Abstract

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder which is

identified by successive unexpected seizures.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) is the electrical signal of
brain which contains valuable information about its
normal or epileptic activity. In this work EEG and its
frequency sub-bands have been analyzed to detect
epileptic seizures. A discrete wavelet transform (DWT)
has been applied to decompose the EEG into its sub-
bands.Statistical features Energy, Covariance Inter-
quartile range (IQR) and Median Absolute Deviation
(MAD) are calculated for each sub-band. The extracted
features are applied tofuzzy system for classifications
Accuracies of 2 types of member ship functions are
compared. and got classication accuracy of 97%.

Keywords: Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, Epilepsy,
Seizures, Epileptic Seizures, discrete wavelet transform

1. INTRODUCTION

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder with prevalence of about
1-2% of the worlds population It is characterized by
sudden recurrent and transient disturbances of perception or
behavior resulting from excessive synchronization of
cortical neuronal networks; it is a neurological condition in
which an individual experiences chronic abnormal bursts of
electrical discharges in the brain. The hallmark of epilepsy
is recurrent seizures termed "epileptic seizures". Epileptic
seizures are divided by their clinical manifestation into
partial or focal, generalized, unilateral and unclassified
seizures Focal epileptic seizures involve only part of
cerebral hemisphere and produce symptoms in
corresponding parts of the body or in some related mental
functions. Generalized epileptic seizures involve the entire
brain and produce bilateral motor symptoms usually with
loss of consciousness. Both types of epileptic seizures can
occur at all ages. Generalized epileptic seizures can be
subdivided into absence (petit mal) and tonic-clonic (grand
mal) seizures
.
Monitoring brain activity through the electroencephalogram
(EEG) has become an important tool in the diagnosis of
epilepsy. The EEG recordings of patients suffering from
epilepsy show two categories of abnormal activity inter-
ictal, abnormal signals recorded between epileptic seizures;
and ictal, the activity recorded during an epileptic seizure
(Fig. 1). The EEG signature of an inter-ictal activity is
occasional transient waveforms, as isolated spikes, spike
trains, sharp waves or spike-wave complexes. EEG
signature of an epileptic seizure (ictal period) is composed
of a continuous discharge of polymorphic waveforms of
variable amplitude and frequency, spike and sharp wave
complexes, rhythmic hyper synchrony, or electro cerebral
inactivity observed over a duration longer than the average
duration of these abnormalities during inter-ictal periods


Figure 1. EEG signal with Epileptic Seizures

There are number of researches present in literature and
Still going on regarding automated detection of seizures.
The work proposed by Gotman [1] was the first widely
applicable method for seizure detection. Later on modified
in 1990 [2]. This method detected 70% 80% of seizures.
S.R. Mousavi et al. [3] have introduced a new method
based on autoregressive model, with classification claimed
at the range of 91% -96%. Khan & Gotman [4] proposed a
wavelet based method to capture rhythmic nature of seizure
discharges. The sensitivity of detection was about 90%.The
work proposed by Omar Farooq [5] wavelet based
technique is adopted to extract features.




Classication of epileptiform activity in the human electroencephalogram-based
Wavelet Transforms and Fuzzy logic


Shaik.Jakeer Husain ,Associate professor
Departmet of Electronics and CommunicationEngineering
VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
Hyderabad
E-mail: jk.shaik@gmaill.com


Dr.K.S.Rao
Director
CVSR College of Engineering
Hyderabad

In this work the EEG signal has been decomposed into five
sub-bands by discrete wavelet transform (DWT)and
Mandeni fuzzy system model for the classification.A fuzzy
system was implemented to classify the EEG signal to one
of the categories: epileptic or normal. The aim of this work
was to develop a simple algorithm for the detection of
epileptic seizure, which could also be applied to real-time.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Description of the EEG Database

