Attachment - Training Description - 20120517

ACADEMY
Offer for Multi Radio Training for Safaricom Limited

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2G RAN Modernisation
Training Course Descriptions

Safaricom Limited

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Contents
DESCRIPTION OF SINGLE COURSES ........................................................................................................... 3
EVENTS........................................................................................................................................................... 26
NOKIA SIEMENS NETWORKS GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR LEARNING SERVICES ..... 26

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Description of single courses

RA2273-01A Flexi Multiradio Installation [EX3.1]
Course Number RA2273-01A
Course Title Flexi Multiradio Installation [EX3.1]
Prerequisites TM5108 GSM Fundamentals or equivalent e-learning
Contents Learning Element 1 - Introduction to Flexi Multiradio EDGE BTS
After the Learning Element the participant will be able to:
- Explain the need for a new platform
- Describe the concept of Flexi Multiradio EDGE BTS
- List the hardware differences between the current Ultra Site BTS and
the new Flexi Multiradio EDGE BTS
- List the units of the Flexi Multiradio EDGE BTS
- Describe the main function of each unit in the Flexi Multiradio EDGE
BTS
- Describe the installation configuration options for the Flexi Multiradio
EDGE BTS
Learning Element 2 - Flexi Multiradio EDGE BTS Learning Element Installation
& Cabling
- Describe installation options for Flexi Multiradio EDGE BTS
- Identify the interfaces and connectors of the Flexi Multiradio EDGE
BTS in respect to configuration
- Demonstrate best practices for facilitating future site expansion
- Install Flexi Multiradio EDGE BTS Learning Elements
- Install and route cables on the Flexi Multiradio EDGE BTS according to
specified configurations
Learning Element 3 - Flexi Multiradio EDGE BTS Configuration
- Annotate, on a diagram the bus, power and RF cable routing in
configurations specified by the instructor
- Create a list of the required Learning Elements and ancillary
components for the configurations above.
- Describe the Smart Radio Concept features
Duration 1 Day
Max number of
participants
8
Course Type: with or
without practice
PTB=Practical and theoretical course with test bed
Skill level IMD intermediate
Export control ECCN: 5E991X
AL-Number: N
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RA2274-01A Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS Commissioning
Course number RA2274-01A

Target Group Personnel commissioning Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS
Aim Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS Product Overview and Modules Description
- Understand the concept and key features of Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE
BTS
- Describe the application options for the Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS
for capacity solution and coverage solution
- List the hardware differences between the current Flexi Multiradio BTS and
the Flexi EDGE BTS
- Describe briefly Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS compared to Flexi EDGE
BTS
- Explain the Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS architecture
- List the modules of the Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS
- Describe the main function of each module in the Flexi Multiradio
GSM/EDGE BTS
- Describe the site equipment supported Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS
Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS Licensed Features and Software
Compatibility
- List supported licensed features
- Recognize different license types
- Know how to activate the licence features
- Software compatibility of Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS
- Match the BTS features according to the BSC and Net Act software
revisions
Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS Configuration
- Explain the various type of configuration options supported by Flexi
Multiradio BTS
- Describe the different options according to how the radios and the system
modules are configured in optical RP3-1 interfaces.
- Explain Co-sitting with older GSM BTS and WCDMA/LTE BTS
- Create the radio connections system modules with 2-3 typical (dedicated
2G) radio connection
- Create a list of the required modules and ancillary components for the
configurations above.
Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS Commissioning and Integration
- Recognize the preparation and pre-checking activity before commissioning
- List of commissioning steps for Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS
- Recognize the main functions of Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS
Manager
- Describe the Software release naming including for BTS Manager, and the
latest Software roadmap for the BTS manager
- Explain the Local Sector concept, (including "x W per TRX" option) and
Resource Allocation algorithm. New for anyone with 2G only experience
- Explain the frequency & power budget utilisation in respect of Flexi
Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS
- Commissioning and Integration troubleshooting: usage of Trouble
Management document and List of Generic Faults
- Show how to report problems via Resolve (case description, how to take
typical logs such as SIR and MML etc)
- Install BTS Manager to a PC
- Use the BTS Manager tool
- Install the Software package for Flexi Multiradio BTS
- Check relevant Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS licences
- Commission Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS with BTS Manager
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(Examples with single RFM and multiple RFM RP3 connections) and show
how these are created at the BSC
- Show how permitted and non-permitted system configurations are
detected in Element Manager
- Demonstrate checking, listing and reporting all Flexi Multiradio BTS alarms
or contrary "On-Air" indications
- Demonstrate testing and supervising using BTS Manager
- Carry out a GSM/EDGE test call (network permitting)
- Perform site expansion (adding a sector) or BSC refarming and
demonstrate in practice what local sector concept means
- Show BTS site expansion rules, e.g.: sector defined in ascending order,
explanation of algorithm functionality, etc.
Prerequisites TM5108 GSM Fundamentals or equivalent e-learning
Contents Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS Product Overview and Modules Description
Compatibility
Duration 2 days
Max number of participants 8
Course Type: with or without
practice
AL-Number: N

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RA2275-01A Flexi Multiradio GSM/EDGE BTS Operation and Maintenance [EX3.1]

