Mathematics T For New STPM Syallabus

Mathematics (T)
Worked Examples

Loo Soo Yong
1/27/2013

This document contains various questions with detailed workings and explanations from the new STPM
syllabus. A PDF version of this document may be obtained from Dropbox.
Mathematics (T)
(c) 2012-2013 All rights reserved
Binomial Expansions
1. Expand ( )
up to and include the term
. Hence, by subsisting , find an estimate

for
, and give your answer to 6 decimal places.

Solution:
( )
()()
()()
()
()()()
()

( )

Substituting ... ( )
() ()
()

2. () is given by the expression ()
(a) Show that ()can be written as () .

(b) When is so small that
and higher powers of x is ignored, show that
.
(c) Hence, state the range of values of x for which the expansion is valid.
(d) By substituting into the equation, find an estimate for , giving your answer in the
form
, where p and q are integers to be determined.

Solution:
(a) () ( )

() 0.
/1

()

() .
(shown)
(b) () 6
/
.
/.
/.
/.
7
() 0
1
Mathematics (T)
()
(shown)
(c) The expansion is valid for |
| i.e. .
(d)
()
()

3. For , the expansion of ( )
in ascending powers of x is given by

where k and n are integers. Show that and

Solution:
(a) ( )

()()
()

By comparing coefficient of and

()()(

()
/

()

(shown)
Subst ...
(shown)

Mathematics (T)
4. By taking the natural logarithm to both sides or otherwise, show that
( )
( )
can be
written in the form of ( )
( )
( )
( )
, where A, B, p, q, r and s are

constants to be determined. [No credit will be given if the derivative is obtained using product and
chain rule]

Solution:
Let ( )
( )

Taking natural log to both sides, ,( )
( )
-
Using properties of logarithms, ( ) ( )
Differentiating y with x,
()1 0
()1

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

Therefore, A=8, B=6, p=3, q=6, r=4, s=5.

5. Express ()
()()()
in partial fractions. If x is so small that
and higher powers of x are

ignored, show that ()
. Hence, use the quadratic approximation to estimate

the value of ()
, giving your answer to 4 decimal places.

Solution:

()()()

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
Letting
Letting
Letting
Mathematics (T)

If x is so small that
and greater powers of x are ignored,

( )
( )
( )

( )
] [
]

0 ()()
()()
()
[ () .
/
()()
] ,
( () .
/
()()
)]
,
1 0
/1
(

()
(shown)

()
()
()1
()
()
()
()
()

Separate the constants first for
easier integration.
Mathematics (T)
6. Show that ( )
Hence by using the information given,

(a) Expand
()
in ascending powers of x, up to and including the term
.
(b) State the set values of x for which the expansion is valid.
(c) By taking
, find an estimate for , giving your answer to 4 decimal places.

Solution:
( )

( )
( () .
/
()()
()()()
)
( )
/
( )
(shown)

(a)
()
()(
)(
)
( )
( )
/ 4 .
/ ()
.
/.
()
5
(
)(

(b) The expansion is valid for |
| || .
|| ||

From the graph below,

-2
2
Therefore the set values of x are * ||
+
(c) Let
(.
/).
/
.

You only need to expand
until
as the question
specifies you to do so.
Mathematics (T)

7. Consider the curve

(a) Find the equation of this tangent at the point where .
(b) Find the coordinates of the point where this tangent meets the curve again.

Solution:
(a)

At point ,
()
()

When ()
()
()
Therefore the coordinates is ( )
The equation of the tangent, () ()( )

(b)
()
()
Subst. (2) to (1),

Factoring, ( )
( )
(rejected) or
When ()
()
()

Therefore the point is ().

8. The polynomial () ( )
leaves a remainder of when divided by ( ) and a

remainder of when divided by ( ). Find the real numbers a and b.

Solution:
()
( )

()
()
Mathematics (T)
( )

()
Subst () into (),

Subst
into (1)

9. Two complex numbers are defined as
and
. Find the real numbers a and b such

that
.

