Chapter 24: Digestive System

Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system?
A) cellular respiration
B) food selection
C) elimination of undigested food
D) regulation of blood p
!) integration and coordination of other systems
Answer" c
#evel" 1
$. Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal?
A) salivary gland
B) liver
C) gallbladder
D) stomach
!) pancreas
Answer" d
#evel" 1
%. &n order to remove a tumor in the muscular tunic of the stomach' a surgeon must cut
through the
A) lamina propria.
B) submucosa.
C) serosa.
D) mucosa.
!) lamina propria
Answer" c
#evel" 1
(. )he muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is
A) s*eletal muscle throughout the tract' especially in the large intestine.
B) the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries.
C) in direct contact with the food that is consumed.
D) composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth
muscle fibers.
!) connective tissue and the peritoneum.
Answer" d
#evel" 1
+. )he enteric ple,us
A) is found in the mucosa.
B) consists of the myenteric ple,us and the celiac ple,us.
C) contains sympathetic neurons and fibers.
D) controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.
!) is a valve in the -& tract.
Answer" d
#evel" 1
.. Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed?
A) mucosa
B) muscularis
C) submucosa
D) serosa
!) peritoneum
Answer" a
#evel" 1
/. Which of the following is correctly matched?
A) mucosa 0 controls peristalsis
B) serosa 0 contains an e,tensive supply of nerves and blood vessels
C) submucosa 0 lamina propria
D) serosa 0 increased surface area
!) muscularis 0 responsible for peristalsis
Answer" e
#evel" 1
1. )he myenteric ple,us is found in the 22222 of the digestive tract wall.
A) mucosa
B) serosa
C) submucosa
D) muscularis
!) adventitia
Answer" d
#evel" 1
3. )he intramural ple,us
A) is found in the mucosa
B) consists of the myenteric ple,us and the ciliac ple,us
C) helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract
D) contains parasympathetic neurons
!) C and D
Answer" e
#evel" $
14. Beginning at the lumen' the se5uence of layers of the digestive tract wall is
A) submucosa' mucosa' serous membrane' muscularis.
B) muscularis' lamina propria' submucosa' mucosa.
C) mucosa' submucosa' muscularis' serosa.
D) peritoneum' submucosa' mucosa' lamina propria.
!) submucosa' mucosa' adventitia' muscularis
Answer" c
#evel" $
11. 6ecretions that are added as food moves through the -& tract assist in
A) li5uefying and digesting the food.
B) vitamin A and D production and storage.
C) distribution of nutrients throughout the body.
D) insulin production.
!) bile production.
Answer" a
#evel" 1
1$. Arrange the following in proper se5uence"
1. digestion
$. elimination
%. ingestion
(. absorption
A) %' (' $' 1
B) 1' (' %' $
C) (' 1' $' %
D) %' (' 1' $
!) %' 1' (' $
Answer" e
#evel" $
1%. Which of the following occurs in the large intestine?
A) chemical digestion
B) mass movements
C) mastication
D) mi,ing waves
!) neutrali7ation
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1(. Diffusion and active transport are li*ely to be important in
A) mastication of food.
B) absorption of food.
C) elimination of undigested food.
D) propulsion of food through the digestive tract.
!) mi,ing of food
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1+. )he epiglottis covers the opening into the laryn, during
A) the voluntary phase of swallowing.
B) the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
C) the esophageal phase of swallowing.
D) the gastric phase of swallowing.
!) the oral phase of swallowing.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1.. )he abdominal cavity is lined with
A) the omental bursa.
B) mesenteries.
C) the greater omentum.
D) parietal peritoneum.
!) superficial fascia
Answer" d
#evel" 1
1/. Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal?
A) pancreas
B) ascending colon
C) duodenum
D) descending colon
!) all of the above
Answer" e
#evel" 1
11. Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be
A) retroperitoneal.
B) antiperitoneal.
C) falciperitoneal.
D) hyperperitoneal.
!) mesoperitoneal.
Answer" a
#evel" 1
13. A large amount of fat accumulates in the
A) greater omentum.
B) lesser omentum.
C) coronary ligament.
D) sigmoid mesocolon.
!) visceral peritoneum.
Answer" a
#evel" 1
$4. A man had a gunshot wound in his abdomen. )he bullet passed through his anterior body
and lodged inside the transverse colon. What layers did the bullet pass through to arrive at the
location?
1. parietal peritoneum
$. visceral peritoneum
A) 1' $
B) 1' $' 1' $
C) 1' $' $' 1
D) 1' $' $' $
!) $' 1' 1' 1
Answer" d
#evel" %
$1. Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?
A) greater omentum
B) lesser omentum
C) transverse mesocolon
D) falciform ligament
!) round ligament
Answer" d
#evel" 1
$$. 6aliva
A) is produced only when there is food in the mouth.
B) increases ulceration in the mouth.
C) is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth.
D) moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.
!) does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth.
Answer" d
#evel" $
$%. )he oral cavity
A) opens into the nasopharyn,.
B) directly connects with the esophagus.
C) contains the parotid salivary glands.
D) has boundaries that include the lips' palate and chee*s.
!) is lined with cuboidal epithelium.
Answer" d
#evel" 1
$(. )he lips' chee*' and tongue all aid in
A) speech and swallowing.
B) mastication and speech.
C) mastication and swallowing.
D) mastication and sense of taste.
!) deglutition and peristalsis
Answer" b
#evel" 1
$+. )he tongue
A) secretes saliva.
