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Acknowledgements
This lesson plan was developed by Jim Hooper, Camp Educator for 4-H Camp Bristol Hills,
with the support of Cornell Cooperative Extension, the New York State 4-H Geospatial
Taskforce, and Cornell University’s Institute for Resource Information Sciences. February,
2008.
Today it is more important than ever that youth have an understanding of place. The youth
of today will be making the decisions that shape our world tomorrow. The New York State
4-H program, working under the 4-H Science, Engineering and Technology (4-H SET)
initiative is striving to provide opportunities for children to experience cutting edge
technology to better prepare them for their futures. In a recent 4-H SET and New York
State Resource Directory Survey, results showed that geospatial science was believed to be the
most affective subject matter to introduce non-4-H youth to 4-H programming. Further,
curriculum tools and easy, tested lesson plans were shown to be the most important factor
for leaders interested in providing at least 20 hours of SET programming each year. This
lesson plan is designed to address those needs.
This outline features introductory study of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies. It is not intended to be a
compendium of geospatial activities, but rather, a specific outline allowing youth to
experience first hand the use of these technologies to complete a specific mapping project.
The outline works through a series of experiences that allow youth to learn basic land
navigation skills using the GPS units to identify and record their current location
(waypoint), create waypoints, and navigate to waypoints. Armed with this knowledge, youth
will then perform a scientific study of soil composition, using GPS units to record location
data, and generating a spatially accurate map of their results. From start to finish, the outline
provides six hours of instruction, allowing youth to learn the skills and complete a simple
mapping project illustrating real-world use of the technologies.
For more exhaustive studies into GPS and GIS projects, the National 4-H Program has
published additional resources. Please check the Additional Resources section on page 14.
Contents
General Information................................................................3
Procedures
Session I: Using a GPS......................................................4
Session I Outcomes...............................................5
Session II: Data Collection .....................................6
Session II Outcomes.............................................8
Session II: Generating a GIS Map...........................9
Session III Outcomes ...........................................11
Adaptations .......................................................................................13
Vocabulary..........................................................................................13
Additional resources...............................................................14
works cited........................................................................................19
General Information
GRADE LEVEL:
• Intermediate (6-8)
SUBJECT AREAS:
• Math, Science and Technology
• Career Development and Occupational Studies
• Health, Physical Education, and Family and Consumer Sciences
LENGTH OF LESSON:
• Three 2-Hour Sessions.
• Sessions I & II outdoors. Session III suited for the classroom.
• Can be done in one, two, or three separate visits. A recreation-based program could take
part in Session I (Geocaching) only, at a reduced investment of cost and time.
MAIN OBJECTIVE:
• Students will understand how geospatial science can provide a strong mechanism for
studying our human and natural communities.
GOALS:
• Students will become familiar with using basic functions of a Global Positioning Systems
(GPS) receiver, including marking and navigating to waypoints.
• Students will learn basic mapping skills including map elements (North Arrow, Scale,
Legend, neat line, grid lines) and map interpretation (making inferences based on spatial data
contained within the map).
• Students will build a complete map combining existing data and collected waypoints using a
GIS map.
MATERIALS:
• GPS Units
• Geocaches
• Handheld Radios (Walkie-Talkies)
• Charged Batteries
• Computers with GIS software, Digital Projector and Printer
• Samples of topographic map.
• Soil samples (adjusted for pH, Phosphorous, Nitrogen, Potassium)
• RapiTest Soil Testing Kit
• Poster of Aerial View of Camp, laminated
• Dry Erase Board and Markers
• Paper Cups and a Pitcher of Water
PROCEDURES:
SESSION 1 (120 Minutes)
A. Anticipatory Set (45 Minutes)
• Discuss with the students what they have read, heard or experienced about the Global
Positioning System. Ask them what it is, and what they have seen it used for already.
• Introduce the idea of using a GPS to mark and find places (known as “waypoints).