BTS
the Flexi EDGE BTS
BTS
GSM/EDGE BTS
Compatibility
revisions
- Explain the various type of configuration options supported by Flexi
Multiradio BTS
- Describe the different options according to how the radios and the system
modules are configured in optical RP3-1 interfaces.
- Explain Co-sitting with older GSM BTS and WCDMA/LTE BTS
- Create the radio connections system modules with 2-3 typical (dedicated
2G) radio connection
- Create a list of the required modules and ancillary components for the
configurations above.
Manager
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Flexi Multiradio GSM BTS Operation, Administration and Maintenance
- Describe the operational functionality of the Flexi Multiradio GSM BTS
Flexi Multiradio GSM BTS Module Replacement
- Describe installation options for Flexi Multiradio GSM BTS
- Remove and replace Flexi Multiradio GSM BTS modules
Compatibility
Flexi Multradio GSM BTS Operation, Administration and Maintenance
Flexi Multiradio GSM BTS Module Replacement
Duration 4 days
practice
AL-Number: N

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RA2276-01A Flexi Multiradio GSM BTS Troubleshooting [EX3.1]

Target Group All personnel maintaining Flexi EDGE BTS
BTS
the Flexi EDGE BTS
BTS
GSM/EDGE BTS
Compatibility
revisions
Manager
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Flexi Multiradio GSM BTS Operation, Administration and Maintenance
- Describe the operational functionality of the Flexi Multiradio GSM BTS
Flexi Multiradio GSM BTS Troubleshooting
Perform preventive maintenance tasks and corrective maintenance
Understand the concept of troubleshooting process
Identify the problem as part of troubleshooting process
Recognize and recover the most common alarms in the BTS
Group alarms and faults into a few main categories
Use 2G Flexi BTS Manager for troubleshooting
Recognize current features and failures of the SW Configuration and
compatibility
Replace faulty modules process
- Perform the troubleshooting process to solve the cases
Prerequisites RA2262-01A Introduction to Flexi EDGE Base Station (SVU)
TM5703-01N 2G System Training (2G SYSTRA)
RA2268-01N Flexi EDGE BTS Installation
RA2267-01N Flexi EDGE BTS Commissioning
RA2265-01N Flexi EDGE BTS Operation, Administration and Maintenance
Compatibility
Flexi Multradio GSM BTS Operation, Administration and Maintenance
Flexi Multradio GSM BTS Troubleshooting
Comment Underpinning knowledge & skills:
- Good background understanding of Base Station Subsystem. Skilled at
Flexi EDGE BTS installation and commissioning. General electrical,
telecommunications transmission, radio principles, radio equipment and
antenna systems. Basic personal computer skills.
Duration 3 days
practice
Skill level ADV advanced
AL-Number: N

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RN2814-20A Base Station Subsystem Troubleshooting RG20 (BSS)
Course number RN2814-20A

Target Group BSS personnel and system specialists, who will be responsible for fault finding
and trouble shooting
Aim After the training, the participant will be able to:
- To provide knowledge and skills to identify faults and find a solution for
faults related to the BSS, BSC, BTS, TCSM and Transmission
Prerequisites TM5108 GSM Fundamentals
PF1002 Switch Platform Essential and Administration
RN2812 Base Station Subsystem Essentials
RN2817 Base Station Subsystem Integration
RN2813 Base Station Subsystem Signalling
Worked on base station integration of both BTS and BSC for at least six
months
Directly involved in maintenance and troubleshooting in your daily work
Conversant with the command structure and DX200 MML syntax, and know
the most important commands and parameters well
Conversant with the structure and content of NSN System documentation
Knowledgeable about BSS interfaces (Abis, A and Ater) and the position of
individual channels
Contents Problem Investigation and Fault Finding
- Understand general procedure of BSS Troubleshooting
- Understand the basics how to become a good fault finder
- Know the various of information sources in fault situation for analyzing
- Understand what information needed for problem reporting
BSS Network Verification
- Understand the local testbed configuration to be in the position of being
able to troubleshot
- Refresh all important interrogation command
- Verify Abis/A/Gb/Q3/IP interface states, configuration and parameters
- Using Protocol Analyzer for troubleshooting:
- Setup the necessary settings of Nethawk protocol analyser
- Take traces of all available BSS Interfaces (A, Ater, Abis, Gb)
- Interrogating Dynamic Abis pool with NetHawk
- Take traces of IP traffic using Wireshark for IP-based interfaces (Gb over
IP, SS7 over IP (SIGTRAN))
- ESB architecture and operation:
- Describe the purpose for IP in BSC
- Describe the BSC LAN topology
Service Terminal
- DX 200 debugger Service Terminal Essentials:
- Open remote and local Service Terminal sessions
- Use DX200 debugger in a manner which is safe for the system
- Use various Service Terminal extensions in DMX
- Initiate Service Terminal mini-debugger session
- Use fluently and advance features of DX200 debugger as a tool for
troubleshooting process:
- Store log files of computer units and operating system Use DX200
debugger fluently as a tool for troubleshooting process
- Use BSC specific debugger extensions:
- Perform monitoring of radio resource
- Perform monitoring of radio measurements
- Monitor the operation and maintenance signalling in OMUSIG
- Monitor the telecom signalling in TRXSIG
- Use Chorus ST extensions for (E)GPRS
- PCU1 and PCU2 Service Terminal and collecting log file:
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- Describe the different type of PCU
- Enter PCU Service Terminal
- Take log files from PCU1 units
- Interrogate ongoing Packet Switched Traffic on SEGMENT level on PCU1
- Use help functionality of the PCU2 service terminal
- Use important commands in PCU2 service terminal
- Interrogate ongoing Packet Switched Traffic on SEGMENT level on PCU2
- Take log files of PCU2
- ESB Service Terminal:
- Connect for ESB Service Terminal
- Check of and verify configuration ESB 26 unit
- Safe configuration file of ESB unit
- Perform changes in ESB configuration
BSC Recovery
- BSC Database Administration and structure of the databases:
- List the BSC databases
- Perform tasks needed to manage databases
- Understand the structure of the databases on a general level
- Describe how the system uses databases on a general level
- Preventive Maintenance Tasks - Safecopying in BSC and manage
database:
- Describe the BSC DMX software directory structure
- Describe the structure of the Software Package
- Make a copy of the Fall Back copy to Harddisk
- Manage safe copy faults
- Perform backup copying to USB Memory Stick or MO
- Restoring the BSC software in different situation
- Recover BSC after total System crash
- Replacing the Hardisk unit
BSC Start-up
- Identify the order of units in BSC start-up
- Verify DMX unit startup process
- Verify Chorus unit startup process
- Monitor unit start-up phases in DMX units
- Collect system/unit start-up log for troubleshooting
Fault Cases in BSC, BTS, TCSM and BSS Transmission
- Identify the RNW parameters and purpose of the thresholds of Radio
Network:
- Identify the RNW supervision parameters
- Describe the purpose of the thresholds of the RNW supervision
parameters
- Describe the alarms related to RNS supervision
- Set the RNW supervision parameters proportionally
- Demonstrate to activate and test automated RNW O&M logs feature
- Solve self-dependent miscellaneous fault cases
- Clear code and correlative counters
- Analysis fault from computer logs
Duration 5 days
practice
PTB=Practical and theoretical course with testbed
AL-Number: N