B) plays a ma8or role in swallowing.
C) contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues.
D) is attached to the hard palate.
!) functions in deglutition apnea.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
$.. Which of the following is associated with the tongue?
A) uvula
B) constrictor muscles
C) papillae and taste buds
D) periodontal ligament
!) fauces
Answer" c
#evel" 1
$/. Which of the following would inhibit normal movements of the tongue?
A) swollen lips
B) lingual frenulum e,tending to tip of tongue
C) decrease in number of taste buds
D) loss of all teeth
!) swollen tonsils
Answer" b
#evel" $
$1. #ipid0soluble drugs placed under the tongue
A) are more easily swallowed.
B) can be detected by taste buds.
C) are 5uic*ly dissolved and absorbed.
D) are then easy to chew.
!) are not readily absorbed.
Answer" c
#evel" $
$3. Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
A) crown 0 enamel
B) root 0 root canal
C) alveoli 0 periodontal ligament
D) pulp cavity 0 cementum
!) apical foramen 9 blood supply
Answer" d
#evel" 1
%4. )eeth in adults
A) are replaced by osteoblast activity if they are e,tracted.
B) are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half 8aw.
C) are all of the same type 0 molars.
D) are composed of living cells called enamel cells.
!) do not play a role in speech.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
%1. )he 2222 helps hold a tooth in its soc*et.
A) crown
B) cementum
C) periodontal ligament
D) dental arch
!) alveoli
Answer" c
#evel" 1
%$. :ood is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the
A) epiglottis.
B) palatine tonsils.
C) tongue.
D) soft palate.
!) hard palate.
Answer" d
#evel" 1
%%. )he salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are
the
A) parotid glands.
B) sublingual glands.
C) buccal glands.
D) labial glands.
!) lacrimal glands.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
%(. )he salivary glands located 8ust anterior to the ear are the
A) parotid glands.
B) submandibular glands.
C) buccal glands.
D) labial glands.
!) sublingual glands.
Answer" a
#evel" 1
%+. Which of the following components of saliva is mismatched with its function?
A) mucin 0 lubricant
B) lyso7yme 0 antibacterial properties
C) salivary amylase 0 digestive en7yme
D) &gA 0 increases ulceration in the mouth
!) salivary amylase 0 brea*s covalent bonds in glucose
Answer" d
#evel" $
%.. )he digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are
A) flushing and protein digestion.
B) swallowing and fat digestion.
C) peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion.
D) moistening and starch digestion.
!) none of the above
Answer" d
#evel" $
%/. 6alivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the
A) facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.
B) vagus nerve.
C) taste centers of the medulla.
D) intercostal nerves.
!) trigeminal nerve.
Answer" a
#evel" 1
%1. ;astication
A) increases the surface area of food particles.
B) decreases the efficiency of digestion.
C) occurs in both the mouth and stomach.
D) is never under voluntary control.
!) decreases the surface area of food particles.
Answer" a
#evel" $
%3. Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true?
A) )he voluntary phase begins in the pharyn,.
B) &n the pharyngeal phase' food is moved through the pharyn,.
C) )he uvula rises during the esophageal phase.
D) <eristalsis occurs in all phases of swallowing.
!) Breathing occurs during swallowing.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
(4. Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a
li5uid?
A) laryngeal constriction forcing li5uid through the pharyn,
B) rela,ation of the soft palate allowing li5uid to enter the nasal cavity
C) the tongue might be swallowed
D) nothing 0 swallowing will be normal
!) peristalsis will not begin
Answer" b
#evel" $
(1. )he portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the
A) nasopharyn,.
B) oropharyn,.
C) laryngopharyn,.
D) esophagus.
!) laryn,.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
($. )he esophagus
A) e,tends from the fauces to the stomach.
B) has cartilage in its walls to *eep it from collapsing.
C) produces two en7ymes that digest proteins.
D) has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.
!) has thin walls of connective tissue.
Answer" d
#evel" 1
(%. Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function?
A) mucous cells 0 produce intrinsic factor
B) parietal cells 0 produce hydrochloric acid
C) chief cells 0 produce mucous
D) endocrine cells 0 produce en7ymes
!) chief cells 9 produce hormones
Answer" b
#evel" 1
((. Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description?
A) body 0 portion closest to the esophagus
B) pylorus 0 the most inferior portion of the stomach
C) fundus 0 opening from the stomach into the duodenum
D) cardiac region 0 the largest portion of the stomach
!) pyloric opening 0 opening from the esophagus
Answer" b
#evel" 1
(+. When part of the stomach e,tends through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity' this
condition is called
A) esophagitis.
B) an ulcer.
C) a hiatal hernia.
D) pyloric stenosis.
!) pyrosis
Answer" c
#evel" 1
(.. &nflammation of the stomach mucosa in the area superior to the pyloric sphincter is most
appropriately referred to as
A) esophagitis.
B) a duodenal ulcer.
C) a hiatal hernia.
D) gastric ulcer.
!) indigestion.
Answer" d
#evel" $
(/. =eflu, of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of
A) rela,ation of the cardiac sphincter.
B) contraction of the pyloric sphincter.
C) spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall.
D) increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells.
!) increased amounts of mucous produced by the stomach.
Answer" a
#evel" 1
(1. &nability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent
A) food from entering the stomach.
B) stomach acid from being released.
C) digestive en7ymes from being released.