• GPS receivers use signals from satellites positioned around the globe, about 12,000 miles
above the surface. There are 24 of these satellites in use at any one time.
• Satellites send information about how far the receiver is from the satellite, and this allows the
receiver to “triangulate” its own location, within about 3 meters of accuracy.
• Pass out GPS Units, and ask students to turn them on.
• Show students how to turn off the GPS function, so it isn’t trying to lock on to satellites
while you are still indoors.
• Use the Powerpoint titled “Using the Garmin Legend GPS Receiver” to walk through the
most commonly used features of the GPS unit.
• When students are on the “Map” page, ask them what information they see that might be
important. (Scale, current location, nearby landmarks, roads, etc)
• Ask students to advance to the “Navigation” page. Ask them why there is no arrow in the
compass. [Hint: There is no magnetic compass in the GPS, so it can’t determine which direction
you are facing until you start moving].
• Let the participants navigate to the “Trip Computer” page. Show them how they can edit
each field on the receiver.
• Have students advance to the “Main Menu” page.
• Show them how to “MARK” a waypoint, explaining that if you don’t edit the coordinates,
the GPS will mark their current location. Name the first waypoint “classroom”
• Mark a second waypoint, but this time, they will edit the name to that of the first cache
hidden outside. Enter the coordinates to that waypoint.
• Once students have successfully entered the coordinates, show them how to “find” a
waypoint from the main menu. Have them search for waypoints/nearest and they will see
the two waypoints that they just entered.
• Have the students set a “GOTO” and ask them what happens when you click on the
“GOTO”.
• These three features are the most commonly used and most important for our lesson:
Marking current location, marking remote location, and finding a waypoint.
• Ask them what they should do if/when there is an obstacle in the way of their intended
travel. [Hint: Walk around any obstacles, since the GPS will be able to guide them toward their
final destination, unlike a compass.]
• Let them walk to the first location, and tell them what they are looking for when they get
there. The first cache should be a large container in the open.
• Ask students to stand at the cache and look at their GPS receivers. How far away does it say
the cache should be? Why would the GPS not show zero? [There are many factors that affect
the accuracy of a GPS receiver. The GPS must have a clear view of the sky, so being indoors, or
even outdoors under a tree canopy will block signals. Water, even in very small quantities, will
block the signals from the satellite, so GPS cannot be used underwater. Tall buildings or steep
natural walls (ie. the ravine at camp) will often make it difficult to obtain accurate signals.]
• Open the container to reveal the coordinates to the next waypoints.
• Split the group into small groups of roughly 3 people/group to navigate to the next caches.
• Tell them what the container is. Let them navigate to the next waypoint. Continue this
process 3-4 times, depending on time allotted.
• Instruct them to return at a given time. Be sure that each group has a handheld radio.
Periodically, use the radio to let the groups know how much longer they have.
OUTCOMES
o Select Reset
o Choose Select All, then scroll down to Apply. Then hit Yes when it asks if you want
to permanently delete this information.
• Divide the class into 15 equal groups (at least 2 students per group).
• Before class, the facilitator must prepare 15 tubs of soil and lay them out throughout the
property to represent the farmer’s field. Place cones at each station to make them visible
from a central point, wherever your group is meeting. Tubs should contain soils, prepared in
advance to adjust Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium and pH levels.
B. Data Collection and Reporting (45 Minutes)
• Using the test kits at http://www.hometrainingtools.com/catalog/earth-space-science/earth-
geology/p_be-soiltst.html each group will visit one of the testing sites, and perform each of
the four tests AND mark their waypoint data for their test site.
• Once the groups have completed the soil testing, it is time to record their data. All groups
will meet together in the classroom. Each group should elect a spokesperson.
• The facilitator will ask each group what they recorded for each of the tests. Ask the adult
leader to keep track on a large grid:
• Have each group enter the Coordinates of each site in their handheld GPS.