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RN2819-20A Base Station Subsystem Operation and Maintenance RG20 (BSS) for
experience GSM engineers

Target Group Experience BSS engineering personnel who will responsible for the operation
and mantainance of NSN BSS (Flexi BSC)
This course is compress version of RN2812: Base Station Subsystem
Essentials and RN2817 and Base Station Subsystem Integration
Duration of course has been shorten base on participants must have
experience of GSM BSS, principle of BSS will cover in review level
This course is not recommend to new engineer
Aim After the training, the participant will be able to:
- Identify and describe the BSS network elements
- Perform essential Flexi BSC and TCSM operation
- Explain NSN 2G Base Station solutions, such as Flexi EDGE and Flexi
Multiradio BTS
- Describe the architecture and functions of NSN Flexi BSC family
(BSC3i660/1000/2000 and Flexi BSC(3000)), its capacity and
configurations
- Describe the BSS radio network object parameters
- Apply MML command to interrogate signalling and circuit switched traffic
- Interrogate and modify the radio network parameters and RNW objects
with MML Commands, including adjacent cells
- Explain GPRS/EGPRS network structure and GPRS/EGPRS
configuration. Eg: Gb over IP and Multipoint Gb interface
- Create and configure TCSM3i setting
- Integrate A interface using MML commands
- Integrate Abis interface using MML commands
- Monitor BTS restart phases of base station
- Integrate Gb interface both Gb over FR and Gb over IP
- Create EGPRS/GPRS Radio Network configuration
- Note: This training is NOT cover Packet Abis and A over IP intergration.
- Note: Packet Abis and A over IP cover in RN2818: BSC IP Connectivity
and RN2820: RG20 IP Transport Integration
Prerequisites TM5108: GSM Fundamentals
PF1001/PF1002: Switching Platform Essential and Administration or PF2000-
04: Flexi BSC DX200 Switching Platform
Experience in GSM technology and the Base Station Subsystem in particular
as well as NSN DX200 Platform knowledge
Contents BSS Overview (review)
- Label a diagram of the elements and interfaces used within the BSS
- Describe the functions of the BSS elements (BSC, TCSM and BTS)
- Describe RG20 transport features
BSS Traffic Channels (Only review, participants must have knowledge of BSS
Traffic channel)
- Name the BSS network elements that are involved in a circuit and packet
switched
- Name and specify the interfaces that are involved in a call (A, Abis, Gb)
- Explain the traffic and signalling flow for the voice in circuit switched within
BSS network elements
- Explain the traffic and signalling flow for the packet data in packet switched
within BSS network elements
- Describe the A, Abis and Gb interface over IP concept
Flexi BSC Architecture and Interfaces
- Explain the architecture and capacity of NSN Flexi BSC Family (BSC3i
660, BSC3i 1000/2000, and Flexi BSC)
- Explain unit functions of switching unit, computer units (MCMU, BCSU and
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OMU) and PCU
- Describe the synchronization and internal LAN within Flexi BSC
- Describe Flexi BSC interfaces units: ET,SET,EET and ETIP/ETP for
IP/Ethernet
- Explain the other units related to mass memory storage (WDU), removable
storage (MO, USB), I/O devices (VDU, LPT), Power distribution (PDFU)
and Fan units.
- Explain the capacity of TRX, SS7 & LAPD signalling, packet channels, and
capacity upgrade in BSC type variants
- Apply MML command to interrogate BSC hardware database
- Interpret the information for when do hardware interrogation
- Demonstrate to check the unit state with MML command
- Interpret the capacity of AS7 plug-in unit related to SS7, LAPD channels
- Interpret the capacity of PCU related to Gb interface and Abis interface for
packet data channels
TCSM3i Architecture and Interfaces
- Explain the use and functionality of TCSM3i in BSS
- Understand 2 types of TCSM3i : Stand-alone & Combi
- Explain the TCSM3i architecture, capacity, configuration and interfaces
- Apply MML command to interrogate the TCSM hardware database
- Demonstrate connection to TCSM locally and remotely
- Apply frequently use commands in TCSM Service Terminal
