion and placing a binary ! in each bit position that represents the host portion. /e e3press
the subnet mask in the same dotted decimal format as the IPv4 address.
Prefi1 !ength the number of bits in the address giving us the network portion. The prefi3 is a way to
define the network portion that is human readable. The data network must also have this network portion
of the addresses defined.
The prefi1 and the su-net "as% are different wa#s of representing the sa"e thing the
network portion of an address.
Ca!cu!ating the Address
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Su-netting allows for creating multiple logical networks from a single address block.
2 wa#s of Su-netting
. Subnetting according to the number of required networks $known as standard subnetting'
inefficient and wasteful
$ote: To su-net using standard su-netting we have to !earn how to count networ%s -ased
on the given topo!og#)
5very end of a router is a network.
Switch creates network.
21a"p!e 1:
3iven: 142)156)1)7824
21a"p!e 2:
3iven: 142)156)1)7824
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2) Su-netting according to the nu"-er of re9uired hosts) A!so %nown as C!ass!ess Addressing
or :,S/ (:aria-!e ,ength Su-net /as%)
- Su-netting a su-net
In the figure -e!ow( we wi!! !oo% at addressing fro" another view) ;e wi!! consider
su-netting -ased on the nu"-er of hosts( inc!uding router interfaces and ;A$ connections)
This scenario has the fo!!owing re9uire"ents:
Sydney16 ! host addresses
2orpus16 ! host addresses
Perth16 ") host addresses
Atlanta16 #& host addresses
/AN links " host addresses $each'
3iven: 142)156)1+)7 824
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Resu!ts of :,S/ Ca!cu!ation
Switching and Routing Concepts and Configurations
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Topic 2: &asic Routing Configurations (2hrs)
Router as a Co"puter
Router co"ponents and their functions<
2isco Internetwork 7perating System $I7S' 8is the system software in 2isco devices. It is
the core technology that e3tends across most of the 2isco product line. The 2isco I7S is
used for most 2isco devices regardless of the si9e and type of the device. It is used for
routers. :AN switches. small /ireless Access Points. large routers with do9ens of
interfaces. and many other devices.
The 2isco I7S provides devices with the following network services,
8;asic routing and switching functions
8<eliable and secure access to networked resources
8 Network scalability
2P= 8 53ecutes operating system instructions
<andom access memory $<A-' 8 2ontains the running copy of configuration file. Stores
routing table. <A- contents lost when power is off
<ead8only memory $<7-' 8 1olds diagnostic software used when router is powered up.
Stores the router>s bootstrap program.
Non8volatile <A- $N?<A-' 8 Stores startup configuration. This may include IP
addresses $<outing protocol. 1ostname of router'
@lash memory 8 2ontains the operating system $2isco I7S'
Interfaces There e3ist multiple physical interfaces that are used to connect network.
53amples of interface types,
85thernet % fast 5thernet interfaces
8Serial interfaces
8-anagement interfaces
8
Router Interface is a ph#sica! connector that ena-!es a router to send or receive pac%ets
2ach interface connects to a separate networ%
Consist of soc%et or =ac% found on the outside of a router
T#pes of router interfaces:
85thernet
8@astethernet
8Serial
80S:
8IS0N
82able
>ront :iew of a router
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Rear :iew of a Router
Two "a=or groups of Router Interfaces
,A$ Interfaces:
Are used to connect router to :AN network
1as a layer " -A2 address
2an be assigned a :ayer * IP address
=sually consist of an <A84# Back
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;A$ Interfaces
Are used to connect routers to e3ternal networks that interconnect :ANs.
0epending on the /AN technology. a layer " address may be used.
=ses a layer * IP address
'ow to Configure a Switch or a Router?
$ote:
To configure a rea! switch or router@ #ou need a conso!e ca-!e@ co"posed of
RA4+ connector on one end and seria! interface on other end)
RA4+connector to -e connected to a conso!e port of a router or switch then
seria! interface of the conso!e ca-!e to -e connected to the seria! port of a PC)
To access the co""and !ine interface of a router or switch( #ou need to
insta!! h#perter"ina! or putt# on #our PC)
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2 "a=or t#pes of networ%
. ,oca! area networ% (,A$)connect workstations. peripherals. terminals. and other devices in a
single building or other geographically limited area.
". ;ide area networ% (;A$) 0ata 2ommunications network that serves users across a broad
geographic area and often uses transmission devices provided by common carriers.