• Ask them what conclusions they can draw from the tabular data. Would it be easier to draw
conclusions if you could see the data on the map? In other words, would it be easier to draw
conclusions from space-based information when viewed in a spatially referenced context?
C. Basic Visual Representation of the Data. (30 Minutes)
• Use a dry erase/chalk board to draw a quick map by hand.
• Invite one of the students to transpose data from the chart for Nitrogen
• Ask the group if they can see trends now, that they couldn’t see before?
• Repeat the process for Potassium. Ask the group if they would rather see it overlaid as
another layer on the same map, or shown on a different map. Why? [This would be a good
opportunity to stimulate discussion about the layering aspect of GIS maps.]
• Invite students to share their ideas as to why it would be important to have this data in a
digital format, via a GIS Map. [accuracy, ability to communicate with others electronically,
ability to transmit data to computerized farm equipment]
• Show pictures and share information about GIS enabled tractors and other equipment.
Stimulate discussion about economics of high-tech equipment vs. traditional. Why would a
farmer choose to spend extra money for GPS enabled equipment? [higher profit margins,
reduced environmental pollution, more sustainable agriculture (ie. healthy environment will allow
more farming in the future).] What type of farmer would be more likely to upgrade? [Large
scale production farmers are more likely to see a profit from the upgrade, small scale local farmers
wouldn’t see enough return to justify the expenses]
OUTCOMES
in the Legend. If there are any elements that you don’t want to list in the legend (for
whatever reason), highlight the unwanted layer and then select the back arrow in the Legend
Wizard.
• Once you are satisfied with the layers selected, click Next
• Now you can edit the fonts, colors and titles of the legend. Then click Next.
• Now you can edit the background, border and drop shadow if you wish. Then click Next.
• Click Next through the last pages of the Legend Wizard.
• Once the legend shows on your map, you will need to move the legend to a space on the
map where it will be clearly visible, but not intrusive to the data on the map.
• Next, you will want to add a North Arrow. Select Insert/North Arrow.
• Select one of the stock images for a North Arrow, and select OK.
• Again, you will need to reposition the North Arrow so that it is visible, but not intrusive.
• You will want to add a sense of scale. You can choose to use a scale bar or scale text.
• Select Insert/Scale Bar or Insert/Scale Text. Complete the wizard, then reposition the scale
within the neatline.
• To finish your map, you will want to date the map, and identify who created the map.
• Select Insert/Text. A small box will appear in the center of your map. Enter the date the
map was created, and then your group name. For example: “Map generated May 21, 2008
by Mrs. Johnson’s 6th grade class at Canandaigua Middle School”.
• Voila, your map is finished!
• Be sure that the printer is hooked up. Select File/Print. Complete the Print Wizard and
print your very first map!
OUTCOMES
• Students will be able to name the basic components of maps.
• Students will be able to describe how maps use layers or data sets to relay spatial information
graphically.
• Students will enter data for scientific study.
• Students will communicate scientific results by generating a geospatially referenced map of
their findings.
ADAPTATIONS:
• This program could easily be adapted to accommodate the school classroom environment.
• Please discuss with the facilitator, any students with special needs, prior to the program.
• Some groups may find it helpful to provide additional support staff for students who may
need more individualized attention with the technology.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
A. Who do you think created the GPS system, and how long ago was it started? [US Military.
The project began back in the 1970s]
B. Do you think that the people who originally created the idea had farmers or geocachers in
mind when they created it? If not, who did they possibly have in mind? [Soldiers, aircraft,
space exploration]
C. Who do you think was the first industry in the civilian market to utilize GPS? [Pizza
Companies!]
