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COLONIAL PERIOD
THE PURITANS
'l
, The Puritans immigrated to New England in the 1630s for
the following reasons:
) A desire to escape political repression
) A desire to find new economic opportunities and avoid
an economic recession in England
) A desire to escape restrictions on their religious proctices
2. The Puritans who immlgrated to New England were part of
what is known as the Creat English Migration that numbered
some 70,000 people. lt is interesting to note that over twice
as many Puritans immigrated to the West lndies as to New
England.
MIG RATION TO APPALACHIA
t,
The Proclamation of 1763 set a boundary along the crest of
tlre Appalachians beyond which the colonists could not cross.
llre ban was an ill-considered attempt to prevent costly
corrflicts with trans-Appalachian lndians.
As American lndians were defeated, Scotch-lrish, Cerman,
,tttcl Errglish immigrants moved into Appalachia.
llritish colonists were principally motivated to settle west of
llrt'Agrpalachians by the low price and easy availability of
l,rrrrl.
L
2.
lttt
Chapter 30
American settlers ignared the Proclamotion of 176'1, tnid
do many APIJSH students. APUSH test writers, howeva, h
not ignored the Proclarnotion of
'1763.
They hsve wtillfi
a suiprising numher of qaesffonr to see if APUSH studetttl
reme'mberlhe parpose of this often forgatten boundnty
THE EARLY NINETEENTH
A. THE IRISH
1800-1850
1. lreland supplied the largest number of irnmigrantr l' llrc
United States during the first half of the nineteentlr
r .ttlt
The lrish fled the devastating effects of the potato l,ttrrlilc
Most lrish immigrants settled in urban cities alonr; llr''
Eastern Seaboard.
4. Many lrish immigrants worked on canal and railro'rrl
.
construction
Projects.
B. THE GERMANS
1. Cermany supplied the second-largest number 6l i11111rirlr*ll
to the united states during the first half of the rrirt|l'.r'trllt
century.
2. Many Germans were fleeing political turmoil in tlit'rr
C. THE KNOW-NOTHING PARTY
The Know-Nothings were America's first nativist poltltr
'rl ;
The Know-Nothings directed their hostility agairr-st
(
,rllrltllc
immigrants from lreland and Cermany.
THE LATE NINETEENTH AND EARTY TWENTIETH
GENTURY: 1 880-1 924
A. EXODUSTERS
1. Exodusters were African Americans wlto flt'rl
tlte Rcconstruction Sotttlt irr 1879 arl<l ltJu0
2. Most lxotlttslt'rr tttit;r,ttctl lo l(,tns,ts'
les
I
ltw
ion and Mi
B. THE NEW IMMIGRANTS
'l
. Prior to 1880, most immigrants to the United States came
from the British lsles and Western Europe.
2. Beginning in the 1880s, a new wave of immigrants left
Europe for America. The so-called New lmmigrants came
from small towns and villages in Southern and Eastern
Europe. The majority immigrated from ltaly, Russia, Poland,
and Austria-Hungary.
The New lmmigrants primarily settled in large cities in the
Northeast and Midwest.
Very few New lmmigrants settled in the South.
THE CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT of 1882
1. This was the first law in American history to exclude a group
because of ethnic background.
2. The act prohibited the immigration of Chinese to America.
3. lt was strongly supported by working-class Americans.
4. lt reflected anti-immigration sentiment in California.
NATIVIST OPPOSITION TO THE NEW IMMIGRANTS
1. Nativists opposed the New lmmigrants of the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries for the following reasons:
) The New lmmigronts procticed different religions.
) The New lmmigronts had different languages and
cultures.
I The New lmmigrants were willing to work for lower
woges than notive-born workers.
) The New lmmigrants were not fomilior with the
American politicol system.
E, THE NATIONAL ORIGINS ACT
l. The primary purpose of the National Origins Act was to use
quotas to restrict the flow of newcomers from Southern and
Eastern Europe.
/. Tlrc quotas favored immigration from Northern and Western
Ftrr<l;le.