EEG data considered for this work is obtained from
University of Bonn EEG database which is available in
public domain [7]. containsthree differentcases:1)
healthy,2)epilepticsubjects duringseizure-
freeinterval(interictal),3)epileptic subjectsduring
seizureinterval (ictal) [7].Eachcasehasfivedatasets
named:O,Z,F,N,andS. SetsOandZareobtainedfrom
healthysubjectsunder condition ofeyesopenand
closed;respectivelybyexternalsurface
electrodes.SetsFandNare attainedfrom interictal subjects.
SetF taken from epileptogenic zone of the brain
showsfocalinterictalactivity;setNobtainedfrom hip-
pocampalformationofthe oppositehemisphereofthe brain
indicates non-focal interictal activity, and set S is
gotfromanictal subject.
Eachsetcontains100singlechannelEEGsegments
of23.6secduration.Samplingfrequencyis173.61Hz, soeach
segmentcontainsN= 4096samples[7].All these
EEGsegmentsarerecorded withthesame128-channel
amplifierthatconverts by 12A/Dconvertorwith bitrate of
12,andthen weresampled on 173.61 Hz [7].

2.2. Wavelet Decomposition
Wavelet transform is a spectral estimation technique in
which any general function can be expressed as an infinite
series of wavelets. The basic idea underlying wavelet
analysis consists of expressing a signal as a linear
combination of a particular set of functions (wavelet
transform, WT), obtained by shifting and dilating one
single function called a mother wavelet. The decomposition
of the signal leads to a set of coefficients called wavelet
coefficients. Therefore the signal can be reconstructed as a
linear combination of the wavelet functions weighted by the
wavelet coefficients. In order to obtain an exact
reconstruction of the signal, adequate number of
coefficients must be computed. The key feature of wavelets
is the time-frequency localization.


In this work fifth-order Daubechies (DB5) DWT has been
applied to the band-limited EEG (0-60 Hz). After the first
level of decomposition, the band-limited EEG has been
decomposed into its high resolution frequency band, D1
(30-60 Hz), and low resolution frequency band, A1 (0-30
Hz), which should be decomposed in next level.
In the second level of decomposition, A1 has been de-
composed into its high, D2 (15-30), and low, A2 (0-15 Hz)
resolution bands. This process has been repeated four
times. After full decomposition five sub-bands have been
attained: high frequency sub-bands (details) of levels 1 to 4
(D1 (30-60 Hz), D2 (15-30 Hz), D3 (8-15 Hz), D4 (4-8
Hz)) as well as the low frequency sub-band (approximate)
of the last level (A4 (0-4 Hz)).Figure 2 illustrates this multi-
level decomposition process schematically. These five
frequency sub-bands are almost corresponding to five
physiological EEG bands, delta (0-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz),
alpha (8-13 Hz), beta (13-30), and gamma (30-60 Hz).






















Figure 2 Schematic of multi-level decomposition.

2.3 Feature Extraction
The extracted wavelet coefficients provide a compact
representation that shows the energy distribution of the
EEG signal in time and frequency.The following statistical
features were used to represent the time frequency
distribution of the EEG signals:

I. Energy of the wavelet coefficients in each sub-
band
E(l)=
2
1
n
i
i
x (1)
Where, xirepresents thevalueofsignal, nis
thetotalnumberofsamplesandlrepresentsthedecomposedlevel
.
II. Coefficient of variation of the wavelet coefficients
in each sub-band
EEG(0-60Hz)
(
LPF
A1(0-30Hz)

HPF
D1(30-60Hz)

LPF
A2(0-15Hz)

HPF
D2(15-30Hz)

LPF
A3(0-8Hz)

HPF
D3(8-15Hz)

LPF
A4(0-4Hz)

HPF
D4(4-8Hz)


2
2
ov C (2)



III. Interquartile range of the wavelet coefficients in
each sub-band
TheIQRisdefinedby IQR=Q3Q1 (3)
Where,Q1 andQ3arethefirst andthirdquartile respectively.

IV. Median absolute deviation of the wavelet
coefficients in each sub-band
Themedianabsolutedeviationisthemean of the
absolutedeviationsofasetofdataaboutthedata'smean.For
asamplesizeNandthemean distributionx,themedian
absolutedeviationisdefinedby(MAD)
1
1
| |
N
i
i
x x
N
.(4)

2.4Fuzzy Techniques

Fuzzy systems are being used successfully in an increasing
number of application areas. They are linguistic rules to
describe a system. The rule based systems are more suitable
for complex systems where it is very difficult, but not
impossible to describe the system mathematically The
Mamdani fuzzy system with four inputs and one output is
the basic fuzzy model. The centre of gravity defuzzification
method is employedThe following cascaded block diagram
shows the generalized System for the classification of epilepsy.