BSS Radio Network Operation & Maintenance (Participants must have
knowledge of BSS protocols and parameters)
- Explain basic BSS protocols and parameters: such as CCS7, SIGTRAN,
LAC, CI, RAC and NCC (review)
- Describe the differences between Frequency Hopping and Baseband
Hopping technique (review)
- Describe the procedure to modify basic radio network parameter
- Apply MML command to interrogate signalling and circuit switched traffic
- Interrogate the radio network parameters and RNW objects with MML
Commands
- Use MML to modify and operate basic radio network parameter
- Handling GSM and WCDMA adjacent cells
NSN 2G BTS Solution
- Describe the general knowledge of NSN Flexi EDGE BTS
- Understand the concept of Flexi Multiradio BTS
- Explain coverage and capacity of different NSN 2G BTS solution
- Identify the main modules of NSN 2G BTS and their functionalities of the
BTS
- List the integrated transmission modules of NSN 2G BTS
GPRS/EGPRS handling in BSS
- Define GPRS Network structure
- Define GPRS Hardware and Software requirements
- Explain the main functions of PCU plug-in unit in BSC
- Explain Gb Interface protocol (Gb over FR and Gb over IP )
- Explain GPRS/EGPRS cell parameter
- Explain usage of Dynamic Abis (DAP)
- Recognize the concept of PCU2 pooling
- Describe multi-Gb interface
- Apply MML command to interrogate the Gb interface parameter
- Apply MML command to modify the GPRS/EDGE parameter in cell
Interrogation of BSC IP Settings
- Describe the IP protocol Basics: IP address, netmask, routing
- Describe the use of IP in BSC (physical interfaces and logical interfaces)
- Apply MML command to interrogate IP setting for O&M and for Gb over IP
TCSM Functions and settings
- Creating Transcoding and Rate Adaptation Unit (TRAU) frame
- Explain principle of Acoustic Echo Cancellation (AEC) and Automatic Level
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Control (ALC)
- Explain principle of Tandem Free Operation (TFO) and Noise Suppression
(NS)
- Interrogate and modify setting of TCSM3i
A Interface Integration
- Describes the A interface signalling hierarchy and traffic channel
distribution within the BSC
- Use the BSS Integration reference material to create an A interface
connection
- Integrate the Ater and A interfaces
- Create the Standalone TCSM unit
- TCSM3i and Combi TCSM Configuration and TR3 roles
- Create TCSM3i hardware in Master BSC
- Create Combi TCSM unit in Master and Remote BSC
- Create connecting the A interface ET
- Explain and Configure Ater Interface in MGW
- Creating the CCS7 signalling (MTP, SCCP, BSSAP, BSSMAP and DTAP)
- Creating the speech channels and interrogate A interface parameters
- Explain SIGTRAN (SCTP, M3UA) concept and creating A interface
SIGTRAN in BSC
Abis Interface Integration
- Describe the procedure for Abis interface structure and integration step
- List the basic Radio Network parameter needed for creating Radio
Network objects
- Create the Abis interface, radio network objects and control parameters
- Handling BTS software from BSC: download SW from BSC to BTS and
database structure
- Taking Base Station into use
BTS Restart Phase Monitoring
- Monitor the restart phases of base stations using the service terminal
extension RPHASE
GPRS and EGPRS Integration in BSC
- Explain Gb over Frame Relay configuration and protocol
- Create GPRS (FR) in BSC
- Explain Gb over IP interface configuration and protocol
- Explain static and dynamic Gb over IP configuration
- Integrate the Gb over IP
- Create GPRS radio network using MML commands
- Activate GPRS cell and BTS
- Create EGPRS on a cell level
- Create dynamic Abis Pools
Comment This course is a compress version of RN2812 and RN2817.principle of BSS
will cover in review level
General O&M of BSC3i (660/1000/2000) and Flexi BSC are similar. Therefore,
testbed of BSC3i (660/1000/2000) or Flexi BSC can use for this training.
However, if practical need to focus only Flexi BSC please indicate in training
requirement.
Duration 5 days
practice
PTB=Practical and theoretical course with testbed
AL-Number: N

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RN2006-20A BSS Network Planning Concept [RG20]