D) food from entering the small intestine.
!) the ma*ing of chyme.
Answer" d
#evel" 1
(3. Which of the following are secreted by the stomach?
A) amylase and lipase
B) pepsinogen and intrinsic factor
C) bile and lipase
D) trypsin and amylase
!) bicarbonate and secretin
Answer" b
#evel" 1
+4. Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure?
A) muscularis 0 two layers> both circular
B) rugae 0 folds of mucosa and submucosa
C) mucosa 0 gastric glands
D) gastric pits 0 open onto surface of stomach mucosa
!) lining 0 simple columnar epithelium
Answer" a
#evel" 1
+1. Why doesn?t the stomach digest itself?
A) )he stomach wall lac*s proteins so en7ymes won?t attac* it.
B) )he digestive en7ymes in the stomach aren?t efficient enough.
C) )he stomach lining is too tough to be digested.
D) )he stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.
!) )he stomach is protected by Cl.
Answer" d
#evel" $
+$. &ntrinsic factor
A) increases gastric motility.
B) causes the release of stomach acid.
C) facilitates the absorption of vitamin B
1$
.
D) protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid.
!) stimulates the synthesis of D@A.
Answer" c
#evel" $
+%. Which of the following events occurs because of the low p of the stomach?
A) activation of salivary amylase
B) enhanced carbohydrate digestion
C) proper environment for functioning of pepsin
D) protein synthesis
!) lipid digestion
Answer" c
#evel" $
+(. )he formation of Cl in the stomach involves the
A) active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
B) e,change of sodium ions for hydrogen ions in the transport process.
C) active transport of chloride ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
D) e,change of sodium and bicarbonate ions.
!) the combination of carbon dio,ide and water.
Answer" a
#evel" $
++. Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. &f we inserted a large volume of
highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat' which of the following responses are
consistent with that?
1. decreased gastric acid secretion
$. increased bile production
%. increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic en7yme secretion
(. increased secretin and cholecysto*inin
A) 1' $' %' (
B) 1' $' %
C) $' %' (
D) 1' %' (
!) 1' $' (
Answer" a
#evel" %
+.. <epsinogen
A) is secreted by parietal cells.
B) is activated by salivary amylase in swallowed food.
C) is pac*aged in 7ymogen granules.
D) operates optimally at a p of + or more.
!) helps to form peptide bonds.
Answer" c
#evel" 1
+/. Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric 8uice. )his phase of
gastric secretion is called the 22222 phase.
A) cephalic
B) gastric
C) intestinal
D) pancreatic
!) conscious
Answer" a
#evel" 1
+1. )he gastric phase of gastric secretion
A) decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach.
B) is triggered by taste' sight' thought' or smell of food.
C) is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerves.
D) leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.
!) leads to the least volume of gastric secretion.
Answer" d
#evel" $
+3. )he distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the
A) cephalic phase of gastric secretion.
B) gastric phase of gastric secretion.
C) intestinal phase of gastric secretion.
D) cystic phase of gastric secretion.
!) hepatic phase of gastric secretion.
Answer" b
#evel" $
.4. )he intestinal phase of gastric secretion
A) is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.
B) leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal p falls below $.
C) only stimulates gastric secretion.
D) will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum.
!) is controlled by the entrance of al*aline material into the small intestines.
Answer" a
#evel" $
.1. Which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility?
A) vagal stimulation and gastrin
B) chewing and swallowing food
C) gastric inhibitory peptide A-&<)
D) gastrin and cholecysto*inin ACCB)
!) large amounts of fiber in the diet
Answer" c
#evel" $
.$. Which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion?
A) acidic chyme in duodenum
B) secretin
C) gastrin
D) cholecysto*inin
!) pepsin
Answer" c
#evel" $
.%. :atty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of
A) secretin and gastrin.
B) gastric inhibitory peptide and cholecysto*inin ACCB).
C) gastrin and gastric inhibitory peptide.
D) somatomedin and -&<.
!) insulin and glucagon.
Answer" b
#evel" $
.(. )he enterogastric refle, can be triggered by
A) distention of the duodenal wall.
B) the presence of food in the stomach.
C) increased p in the duodenum.
D) the cerebral corte,.
!) the hormone secretin.
Answer" a
#evel" 1
.+. :ood in the stomach is s5uee7ed and mi,ed with gastric 8uices' forming a semili5uid
called
A) bolusin.
B) chyme.
C) bile.
D) phlegm.
!) feces.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
... )he pyloric pump
A) mi,es stomach contents for digestion.
B) causes hunger contractions.
C) moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening.
D) causes rugae to flatten.
!) opens the pyloric sphincter completely.
Answer" c
#evel" 1
./. Duodenal gland secretion prevents
A) digestive en7yme release.
B) release of bile from the liver.
C) irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive en7ymes.
D) the release of insulin.
!) peristalsis.
Answer" c
#evel" 1
.1. -astritis' peptic ulcers and gastric cancer can all be caused by
A) elicobacter pylori' a bacterium.
B) increased secretion of gastric bicarbonate.
C) p of the stomach contents continuously greater than (.
D) increased mucus production by the nec* cells.
!) none of the above
Answer" a
#evel" 1
.3. !n7ymes secreted by the small intestine include
A) disaccharidases.
B) secretin.
C) cholecysto*inin.
D) bile.
!) histamine.
Answer" a
#evel" 1
/4. )he villi' microvilli and plicae circularis function to
A) liberate hormones.