Solution:

Given
/ .
/
If there is a complex number as the
denominator, always multiply by its
conjugate.
Mathematics (T)

Comparing real and imaginary parts,

()

()
Subst. (2) to (1),

Subst into (2)

10. A curve is defined parametrically as

(a) Find the gradient of the curve where
(b) Hence, find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where

Solution:
(a)
/ .
/
( ) .
( )
/

()
( )

When
( )
()

(b) When ,
Mathematics (T)
()
()
When

The point is ()
The equation of the tangent is ( )

11. Find the set values of x for which

Solution:

()

Let

( )( )

Therefore,

However, we need to enforce the condition that .
Therefore, the solution set is *
+

If then

Since
is undefined for
, hence this condition
must be enforced.
x is always positive, because of
squaring a number always produces a
positive number. The minimum value
of
is zero.
Mathematics (T)

12. Let f to be a cubic polynomial. Given that () ,
() , () () and
()
find the polynomial ().
Solution:
Let ()

() ()
()
()

()
() ()
()

()
()

()
()
()

()

()
()
() ()

Subst.
into (1),

()

13. Show that is a root to the equation
. Hence find the other two

solutions in exact form.
An arithmetic sequence has p as its common difference. A geometric sequence has p as its common
ratio. Both sequences has 1 as the first term.
Mathematics (T)
(a) Write down the first four terms of each sequence.
(b) If the sum of the third and fourth terms of the arithmetic sequence is equal to the sum of the
third and fourth terms of the geometric sequence, find the possible values of p.
(c) Hence, state the value of p for which the geometric sequence has a sum to infinity, and find the
value, expressing your answer in the form of , where a, b are constants.
(d) For the same value stated in (c), find the sum of the first 20 terms of the arithmetic sequence,
giving your answer in the form where p and q are constants.
Solution:
is a root, therefore,

() (shown)
( ) is a factor.
( )(
)
Comparing
,
.
( )(
()()

(a) Arithmetic sequence,
Geometric sequence,

(b) ( ) ( )

( )(

(c) For the geometric sequence to have a sum to infinity, || . Therefore,
()

Mathematics (T)

/

()

(d) Sum of first 20 terms of the arithmetic sequence
0() ( )
1
0 .
/1
0
( )1
( )

14. A curve, C is defined implicitly as

(a) Show that the tangent at point (
) has gradient

(b) The line cuts the curve at point A(
) and at point B. Determine the coordinates of point

B.
Find, in the form of .
/ .
/
(i) The equation of the tangent at A.
(ii) The equation of the normal at B.
(c) Hence, find the acute angle between tangent at A and the normal at B.
Solution:
(a)

Differentiating y with x, .
/ () .
/
At .
/, .
(shown)

(b) (i) The equation of the tangent is 4
5 .
/
(ii) Subst. into

( )

() .
/ ()
()
At B, () .
/ () () () .
/
This point is rejected due to
.
/ is point A.
Mathematics (T)

Gradient of the normal

Gradient of the normal at point B

The equation of the normal at B .
/ .
/
(c) Acute angle between two lines
/.
()

The acute angle between two lines is

15. By using de Moivres theorem, prove that
Hence,
(a) Show that one of the roots of the equation
is
and express the other

roots in trigonometric form.
(b) Deduce that
and find an exact expression for

Solution:
( )

( )

()
()
() ()
()
()()
()

Comparing real parts,
) (
(shown)

( )
may be written as
( )
for simplicity.
Use the binomial theorem.
Mathematics (T)
(a) Let and consider

Solving ,

The solutions are

(b) Let
, .
/
()
()()
()

()
(shown)
.
/ (

Since
/ .
( )

Value of must be within

The positive root is rejected because of the
requirement of the question.
( )
Use the identity
.
/ is on the first quadrant, therefore .
/ is
positive.
Use the identity

Mathematics (T)
16. A curve is given as
. Find the gradient of tangent of the curve at the point where

and
Solution:

When

The point is ()
.
/
At (1,1), .

