Diagnosis of Winding Faults with Frequency

Response Analysis in Power Transformers

Conference on Electrical Power Equipment Diagnostics
Bali, Indonesia

Thomas Prevost
Theory
OMICRON Page 2
Frequency Response Analysis (FRA)
> Powerful and sensitive method to
evaluate mechanical integrity of
core, windings, and clamping
structures within power transformers
> Power transformers are complex
electrical networks of capacitances,
inductances and resistors
> Geometrical changes in this network
cause deviations of frequency
response

tank
wall
windings
core
Theory
Page 3 OMICRON
Frequency Response Analysis (FRA)
> FRAnalyzer performs Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA)
> Measurement of electrical transfer functions over a wide frequency range
> Worldwide proven method for measurements in frequency domain
> Evaluation of transformer condition by comparing SFRA results to
reference results
> Different failures are directly
related to different sections
of the frequency range and
can usually be discerned
from each other
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

i
n

d
B

Frequency in Hz
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
10
1
10
3
10
5
10
7
Core
influence

Interaction
between
windings

Winding
structure
influence

Earthing
leads
influence

Theory
OMICRON Page 4
When to perform a
Frequency Response Analysis
> After short-circuit testing
> Before and after transport
> After the occurrence of
high transient fault currents
> For diagnostic routine measurements
> After significant changes of
monitored values
> After the observation of unusual
routine test results
Methods
Page 5 OMICRON
How FRAnalyzer analyzes frequency response
> Injection of sinusoidal excitation voltage
with continuously increasing frequency
into one end of the transformer winding
> Measurement of signal returning from
the other end

Results

Sine generator,
variable frequency

Transformer
(complex network)

Methods
Page 6 OMICRON
How FRAnalyzer analyzes frequency response
> Comparison of signals generates unique
frequency response which can be
compared to reference data
> Deviations indicate geometrical and/or
electrical changes within the transformer
> No additional data processing
required due to direct measurement
in the frequency domain
Results

Phase

Amplitude

OMICRON
What is SFRA?
Powerful and sensitive tool to assess the
mechanical and electrical integrity of
power transformers active part

Measurement of the transfer function
over a wide frequency range

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SFRA Discussion Outline
1. Basic SFRA Theory, History, and Evolution
2. SFRA Measurement Characteristics
3. Failure Modes
4. Test Procedures
5. Analysis of Results
6. Case Sudies

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Standardization in the World
CHINA
DL 911/2004
C57.149
WG A2.26
IEC 60076-18
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Life Cycle
Delivery Port
Reception Port
Manufacturer Workshop
Quality Assuring
After Short Circuit Test
Failure Investigation
Transport Checking
Transport Checking
Routine Measurement
After Transients/Overcurrents
Failure Investigation (DGA)
Truck Transport 1
Truck Transport 2
Ship Transport
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The SFRA Measurement Principle
Input signal
(sine wave of
variable frequency)
Output signal

Phase Magnitude
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Theoretical Background
Measurement
cable
Measurement
cable
CMC
CMC
CMC
CMC
RMC12 RMC34
Complex RLC Network
U1
Cables Grounding
50
U2
50
50
) sin( ) ( + = t Y t y
t X t x sin ) ( =
) / ( log 20
1 2 10
U U k =
) / ( tan
1 2
1
U U =

Magnitude (k) Phase

specimen m
m
Z R
R
s U
s U
TF
+
= =
) (
) (
1
2
OMICRON
Passive Components
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RLC Characteristics
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
-150
-100
-50
0
Frequency (Hz)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

[
d
B
]


10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
-100
-50
0
Frequency (Hz)
P
h
a
s
e

[

]


L=200 mH
L=2 mH
L=20 H
L=200 mH
L=2 mH
L=20 H
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
Frequency (Hz)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

[
d
B
]


C=1uF
C=20nF
C=1pF
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
0
50
100
Frequency (Hz)
P
h
a
s
e

[

]


C=1uF
C=20nF
C=1pF
OMICRON
Failure Mode Identified with SFRA
1. Radial Hoop Buckling Deformation of Winding
2. Axial Winding Elongation Telescoping
3. Overall- Bulk & Localized Movement
4. Core Defects
5. Contact Resistance
6. Winding Turn-to-Turn Short Circuit
7. Open Circuited Winding