Target Group All personnel involved in planning and optimization of 2G networks
People, who are involved in dimensioning of coverage/ capacity calculations,
traffic planning and field analysis from drive test parameters.
Aim GSM and BSS fundamental aspects
- List the 2G and BSS functions and elements
- Describe the principles of network planning
- List the antennas and near antenna hardware
- List the antenna characteristics: Radiation pattern, Tilt, Height, Polarization
and Space Diversity, VSWR
- Explain the use and main characteristics of Cable and jumper, Duplexer
and diplexer, Filter and combiner, Booster and MHA / TMA
- List the NSN BTS types (Flexi) and configurations
- Show the Nokia Siemens BSS solution architecture
Coverage Planning
- Explain the electromagnetic wave propagation characteristic in real
environment and why is necessary to create propagation models
- List which propagation models are in use for planning and how to apply
most suitable
- Explain how are created the basic propagation (Okumura Hata and COST
Hata) models and their usage
- List alternative models e.g. Walfish Ikegami, Knife edge, Ray-tracing and
ray-launching model
- Explain the link balance and the factors in UL/DL calculations for loss
calculations in GSM networks
- List and explain the Link Budget Parameter (eg. the fading factors)
- List peak power values at antenna connector and antenna gains
- Define the noise and interference taken in account for planning
- Explain how to calculate cell areas of different type of cells in different
environments
- List the planning tools used by NSN
- List the type of measurements used in the planning process
Capacity Planning
- List the traffic characteristics and Erlang traffic models
- Explain Erlang theory for CS services
- Explain how to dimension the GSM air interface: Explain the logical
channels and mapping to physical layer, explain the sharing of resources
for signalling/TCH at Um and explain the impact on the capacity of Abis
interface.
- Explain how to work with the Erlang B and C tables
Frequency Planning & Power management
- Explain how interference is produced and the necessity of frequency reuse
- Explain the idea of cluster and reuse patterns
- Explain the strategies of frequency allocation: BCCH and TCH Layer,
macro and micro cell layer, normal and super re-use layer, cost matrix,
frequency hopping, MAIO allocation and C/I depending frequency
allocation
- Define the spectrum efficiency and main optimization ideas
- List and explain how to measure and analyze the interference (drive tests)
- Explain how to reduce the interference through power reduction and
physical optimization
- List the main NSN optimization and analyzing tools
Increase of Network Coverage and Capacity
- Explain how to improve coverage by parameter setting
- Explain how to improve coverage by using of antennas and out door units,
repeaters, MHA and diversity
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- Explain how to optimize the traffic distribution through balancing UL/DL
with C1 and C2 and by setting of different HO parameters
- Explain how to implement macro and micro cells for slow/high traffic with
different capacity expectations and the idea of IUO to improve capacity by
different CIR
- Explain the impact of the flexible speech coding on the coverage and
capacity (AMR)
Summary of radio network optimization
- Explain the necessity of the optimization work: uncertainty of propagation
models, uncertainty of expected traffic and limitation of frequency planning
algorithms
- List and explain the steps in the optimization flow
- List and explain some key performance indicators and counters
- Explain the planning and execution of the drive tests, evaluation of the
measurements results
- Explain the optimization ides of cell reselection, power control, handover,
adjacency plan and signalling
- Explain general the role of down tilt and height of antenna for coverage
and interference
Prerequisites Fundamentals of NSN 2G BSS and radio network planning
Contents GSM and BSS fundamental aspects
Coverage Planning
Capacity Planning
Frequency Planning & Power management
Increase of Network Coverage and Capacity
Summary of radio network optimization
Duration 5 days
practice
THY=Theoretical course
AL-Number: N

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RN2002-20N EGPRS BSS Network Planning RG20
Course number RN2002-20N

Target Group Network planners and technical persons interested in the GPRS/EDGE
implementation in the BSS of Nokia Siemens Networks
Aim After completing this course, the participant will be able to:
(E)GPRS Functionality
- Describe the (E)GPRS network architecture
- Explain the function of the used protocols Network Protocols
- List the used Physical and Logical Channel
(E)GPRS Signalling
- Explain the (E)GPRS main Mobility Management and Session
Management procedures
- Understand the concept behind Routing Area design
- Explain Paging coordination
- Explain the concept of a Temporary Block Flow TBF
- Describe the different identities used on different interfaces
- List different categories of MSs
(E)GPRS Radio Interface
- Realize the difference between GPRS CSs and EGPRS MCSs
- Explain the air interface principles such as modulation and link adaptation
- Explain how mobility is handled in GPRS networks
- Explain Network controlled Cell Reselection (NCCR) and Network Assisted
Cell Change (NACC)
- Illustrate the interworking with LTE/UMTS
(E)GPRS NSN Solution
- Explain how the Nokia Siemens Network Territory method works
- Know capacity relevant parameters in the BSS
- Describe Legacy and Packet Abis
- Explain the EDAP functionality in case of Legacy Abis
- Depict the PCU functionality
- List PCU variants in the Nokia Siemens Network solution
- Describe the Gb interface main structure
- Know Gb enhancing features like Multipoint Gb or PCU pooling
(E)GPRS Network Optimisation
- Sketch the (E)GPRS Optimisation process and the main optimisation tasks
- List the most important tools for (E) GPRS planning and optimisation
- Know some important KPIs
Prerequisites RN2006
Contents (E)GPRS Functionality
(E)GPRS Signalling
(E)GPRS Radio Interface
(E)GPRS NSN Solution
(E)GPRS Network Optimisation
Duration 2 days
practice
AL-Number: N

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RN2010-20N BSS Parameter Planning 1 [RG20]