Configure .evices and App!# Addresses
Implementing ;asic Addressing Schemes
/hen designing a new network or mapping an e3isting network you must provide the following
information in the form of a document,
8Topology drawing that Illustrates physical connectivity
2onnections of a <outer for 5thernet
2 t#pes of connectors can -e used: Straight through and Cross
over
Straight through used to connect:
8Switch8to8<outer. Switch8to8P2. <outer8to8Server. 1ub8to8P2.
1ub8to8Server
Crossover used to connect:
8Switch8to8Switch. P28to8P2. Switch8to81ub. 1ub8to81ub.
<outer8to8<outer
8 Address table that provides the following information,
0evice name
Interfaces used
IP addresses
0efault gateway
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&asic Router Configuration
A basic router configuration should contain the following,
8<outer name 8 1ost name should be unique
8;anner 8 At a minimum. banner should warn against unauthori9ed use
8Passwords 8 =se strong passwords
8Interface configurations 8 Specify interface type. IP address and subnet mask. 0escribe
purpose of interface. Issue no shutdown command. If 025 serial interface issue clock rate
command.
After entering in the basic configuration the following tasks should be completed
8?erify basic configuration and router operations.
8Save the changes on a router
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:erif# &asic Router Configuration
8Issue the show running-config command
8Save the basic router configuration by Issuing the copy running-config startup-config
command
8Additional commands that will enable you to further verify router configuration are,
Show running8config 8 0isplays configuration currently in <A-
Show startup8config 8 0isplays configuration file N?<A-
Show IP route 8 0isplays routing table
Show interfaces 8 0isplays all interface configurations
Show IP int brief 8 0isplays abbreviated interface configuration
information
$ote: See attached activit# ,A& 1)+)2 &asic Router Configuration for the detai!s of the co""ands
for configuring a Router)
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Routing Ta-!e Structure
Routing Ta-!e is stored in ra" and contains infor"ation a-out:
.irect!# connected networ%s 8 this occurs when a device is connected to another router
interface
Re"ote!# connected networ%s this is a network that is not directly connected to a
particular router
0etailed information about the networks include source of information. network address
C subnet mask. and Ip address of ne3t8hop router
Show ip route co""and is used to view a routing ta-!e
Adding a connected networ% to the routing ta-!e
<outer interfaces
5ach router interface is a member of a different network
Activated using the no shutdown command
In order for static and dynamic routes to e3ist in routing table you must have
directly connected networks
Static routes in the routing ta-!e
8Includes, network address and subnet mask and IP address of ne3t hop router or e3it
interface
80enoted with the code S in the routing table
8<outing tables must contain directly connected networks used to connect remote networks
before static or dynamic routing can be used
;hen to use static routes
/hen network only consists of a few routers
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8Network is connected to internet only through one ISP
81ub C spoke topology is used on a large network
Connected and Static routes
.#na"ic routing protoco!s
8=sed to add remote networks to a routing table
8Are used to discover networks
8Are used to update and maintain routing tables
Auto"atic networ% discover#
<outers are able discover new networks by sharing routing table information
/aintaining routing ta-!es
80ynamic routing protocols are used to share routing information with other router C to maintain
and update their own routing table.
IP routing protoco!s) 21a"p!e of routing protoco!s inc!ude:
8<IPv
8<IPv"
85ID<P
87SP@
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Static Routing
>unctions of a Router
;est Path Selections
8@orwarding packets to destination
Interfaces
53amining <outer Interfaces
8Physically connecting a /AN Interface.
8A /AN Physical :ayer connection has sides,
.ata Circuitter"inating 29uip"ent (.C2) E This is the service provider.
2S=%0S= is a 025 device. This is the interface where you set the clock rate.
.ata Ter"ina! 29uip"ent (.T2) E Typically the router is the 0T5 device.
Static Routes with 21it Interfaces
Purpose of a static route
A manually configured route used when routing from a network to a stub network
IP route co""and
To configure a static route use the following command, ip route
53ample,
8<outer$config'F ip route network8address subnet8mask Gip8address H e3it8interface I
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.issecting static route s#nta1
ip route Static route co""and
1B2)15)1)7 0 .estination networ% address
2++)2++)2++)7 Su-net "as% of destination networ%
1B2)15)2)2 Seria! 78787 interface IP address on R2( which is the Cne1thopC to this
networ%
Configuring routes to 2 or "ore re"ote networ%s
=se the following commands for <
8<$config'Fip route +".)&..! "##."##."##.! (".)."."
8<$config'Fip route +".)&.".! "##."##."##.! (".)."."