B) promote peristalsis.
C) produce bile.
D) increase surface area for absorption.
!) stimulate chemical digestion.
Answer" d
#evel" 1
/1. )he hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the
A) pancreatic duct with the lacteals.
B) greater duodenal papilla with the lesser duodenal papilla.
C) common bile duct and pancreatic duct.
D) cystic duct and interlobular duct.
!) hepatic ducts and cystic ducts.
Answer" c
#evel" 1
/$. Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli?
A) submucosa
B) mucosa
C) muscularis
D) serosa
!) adventitia
Answer" b
#evel" 1
/%. What portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach?
A) 8e8unum
B) duodenum
C) ileum
D) common bile duct
!) hepatopancreatic ampulla
Answer" c
#evel" 1
/(. Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function?
A) endocrine cells 0 produce mucus
B) absorptive cells 0 produce digestive en7ymes
C) granular cells 0 absorb nutrients
D) goblet cells 0 produce hormones
!) granular cells 9 produce granules
Answer" b
#evel" 1
/+. Bloc*age of the ileocecal valve would prevent
A) pancreatic 8uice from entering the duodenum.
B) bile from entering the duodenum.
C) lymph from entering the 8e8unum.
D) chyme from entering the ileum.
!) chyme from entering the large intestine.
Answer" e
#evel" 1
/.. )he gallbladder
A) produces bile.
B) is attached to the pancreas.
C) stores bile.
D) produces secretin.
!) brea*s down red blood cells.
Answer" c
#evel" 1
//. )he pancreatic islets
A) are found in the wall of the stomach.
B) e,crete mucus.
C) produce digestive en7ymes.
D) are e,ocrine glands.
!) are endocrine glands.
Answer" e
#evel" 1
/1. Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true?
A) )he head of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the ileum.
B) )he pancreatic duct carries both en7ymes and hormones.
C) )he pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive en7ymes.
D) )he pancreas assists the stomach in the absorption of digested food.
!) )he pancreas digests sugar.
Answer" c
#evel" 1
/3. Bile would flow directly from the
A) gallbladder into the hepatic duct.
B) hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.
C) bile canaliculus into the cystic duct.
D) common bile duct into the gallbladder.
!) cystic duct into the hepatic ducts
Answer" b
#evel" $
14. Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from the
bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder.
1. common bile duct
$. common hepatic duct
%. cystic duct
(. left and right hepatic ducts
A) %' (' $
B) %' $' 1
C) (' $' 1
D) (' 1' $
!) 1' (' $
Answer" c
#evel" $
11. )he liver
A) has two ma8or lobes 0 caudate and 5uadrate.
B) is located on the superior surface of the diaphragm.
C) is not vascular.
D) is located in the left upper 5uadrant of the abdomen.
!) consists of two ma8or lobes and two minor lobes.
Answer" e
#evel" 1
1$. @utrient0rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the
A) hepatic artery.
B) hepatic portal vein.
C) hepatic vein.
D) inferior vena cava.
!) celiac trun*.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1%. Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes?
A) produce digestive en7ymes
B) synthesi7e hormones
C) produce hydrochloric acid
D) synthesi7e bile
!) regulate p
Answer" d
#evel" 1
1(. An organ is described as follows" cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein
with sinusoids between the cords of cells. )he organ having this histological structure is the
A) pancreas.
B) spleen.
C) liver.
D) stomach.
!) gall bladder
Answer" c
#evel" $
1+. )he hepatic sinusoids
A) transport bile.
B) have phagocytic cells in their lining.
C) are part of the portal triad.
D) connect to the gallbladder.
!) do not have a function.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1.. Bile is produced by cells of the
A) duodenum.
B) liver.
C) gallbladder.
D) pancreas.
!) hepatopancreatic ampulla
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1/. Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of
A) carbohydrates.
B) lipids.
C) proteins.
D) disaccharides.
!) all of the above
Answer" b
#evel" $
11. )he liver
A) produces secretions that help neutrali7e stomach acids and emulsify fats.
B) produces several digestive en7ymes.
C) stores vitamin C.
D) receives o,ygenated blood from the portal vein.
!) can not synthesi7e new molecules.
Answer" a
#evel" 1
13. Bile secretion is
A) performed continuously by the liver..
B) is stimulated by sympathetic nerves.
C) is stimulated by decreased amounts of bile salts.
D) stimulated by increased vitamin B
1$
storage.
!) controlled by the gallbladder.
Answer" a
#evel" 1
34. Bile
A) digests proteins in the small intestine.
B) emulsifies fats in the small intestine.
C) is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver.
D) activates trypsin in the small intestine.
!) activates the pancreas.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
31. :unctions of the liver include
A) production of many blood proteins.
B) interconversion of nutrients.
C) deto,ification of harmful chemicals.
D) bile production.
!) all of the above
Answer" e
#evel" $
3$. epatocytes
A) phagocyti7e cells.
B) form phospholipids and hydro,ylate vitamin D.
C) convert ammonia to urea.
D) remove sugar from the blood and store is as glycogen.
!) all of the above
Answer" e
#evel" $
3%. Which of the following structures has both endocrine and e,ocrine tissue?
A) colon
B) liver
C) pancreas
D) gallbladder
!) spleen
Answer" c
#evel" 1
3(. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum.
1. ascending colon
$. descending colon
%. sigmoid colon
(. transverse colon
A) 1' $' %' (
B) 1' (' $' %
C) $' %' 1' (
D) $' (' 1' %
!) 1' (' %' $
Answer" b
#evel" $
3+. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum?