17. Let ()
. Find the set values of x for which f is real and finite.

Solution:
Let ()

() is only defined for
Mathematics (T)
4
54

- + - +

The set values of x is *
+

18. Find, in the form of the equation of the tangent to the curve
at the point
with x-coordinate .
Solution:

When ,

The coordinates is (
/ ( )()

At the x-coordinate

Equation of tangent,
( )

Use the product rule

Use the formula
)
Mathematics (T)
19. The equation of a curve is
.
(a) Show that

(b) Show also, if
then
(c) Hence, find the coordinates of the point on the curve where the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.
Solution:
(a)
/ () .
()

/ .
/ (
(shown)
(b) When

( )

Since (shown)
(c) Subst. into
() ()

Subst. into ,

The coordinates is ( )

20. The expansion ( )
in ascending powers of x, as far as the term in
is
.
Given , find the value of p and the value of A.
Solution:
( )

( .
/
()()

Using a combination of implicit
differentiation and product rule
Since
is undefined for
therefore the solution is
rejected.
Do not write it as .

( )
( )

Mathematics (T)
Comparing the coefficient of and

21. Write down an identity for and use this result to show that
.
(a) It is given that
and

. Without using a calculator, show that
.
(b) Hence, show that the solutions to the equation (
for are

or
()
.
Solution:
() ( )

/()

(shown)
Mathematics (T)
(a)

From
/.
(shown)
(b) Let

Subst.
into

It is given that

Let

From part (b), it is known that

( ) is a factor of the cubic equation.
( )(
)
Comparing
,

( )(

()
()()
()

or

You may draw a triangle and use
Pythagoras Theorem to find the
value of
Mathematics (T)

22. Expand .
/ .
/ Hence or otherwise, expand .
.
(a) By using de Moivres theorem, if show that
and find a
similar expression for
.
(b) Hence, express
in the form of , where

are constants to be determined.
(c) By using the result in (b), find

Solution:
.
/ .

0.
/ .
/1

Mathematics (T)
.
/ .
/
.
/
.
/
(a)

(1)

() ()

(2)
(1)+(2):
(shown)
(1)-(2):
(shown)

(b)

( )
( )
)(
) .
0.
/ .
/ .
/ 1

,( ) ( ) ( ) -

( )

(c)

Using de Moivres Theorem
()

Mathematics (T)
23. () is defined as ()

(a) Find ()
(b) Hence, find the possible values of for which
()
Solution:
(a)
()
( )

()
(b)
()

( )( )
or

24. A curve is defined parametrically as and
,
(a) Find
and
in terms of t. Show that
and hence deduce that the curve has no

turning points.
(b) Find, in exact form, the equation of the normal of the curve at the point where .
Solution:
(a)

/
(
) .
/

(
(shown)
To find the turning point
)
or

The curve has no turning points.
(b) When ,

()

You do not need to solve for x as the
question requires the values of
only.

()
Mathematics (T)
Gradient of normal

When

Equation of the normal ( )
( )

25. A curve C is defined as
.
(a) Find
in terms of
(b) Hence, find the equation of the tangent to the curve C at the point where

Solution:
(a)
/ ( )

, .
/ ( )-

, .
/ )-

(b) When
, .
/
When
/ ,(
) .
/ .
/ .

Equation of tangent, .
/ .
/

Mathematics (T)
Newton-Raphson method
The Newton-Raphson method is used when an equation () cannot be solved using simple
algebraic methods. The formula for Newton-Raphson method is given by
)

Consider the graph of the function () for the interval , -
()

a b

From the graph, it is known that () for and () for . There is a change in sign
of () for the equation. Hence, a root exists in the interval , - for the equation () . Refer to
question 26 for an example.