D. How might this information be helpful to a farmer trying to determine the best use of
his/her fields? [help to analyze how the soils vary throughout the field, make decisions about
which crops to grow and where. ]
E. If a farmer felt it was necessary to apply pesticides/fertilizers to the fields, would this
information be helpful? [Could help to avoid applying too many chemicals, which would be
costly, and could cause environmental contamination. Could also identify where the soil needs
more nutrients(fertilizers) added, due to a natural deficiency]
F. How else might this type of mapping technology be helpful in your community?
G. If you were a farmer 50 years ago, how would you have made similar decisions without the
help of GPS and GIS mapping technology? [You wouldn’t have. Farmers in the early 1900’s
treated their entire field as one, applying the same chemicals to the entire field, whether they
needed it or not. They may have based decisions on last years yields, and/or account for weather
and other conditions, but they had no concrete way to analyze their soils.]
H. Looking 50 years ahead, how do you think this technology will help farmers? [Precision
farming, tractors that drive themselves, tracking collars on livestock]
VOCABULARY:
• Coordinates: A set of numbers that designate location in a given reference system, such as
x,y in a planar coordinate system or an x,y,z in a three-dimensional coordinate system.
Coordinates represent locations on the Earth's surface relative to other locations.
(http://geoapp2.gov.mb.ca/website/MAFRI/Glossary3.html#C)
• Data Set: A logically meaningful grouping or collection of similar or related data. Data
having mostly similar characteristics (source or class of source, processing level and
algorithms, etc.) http://eobglossary.gsfc.nasa.gov/Library/glossary.php3?mode=all
• GPS: A constellation of satellites originally developed by the U.S. Department of Defense as
a navigation aid. It is now used by the civilian community for navigation and
horizontal/vertical positioning of features.
(http://geoapp2.gov.mb.ca/website/MAFRI/Glossary3.html#G )
• GPS/r: Global Positioning System Receiver. This is the handheld device that allows a user
to determine their exact location in space.
• Latitude:
Latitude: The angular distance of a location north or south of the equator.
(http://geoapp2.gov.mb.ca/website/MAFRI/Glossary3.html#L)
• Longitude: The angle between the plane of a meridian and the plane of an initial meridian
arbitrarily chosen (the Greenwich Prime Meridian).
(http://geoapp2.gov.mb.ca/website/MAFRI/Glossary3.html#L)
• Precision Farming: This practice allows the farmer to vary the rate of fertilizer across the
field according to the need identified by GPS guided Grid Sampling. Fertilizer that would
have been spread in areas that don't need it can be placed in areas that do, thereby
optimizing its use. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_agriculture )
• Triangulation: A trigonometric operation for finding a position or location by means of
bearings from two fixed points a known distance apart
(http://www.m-w.com/dictionary )
• Waypoint: an intermediate point on a route or line of travel (http://www.m-
w.com/dictionary )
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:
To explore a more thorough course of study, the following resources may be helpful.
Brewer, Cynthia. Designing Better Maps, a Guide for GIS Users. Redlands, CA: ESRI P, 2005.
Cook, Donald. Fun with GPS. First ed. Redlands, California: ESRI P, 2005.
English, Kim Z., and Laura S. Feaster. Community Geography, GIS in Action. Redlands, CA: ESRI
P, 2003.
"Exploring Spaces, Going Places." National Directory of 4-H Materials. 2006. 15 Feb. 2008
<http://www.4-hdirectory.org/view.asp?ID={DB278744-9557-49BA-B3F7-
CE82A83EBEB9}>.
"Geocaching Home Page." 15 Feb. 2008. Groundspeak, Inc. 15 Feb. 2008 <www.geocaching.com>.
Knapp, Connie L., and The Orton Family Foundation. Making Community Connections. 1st ed.
Malone, Lyn, Anita M. Palmer, Christine L. Voigt, Eileen Napolean, and Laura Feaster. Mapping
Our World, GIS Lessons for Educators. 2nd ed. Redlands, CA: ESRI P, 2005.
Mitchell, Andy. Zeroing in. Geographic Information Systems At Work in the Community.
Key Idea 2: Knowledge of the impacts and limitations of information systems is essential to
its effective and ethical use.