A) ascending colon
B) descending colon
C) transverse colon
D) sigmoid colon
!) cecum
Answer" d
#evel" 1
3.. A bloc*age in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon
would occur at the
A) ileocecal valve.
B) hepatic fle,ure.
C) splenic fle,ure.
D) cardiac sphincter.
!) gastric fle,ure.
Answer" b
#evel" $
3/. )he longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands
called the
A) teniae coli.
B) haustra.
C) coli longitudini.
D) epiploic appendages.
!) rugae.
Answer" a
#evel" 1
31. )he ma8or secretion of the large intestine is
A) bile.
B) hormones.
C) mucus.
D) vitamins.
!) bacteria.
Answer" c
#evel" 1
33. )he anal canal
A) begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum.
B) has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
C) contains many goblet cells.
D) contains tubular glands called crypts.
!) has an e,ternal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
144. Which of the following apply to the small intestine?
A) 6ecretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ.
B) 6egmentation contractions occur in this organ.
C) Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ.
D) ;i,ing and propulsion of chyme.
!) All of the above apply to the small intestine.
Answer" e
#evel" $
141. Cholecysto*inin is produced by endocrine cells of the
A) stomach.
B) small intestine.
C) pancreas.
D) large intestine.
!) liver.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
14$. Which of the following is mismatched?
A) segmental contractions 0 mi, intestinal contents
B) peristaltic contractions 0 propel intestinal contents along -.&. tract
C) sympathetic nerve fibers 0 increase intestinal motility
D) distention of intestinal wall 0 increases intestinal motility
!) parasympathetic nerve fibers 9 stimulate secretion of pancreatic 8uices
Answer" c
#evel" $
14%. Which of the following statements applies to the ileocecal sphincter?
A) Cecal distention enhances rela,ation of this sphincter.
B) Closure of this sphincter inhibits absorption in the small intestine.
C) <eristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter cause it to rela,.
D) )his sphincter is usually rela,ed.
!) )his sphincter stays contracted.
Answer" c
#evel" 1
14(. )he gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone
A) secretin.
B) cholecysto*inin.
C) gastrin.
D) entero*inin.
!) insulin.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
14+. When chyme enters the duodenum' 2222 is released and stimulates the pancreas to
secrete bicarbonates.
A) gastrin
B) secretin
C) insulin
D) cholecysto*inin
!) glucagon.
Answer" b
#evel" $
14.. )he digestive 8uice that contains en7ymes capable of digesting all ma8or food groups is
A) gastric.
B) biliary.
C) salivary.
D) pancreatic.
!) hepatic.
Answer" d
#evel" 1
14/. Which of the following en7ymes is found in inactive form in pancreatic 8uice?
A) bile
B) trypsin
C) sucrase
D) pepsin
!) lipase
Answer" b
#evel" 1
141. Which of the following en7ymes is mismatched with its substrate?
A) pepsin 0 protein
B) amylase 0 starch
C) trypsin 0 nucleic acids
D) lipase 0 fat
!) deo,yribonucleases 0 D@A
Answer" c
#evel" 1
143. !ntero*inase
A) is a hormone.
B) triggers the release of bile from the gallbladder.
C) activates trypsinogen.
D) increases duodenal motility.
!) digests proteins.
Answer" c
#evel" $
114. )rypsin can activate
A) pepsinogen.
B) chymotrypsinogen.
C) angiotensinogen.
D) endopeptidase.
!) lipase.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
111. A proteolytic en7yme secreted by the pancreas is
A) ribonuclease.
B) chymotrypsin.
C) amylase.
D) enterogastrone.
!) pancreatic lipase.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
11$. Which of the following statements concerning cholecysto*inin is correct?
A) Cholecysto*inin stimulates contraction of the gallbladder.
B) Cholecysto*inin stimulates secretion of mucus by the gastric glands.
C) Cholecysto*inin stimulates the pancreas to release a bicarbonate0rich solution.
D) Cholecysto*inin stimulates the intestine to secrete trypsin.
!) Cholecysto*inin stimulates gastric secretions.
Answer" a
#evel" 1
11%. )he ma8or stimulus for the release of cholecysto*inin is the presence of 222222 in the
intestine.
A) bile
B) pancreatic 8uice
C) fatty acids and other lipids
D) sugars
!) proteins
Answer" c
#evel" 1
11(. )he mucosa of the colon
A) contains many mucus0secreting goblet cells.
B) e,changes sodium ions for chloride ions.
C) actively secretes sodium and chloride ions.
D) produces en7ymes that complete lipid digestion.
!) consists of stratified columnar epithelium.
Answer" a
#evel" 1
11+. Cne of the ma8or functions of the large intestine is to
A) produce vitamin C.
B) regulate the release of bile.
C) brea* down hemoglobin to release bilirubin.
D) convert chyme to feces.
!) absorb nutrients.
Answer" d
#evel" 1
11.. :eces consist of
A) water.
B) undigestible food.
C) bacteria.
D) sloughed0off epithelial cells.
!) all of these
Answer" e
#evel" $
11/. -astrocolic refle,es are refle,es that
A) empty the stomach.
B) release gastric secretions into the stomach.
C) cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach.
D) lead to mass movements of the colon in response to food in the duodenum.
!) stop movement in the colon.