3.
4.
c.
D,
Chopter 30
3. The quotas established by the National Origins Act
discriminated against immigrants from Southern atttl I ;r
Europe. These quotas were the primary reason for tlrr'
decrease in the numbers of Europeans immigrating lo lltl
United States in the 1920s.
4. The number of Mexicans and Puerto Ricans immigralintl
to the United States increased because neither groul) w,lr
affected by the restrictive immigration acts of 192.1 .rnrl l9
THE BTACK MIGRATION
A. CAUSES
1.
Jim
Crow laws denied African Americans their rights ,r',
citizens and forced them to endure poverty and systlntallF
discrimination.
2.
3.
Beginning with World War l, the wartime demand lor I'rll
attracted African Americans to cities in the North ;ttttl Wt,
The Black migration to the cities of the North and Wr",t
continued during World War ll.
B. LEAVING THE RURAL SOUTH
1. ln 1915, the overwhelming majority of African An1('n, ,lri
lived in the rural South.
2. Attracted by the wartime demand for labor, Africarr
Americans migrated to urban centers in the Nortlt ,rrr,l
IMMIGRATION FROM MEXICO
A. THE DEPRESSION
1. During the Creat Depression, many Mexicans r(-ttrrtt.rl l"
their homeland.
B. SURCE IN MEXICAN IMMIGRATION
'1.
The following factors played an importartt rolt' itt Mr'"i, rr
immi<lration to the United Statcs rlttritt<; lltt' Iwcnttrllr
< t'rrlrrry:
in Motion: I tion and
The reloxotion of immigration quotas during the 1960s
The desire to escape o crowded homeland with few
econ om ic oppo rtu n iti es
The desire to take odvontage of better job opportunities
in the United States
The desire to reunite with family members who hod
previously immigrated to the United Stofes
POPULATION SHIFTS AFTER WORLD WAR II
A, FROM CITIES TO SUBURBS
1. The 1950s witnessed the beginning of a mass migration of
middle-income Americans from cities to their surrounding
suburbs.
The movement to the suburbs was facilitated by the
construction of the interstate highway system.
I. TNOU THE FROSTBELT TO THE SUNBELT
1. Beginning in the 1970s, the largest growth in population
occurred in states below the 37th parallel, from Virginia to
California.
2. The 1970s witnessed a significant migration of Americans
from the Frostbelt to the Sunbelt. This migration has
continued to the present.
3. The South and West have experienced the greatest
population gains since 1970.
C. FROM LATIN AMERICA AND ASIA TO AMERICA
The last 25 years have witnessed a significant increase in
immigration from Latin America and Asia.
Latinos now make up nearly 33 percent of the population in
Texas, Arizona, and California; they make up 40 percent in
New Mexico.
Most APUSH exoms hove very few questions on the period
/.
slnce 1980, When APUSH test writers do cover the lost three
clecodcs, they often ask questlons
qbout
the populotlon shifts
ond demogtrophlc lrends dlscussed ln lhls sectlon.
2.
2.
i
zor
A.
MIIE$T0NE$ tN fJ.S.
FORFIGN POI-[CV:
LATIN IIMNNICA
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
REASONS THE MONROE DOCTRINE WAS ISSUED
1. The Monroe Doctrine was intended to do the following:
) Warn Fronce, Russia, and Spoin against further
colonization or intervention in the New World
) Express opposition to further European colonization in
the New World
I Protect republican institutions of government in the New
World
) Express America's intent to refrain from involvement in
European rivolries
PRINCIPLES OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE
1. The Monroe Doctrine was a unilateral declaration of the
following principles:
) Europe and the Western Hemisphere have essentially
different political systems.
) The American continents are no longer open to
Eu ropea n col o n i zati o n.
I The United States will regard European interference in
the politicol offairs of the Western Hemisphere as hostile
behqvior.
) The United States will protect republican institutions of
government in the Western Hemisphere.