Target Group Personnel who need a good theoretical knowledge of the main GSM and
EGPRS parameters
Aim Introduction to parameter planning
- Sketch a BSS Managed Object Hierarchy
- Look up the parameters at each level, in the parameter dictionary
- Identify parameter value ranges and default settings
- Find the changes to objects and parameters, that occur with each BSS
software release
Radio resource administration
- Give an overview about the TDMA frame structure
- Describe the logical channels, their mapping to TDMA frames and their
parameters (voice & data)
- Demonstrate, how the signalling capacity affects the mapping of the logical
channels
- Describe the purpose of the Base Station Identity Code and the Training
Sequence Code
- Explain the use frequency reuse and fundamentals of frequency hopping
- Discuss the parameter settings required for base band and RF frequency
hopping
Idle Mode Operation
- List the functions of the MS during idle mode.
- Explain the parameters used for PLMN selection, cell selection and cell
reselection
- State the purpose of location updates and the associated parameters
Radio Resource Management
- Give an overview about the signalling to establish and release a call
- Discuss the standard and maximum acceptable interference level
algorithm used for TCH allocation
- Explain prioritized TCH allocation
- Give an overview about the parameter settings applied to queuing
- Explain how the queue is entered and left, and how these processes
interact with handover and especially directed retry
- Discuss the algorithms to verify call drop and re-establish a call
- Explain TCH allocation and queuing for WPS
Measurement Processing
- Explain the coding of RX level and RX quality measurements and the
mapping of bit error and frame erasure measurements to RX qualities
- Discuss the execution of measurements by the MS, when it is in idle or
dedicated mode
- Give an overview about the processing of measurement data obtained by
the MS or BTS
- Explain the pre-processing of measurement data by the BTS
- Discuss the normal averaging performed by the BSC for normal and DTX
traffic
- Describe the fast averaging performed during call set up, after handover
and after power control
- Explain the book keeping options to reduce the amount of measurement
data
- Indicate the criteria to add adjacent cell data to the Enhanced
Measurement Report (EMR)
Power Control (GSM)
- Explain the motivation for power control
- Indicate the BSS parameters required for power control in general (output
power levels, fixed step sizes)
- Describe the principle steps to be executed for power control (averaging,
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triggering, power change step size estimation)
- Discuss the algorithms used to estimate the power change step size, when
the power has to be increased / decreased due to signal level / quality
- Explain the motivation for power optimization
- Indicate the BSS parameters required for power optimization
- Discuss, how power control and traffic channel allocation are modified by
power optimization
Handover Control and Adjacencies
- Explain the motivation for handover
- Indicate the different types of handover and multi layer network
- Describe the principle steps to be executed for handover(averaging,
triggering, adjacent cell ranking, target cell selection, timer)
- Discuss the handover algorithms applied to interference, RX quality and
RX level handover
- Discuss the handover algorithms applied to power budget and umbrella
handover, and the impact of the MS speed
- Describe the different kinds of imperative handovers, especially the role of
rapid field drop
- Explain the use of handover for traffic control
- Explain the use of IMSI based handover
Coverage Enhancement Features
- Describe Extended Cell Range for CS calls
- Explain parameters controlling handovers in a Extended Cell
- Explain the Long Reach Timeslot for Flexi BTS
- Explain the 105km Super Extended cell and related parameters
- Give a brief introduction to Smart Radio Concept (SRC) feature
Dual Band Features
- Explain how additional frequency bands are taken into use in a dual band
network
- Describe shortly the architecture of a dual band network
- Explain in detail the direct access to desired layer / band mechanism
(DADL/B)
Multi-BCF and Common BCCH Features
- Give an overview of the common BCCH and Multi BCF feature
- Explain the concept of segments and associated Common BCCH
parameters
Voice and Channel Coding (FR, HR, EFR)
- Understand the difference between full rate (FR), Enhanced Full Rate
(EFR) and half rate (HR)
- List the parameters that are used for allocation of HR and FR channels by
the BSC
- Discuss the parameters that are used to control channel rate changes
during handover
- Brief introduction to AMR Codecs
GPRS and EDGE
- Give an overview of system principles
- Explain parameters required for enabling GPRS/EGPRS
- Explain the parameter for EGPRS resource allocation and the setting of
CS and PS territory parameters
- Describe parameters for TSL utilization and TBF release delay
- Summarize parameters controlling link adaptation in GPRS and EGPRS
- Describe the parameters used for multiplexing
- Explain how power control is done in EGPRS and the parameters
controlling it
Prerequisites BSS Network Planning Concept, EGPRS BSS Network Planning
Contents Introduction to parameter planning
Radio resource administration
Idle Mode Operation
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Radio Resource Management
Measurement Processing
Power Control (GSM)
Handover Control and Adjacencies
Coverage Enhancement Features
Dual Band Features and Multi BCF
Multi-BCF and Common BCCH Features
Voice and Channel Coding (FR, HR, EFR)
GPRS and EDGE
Duration 4 days
practice
AL-Number: N

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RN2011-20N BSS Parameter Planning 2 [RG20]