• 2.1: understand the need to question the accuracy of information displayed on
a computer because the results produced by a computer may be affected by
incorrect data entry.
• 2.2: identify advantages and limitations of data-handling programs and
graphics programs.
Key Idea 3:Information technology can have positive and negative impacts on society,
depending upon how it is used.
• 3.2: describe applications of information technology in mathematics, science,
and other technologies that address needs and solve problems in the community.
• 3.3: explain the impact of the use and abuse of electronically generated
information on individuals and families.
Key Idea 2: Models are simplified representations of objects, structures, or systems used in
analysis, explanation, interpretation, or design.
• 2.1: select an appropriate model to begin the search for
answers or solutions to a question or problem.
• 2.2: use models to study processes that cannot be studied
directly (e.g., when the real process is too slow, too fast,
or too dangerous for direct observation).
• 2.3: demonstrate the effectiveness of different models to
represent the same thing and the same model to represent
different things.
Key Idea 6: In order to arrive at the best solution that meets criteria within constraints, it is
often necessary to make trade-offs.
•6.2: use graphs of information for a decision making problem
to determine the optimum solution.
Standard
Standard 3a: Universal Foundation Skills
Key Idea 1. Basic skills include the ability to read, write, listen, and speak as well as perform
arithmetical and mathematical functions.
•1.1: listen to and read the ideas of others and analyze what they hear and read;
acquire and use information from a variety of sources; and apply a combination
of mathematical operations to solve problems in oral or written form.
Key Idea 2. Thinking skills lead to problem solving, experimenting, and focused observation
and allow the application of knowledge to new and unfamiliar situations.
• 2.1: evaluate facts, solve advanced problems, and make decisions by applying
logic and reasoning skills.
Key Idea 5. Technology is the process and product of human skill and ingenuity in designing
and creating things from available resources to satisfy personal and societal needs and
wants.
• 5.1: select and use appropriate technology to complete a task.
Key Idea 6. Information management focuses on the ability to access and use information
obtained from other people, community resources, and computer networks.
• 6.1: select and communicate information in an appropriate format (e.g., oral,
written, graphic, pictorial, multimedia).
NATIONAL 4-
4-H
SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (4-
(4 - H SET)
With 4-H and the Cooperative Extension System’s (CES) direct connection to the cutting-edge
research and resources of the nation’s 106 land-grant universities and colleges, we are strategically
positioned to strengthen the U.S. global competitiveness and leadership in science, engineering and
technology.
4-H SET activities reach over 5 million youth with hands-on learning experiences that foster
exploration, discovery and passion for the sciences. The combination of content and context
inherent in 4-H club and camp programs is proven to have a positive effect on youth, resulting in
young adults who are prepared to contribute, excel, and lead in their communities and workplaces.
http://www.fourhcouncil.edu/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_7C99258964202C527B0EBCA1D7F462DAFA250200
4-H SET has identified 30 abilities that exemplify SET learning standards.
Observe Draw/Design X
Categorize/Order/Classify X Build/Construct
Organize Collect Data X
Infer X Invent/Implement Solutions X
Question Test X
Predict Research a Problem
Hypothesize Interpret/Analyze/Reason X
Evaluate X Troubleshoot
State a Problem Redesign
Plan an investigation X Optimize
Use Tools X Collaborate X
Develop Solutions Compare X
Design Solutions Model/Graph/Use Numbers X
Problem Solve Summarize/Relate X
Measure X Demonstrate/Communicate to Others X
WORKS CITED
“Math, Science and Technology.” New York State Learning Standards. 25 Feb. 2008
<http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/ciai/mst.html>.
"4-H SET and New York State Resource Directory Survey." NYS 4-H Moodle. Cornell University
Cooperative Extension. 25 Feb. 2008 <http://dev.cce.cornell.edu/moodle/course/view.php?id=40>.