) Tlrc Llrilecl Sfcrfes will not interfere in the internal affairs
ol Iuropaott rtoli<tns.
3.
I
zor
Chapter 31
C. ROLE OF THE BRITISH NAVY
The United States lacked the military power to enforct, llre
Monroe Doctrine.
However, the principles expressed in the Monroe Doctrirrru
were consistent with British foreign policy goals.
Although the British did not formally endorse the Morrr,,.,
Doctrine, their navy was a de facto enforcer of its prirrr ilrlrr
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
A. CAUSES OF THE WAR
The battleship USS Moine was sunk mysteriously in Il,rv,rrre
harbor.
There was a circulation battle between the "yellow
journalism" newspapers of
Joseph
Pulitzer and Willi,rrrr
Randolph Hearst. The sensational stories in both new\lr,rl'F.t
played a significant role in arousing public support lor ,r wat
to liberate Cuba and avenge the sinking of the Maitrr',
B. TERRTTORTAL ACQUtStTtONS
1. As a result of the Spanish-American War, Spain relirrr;rn',1r,.,1
to the United States control of the following:
) Guam
) Puerto Rico
) Cubo
) The Philippines
2. When the United States established a protectorat('ovr.r
Cuba, it practiced imperialism
C. THE DEBATE OVER ANNEXING THE PHILIPPINES
The Anti-lmperialism League opposed annexatiorr,,lr1iin,l
that it violated America's long-established conlnittrrr,nt t,r
the principles of self-determination and anticolorri,rlr..rrr
Supporters of annexation argued that Americ,r lr,rrl ,r nr'r.-l
responsibility to "civilize" the islands. Tlrcy also
J)()lrtlr1,,,ir
tltal tlrc Philippines could become a v.rlu;rllk' lr,rrlirrt
I |,.r
t,!F.
Milestones in U.S.
THE ROOSEVELT COROTLARY TO THE MONROE
DOCTRINE
REASONS THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY WAS ISSUED
1. President Theodore Roosevelt worried that the Dominican
Republic and other Latin American nations would default on
debts owed to European banks. These defaults could then
provoke Eu ropean military intervention.
2. Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine to forestall European intervention.
pRTNctPLES
AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE COROLLARY
1. The Roosevelt Corollary asserted America's right to intervene
in the affairs of CentralAmerica and the Caribbean.
2. lt expanded America's role in CentralAmerica and the
Caribbean.
3. lt claimed America's right to act as an international police
power in Central and South America. Presidents Roosevelt,
Taft, and Wilson enforced the Roosevelt Corollary by
sending American troops to Cuba, Panama, Nicaragua, the
Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Haiti.
4. Here is how Theodore Roosevelt explained and justified the
Roosevelt Corollary:
"Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in
a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in
America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by
some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may
force the United States . . . to the exercise of an international
police power."
A.
1.
2.
3.
B.
1.
2.
1.
2.
The Monroe Doctrine and the Raosevelt Corollary ore two of
1
the most frequently tested topics on the APUSH exam. Make
sure that you corefully study this iist of key points for both of
these foreign policies.
Chapter 3l
DOLTAR DIPLOMACY
A. REASONS FOR DOLLAR DIPLOMACY
1. During the presidency of William Howard Taft, U.5.
lroli'
y
in Latin America was primarily driven by concerns for ll i
economic and strategic interests in the region.
B. AN EXAMPLE OF DOLLAR DIPLOMACY
1. William Howard Taft's use of American bankers to r(.lirr,rrrr e
the foreign debt of Nicaragua exemplifies Dollar DilrL,rrr.rr
THE GOOD NEIGHBOR POTICY
A. REASONS FOR THE GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY
The United States sought greater cooperation with llrl
nations of Latin America, primarily to develop a herrri',1rlrr,rtF
common front against Fascism.
B. PRINCIPLES OF THE GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY
1. The Roosevelt administration formally renounced
(J.\
,rrrr
intervention in the affairs of Latin America.