Target Group Personnel who need a good theoretical knowledge of the parameters related to
advanced GSM/EGPRS features
Aim Advanced Multirate codec (AMR)
- Describe the AMR codecs for FR and HR
- Explain the parameters for defining codec sets and codec selection
- Describe how link adaptation is done between codecs
- Explain Separate AMR UL/DL thresholds feature (S13)
- Explain Robust AMR signalling feature (S13)
- Explain codec changes that are possible during intra and internal handover
- Describe the thresholds available for handover and power control of AMR
calls
- Explain the principle of packing/unpacking and related parameters
- Explain Radio link timeout parameters for AMR calls
- Explain parameters for AMR Progressive Power Control feature (S13)
- Explain the Wideband AMR feature (S14)
- Explain AMR Unpacking Optimization feature (S14)
Dynamic Frequency and Channel Allocation (DFCA)
- Describe the main functionality of DFCA
- Explain the parameters required in activating BSS Synchronization in the
network
- Explain the BSC-BSC interface and related parameters
- Explain how MA lists are defined in DFCA
- Explain the concept of Background Interference matrix (BIM) table
- Explain BIM table management parameters
- Explain channel selection process in DFCA and concept of soft blocking
- Explain the basics of C/I estimation and explain the C/I target parameters
- Explain parameters related to forced Half Rate mode
- Explain the Advanced DFCA Dual City Solution feature
- Explain the SDCCH & PS Data channels on DFCA TRX feature (S14)
(E)GPRS
- List and briefly describe the PCU2 feature list (11.5)
- Introduce GPRS Link Adaptation CS3-4 (S11.5)
- Explain HMC and EDA and related parameters (S12)
- Explain NCCR and ANACC and their related parameters(S11.5)
- Explain (E)GPRS Extended cell (S13)
- Describe Multipoint Gb Interface (S13)
- Explain Gb flow over FR control
- Explain PCU Pooling (S13)
- Describe Packet Data Optimization Package (S13)
- Review the GPRS/EDGE support for PGSM/EGSM BTS (S14)
Dual Transfer Mode (DTM)
- Describe the main functionality of Dual Transfer Mode
- Explain, how the DTM call is established in case of ongoing CS call or PS
call and illustrate the state transitions
- Describe the fragmentation and territory management
- Explain how the existing HO algorithms are applied in DTM handovers
- Explain the parameters related to DTM
- Describe the main functionality of Downlink Dual Carrier
- Differentiate the feature implementation in RG10 and RG20
- Explain the parameters related to DLDC
GSM-WCDMA Inter System Handover
- Explain feature activation, defining WCDMA adjacent cells and managed
object class ADJW
- Explain the features around GSM-WCDMA cell reselection procedure, like:
Standard procedure (for Idle, Packet Idle and Packet Transfer modes),
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GSM to WCDMA advanced cell reselection (S13), Mobile specific channel
release message (S13) and IS-NCCR
- Explain the features around GSM-WCDMA handover procedure, like: Load
based ISHO for voice, Coverage based ISHO for voice (S13), ISHO
penalties and timers, Inter-system direct access and WCDMA neighbor cell
reporting enhancement (S13)
Orthogonal Sub-Carrier (OSC) and CS Dynamic Abis Pool (CSDAP)
- Describe the main functionality of Orthogonal Sub-Carrier (OSC)
- Explain how the call is transferred from AMR to Dual Half (DH) AMR
- Describe the DH power control principles
- Explain how the existing HO algorithms are applied in DH AMR handovers
- Explain the parameters related to OSC
- Describe the main functionality of CS Dynamic Abis Pool (CSDAP)
- Illustrate how OSC call are handle with the help of CSDAP
- Explain the parameters related to CSDAP
Prerequisites RN2010: BSS Parameters Planning 1
or alternatively (in migration cases): RN2200 (BR to RG migration concept)
plus RN2201(BR to BSS migration implementation, parameters and
optimisation)
Contents Advanced Multirate codec (AMR)
Dynamic Frequency and Channel Allocation (DFCA)
(E)GPRS
Dual Transfer Mode (DTM)
GSM-WCDMA Inter System Handover
Orthogonal Sub-Carrier (OSC) and CS Dynamic Abis Pool (CSDAP)
Duration 4 days
practice
AL-Number: N

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RN2021-20N BSS Counters and KPIs [RG20]

Target Group Personnel who need a good theoretical/praxis knowledge of the main 2G /
2.5G system KPI like performance management and optimisation engineers
Aim KPI and Network Optimization Overview
- Explain KPI classification (air interface performance, accessibility,
retainability, quality of service, mobility)
- Recall the Optimization cycle (KPI targets, monitoring, analysis, change
requests, verification, KPI targets)
Performance Measurement
- Introduce the concepts for measurement and reporting, counters, KPI's
- List and explain Traffic Measurements (CS Erlang, PS throughput)
- List and explain Mobility Measurements (CS handover, PS cell re-
selection)
- List and explain Air Interface Related Measurements (RxLev, RxQual, UL
& DL
- Interference, MS & BTS power, timing advance)
- List and explain Link Adaptation Measurements (FR and HR, AMR
codec's, GPRS / EDGE codec's)
- List and explain Call Drop Measurements (CS and PS, causes)
- List and explain Abis Related Measurements (EDAP occupation)
- List Review Tools like NetAct Reporting Suite, NetAct Optimizer, NetAct
Reporter and NetAct CM tools
Traffic Measurements
- Explain the CS call flow
- Describe SDCCH traffic characteristics (Erlang, hold time, blocking)
- Describe TCH traffic characteristics (Erlang, hold time, blocking)
- Explain the PS call flow
- Explain GPRS territory (upgrade, downgrade)
- Explain Throughput concepts and measurements (per time slot, per cell,
TBF hold time, blocking)
Mobility Measurements
- Explain Power budget HO
- Explain Urgent CS handover (due to interference, RxQual, RxLev, rapid
field drop)
- Explain Non urgent CS handover (due to speed, umbrella, traffic)
- Explain Handover attempts and success (source cell level, adjacent cell
level)
- Explain GPRS cell re-selection (autonomous, network controlled, network
assisted)
- Explain Cell re-selection attempt and success (source cell level, target cell
level, outage time)
Air Interface Related Measurements
- Explain Air Interface related Rxlev and RxQual measurements and KPIs
- Explain Air Interface related UL interference measurements and KPIs
- Explain Air Interface related DL interference (CIR cell matrix)
measurements and KPIs
- Explain Air Interface related MS and BTS power (link balance)
measurements and KPIs
- Explain Air Interface related Timing advance measurements and KPIs
Call Drop Measurements
- Explain CS drop measurements and KPI (overall drop ratio, drop causes)
- Explain PS drop measurements and KPI (overall drop ratio, drop causes)
Abis/PCU/Gb Related Measurements
- Know main (E)GPRS connectivity KPIs
- Understand (E)GPRS EDAP congestion KPIs
- Understand (E)GPRS PCU congestion KPIs
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- Understand (E)GPRS Gb over Frame Relay interface load and discard
KPIs
- Understand (E)GPRS Gb over IP interface load and discard KPIs
Prerequisites RN2006 EXPLAIN
RN2002 (E)GPRS EXPLAIN
RN2010 BSS Parameter Planning I
RN2011 BSS Parameter Planning II
Contents KPI and Network Optimization Overview
Performance Measurement
Traffic Measurements
Mobility Measurements
Air Interface Related Measurements
Call Drop Measurements
Abis/PCU/Gb Related Measurements
Duration 3 days
practice
Skill level EXP expert
AL-Number: N