Answer" c
#evel" $
111. :latus is
A) an en7yme produced by the colon.
B) gas produced by bacteria in the colon.
C) the solid portion of fecal material.
D) a colic refle,.
!) gas produced by goblet cells.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
113. 6trong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called
A) segmental contractions.
B) churning contractions.
C) mass movements.
D) rectal propulsions.
!) defecation.
Answer" c
#evel" 1
1$4. )he defecation refle,
A) is stimulated by distention of the rectum.
B) inhibits further peristalsis in the rectum and lower colon.
C) constricts the internal anal sphincter.
D) lasts several hours.
!) none of the above
Answer" a
#evel" 1
1$1. Which of the following does not illustrate digestion?
A) polysaccharides disaccharides
B) fat fatty acids and glycerol
C) CC
$
and
$
C carbohydrates
D) protein amino acids
!) disaccharides monosaccharides
Answer" c
#evel" $
1$$. !n7ymes for the digestion of disaccharides are produced in the
A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) pancreas.
D) small intestine.
!) liver.
Answer" d
#evel" 1
1$%. &nsulin increases the rate of 22222 transport into cells.
A) sucrose
B) fructose
C) glucose
D) galactose
!) lactose
Answer" c
#evel" $
1$(. ;ost nutrient absorption occurs in the
A) stomach and esophagus.
B) duodenum and 8e8unum.
C) ascending colon and cecum.
D) pancreatic duct and gall bladder.
!) ileum and transverse colon
Answer" b
#evel" $
1$+. !n7ymes that digest carbohydrates include
A) peptidases.
B) amylase' maltase' and sucrase.
C) lipase.
D) maltase and lipase.
!) trypsin' and chymotrypsin.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1$.. ;onosaccharides
A) are emulsified before absorption.
B) are absorbed into lacteals.
C) use a cotransport process in their absorption.
D) need vitamin C to be absorbed.
!) can not be absorbed.
Answer" c
#evel" $
1$/. &f the thoracic duct were tied off' which of the following classes of nutrients would not
enter the circulatory system at their normal rate?
A) amino acids
B) glucose
C) lipids
D) disaccharides
!) monosaccharides
Answer" c
#evel" $
1$1. !mulsification
A) converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets.
B) occurs in the gallbladder.
C) chemically digests lipids.
D) increases surface area for lipid digestion.
!) involves en7ymes.
Answer" d
#evel" $
1$3. 6mall droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called
A) chylomicrons.
B) micelles.
C) monoglycerides.
D) diglycerides.
!) lacteals.
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1%4. Chylomicrons
A) are synthesi7ed in intestinal epithelial cells.
B) enter capillaries in the small intestine.
C) help emulsify fats.
D) are a rich source of carbohydrate.
!) are synthesi7ed in the lumen of the small intestines.
Answer" a
#evel" $
1%1. Arrange the following events in the correct order"
1. absorption of lipids
$. emulsification
%. micelle formation
(. digestion of lipids
A) 1' $' %' (
B) %' (' $' 1
C) (' 1' $' %
D) $' (' 1' %
!) $' (' %' 1
Answer" e
#evel" $
1%$. &n comparison to a low0density lipoprotein A#D#)' a high density lipoprotein AD#)
contains
A) less lipid.
B) less protein.
C) more cholesterol.
D) more carbohydrate.
!) more amino acids.
Answer" a
#evel" 1
1%%. Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?
A) #D#
B) D#
C) D#D#
D) chylomicron
!) CD#
Answer" a
#evel" $
1%(. 6erum cholesterol levels are solely dependent on a person?s dietary inta*e of cholesterol.
A) true
B) false
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1%+. #D#?s are ta*en into a cell by the process of
A) simple diffusion.
B) osmosis.
C) receptor mediated endocytosis.
D) D# carrier molecules.
!) facilitated diffusion.
Answer" c
#evel" 1
1%.. A cell needs a receptor in order to absorb #D#?s. A disease that interferes with the
functioning of these #D# receptors would
A) increase serum cholesterol levels.
B) decrease serum cholesterol levels.
C) halt endocytosis.
D) promote endocytosis
!) have no effect on serum cholesterol or endocytosis.
Answer" a
#evel" %
1%/. Which of the following en7ymes digests protein?
A) bile
B) pepsin
C) isomaltose
D) sucrase
!) lipase
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1%1. Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest"
1. dipeptide
$. protein
%. amino acid
(. polypeptide
A) %' 1' (' $
B) (' 1' $' %
C) $' (' 1' %
D) 1' $' %' (
!) $' (' %' 1
Answer" c
#evel" $
1%3. Which of the following is an end product of protein digestion?
A) glucose
B) amino acids
C) #D# molecules
D) micelles
!) nucleic acids
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1(4. Which of the following is true?
A) <eptidases are made in the large intestine.
B) &ntestinal epithelial cells absorb more dipeptides and tripeptides than single amino acids.
C) )he hepatic artery transports amino acids from the small intestine to the liver.
D) Amino acids leave intestinal epithelial cells and enter the lacteals.
!) <rotein digestion starts in the duodenum.
Answer" b
#evel" $
1(1. When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated
A) water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine.
B) water moves by osmosis from the intestinal lumen into the blood.
C) water moves by endocytosis from intestinal lumen into interstitial spaces.
D) water moves by e,ocytosis from interstitial spaces into the stomach.
!) water does not move.
Answer" a
#evel" $
1($. Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system?