Residual Magnetization
Oil Status (With or Without)
Grounding

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Radial Failure
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Axial Failure
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Conductor Tilting
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Core Failure Modes
Over-Heating
Bulk Movement
Multiple Core Grounding

Lamination Gaps
Shorted Laminations
Ungrounded Core

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Typical Results
f/Hz
5.000e+001 1.000e+002 5.000e+002 1.000e+003 5.000e+003 1.000e+004 5.000e+004 1.000e+005 5.000e+005 1.000e+006
dB
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
N W sec N V sec N U
f/Hz
5.000e+001 1.000e+002 5.000e+002 1.000e+003 5.000e+003 1.000e+004 5.000e+004 1.000e+005 5.000e+005 1.000e+006

-100
-50
100
150
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RLC Basics
Parallel RLC - VALLEY

Series RLC PEAK

0 dB = 0 Ohms = Short
-100 dB = = Open


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Typical Results
f/Hz
5.000e+001 1.000e+002 5.000e+002 1.000e+003 5.000e+003 1.000e+004 5.000e+004 1.000e+005 5.000e+005 1.000e+006
dB
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
N W sec N V sec N U
f/Hz
5.000e+001 1.000e+002 5.000e+002 1.000e+003 5.000e+003 1.000e+004 5.000e+004 1.000e+005 5.000e+005 1.000e+006

-100
-50
100
150
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Measurement Setup OPEN CIRCUIT
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HV vs. LV Winding Responses
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Open Circuit Tests
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Measurement Setup SHORT CIRCUIT
Short Circuit Test
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Open vs. Shorted tests
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Short Circuit Tests
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Usable Frequency Ranges
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Transformer Types
2 Winding (H, X)
3-H OC
3-X OC
3-HX SC
3 Winding (H, X, Y)
3-H OC
3-X OC
3-Y OC
3-HX SC
3-HY SC
Auto Transformer (Series, Common, Tert)
3-H Series OC
3-X Common OC
3-Y Tert OC
3-HX SC
3-HY SC


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Test Connections
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Test Recommendations (IEEE)

LTC Extreme Raise
DETC as Found
Open Circuit Test
Short Circuit Test
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Series Winding Open Circuit Test
H1-X1 (A) H2-X2 (B) H3-X3(C)

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Common Winding Open Circuit Test
X1-X0 (A) X2-X0 (B) X3-X0 (C)

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Short Circuit Test
H1-H0X0 (A) H2-H0X0 (B) H3-H0X0(C)

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Overview of B Phase
H1-X2 (B) X2-X0 (B) H2-H0X0 (B)

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Analysis Strategies

1. Baseline

2. Similar Unit

3. Phase Comparison


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SFRA Interpretation
Fingerprint
Date X
Date Y
T
i
m
e

b
a
s
e
d

c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n

P
h
a
s
e

b
a
s
e
d

c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n

f/Hz 1.000e+002 5.000e+002 1.000e+003 5.000e+003 1.000e+004 5.000e+004 1.000e+005 5.000e+005 1.000e+006
dB
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10

f/Hz 1.000e+002 5.000e+002 1.000e+003 5.000e+003 1.000e+004 5.000e+004 1.000e+005 5.000e+005 1.000e+006
dB
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10

f/Hz 1.000e+002 5.000e+002 1.000e+003 5.000e+003 1.000e+004 5.000e+004 1.000e+005 5.000e+005 1.000e+006
dB
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10

A B C A B C
f/Hz 1.000e+002 5.000e+002 1.000e+003 5.000e+003 1.000e+004 5.000e+004 1.000e+005 5.000e+005 1.000e+006
dB
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
A vs B vs C
A B C
A B C
f/Hz 1.000e+002 5.000e+002 1.000e+003 5.000e+003 1.000e+004 5.000e+004 1.000e+005 5.000e+005 1.000e+006
dB
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10

f/Hz 1.000e+002 5.000e+002 1.000e+003 5.000e+003 1.000e+004 5.000e+004 1.000e+005 5.000e+005 1.000e+006
dB
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10

Construction based comparison
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Radial Deformation (IEEE)
IEEE WG PC57.149 (Guide) D8
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Axial Deformation (IEEE)
IEEE WG PC57.149 (Guide) D8
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Core Defects (IEEE)
IEEE WG PC57.149 (Guide) D8
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1969 Transformer
CASE STUDY
Initial Problem
Phase 1: Trip out of Service, Differential
Phase 2: DGA
Initial Problem
Phase 1: Trip out of Service, Differential
Phase 2: DGA
Phase 3: Test