Figure 3 Block Diagram of Epileptic Seizure Classification
systems

Table-I Range of values of fuzzy variables
Variable Range Low Medium High
Energy
(Input)
0 to 90000 0 to
2000
1500 to
5000
4500 to
90000
Covariance
(Input)
0 to 6000 0 to
100
90 to
600
185 to
5895
IQR
(Input)
0 to 600 0 to
25
20 to
75
60 to
300
MAD
(Input)
0 to 300 0 to
15
10 to 40 30 to
300
Epilepsy
Level(Output)
0 to 1 0to
0.2
0.1 to
0.5
0.4 to
1
Figure 4 to 8 shows Input/ Output membership functions
Of the Fuzzy System with linguistic members such as low,
medium and high, the range of values are chosen as per
table-I.
Total eight rules are formed Figure 9 shows the view of all
rules

Figure 4 Fuzzy input Energy Membership functions

Figure 5 Fuzzy input Covariance Membership functions

Figure 6Fuzzy input IQR Membership functions

Figure 7 Fuzzy input MAD Membership functions

Figure 8 Fuzzy Output Epilepsy level Membership
functions

Figure 9Fuzzy rule viewer.

EEG
Signal
Pre-
processing
Feature
Extraction
Classif
ication

3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

The performance of the classification is evaluated in terms
of specificity,Sensitivityand classification accuracy which
are defined as:

Specificity =



Sensitivity=


Overall classification accuracy (CA) %=


Table-II
Methods Specificity
(%)
Sensitivity
(%)
classification
accuracy(%)
Fuzzy logic
With
triangular
membership
function



90


94


92
Fuzzy logic
With Bell
membership
function



97


97


97

4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we presented a method of classifying epileptic
seizure using fuzzy logic system EEG signals are
decomposed using discrete wavelet transforms (db5)and
Sub-bands(delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma)
coefficients are used for feature
extraction(Energy,Covariance,IQR and MAD). The
extracted features are applied to The Mamdani fuzzy
system with four inputs and one output is the basic fuzzy
model. Triangular andbell shaped membership function are
used. Performance evaluation done in terms of specificity,
sensitivity and classification accuracy (Table II).

The classification performance obtained by fuzzy model
is very competitive. But, there are still many issues that
need to be considered in future research The performance
of this can be further enhanced by using Adaptive Neural
Fuzzy InferenceSystems (ANFIS) and Aggregation operator
based fuzzy classification.




5. References

[1] J. Gotman., Automatic recognition of epileptic
seizures in the EEG, Clinical Neurophysiology,
vol. 54, pp. 530540, 1982
[2] J.Gotman., Automatic seizure detection:
improvements and evaluation, Clinical
Neurophysiology, vol. 76, pp. 317324, 1990.
[3] S.R. Mousavi, M. Nikanazar, B. V. Vahdat,
Epileptic Seizure detection using AR model on
EEG signals, Cairo International Biomedical
Engineering Conference, (CIBEC), pp. 1 -4, 2008.
[4] Y.U. Khan, J. Gotman, Electroencephalogram
Wavelet based automatic seizure detection
iintracerebral, Clinical Neurophysiology,
vol. 114, pp. 899-908, 2003
[5] YNidal Rafiuddin1Yusuf Uzzaman Khan and
Omar Farooq,Feature Extraction and Classification
of EEG for Automatic Seizure Detection, IEEE
International Conference on Multimedia,
Signal Processing and Communication
Technologies, pp. 184-187,2011.

[6] Ahmad Mirzaei, Ahmad Ayatollahi, Hamed
Vavadi "Statistical analysis of epileptic activities
based on histogram and wavelet-spectral entropy"J.
Biomedical Science and Engineering, 2011, 4, 207-
213
[7]
EEG time series (epileptic data) (2005, Nov.)
[Online],http://www.meb.unibonn.de/epileptologie/
science/physik/eegdata.html

[8] R.Harikumar, Dr. (Mrs).R.SukaneshFuzzy
Techniques for Classification of Epilepsy risk
level in Diabetic Patients Using Cerebral Blood
Flowand Aggregation Operators