2. As part of its Cood Neighbor policy, the United Statr,',
participated in reciprocal trade agreements with n.rlion', irr
Latin America.
THE AIIIANCE FOR PROGRESS
A. REASONS FOR THE ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS
1. The Alliance for Progress was initiated by Presiderrt
lolrrr
I
Kennedy in 1 961 . lt aimed to establish econontic
( ( )( )l
'r'r.tl.,,ri
between North America and South America.
2. The Alliance for Progress was intended to courrtt'r llrr,
emerging Communist threat from Cuba.
Milestones in U.S. F Policy: Lotin America
RESULTS OF THE ALLIANCE
1. The Alliance for Progress was a brief public relations success.
2. Although there were some limited economic gains, the
Alliance for Progress was widely viewed as a failure.
3. The Organization of American States disbanded the Alliance
for Progress in 1973.
B.
Although mos:t students are keenly awsre af the Monroe Aoc-
trine and the Roosevelt Corollary, few can identify FDR's Good
'
Neishbor Policy and IFK's
Alliance for Progress, Both initiotives
'%
wele short-lived and had few losting consequences' Don't fall
into the trop af neglecting these toplcs, hawever, APUSH test
writers hove an uflconny knack far remembering topics thtt
students often forget.
1.
KENNEDY AND CUBA
\. THE BAY OF PIGS
1. President Kennedy inherited from the Eisenhower
administration a C|A-backed scheme to topple Fidel Castro
from power by invading Cuba with anti-Communist exiles'
2. When the invasion failed, Kennedy refused to rescue the
insurgents, forcing them to surrender.
3. Widely denounced as a fiasco, the Bay of Pigs defeat
damaged U.S. credibilitY.
4. The Bay of Pigs failure, along with continuing American
covert efforts to assassinate Castro, pushed the Cuban
dictator into an even closer alliance with the Soviet Union.
5. Soviet Premier Khrushchev responded by secretly sending
nuclear missiles to Cuba.
B. THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
l. The Cuban Missile Crisis was precipitated by the discovery of
Soviet missile sites in Cuba.
2. As part of the negotiations to end the Cuban Missile Crisis,
Prcsitlertt Kennedy promised to refrain from a military
irrv,rsiort <lf Ctttla.
lzot
MILESTONES
lN U.S.
FOREIGN
POLICY:
THE VIETNAM
WAR
THE ROAD TO VIETNAM
POLICY OF CONTAINMENT
1. Following World War ll, the United States adopted the policy
of containment to halt the expansion
of Communist
influence.
2. American involvement in Vietnam grew out of the policy
commitments
and assumptions of containment.
THE FRENCH WITHDRAWAL
1. Following World War ll, the French continued to exercise
influence and control over lndochina.
2. The Viet Minh defeated the French at the pivotal Battle of
Dienbienph u in 1954. Following their defeat, the French
withdrew from Vietnam.
3. The United States refused to sign the Ceneva Accords and
soon replaced the French as the dominant Western
power in
lndochina.
THE DOMINO EFFECT
1. The United States believed that if one nation fell under
Communist control, nearby nations would inevitably also fall
under Communist influence.
2. Here is how Secretary of State Dean Rusk explained the
tftxnino effect:
"ll lrrtlo-China
were to fall and if its fall led to the loss of all of
Sorrlltc:tst Asia, tlten the United States might eventually be
for< c<l lr,t< k lo ll,twaii, ,ts it was before the Sccond
World War."
B.
c,
Chapter 32
THE TONKIN GUIF RESOLUTION, 19fl
A. AN INCIDENT IN THE CULF OF TONKIN
1. The United States alleged that North Vietnamese torplrLr
boats launched an unprovoked attack against Ameri<,rrr
destroyers in the Culf of Tonkin.
The facts of what actually happened have never been lrrlly
explained.
B. THE RESOLUTION
Congress responded to the unsubstantiated report ol Norih
Vietnamese aggression by overwhelmingly passing tlrr,
Tonkin Culf Resolution.