26. Show that the equation has a root between the interval ,-. Hence, by using
Newton-Raphson method with
as the first approximation, find the root of the equation,

giving your answer to 5 decimal places.
Solution:
Let ()
() ()()
()
()
()
Since there is a change in sign, therefore a root exists between 1 and 2.
Formula for Newton-Raphson method:
() .
/

()
()
Mathematics (T)

()

Therefore, the root of the equation is

27. A function is defined parametrically as
.
(a) Find
in terms of
(b) It is given that
. Show that

(c) Show that the equation
has a root between 0 and 1.

(d) Hence, by using Newton-Raphson method with
as the first approximation, find the root

of the equation
, giving your answer correct to 5 decimal places.

Solution:
(a)
/ .
) .
)
(b)
(shown)
(c) Let ()

()
()
Since there is a change in sign, therefore there is a root between 0 and 1.

The full working is not required
when finding the root
Stop when the value starts to
converge
Mathematics (T)
(d)
()

The root of the equation is

28. The parametric equations of curve C are

(a) Show that the normal to C at the point with parameter p has equation

.
(b) The normal to C at the point P intersects the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. Given that O is the
origin and find the value of p.
Solution:
(a)
/
.
/

Gradient of the normal

At the point

Equation of normal is
( )

(shown)

(b) The x-intercept is given by point A.
x-intercept,

)
The y-intercept is given by point B.
y-intercept,

Mathematics (T)

( (
))

Distance of OA ,(
) ()-
, -
)
Distance of OB , -
,(
) -

Since

Using a calculator, we know that is a root of the equation. Therefore is a factor.
( )(
)
Comparing

( )(
)

29. The function defined on the domain .
/ is given by
()

(a) Find
() in terms of x.
The x-coordinate of the maximum point is denoted by .
(b) Show that
(c) Verify the root lies between 1.27 and 1.28.
Solution:
(a) ()

,()-

()
,
()- .
/ ()

() ,()- 0

()

0

1
(b) To find the maximum point,
() when .
When

(undefined)

(shown)
Mathematics (T)
(c) Let ()
() () () ()

() () () ()

Since there is a change of sign of () therefore a root exists between 1.27 and 1.28.

30. Show that
simplifies to a constant, and find the constant.

Solution:

)(
)
(
)(

(shown)

31. Show that
( )
( ). Hence or otherwise, find, in terms of a and b, the

three values of x for which ( )
( )
( )

Solution:
LHS:

( ) () (shown)
Given that
( )
( )
Replacing p with ( ) and q with ( )...,
( )
( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )
( )( )( ) ( )

must be in radians.
Mathematics (T)
Hence, ( )( )( ) ( )
( )

( )( )( )

32. Solve the following system of linear equations without using a calculator.

Solution:
(

|
(

|
(

|
(

|
)

Express the system of linear
equations in the form of an
augmented matrix
Using elementary row
operations
Mathematics (T)
33. () . Show that a real number, exists such that for all values of x,
( ()) ()
Solution:
()
()
( ()) ( )
( )

( )
()

34. Solve the equation for , giving your answer in terms of .
Solution:

.
/ .
/ .
/ .
/

( )

Mathematics (T)
35. In the binomial expansion of ( )
||
the coefficient of
is equal to the coefficient of
, and the coefficient of
is positive. Find the value of p.

Solution:
( )
, ()()
()()
()
()()
()
()()()
()
-
Since the coefficient of
is equal to the coefficient of

()
()
()()()
()
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( )
( ),
( )( )-
( ) 0
)1
( ) 0
1
( )
(rejected)

( )( )

Since the coefficient of
is given by
()()
()
When

Coefficient of
is
.
/.
/.
() (rejected)
Mathematics (T)
When

Coefficient of
/.
/.
()

36. The curve C has parametric equations

Find the values of t at the points where the normal at C at cuts C again.
Solution:

/
.

Normal

When
Gradient of normal

Mathematics (T)
When
() ()

()

The point is ().
The equation of normal ( )

Since the equation of the normal cuts the curve again,

Since it is known that lies on the curve, is a factor.
Factoring gives ( )( )( )

37. Find the coordinates of the turning points of the curve
and determine their

nature.
Solution:


/ .
/ ()
(
) .