-Visual Inspection
-Power Factor
-Exciting Current
-Transformer Turns Ratio
-SFRA
-Second DGA 19 PPM of Acetylne
Phase 4: Reviewed SFRA data
HV Open Circut
LV Open Circut
OMICRON
Failure Modes due to Radial Forces
IEEE PC57.149


Shift to the right
HV Short Circut
HV Short Circut Zoom In
~0.1db difference.. Not bad!
Phase 4: Reviewed SFRA data
Phase 6: Perform Addition Test

-Leakage Reactance +FRSL
-Winding Resistance

Leakage Reactance 3 Phase Equivalent and Per Phase Test
9.62% difference compared to average!
Leakage Reactance FRSL
Winding Resistance
Phase 4: Reviewed SFRA data
Phase 5: Perform Addition Test

-Leakage Reactance +FRSL
-Winding Resistance

Phase 6: Tear down
During Tear Down, Transformer caught on fire
Tear Down
B Phase
Take a closer look

From Left side of Buldge
B phase Zoom In

Right Side of Buldge
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Fault on a furnace 25 MVA transformer
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Overpressure valve was spitting out 200l of oil
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DC insulation resistance
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Ratio error [%]
Ratio Deviation (Tap)
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
000 005 010 015 020
Taps
U
V
W
OMICRON
No-Load
Current
Excitation Current
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
000 005 010 015 020
Taps
Io U
Io V
Io W
Angle of Excitation Current
-60.0
-50.0
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
000 005 010 015 020
Taps
Phase (I) U
Phase (I) V
Phase (I) W
Taps
Taps
OMICRON
Z
0
(f) = R
0
(f) + j X
0
(f)
0.0
1000.0
2000.0
3000.0
4000.0
5000.0
6000.0
0.0Hz 100.0Hz 200.0Hz 300.0Hz 400.0Hz 500.0Hz
R0 W17
R0 V17
R0 U17
0.0
1000.0
2000.0
3000.0
4000.0
5000.0
6000.0
0.0Hz 100.0Hz 200.0Hz 300.0Hz 400.0Hz 500.0Hz
X0 W17
X0 V17
X0 U17
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FRA (log view)
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Comparison to known cases
Tested transformer
Faulty B phase
Transformer with shorted
tertiary winding
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FRA (linear view)
Faulty B phase
Faulty B phase
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FRA (linear view zoomed)
Faulty B phase
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Opened transformer
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Opened transformer
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Melted screw
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Melted screw
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Melted Steel with copper marks
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Interrupted screen connection
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Interrupted screen connection
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FRA measurement 220 kV 110 kV Autotransformer
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Measurement (2)
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Results 110 kV
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Results 220 kV
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Chinese standard DL/T 911-2004

Standard variance of two compared sequences
2
1
0
1
0
) (
N
1
- ) (
1

=
(

=
N
K
N
K
x
k X k X
N
D
2
1
0
1
0
) (
N
1
- ) (
1

=
(

=
N
K
N
K
y
k Y k Y
N
D

Covariance of two compared sequences

2
1 N
0 K
1 N
0 K
xy
X(k)
N
1
- X(k)
N
1
C

=
(

=

2
1
0
) (
N
1
- ) (
(

=
N
K
k Y k Y
Normalized covariance factor

LR
xy
=C
xy
/
y x
D D
Relative factor Rxy =

<

others LR g
LR
XY
xy
) 1 ( 1
10 1 10
10
OMICRON
Chinese standard DL/T 911-2004
Winding Deformation degree
Relative Factors R
Severe Deformation
R
LF
<0.6
Obvious Deformation
1.0>R
LF
0.6 or R
MF
<0.6
Slight Deformation
2.0>R
LF
1.0 or 0.6 R
MF
<1.0
Normal Winding
R
LF
2.0, R
MF
1.0 and R
HF
0.6


R
LF
in the range 1kHz100kHz
R
MF
in the range 100kHz600kHz
R
HF
in the range 600kHz1000kHz
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Good winding according to DL/T 911-2004
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Defective winding according to DL/T 911-2004
Thank You for Your Attention