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/odif#ing Static routes
53isting static routes cannot be modified. The old static route must be deleted by placing
no in front of the ip route
53ample,
8no ip route +".)&.".! "##."##."##.! (".)."."
A new static route must be rewritten in the configuration
$ote: See attached activit# ,A& 2)6)1 &asic Static RouteConfiguration for the detai!s of the
co""ands for configuring Static Route)
Switching and Routing Concepts and Configurations
Topic *: ,oca! Area $etwor% .esign (2hrs)
2 t#pes of Switch
1) "anagea-!e switch switch with conso!e port
configura-!e and p!ugDp!a#
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2) un"anagea-!e switch p!ugDp!a#
,A$ .esign
Process that e3plains how a :AN is to be implemented
>actors to consider in ,A$ design inc!ude
2ollision domains8the network area within which frames that have
collided are propagated. <epeaters and hubs propagate collisions, :AN
switches. bridges and routers do not.
;roadcast domains8 the set of all devices that will receive broadcast
frames originating from any device within the set.
Network latency8 time a frame or a packet takes to travel from the source
station to the final destination.
Sources of ,atenc#
. Time it takes the source NI2 to place voltage pulses on the wire.
and the time it takes the destination NI2 to interpret these pulses.
". Actual propagation delay as the signal takes time to travel
through the cable.
*. Number of network devices that are in the path between two
devices. 5ach device in the path introduces latency.
8The predominant cause of network latency in a switched :AN is
more a type of the media being transmitted. routing protocols used.
and types of applications running on the network.
:AN segmentation8The primary reason for segmenting a :AN into
smaller parts is to isolate traffic and to achieve better use of bandwidth
per user. /ithout segmentation. a :AN quickly becomes clogged with
traffic and collisions. :ANs are segmented into a number of smaller
collision and broadcast domains using routers and switches.
'ow to count &roadcast .o"ain and Co!!ision .o"ain
$ote:
Switch is one big broadcast domain.
5very port of a switch is collision domain.
1ub is one big collision domain.
21a"p!e 1: 4 &roadcast .o"ain and 11 Co!!ision .o"ain
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21a"p!e 2:
Traditiona! ,A$ vs) :irtua! ,oca! Area $etwor% (:,A$)
In traditiona! switched ,A$s( the ph#sica! topo!og# is c!ose!# re!ated to the !ogica! topo!og#)
3enera!!#( wor%stations "ust -e grouped -# their ph#sica! pro1i"it# to a switch)
To co""unicate a"ong ,A$s( each seg"ent "ust have a separate port on the -ac%-one
device or a connection to a co""on -ac%-one)
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.efining :,A$s
:,A$s provide seg"entation -ased on -roadcast do"ains)
VLANs logically segment switched networks based on the functions, project teams, or
applications of the organization regardless of the physical location or connections to
the network.
Co""unication a"ong :,A$s sti!! re9uire a router) &ET( on!# one ph#sica!
connection wi!! hand!e a!! routing)
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:,A$s are created to provide seg"entation services traditiona!!# provided -# ph#sica!
routers in ,A$ configurations)
J The# address:
J Sca!a-i!it#
J Securit#
J $etwor% /anage"ent
J &roadcast >i!tering
J Traffic >!ow /anage"ent
Switches "a# not forward an# traffic -etween :,A$s( as this wou!d vio!ate the integrit# of
the :,A$ -roadcast do"ain)
Traffic "ust -e routed -etween :,A$s)
A :,A$( then( is a -roadcast do"ain (IP Su-net) created -# one or "ore switches)
A :,A$ a!!ows:
J 2reation of groups of logically networked devices.
J The devices to act as if they are on their own independent network.
J The devices can share a common infrastructure.
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J 2ach :,A$ is a separate -roadcast do"ain)
J ;roadcast traffic is controlled.
J 2ach :,A$ is a separate IP su-net)
J To communicate among ?:ANs. you must use a router.
&enefits of :,A$s
Securit#:
J Droups with specific security needs are isolated from the rest of the network.
Cost Reduction:
J Need for e3pensive hardware upgrades is reduced.
J ;etter use of e3isting bandwidth and links.
'igher Perfor"ance:
J 0ividing large. flat :ayer " networks into separate broadcast domains reduces
unnecessary traffic on each new subnet)
&roadcast Stor" /itigation:
J 0ividing a network into ?:ANs prevents a broadcast storm from propagating to the
whole network.
I"proved IT Staff 2fficienc#:
J 5asier to manage the network because users with similar network requirements share the
same ?:AN.