Substitute the parametric
equations into
Mathematics (T)
To find the turning point,

When
)(

When
When
/ .
/ ()

/ .
/ .
/ .
/ .
/ ()

Since
/ .
/ .
()
(

Mathematics (T)
When

()
(maximum)
When

(min)
() is a maximum point, .
/ is a minimum point.

38. Find
by using the substitution .

Solution:
Let

()

| |
| |

Mathematics (T)
Maclaurins Theorem
Certain functions, for example and

can be expressed in the form of a polynomial. The Maclaurins Theorem (or sometimes referred as
Taylor series) is given by
() ()
()
()
()
()

The approximation becomes more accurate when more terms are included in the expansion.
The Maclaurins series is used for:
Finding approximate values for an integral
Evaluating limits
Approximating the value of a function
Refer to question 39 and 40 for an example.

39. If is so small that
and higher powers of may be ignored, expand
as a polynomial in .
Solution:
Using Maclaurins Theorem,
() ()
()
()
()

Let ()

()

()
()

()
()

()
()
()

Mathematics (T)
40. Given that () ( ) show that
() ()(
) (
()) Expand
( ) up to and include the term
. Hence, find an approximation for (
) giving your
answer to 4 decimal places.
Solution:
Let () ( )
() ( )
()

()

()

()

()
()

() ( )( )

()
()
()()

()
Differentiating () with respect to x,

()
()(
) (
())

()
()(
) (
())
()()

Using Maclaurins Theorem,
() ()
()
()
()
()

()
()

()

Mathematics (T)
When
,
.

41. Show that
where is an integer to be found.

Solution:
Let
) ()( )
Let

Compare

Compare

,||-
, |
|-

, - , -

Mathematics (T)
42. By using a suitable substitution or otherwise, find

( )
.
Solution:
Let

( )

()
()
1

)
0

43. Show that ( )( ) .
Hence, evaluate
( )( )

Solution:
LHS, ( )( )
,( ) ( )-,( ) ( )-
( )
( )
) (
)
( ) ( )
(RHS) (shown)

( )( )

( )

Mathematics (T)
0
1 0
1
0
/1 0

44. By using the substitution
, for
, show that

where are constants to be determined. Hence evaluate

Solution:
When

When

()()(

Mathematics (T)

)
(

, -

20
1 0
13
6

Mathematics (T)

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Mathematics (T)

up to and include the term

. Hence, by subsisting , find an estimate

, and give your answer to 6 decimal places.

and higher powers of x is ignored, show that

, where p and q are integers to be determined.

in ascending powers of x is given by

, where A, B, p, q, r and s are

and higher powers of x are

. Hence, use the quadratic approximation to estimate

, giving your answer to 4 decimal places.

and greater powers of x are ignored,

Hence by using the information given,

, find an estimate for , giving your answer to 4 decimal places.

leaves a remainder of when divided by ( ) and a

. Find the real numbers a and b such

. Hence find the other two

) and at point B. Determine the coordinates of point

and express the other

and find an exact expression for

/ is on the first quadrant, therefore .

. Find the gradient of tangent of the curve at the point where

. Find the set values of x for which f is real and finite.

in ascending powers of x, as far as the term in

/ Hence or otherwise, expand .

in the form of , where

in terms of t. Show that

and hence deduce that the curve has no

as the first approximation, find the root of the equation,

has a root between 0 and 1.

as the first approximation, find the root

, giving your answer correct to 5 decimal places.

simplifies to a constant, and find the constant.

( ). Hence or otherwise, find, in terms of a and b, the

is equal to the coefficient of

, and the coefficient of

is positive. Find the value of p.

is equal to the coefficient of

and determine their

by using the substitution .

and higher powers of may be ignored, expand

. Hence, find an approximation for (

where is an integer to be found.

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