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Week 10 - GSM world coverage!

[USA =CDMA] {Japan = iMode}



GSM drive the coverage of mobile platforms
Mobile voice wireless comminocation
Great urumepan success
Confict between cdma iraq started with cdma
Japan released WAP version called I MODE successful loads of applications available
Plain card metaphor
WAP never succeeded
DVB released in oxford
Africa and India
Third world racked up the power, base station per 3km in Europe and America.
300 km in Africa
i-Mode
i-Mode is offered by Japan's leader in wireless technology called NTT DoCoMo which is the packet
based service for mobile phones. , i-Mode eschews the Wireless Application Protocol using a
simplified version of HTML, a compact Wireless Markup Language (CWML) instead of WAP's
Wireless Markup Language WML. NTT DoCoMo believes eventually WAP and WML will be
supportive
i-Mode was first introduced in 1999 in Japan in which i-Mode was the world's first smart phone for
Web browsing. Colour and video is offered in The i-Mode wireless data service.
In the early 2000 i-Mode had an estimated 5.6 million users. I-Mode has given users many benefits,
those including, telephone banking, make airline reservations, conduct stock transactions, send and
receive e-mail, and have access to the Internets mobile computing service .
World mobile subscribers
GSM
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is widely used in Europe and other parts of the
world. GSM is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony technologies (TDMA,
GSM, and CDMA). GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) in which in the
process data is compressed and digitalized. Operating at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency
band. The Data is then sent down a channel with two other streams of user data each in its own time
slot
CDMA
CDMA is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems in 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz
bands. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is refered to any of several protocols used in second
generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communications. CDMA is allows numerous
signals to make use of a single transmission channel, enhancing available bandwidth usage denoted
as multiplexing.
CDMA occupies analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) combined with spread spectrum technology.
Audio input is first digitized into binary elements. This is done for the frequency of the transmission
signal to be very accurate according to a defined pattern (code). A receivers frequency response
which is programmed with the same code allows interception enabling the following with the
transmitter frequency. (There are trillions of frequencies sequencing codes, enhancing privacy.)
TDMA
TDMA (time division multiple access) technology is used in digital cellular telephone communication.
Its main purpose is to divide each cellular channel into three time slots allowing the increase of the
amount of data being transfered.
TDMAs main usage is by the Digital American Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS), Global System for
Mobile communications (GSM) and Personal Digital Cellular (PDC). Each of these systems
implements TDMA in different incompatible ways.
TDMA is also used for Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT). It was first specified as
a standard in EIA/TIA Interim Standard 54 (IS-54). IS-136. This was an developed version of IS-54
and the United States standard for TDMA for both the cellular (850 MHz) and personal
communications services spectrums. (1.9 GHz)





Mobile wavelength purchase Tax for 5% of analogue TV wavelengths!
County Per Capita Cost for 3
rd

G Licence (Euro)
Total 3G Investment
and Costs by 2003
(Euro)
Total Annual Costs
Subscriber (Euro)
Germany 170 334 68
UK 190 426 85
Italy 42 168 31
Switzerland 19 252 50


Circuit & packet switched
Voice
when an amplifier is overdriven and attempts to deliver an output voltage is referred as Clipping
which is a form of waveform distortion. This also occurs when the amplifier is has gone past its
maximum capability. Output power in excess of its published ratings can be achieved by driving an
amplifier into clipping.
Compressed GSM encoding
The first digital speech coding standard used in the GSM digital mobile phone system was the Full
Rate (FR, GSM-FR, GSM 06.10). The bit rate of the codec is 13 kbit/s or 1.625 bits/audio sample
(often padded out to 33 bytes/20 ms or 13.2 kbit/s).
Half Rate (HR, GSM-HR, GSM 06.20) was developed in the early 1990s.
Half the bandwidth of the Full Rate codec operates at 6.5 kbit/s. The expense of audio quality voice
traffic is doubled of the Codec required network capacity.
30% less energy is used when the battery is low hence this codec would be useful. The sampling rate
is 8 kHz with resolution 13 bit, frame length 160 samples (20 ms) and subframe length 40 samples (5
ms).
GSM uses a form of the VSELP algorithm and the half Rate is specified in ETSI EN 300 969 (GSM
06.20). Previous specification was in ETSI ETS 300 581-2.