Si"p!er Pro=ect or App!ication /anage"ent:
J 1aving separate functions makes working with a speciali9ed application easier. @or
e3ample. an
e8learning development platform for faculty.
:,A$ I. Ranges
/hen configured. the number that is assigned to the ?:AN becomes the ?:AN I0.
The numbers to be assigned are divided into two different ranges,
J Normal <ange, E !!#
J 53tended <ange, !!) 8 4!+)
5ach range has its own characteristics.
T#pes of :,A$s
0efined by the type of traffic they support or by the functions they perform.
J 0ata ?:AN8 2onfigured to carry only user8generated traffic.
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J 0efault ?:AN8The default ?:AN for 2isco switches is ?:AN .
J Native ?:AN8carries untagged traffic.
J -anagement ?:AN8 in order for you to access a switch remotely you need to configure
a management ?:AN. In the sample activity ?:AN ++ is used as the management
?:AN. Kou can only assign an IP address to a switch through a management ?:AN.
J ?oice ?:AN8is designed to carry voice traffic.
Configuring :,A$s:
J -ust assign a ?:AN number.
J 2an configure a port specifying to what ?:AN it belongs
J 2onfigure Trunk port and access port
- An interface shou!d -e configured as trun% port if the port of a switch is
connected to a port of another switch)
Co""and:
Switch$config'Fint fa!%
Switch$config8if' Fswitchport mode trunk
Switch$config8if' Fswitchport trunk native vlan ++
$ote: A!! trun% port "ust -e configured with the sa"e native v!an on a!!
interconnected switches)

- An interface shou!d -e configured as access port if the port of a switch is
connected to end devices such as PC)
Co""and:
Switch$config'Fint fa!%
Switch$config8if' Fswitchport mode access
Switch$config8if' F switchport access vlan ! E this command is used to assign
port to specific ?:ANs
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$ote: See attached activit# ,A& *)+)1 &asic :,A$ Configuration for the detai!s of the co""ands
for configuring :,A$)
Introducing Inter:,A$ Routing
/hat is Inter8?:AN <outingL
J 5ach ?:AN is a unique broadcast domain.
J 2omputers on separate ?:ANs are. by default. not able to communicate.
J 5ach ?:AN is a unique IP subnetwork.
J To allow ?:ANs to communicate. we need a router to communicate among separate
broadcast domains and unique IP subnetworks.
J Inter8?:AN routing. then. is a process of forwarding traffic from one VLAN to another
VLAN using a router.
-ethods,
J Traditional Inter8?:AN <outing.
J <outer8on8a8stick Inter8?:AN <outing.
J Switch ;ased Inter8?:AN <outing.
<outer8on8a8stick Inter8?:AN <outing,
J Subinterfaces,
J 7vercomes the hardware limitation of a router.
J Subinterfaces are software-based virtual interfaces that are assigned to physical
interfaces.
J 5ach subinterface is configured with its own IP address. subnet mask. and unique
?:AN assignment.
J 2onnected to a switch trunk link.
J @unctionally the same as using the traditional routing model.
J <outer8on8a8stick Inter8?:AN <outing,
2onfiguring Subinterfaces,
J Similar to configuring physical interfaces.
J 2reate the subinterface.
J Assign it to a ?:AN.
J Assign an IP Address.
J 5nable the interface.
<outer8on8a8stick Inter8?:AN <outing,
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J 2reate the subinterface,
J The synta3 for the subinterface is always the physical interface. followed by a
period and a subinterface number.
J The subinterface number is configurable. but it is typically associated to reflect
the ?:AN number.
R1(config)Finterface [interface.nn
NOTE The management VLAN must also be configured if you wish to use it on
multiple switches that are not directly connected by trun! lin!s"
J Assign it to a ?:AN,
J ;efore assigning an IP Address. the interface must to be configured to operate
on a specific ?:AN using the proper encapsulation.
R1(configsu-if)Fencapsu!ation dot19 !lan"id
J Assign an IP Address,
J The IP Address assigned here will become the default gateway for that ?:AN.
R1(configsu-if)Fip address [address [mask
J 5nable the interface,
J Subinterfaces are not enabled individually.
J /hen the physical interface is enabled. all associated subinterfaces are enabled.
R1(configif)Fno shutdown
$ote: See attached activit# ,A& 5)4)1 Inter:,A$ Configuration for the detai!s of the co""ands
for configuring Inter:,A$)
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Thank youMMM1ope Kou :earnedMMM
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