GSM drive the coverage of mobile platforms Mobile voice wireless comminocation Great urumepan success Confict between cdma iraq started with cdma Japan released WAP version called I MODE successful loads of applications available Plain card metaphor WAP never succeeded DVB released in oxford Africa and India Third world racked up the power, base station per 3km in Europe and America. 300 km in Africa i-Mode i-Mode is offered by Japan's leader in wireless technology called NTT DoCoMo which is the packet based service for mobile phones. , i-Mode eschews the Wireless Application Protocol using a simplified version of HTML, a compact Wireless Markup Language (CWML) instead of WAP's Wireless Markup Language WML. NTT DoCoMo believes eventually WAP and WML will be supportive i-Mode was first introduced in 1999 in Japan in which i-Mode was the world's first smart phone for Web browsing. Colour and video is offered in The i-Mode wireless data service. In the early 2000 i-Mode had an estimated 5.6 million users. I-Mode has given users many benefits, those including, telephone banking, make airline reservations, conduct stock transactions, send and receive e-mail, and have access to the Internets mobile computing service . World mobile subscribers GSM GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) in which in the process data is compressed and digitalized. Operating at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band. The Data is then sent down a channel with two other streams of user data each in its own time slot CDMA CDMA is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems in 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz bands. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is refered to any of several protocols used in second generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communications. CDMA is allows numerous signals to make use of a single transmission channel, enhancing available bandwidth usage denoted as multiplexing. CDMA occupies analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) combined with spread spectrum technology. Audio input is first digitized into binary elements. This is done for the frequency of the transmission signal to be very accurate according to a defined pattern (code). A receivers frequency response which is programmed with the same code allows interception enabling the following with the transmitter frequency. (There are trillions of frequencies sequencing codes, enhancing privacy.) TDMA TDMA (time division multiple access) technology is used in digital cellular telephone communication. Its main purpose is to divide each cellular channel into three time slots allowing the increase of the amount of data being transfered. TDMAs main usage is by the Digital American Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) and Personal Digital Cellular (PDC). Each of these systems implements TDMA in different incompatible ways. TDMA is also used for Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT). It was first specified as a standard in EIA/TIA Interim Standard 54 (IS-54). IS-136. This was an developed version of IS-54 and the United States standard for TDMA for both the cellular (850 MHz) and personal communications services spectrums. (1.9 GHz)
Mobile wavelength purchase Tax for 5% of analogue TV wavelengths! County Per Capita Cost for 3 rd
G Licence (Euro) Total 3G Investment and Costs by 2003 (Euro) Total Annual Costs Subscriber (Euro) Germany 170 334 68 UK 190 426 85 Italy 42 168 31 Switzerland 19 252 50
Circuit & packet switched Voice when an amplifier is overdriven and attempts to deliver an output voltage is referred as Clipping which is a form of waveform distortion. This also occurs when the amplifier is has gone past its maximum capability. Output power in excess of its published ratings can be achieved by driving an amplifier into clipping. Compressed GSM encoding The first digital speech coding standard used in the GSM digital mobile phone system was the Full Rate (FR, GSM-FR, GSM 06.10). The bit rate of the codec is 13 kbit/s or 1.625 bits/audio sample (often padded out to 33 bytes/20 ms or 13.2 kbit/s). Half Rate (HR, GSM-HR, GSM 06.20) was developed in the early 1990s. Half the bandwidth of the Full Rate codec operates at 6.5 kbit/s. The expense of audio quality voice traffic is doubled of the Codec required network capacity. 30% less energy is used when the battery is low hence this codec would be useful. The sampling rate is 8 kHz with resolution 13 bit, frame length 160 samples (20 ms) and subframe length 40 samples (5 ms). GSM uses a form of the VSELP algorithm and the half Rate is specified in ETSI EN 300 969 (GSM 06.20). Previous specification was in ETSI ETS 300 581-2.
Enhanced Full Rate or EFR or GSM-EFR or GSM 06.60 was developed to improve the quite poor quality of GSM-Full Rate (FR) codec. The EFR provides wire like quality in any noise free and background noise conditions working at 12.2 kbit/s. The EFR 12.2 kbit/s speech coding standard is compatible with the highest AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate Audio Codec) mode. Although the enhanced full rate aids in improving call quality, this codec can increase the energy consumption on mobile phones as high as 5%. The sampling rate is 8000 sample/s leading to a bit rate for the encoded bit stream of 12.2 kbit/s
The Short Message Service Point to Point (SMS-PP) is now maintained in 3GPP as TS 23.040 originally defined in GSM recommendation 03.40 in which GSM 03.41 is now stated as 3GPP TS 23.041. This defines the Short Message Service Cell Broadcast (SMS-CB) which are public messages for advertising broadcasted to all mobile users in a specified geographical area. Messages are sent to a short message service center (SMSC) which provides a store and forward mechanism. The mechanism then attempts to send messages to the SMSC's recipients. The SMSC queues the message and tries at a near future time to send the message If the recipient is not reachable. Only once transmission is tried in a forward and forget option in some SMSCs. Both mobile terminated messages sent to a mobile handset and mobile messages sent from the mobile handset operations are supported. Message delivery is best effort, which means it is not certain a message will be sent to its recipient, but delay or message loss is uncommon. This only affects less than 5 percent of messages. Delivery reports are allowed by Some providers when requested either via the SMS settings, or by prefixing each message with *0# or *N# (the confirmations varies from reaching the network.) Based on the specific type of success being reported, users are often not informed. Every SMS message is completely liberated of other messages SMS. This is known as a stateless communication protocol.