Enhanced Full Rate or EFR or GSM-EFR or GSM 06.60 was developed to improve the quite poor
quality of GSM-Full Rate (FR) codec. The EFR provides wire like quality in any noise free and
background noise conditions working at 12.2 kbit/s.
The EFR 12.2 kbit/s speech coding standard is compatible with the highest AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate
Audio Codec) mode. Although the enhanced full rate aids in improving call quality, this codec can
increase the energy consumption on mobile phones as high as 5%. The sampling rate is 8000
sample/s leading to a bit rate for the encoded bit stream of 12.2 kbit/s


The Short Message Service Point to Point (SMS-PP) is now maintained in 3GPP as TS 23.040 originally
defined in GSM recommendation 03.40 in which GSM 03.41 is now stated as 3GPP TS 23.041. This
defines the Short Message Service Cell Broadcast (SMS-CB) which are public messages for
advertising broadcasted to all mobile users in a specified geographical area.
Messages are sent to a short message service center (SMSC) which provides a store and forward
mechanism. The mechanism then attempts to send messages to the SMSC's recipients. The SMSC
queues the message and tries at a near future time to send the message If the recipient is not
reachable. Only once transmission is tried in a forward and forget option in some SMSCs.
Both mobile terminated messages sent to a mobile handset and mobile messages sent from the
mobile handset operations are supported.
Message delivery is best effort, which means it is not certain a message will be sent to its
recipient, but delay or message loss is uncommon. This only affects less than 5 percent of
messages. Delivery reports are allowed by Some providers when requested either via the SMS
settings, or by prefixing each message with *0# or *N# (the confirmations varies from reaching the
network.) Based on the specific type of success being reported, users are often not informed.
Every SMS message is completely liberated of other messages SMS. This is known as a stateless
communication protocol.

Packet switched as IP
Packet switching refers to protocols in which before messages are sent, they are divided
into packets. Each packet is then transmitted individually and can even follow different routes to its
destination. The packets are recompiled into the original message on arrival of the destination.
Most modern Wide Area Network (WAN) protocols, including TCP/IP,X.25 and Frame Relay are
based on packet-switching technologies. A dedicated line is allocated for transmission between two
parties for normal telephone services and based on a circuit-switching technology.
If data needs to be transmitted quickly and received in the same order , Circuit switching would be
ideal.
Packet switching is more efficient and robust for data such as live audio and video. They are real
time data which can withstand some delays in transmission, such as e-mail messages and Web
pages.
EDGE
EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Environment) was intoduced to deliver data at rates up to 384 Kbps and
allow users to send/receive multimedia and other broadband applications to mobile phones. EDGE
is a faster version of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) wireless services.
The EDGE standard uses the same time division multiple access (TDMA) frame structure and
existing cell arrangementsis built on the existing GSM standard. EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as
part of the GSM family. A modified Compact-EDGE was developed for use of serving the Digital
AMPS (second-generation (2G) mobile phone systems) network spectrum.
EDGE enables higher bit rates per radio channel through acknowledged methods of coding and
transmitting data. This resulted in a threefold increase in capacity and performance compared with
an ordinary GSM/GPRS connection.
packet switched applications can be a usage of EDGE, i.e. an Internet connection.
LTE
Long Term Evolution Advanced is a cellular networking standard which offers higher throughput
than its predecessor.
Long Term Evolution Advanced networks can send up to 1 GB per second of data, compared to LTE
networks, a maximum of 300 MB can be sent per second. Users may use LTE-Advanced to increase
their capacity which Increases demand for cellular bandwidth, However significantly higher speeds is
not delivered.
LTE-Advanced networks deliver data faster via more than one signal using multiple-input and
multiple-output (MIMO technology). MIMO receives the signals using multiple antennas, however
the use in compact mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets can be limited.


Best efforts peer to peer relationship internet was released for the army





Base stations use radio signals to connect mobile devices to the network, enabling people to send
and receive calls, texts, emails, pictures, web, TV and downloads. Without base stations, mobiles
phones will not work. They are made up of three main elements:
1. An antenna (or several antennas) to send and receive radio signals. These are typically
between 0.5 and 2.5 metres long.

2. A supporting structure such as a mast or building to hold the antenna(s) in the air

3. Equipment to power the base station and radio equipment, which is housed in protective
cabinets.


Base stations are connected to each other and telephone exchanges by cables or wireless
technology such as microwave dishes to create a network. The area each base station covers is
called a cell. Each cell is usually split into three sectors, which overlap with the sectors of
neighbouring cells so the network is uninterrupted. When people travel between cells, the signal is
handled by the new base station without connection loss in service.
The features of the surrounding area such as buildings, trees and hills (which can block signals)
determine the size and shape of each cell. Several kilometres are covered in cells in largest flat open
landscapes. In urban areas cells typically cover up to a two kilometre radius. In built up areas the
smallest cells cover hundreds of metres. The micro-cell base stations are used to provide extra
coverage and capacity. Femtocells is a low power wireless access point providing consumers
improved localised wireless coverage for example in a small building.