A) blood supply decreases
B) more li*ely to develop ulcerations and cancers
C) enamel on teeth becomes thinner
D) A and B
!) A' B' C
Answer" e
#evel" 1
=efer to the figure below for 5uestions 1(%01(/.
1(%. What does EAF represent on the diagram?
A) small intestine
B) large intestine
C) esophagus
D) stomach
!) pancreas
Answer" c
#evel" 1
1((. What does EBF represent on the diagram?
A) small intestine
B) large intestine
C) esophagus
D) stomach
!) pancreas
Answer" d
#evel" 1
1(+. What does ECF represent on the diagram?
A) small intestine
B) large intestine
C) esophagus
D) stomach
!) pancreas
Answer" e
#evel" 1
1(.. What does EDF represent on the diagram?
A) small intestine
B) large intestine
C) esophagus
D) stomach
!) pancreas
Answer" a
#evel" 1
1(/. What does E!F represent on the diagram?
A) small intestine
B) large intestine
C) esophagus
D) stomach
!) pancreas
Answer" b
#evel" 1
:or 5uestions 1(1 to 1+4 use the following *ey to choose the best answer.
A) Choose this if the first item is greater than the second item.
B) Choose this if the first item is less than the second item.
C) Choose this if the first item is e5ual or nearly e5ual to the second item.
1(1. 1. p in the stomach during digestion>
$. p in the duodenum during digestion
Answer" b
#evel" $
1(3. 1. number of villi in small intestine>
$. number of villi in large intestine
Answer" a
#evel" $
1+4. 1. amount of bicarbonate in the a5ueous component of pancreatic 8uice>
$. amount of bicarbonate in the en7ymatic portion of pancreatic 8uice
Answer" a
#evel" $
:or 5uestions 1+1 to 1++ match the following organs with the appropriate function.
A) secretion of saliva
B) manipulation of food
C) swallowing
D) storage of bile
!) protection of small intestinal wall
1+1. pharyn,
Answer" c
#evel" 1
1+$. lips and chee*s
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1+%. gallbladder
Answer" d
#evel" 1
1+(. duodenal glands
Answer" e
#evel" 1
1++. parotid gland
Answer" a
#evel" 1
:or 5uestions 1+. to 1.4 match the following secretion with the correct cell type.
A) endocrine cells
B) hepatocyte
C) parietal cells
D) acinar cells
!) goblet cells
1+.. hydrochloric acid
Answer" c
#evel" 1
1+/. bile
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1+1. gastrin
Answer" a
#evel" 1
1+3. trypsin
Answer" d
#evel" 1
1.4. mucus
Answer" e
#evel" 1
:or 5uestions 1.1 to 1.+ match the function with its appropriate description.
A) movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood
B) chewing of food
C) muscular contractions that propel food
D) removal of undigested wastes from body
!) brea*down of organic molecules with digestive en7ymes
1.1. mastication
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1.$. peristalsis
Answer" c
#evel" 1
1.%. elimination
Answer" d
#evel" 1
1.(. chemical digestion
Answer" e
#evel" 1
1.+. absorption
Answer" a
#evel" 1
:or 5uestions 1.. to 1/4 match the cell types with their functions.
A) produce hormones
B) produce mucus
C) may protect intestinal epithelium
D) synthesi7e bile
!) produce digestive en7ymes
1... absorptive cells
Answer" e
#evel" 1
1./. goblet cells
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1.1. granular cells
Answer" c
#evel" 1
1.3. endocrine cells
Answer" a
#evel" 1
1/4. hepatocytes
Answer" d
#evel" 1
:or 5uestions 1/1 to 1/+ match each of the mesenteries or membranes with its appropriate
description.
A) mesentery of the small intestine
B) serous membrane that covers organs
C) attaches the liver to the diaphragm
D) connects lesser curvature of stomach to the liver
!) mesentery of the colon
1/1. lesser omentum
Answer" d
#evel" 1
1/$. transverse mesocolon
Answer" e
#evel" 1
1/%. coronary ligament
Answer" c
#evel" 1
1/(. mesentery proper
Answer" a
#evel" 1
1/+. visceral peritoneum
Answer" b
#evel" 1
:or 5uestions 1/. to 11+ match the following en7ymes or hormones with the organ that produces
them.
A) salivary glands
B) stomach
C) liver
D) small intestine
!) pancreas
1/.. gastric gastrin
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1//. trypsin
Answer" e
#evel" 1
1/1. pepsinogen
Answer" b
#evel" 1
1/3. lactase
Answer" d
#evel" 1
114. salivary amylase
Answer" a
#evel" 1
111. carbo,ypeptidase
Answer" e
#evel" 1
11$. peptidases
Answer" d
#evel" 1
11%. gastric inhibitory peptide
Answer" d
#evel" 1
11(. cholecysto*inin
Answer" d
#evel" 1
11+. disaccharidase
Answer" d
#evel" 1
:or 5uestions 11. to 134 match the following en7ymes with the products of their digestive
activity.
A) glucose and galactose
B) amino acids
C) fatty acids and glycerol
D) maltose and isomaltose
!) cholesterol and free fatty acids
11.. pancreatic lipase
Answer" c
#evel" 1
11/. cholesterol esterase
Answer" e
#evel" 1
111. lactase
Answer" a
#evel" 1
113. amylase
Answer" d
#evel" 1
134. carbo,ypeptidase
Answer" b
#evel" 1
Fill in the Blank
131. Accessory organs of the oral cavity include the 222222222.
Answer" salivary glands
#evel" 1
13$. )he 222222222 contains the blood vessels and nerves of a tooth.