Packet switched as IP Packet switching refers to protocols in which before messages are sent, they are divided into packets. Each packet is then transmitted individually and can even follow different routes to its destination. The packets are recompiled into the original message on arrival of the destination. Most modern Wide Area Network (WAN) protocols, including TCP/IP,X.25 and Frame Relay are based on packet-switching technologies. A dedicated line is allocated for transmission between two parties for normal telephone services and based on a circuit-switching technology. If data needs to be transmitted quickly and received in the same order , Circuit switching would be ideal. Packet switching is more efficient and robust for data such as live audio and video. They are real time data which can withstand some delays in transmission, such as e-mail messages and Web pages. EDGE EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Environment) was intoduced to deliver data at rates up to 384 Kbps and allow users to send/receive multimedia and other broadband applications to mobile phones. EDGE is a faster version of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) wireless services. The EDGE standard uses the same time division multiple access (TDMA) frame structure and existing cell arrangementsis built on the existing GSM standard. EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family. A modified Compact-EDGE was developed for use of serving the Digital AMPS (second-generation (2G) mobile phone systems) network spectrum. EDGE enables higher bit rates per radio channel through acknowledged methods of coding and transmitting data. This resulted in a threefold increase in capacity and performance compared with an ordinary GSM/GPRS connection. packet switched applications can be a usage of EDGE, i.e. an Internet connection. LTE Long Term Evolution Advanced is a cellular networking standard which offers higher throughput than its predecessor. Long Term Evolution Advanced networks can send up to 1 GB per second of data, compared to LTE networks, a maximum of 300 MB can be sent per second. Users may use LTE-Advanced to increase their capacity which Increases demand for cellular bandwidth, However significantly higher speeds is not delivered. LTE-Advanced networks deliver data faster via more than one signal using multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO technology). MIMO receives the signals using multiple antennas, however the use in compact mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets can be limited.
Best efforts peer to peer relationship internet was released for the army
Base stations use radio signals to connect mobile devices to the network, enabling people to send and receive calls, texts, emails, pictures, web, TV and downloads. Without base stations, mobiles phones will not work. They are made up of three main elements: 1. An antenna (or several antennas) to send and receive radio signals. These are typically between 0.5 and 2.5 metres long.
2. A supporting structure such as a mast or building to hold the antenna(s) in the air
3. Equipment to power the base station and radio equipment, which is housed in protective cabinets.
Base stations are connected to each other and telephone exchanges by cables or wireless technology such as microwave dishes to create a network. The area each base station covers is called a cell. Each cell is usually split into three sectors, which overlap with the sectors of neighbouring cells so the network is uninterrupted. When people travel between cells, the signal is handled by the new base station without connection loss in service. The features of the surrounding area such as buildings, trees and hills (which can block signals) determine the size and shape of each cell. Several kilometres are covered in cells in largest flat open landscapes. In urban areas cells typically cover up to a two kilometre radius. In built up areas the smallest cells cover hundreds of metres. The micro-cell base stations are used to provide extra coverage and capacity. Femtocells is a low power wireless access point providing consumers improved localised wireless coverage for example in a small building.
Base station development Base station sites in the UK In the modern day are two thirds of radio and are either shared or installed on existing buildings or structures. The Government reviews site sharing between the mobile operators have a database monitoring site share usage in purpose of making site share requests between themselves and other operators such as the television broadcasters.
Site and sharing by operators is a priority however it is not always possible as a environmental solution. Sometimes operators will have a number of siting options but the choices may have some limitation by some possible factors in which they can be: CDMA exploits the multipath to improve reception quality in bad conditions, instead of attempting to overpower or correct multipath problems. CDMA does this by assigning multiple correlating receivers to the strongest signals. Because CDMA mobile is synchronized to the serving base station it is made possible. Since the reflected multipaths signals arrive later than the direct signals, the mobiles receiver can distinguish direct signals from multipath signals.
Hard handover are used by GSM systems and Soft handover are used by CDMA systems. Soft/Hard is the process of transferring a call or data transfer in progress from one channel to another. The core network performs handovers at various levels of the system architecture. May handover the call to another network
If a user holding mobile device moves away from one cell, (base station) a different base station can provide the mobile device with a stronger signal, however a nearby base station can provide the service to the device If all channels of one base station are busy. Important one in any cellular network must be completed efficiently and without inconvenience to the user. Different types of handover techniques are used in different networks.
TDMA vs CDMA New mobile services wider spectrums! -compounding signals using rake receivers Mobile Gaming engines m-learning bar codes Information sites Dispensing/slot machines Accessibility ie blind the disorientated Revenue generating. Refereces:
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