Appendix 1

Metro Manilas Air Pollution

Problem Identification and Recommendations


Note: This material was written as a separate article and incorporated as an appendix in this
Paper. It can be used as a separate material to explain and demystify Metro Manilas Air
Pollution problem.









Metro Manilas Air Pollution
Problem Identification and Recommendations

I. Causes of Air Pollution in Metro
A. Primary and Major Cause
1. The use of institutionally adulterated diesel (IAD) in transport
vehicles, particularly buses, trucks and jeepneys.
2. Institutionally adulterated diesel or IAD is high cetane straight-run
diesel adulterated with Light Cycle Oil (LCO), a waste product of
gasoline production in a Fluid Catalytic Cracker (FCC) in an oil
refinery.
3. LCO, being a waste product of gasoline production, has the
following characteristics:
a. It is extremely difficult to burn in a diesel engine.
b. When used at 100%, either the engine will not start or will
result in heavy black smoke and loss of power.
c. When blended with straight-run diesel, it will accelerate
carbonaceous and resinous deposits in fuel injector tips,
piston tops and valves, resulting in inefficient combustion
smoke belching.
4. Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel
a. Organic sulfur in diesel imparts fuel lubricity that protects
fuel injectors from getting damaged. Todays ultra low sulfur
diesel does not have enough lubricity to protect fuel injectors
from getting damaged.
b. When fuel injectors are damaged, proper fuel atomization is
compromised. This results in incomplete combustion of fuel,
which in turn results in smoke belching.
c. Although imparting fuel lubricity is very easy through proper
additization, it is very unfortunate that most refineries do
not practice this as part of refining operations.
B. Secondary Causes
1. Industrial boilers using low quality fuels
2. Thermal power plants using low quality fuels
3. Widespread practice not performing proper engine maintenance
among transport operators
Note: Only the Primary Problem in Section I-A above is tackled in this
document.
II. The Truth about Diesel Fuel
A. Straight-run diesel is a product of atmospheric fractional distillation or
fractionation of crude oil in a typical refinery.
1. Straight-run diesel is a high cetane diesel with a Cetane Number
between 50 and 60 that burns cleanly in a reasonably maintained
diesel engine.
B. Commercially available diesel fuel in the Philippines is an adulterated
version that has low Cetane Number and burns poorly in diesel engines.
C. How diesel is produced in typical refineries
1. Commercially available diesel in the Philippines is straight-run
diesel adulterated with Light Cycle Oil (LCO), a waste product in a
Fluid Catalytic Cracker (FCC) in a typical refinery.
2. An FCC cracks light and heavy gas oil to produce olefinic gasoline. A
by-product, known in the oil industry as LCO, is produced in the
process which cannot be blended in gasoline because of it higher
viscosity and low vapor pressure. It is routinely blended with
straight-run diesel.
III. Presidential Decree 1865
A. Fuel adulteration in the Philippines is a criminal offense.
1. "Petroleum Fuel Product Adulteration"
The mixing of any petroleum product (like straight-run diesel) with
another finished or unfinished petroleum product (like Light Cycle
Oil) or stock or with any non-petroleum substance or material that
will result in product quality change (like Cetane Number
reduction), or resulting in the failure of such finished petroleum
product to meet the required product specifications as prescribed
by the products standards agency of the Ministry of Trade and
Industry, for the purpose of this definition, finished petroleum
product refers to any of the following: premium gasoline, regular
gasoline, aviation gasoline, aviation turbo fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel,
industrial fuel or package lube oils. This definition shall not apply to
alcogas and oil emulsions.
(Comments in parenthesis in italic red added).
2. Conventional oil refineries, technically and strictly speaking,
routinely adulterate straight-run diesel in situ by blending it with
hard-to-burn LCO as part of their diesel production practice.
a. LCO is a form of waste product in the production of gasoline
in a Fluid Catalytic Cracker in a refinery.
b. LCO has a Cetane Number of about 20, which is very low
compared to the industrys minimum number of 47.
c. Pure LCO will not burn in a high speed diesel engine
commonly used in cars and trucks.
d. The use of pure LCO in a diesel engine will result in severe
black smoke belching.
IV. Recommendations
A. Administrative and Legal Remedies: Long Term Not for immediate
implementation
1. Ban the use of LCO as a blending stock for diesel.
2. Mandate the use of pure straight-run diesel only.
3. Implement Presidential Decree 1865 with respect to penalizing fuel
adulteration.
Notes:
Immediate implementation of the following remedies is not
recommended, unless the recommendations on Section IV-B are
not supported by the oil industry.
The industry must be given sufficient time to adjust and construct
facilities to upgrade LCOs to saleable products.
B. Government-Industry Cooperation
1. Government Incentivization Program
a. Incentivize the production, importation, marketing,
distribution and selling of straight-run and/or reformulated
diesel with a certified and verifiable minimum Cetane
Number (not Cetane Index) of 50.
b. Incentivize the construction and operation of stand-alone
LCO Conversion Facility (LCF) that will convert local LCO
production into high cetane diesel.
i. The consortium is to build a dedicated LCO
Conversion Facility (LCF).
ii. Refineries are to sell all its LCO production to the
consortium for conversion to high cetane diesel.
iii. The consortium will distribute the high cetane diesel
to the open market.
iv. Pending the completion and operations of the LCF,
the government will suspend the full implementation
of PD 1865 with respect to fuel adulteration.
C. Citizens Initiatives
1. File a citizens petition to enforce the Section of PD 1865 that
penalizes the adulteration of fuels.
2. Have an environmental organization, or any interested citizens
organization or a private citizen or a law firm, file a class action suit
against the oil refineries that adulterate diesel with LCO to compel
them to stop LCO blending with diesel.
3. Have a group file a lawsuit against diesel importers that import
adulterated diesel.
V. Disclosures
A. The author of this paper, Deo C. Reloj, Jr., is a Filipino citizen who has
taken up residence in the United States. He is the CEO and Chief
Technology Officer of BioSyn Resources, Inc. (BioSyn).
1. Prior to his transfer of residence in the United States, Mr. Reloj was
the first to introduce the following products to the Philippines:
a. Unleaded gasoline
b. Ultra-low emission diesel
c. Low aromatic jet fuel (Jet A-1)
d. Odorless Solvent 3040
e. Xerographic dispersant
f. Liquid xerographic toner
B. BioSyn is an AEPC service company that provides, among others,
technology architecture, engineering, procurement and construction
services for the construction of a stand-alone Reformulation Facility for
converting certain feedstocks into ultra-low sulfur high-cetane diesel.

The following feedstocks may be used:
1. Light Crude Oils
a. Bakken oil
b. Three Fork
c. Eagle Ford
d. Marcellus
e. WTI
f. Louisiana Sweet
g. Brent
2. Refinery streams
a. Light Cycle Oil
b. Light gas oil
c. Heavy gas oil
d. Vacuum Gas oil
6. Slop wax
7. Pyrolysis oil from:
a. Tires
b. Used plastics

C. BioSyn employs DuPonts IsoTherming

technology in its technology

architecture for the construction of the Reformulation Facility. Depending
on the feedstocks and client-required product specifications, BioSyn will
perform outside ISBL modifications on the IsoTherming

technology to
meet the required product specifications without compromising the
process guarantees provided by DuPont on its IsoTherming technology.
D. BioSyn can provide interested clients with large volume analog samples of
ultra-low sulfur high-cetane diesel for fleet testing and demonstration or
power plant test-usage, prior to the construction of the Reformulation
Facility.

For more information on the costing and delivery logistics anywhere in the
world, please email us at:
dcrj.samples@biosynresources.com.