Answer" pulp cavity
#evel" 1
13%. <arietal cells produce 222222222.
Answer" hydrochloric acid
#evel" 1
13(. #ymph nodules in the submucosa of the ileum are called 222222222.
Answer" <eyer?s patches
#evel" 1
13+. )he largest internal organ of the body is the 222222222.
Answer" liver
#evel" 1
13.. Crgans of the abdominal cavity are held in place by connective tissue sheets called
22222222222.
Answer" mesenteries
#evel" 1
13/. Cranial nerves 222222222 and 222222222 control salivary glands secretions.
Answer" facial AD&&) and glossopharyngeal A&G)
#evel" 1
131. When stomach acids digest the wall of the stomach' you have a condition called an
2222222222222.
Answer" ulcer
#evel" $
133. Deto,ification of harmful substances in the body ta*es place in the 222222222.
Answer" liver
#evel" 1
Essay Questions
$44. !,plain how secretin and cholecysto*inin wor* together to create a proper environment
in the small intestine for the digestion of carbohydrates' fats' and protein fragments.
Answer" 6ecretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a watery solution that contains a large
amount of bicarbonate. )he bicarbonate acts as a buffer to the acidic chyme from the stomach.
6ecretin also reduces gastric motility to prevent overloading of the small intestine.
Cholecysto*inin stimulates the secretion of bile by the liver and the secretion of pancreatic 8uice
rich in digestive en7ymes. )he bile will assist in the digestion of fats by emulsification. Bile
also neutrali7es the acidic chyme. )he pancreatic en7ymes digest all food groups and function
best in an al*aline environment.
#evel" %
$41. !,plain why many people have a bowel movement shortly after a meal.
Answer" ;ass movements in the colon are very common after meals because the presence of
food in the stomach initiates strong peristaltic contractions Agastrocolic refle,es) in the colon.
)his is a very common response about 1+ minutes after brea*fast. )hese mass movements
persist for 14 to %4 minutes and then stop for about half a day.
#evel" %
$4$. What symptoms might you e,pect if gallstones completely filled the gallbladder?
Answer" &f gallstones completely fill the gallbladder' then the gallbladder can no longer be used
as a reservoir for bile. 6hould a very fatty meal be eaten' the fatty chyme would stimulate the
release of cholecysto*inin' which would cause the gallbladder to contract. Because of the
gallstones in the gall bladder' this could cause a great deal of pain. )he main symptoms of
cholelithiasis Agallstones) are abdominal pain and 8aundice. eartburn' flatulence' epigastric
discomfort' and food intolerances may also be present.
#evel" %
$4%. !,plain the role of gastrin in providing a proper digestive environment in the stomach.
Answer" -astrin' during the cephalic phase of stomach secretion' prepares the stomach for the
reception of food by stimulating parietal cells to increase hydrochloric acid secretion' and chief
cells to increase pepsinogen production. During the gastric phase of stomach secretion' gastrin
production increases' and the increased gastrin stimulates both chief and parietal cells to increase
gastric secretions. -astrin also increases stomach motility and rela,es the pyloric sphincter.
A6hould stomach p fall too low' gastrin production is slowed down.) :inally' in the intestinal
phase' some gastrin is produced by the intestine. )his enteric gastrin travels bac* to the stomach
to continue stomach secretions even as the stomach in emptying.
#evel" %
$4(. !,plain why neither rapid emptying of the stomach nor slow emptying of the stomach is
desirable.
Answer" =apid emptying reduces the efficiency of digestion and absorption. &f the rate of
emptying is too slow' the highly acidic contents of the stomach may damage the stomach wall
and reduce the rate of digestion and absorption.
#evel" %
$4+. =elate the importance of mechanical and chemical digestion to absorption of food.
Answer" )he large food molecules must be reduced to smaller components in order for the
nutrients to be easily absorbed by the -& tract. Both mechanical and chemical digestion reduce
the si7e of food molecules.
#evel" %
$4.. What role does each of the following play in normal functioning of the gastrointestinal
tract?
a. parietal cells
b. constrictor muscles of pharyn,)
c. lower esophageal sphincter)
d. gallbladder
e. gastrin
f. bile
g. trypsin
h. hepatocytes
i. gastric inhibitory peptide
8. mucus in the small intestine
Answer" A) produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
B) move bolus down pharyn,
C) regulates entrance of food into stomach
D) stores bile
!) stimulates parietal and chief cells to increase gastric secretions
:) emulsifies fats' neutrali7es and dilutes acidic chyme
-) proteolytic en7yme> activates trypsinogen' chymotrypsinogen' and procarbo,ypeptidase
) produce bile> store glycogen' copper' iron' vitamins A' B1$' D' !' and B> interconvert
nutrients> hydro,ylate vitamin D> deto,ify substances> synthesi7e blood proteins
&) inhibits gastric secretion
H) protects intestinal wall from irritating effects of acidic chyme and digestive en7ymes
#evel" 1
$4/. Why might cutting the vagus nerve help someone with a peptic ulcer?
Answer" <eptic ulcers are fre5uently caused by oversecretion of gastric 8uice relative to the
protection provided by mucus. 6timulation of the vagus nerve causes secretion of gastric 8uice.
Cutting the vagus nerve should reduce gastric 8uice secretion.
#evel" %