Base station development
Base station sites in the UK In the modern day are two thirds of radio and are either shared or
installed on existing buildings or structures.
The Government reviews site sharing between the mobile operators have a database monitoring site
share usage in purpose of making site share requests between themselves and other operators such
as the television broadcasters.

Site and sharing by operators is a priority however it is not always possible as a environmental
solution. Sometimes operators will have a number of siting options but the choices may have some
limitation by some possible factors in which they can be:
CDMA exploits the multipath to improve reception quality in bad conditions, instead of attempting
to overpower or correct multipath problems.
CDMA does this by assigning multiple correlating receivers to the strongest signals. Because CDMA
mobile is synchronized to the serving base station it is made possible. Since the reflected multipaths
signals arrive later than the direct signals, the mobiles receiver can distinguish direct signals from
multipath signals.

Hard handover are used by GSM systems and Soft handover are used by CDMA systems. Soft/Hard is
the process of transferring a call or data transfer in progress from one channel to another. The core
network performs handovers at
various levels of the system architecture. May handover the call to another network

If a user holding mobile device moves away from one cell, (base station) a
different base station can provide the mobile device with a
stronger signal, however a nearby base station can provide the
service to the device If all channels of one base station are busy. Important one in any cellular
network must be completed efficiently and without
inconvenience to the user. Different types of
handover techniques are used in different networks.

TDMA vs CDMA
New mobile services
wider spectrums!
-compounding signals using rake receivers
Mobile Gaming engines
m-learning
bar codes
Information sites
Dispensing/slot machines
Accessibility ie blind the disorientated
Revenue generating.
Refereces:

Searchnetworking.techtarget.com. 2014. What is i-Mode? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online]
Available at: <http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/i-Mode> [Accessed 20 Apr. 2014].
Searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com. 2014. What is GSM (Global System for Mobile
communication)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at:
<http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GSM> [Accessed 20 Apr. 2014].
Searchtelecom.techtarget.com. 2014. What is CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) ? - Definition
from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: <http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/CDMA>
[Accessed 20 Apr. 2014].
Searchnetworking.techtarget.com, 2014. What is TDMA (time division multiple access)? - Definition
from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: <http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TDMA>
[Accessed 21 Apr. 2014].
Searchconsumerization.techtarget.com, 2014. What is LTE-Advanced (Long Term Evolution-
Advanced)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at:
<http://searchconsumerization.techtarget.com/definition/LTE-Advanced-Long-Term-Evolution-
Advanced> [Accessed 21 Apr. 2014].
Wikipedia, 2014. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution. [online] Available at:
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution> [Accessed 22 Apr. 2014].
Wikipedia, 2014. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution. [online] Available at:
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution> [Accessed 22 Apr. 2014].
Webopedia.com, 2014. What is Packet Switching? Webopedia. [online] Available at:
<http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/packet_switching.html> [Accessed 22 Apr. 2014].
Wikipedia, 2014. Short Message Service. [online] Available at:
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_Service#Technical_details> [Accessed 22 Apr. 2014]
Wikipedia, 2014. Clipping (audio). [online] Available at:
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(audio)> [Accessed 22 Apr. 2014].
Wikipedia, 2014. Enhanced full rate. [online] Available at:
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Full_Rate> [Accessed 22 Apr. 2014].
Wikipedia, 2014. Full Rate. [online] Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Rate> [Accessed
22 Apr. 2014].
Wikipedia, 2014. Half Rate. [online] Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Rate> [Accessed
22 Apr. 2014].
Vodafone.com, 2014. Base stations - Vodafone. [online] Available at:
<http://www.vodafone.com/content/index/about/sustainability/mpmh/how_mobiles_work/base_s
tations.html> [Accessed 22 Apr. 2014].
Planningportal.gov.uk, (2014). Planning Portal - Base Station Development. [online] Available at:
http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/planning/guides/mobilephonemasts/networks/development
[Accessed 22 Apr. 2014].
Teletopix.org, (2014). What is RAKE RECEIVER and its Purpose in CDMA. [online] Available at:
http://www.teletopix.org/cdma/what-is-rake-receiver-and-its-purpose-in-cdma/ [Accessed 23 Apr.
2014].
Teletopix.org, (2014). What is RAKE RECEIVER and its Purpose in CDMA. [online] Available at:
http://www.teletopix.org/cdma/what-is-rake-receiver-and-its-purpose-in-cdma/ [Accessed 23 Apr.
2014].

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