The resolution authorized President Lyndon
Johnsorr
to
"take all necessary measures to repel any armed att,rr k
against the forces of the United States and to prevcrrl lrrrllrff
aggression."
The Tonkin Culf Resolution gave President
Johnsorr
,r lrl,rrrh
check to escalate the war in Vietnam.
Within a short time, President
Johnson
began to dr.rrrr,rltr ,rlly
escalate the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam.
The Vietnam War wos both long and complex. Desplte tlv
THE TET OFFENSIVE, 1968
A. WHAT HAPPENED?
Milestones in U.S. The Vietnom Wor
B. CONSEQUENCES
1. The Tet Offensive undermined President
Johnson's
credibility.
2. As a result of the Tet Offensive, public support for the war
decreased and antiwar sentiment increased.
HAWKS AND DOVES
HAWKS AND THE STLENT MAfOR|TY
1. Hawks supported the Vietnam War.
2. The Silent Majority was the name given by President Nixon
to the moderate, mainstream Americans who quietly
supported his Vietnam War policies. Members of the Silent
Majority believed that the United States was justified in
supporting South Vietnam.
B. DOVES
1. Doves opposed the Vietnam War.
2. Senator William Fulbright was a leading Dove. He wrote a
critique of the war entitled The Arrogonce of Power.
THE INVASION OF CAMBODIA AND KENT STATE,
1970
VIETNAMIZATION
1. Supported by the Silent Majority, Nixon began to slowly
withdraw American troops from Vietnam and replace them
with newly trained South Vietnamese troops.
2. Known as Vietnamization, the policy promised to preserve
U.S. goals and bring "peace with honor."
THE INVASION OF CAMBODIA
1. On April29,'1970, President Nixon suddenly and without
consulting Congress ordered American forces to join with
tlre South Vietnamese army in cleaning out the Viet Cong
sancltr.rries in officially neutral Cambodia.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
A.
B.
1. ln late january
1968, the Viet Cong suddenly laurr< lrr.,l ,r
series of attacks on 27 key South Vietnamese cilicr, rrrr lrlhr'.1
the capital, Saigon.
Tlre Viet Conq were eventually forcccl lo rclrc',rt ,rllr,r
srrlf orirr<; lreavy losses.
lztt
3_ . f
'r.
wor's complexity, APUSH test writers only focus on o lew *ty
lq$tlF#
t
points. Th'e Tonkin Gulf Resotution is o piyslsl turning pottit
TID f{ %
thot you absolutely, positively hove to know. tn essence, tht
'
\,}|
resolution gave President
lohnson
a blonk check to es(elot.
the war.
2ro
I
Chapter 32
2. Nixon defended the action, saying that it was necess.uy t,,
protect American forces and support Vietnamization.
C. KENT STATE
1. Angry students responded to the Cambodian invasion wrtlr
demonstrations at campuses across the United States.
At Kent State University in Ohio, nervous members ol tlrr,
National Cuard fired into a noisy crowd, killing four stutlt'rrll
and wounding many more.
2.
Recent APUSH exoms hqve included questions
qbout
the lilvt.
sion of Cqmbadio and the shootings at Kent State. Remenrblr',
the invasion of Csmbodia was motivoted by o desire to deilntl
Viet Cong sanctuaries in neutrol Combodio, thus protectlnq
Nixon's policy
of Vietnamizqtion. The shootlngs at Kent Stol,
were un unexpected consequence of the Cambodisn invointt
GoNSEQUENCES OF THE VTETNAM WAR
A. THE WAR AND THE ECONOMY
1 . The United States could not afford both President
Jolrn,,'l
:
Creat Society programs
and the Vietnam War.
2. The combination of spending on the war and social
programs produced the high inflation rates of the latr. l'rntl
and early 1970s.
B. THE WAR AND INTERNATIONAL INVOLVEMENT
1. The Vietnam War increased public skepticism towar<l
international involvement.
2. ln 1973, Congress passed the War Powers Act, placirrr;
restrictions on a president's ability to wage wars.
2121