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RN2022-20N 2G Radio Network Optimization Principles [RG20]

Target Group Personnel who need a good knowledge of the 2G Radio NW Optimization
processes and methods
Aim Introduction to Optimization
- Understand the process of optimization
- Define network quality
Assessment
- Define network assessment
- Understand why network assessment is needed
- Know how to collect data for assessment
- Know which data to collect from OSS
- Know which tools can be used for assessment
KPIs and Measurements
- Know what DX causes are
- Understand how network data is collected to tables
- Work with OSS tables
- Know which KPIs to use for optimization
- Use the basic benchmarking KPIs
Finding Solutions
- Understand the basic interfaces / network elements and how to optimize
them
- Understand the basics behind CS / PS performance optimization
- Find out which tools can be used for optimization
Optimization Features
- Identify the features that can be useful in the optimization process
Prerequisites BSS Network Planning Concept, EGPRS BSS Network Planning, BSSPAR1,
BSSPAR2
Contents Introduction to Optimization
Assessment
KPIs and Measurements
Finding Solutions
Optimization Features
Duration 3 days
practice
Skill level EXP expert
AL-Number: N

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Events

Dedicated Courses
For scheduling and delivery planning of dedicated courses please confirm with a Purchaser Order
approximately 2 months to us.

Deliverables

Dedicated Course at the Customer Premises (CO)
Our Services The course is conducted at customer premises for a closed student group
The course language is English if not otherwise agreed upon
One set of course documentations per course in English
Representative participant confirmation
Customer
Deliverables
Provision of training documentation for all students
Provision of training rooms including infrastructure
In case of practical courses provisioning of operational training systems as outlined
in the course description
Participant administration

Nokia Siemens Networks General Terms and Conditions for Learning Services

1. GENERAL

1.1. Except only where expressly agreed otherwise by Nokia Siemens Networks in writing every supply by Nokia Siemens Networks
shall be subject to these printed terms and conditions (hereinafter called "Conditions"). Any conditions other than these
Conditions (including but not limited to the Customers own terms and conditions) and any special conditions of supply agreed in
writing between Customer and Nokia Siemens Networks applicable to this Order are expressly excluded.

1.2. Training Venue means the address stated on the Order or other such address as Nokia Siemens Networks may notify to
Customer from time to time.

1.3. "Nokia Siemens Networks" means collectively all registered affiliates around the world which are part of the Nokia Siemens
Networks Corporation.

1.4. "Order" means the purchase order placed by Customer with Nokia Siemens Networks for the purchase of Training.

1.5. Training means Instructor led Training services described in the Order. E-learning services are specifically described.

1.6. Training Proposal means the document issued by Nokia Siemens Networks detailing the Training services to be provided.

1.7. "Customer" means the person, firm or company identified in the Order.

1.8. Delivery is a training service which could be delivered through self-study electronic means, in a delivery with clear objectives,
workshop with loosely defined subjects, seminar with specific theoretical topics and all other training products provided by
Nokia Siemens Networks.

1.9. Dedicated Delivery is a training service which is only provided to the named customer. A dedicated delivery is inclusive of
instructor-led training and e-learning services.

2. BASIS OF PURCHASE

2.1. The Order constitutes an offer by Customer to purchase the Training subject to these Conditions. Nokia Siemens Networks
shall respond to an Order by issuing a Training Proposal to the Customer including, but not limited to, Training delivery name,
dates, duration, cost, number of participants, which shall be signed by the Customer and shall be returned to Nokia Siemens
Networks within 14 calendar days from the date of the Training Proposal. Unless in the case of instructor-led deliveries where
the confirmation time is less the cancellation period. In these circumstances the customer will be requested to accept the
proposal earlier.

2.2. A training proposal is not issued by Nokia Siemens Networks for the order of an Open Seat delivery. When the request is
received by Nokia Siemens Networks in accordance to 14.1 then an e-mail confirming the order is provided. No other
confirmation is required or will be provided by Nokia Siemens Networks unless agreed by both parties.

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2.3. Delivery of the Training shall be deemed conclusive evidence of Customers acceptance of these Conditions.

2.4. No variation to the Order or these Conditions shall be binding unless expressly agreed in writing by Nokia Siemens Networks.

3. INFORMATION AND EQUIPMENT

3.1. Any information, including but not limited to specifications, drawings designs and know how, supplied by Nokia Siemens
Networks to Customer, or specifically produced by Customer for Nokia Siemens Networks, in connection with the Order,
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Siemens Networks and shall be treated as confidential by the Customer.

3.2. The Customer shall do all things necessary to ensure that any copyright or other intellectual property rights created in
connection with the Order is assigned to Nokia Siemens Networks forthwith.

4. QUANTITIES, PRICING AND PAYMENT

4.1. Payment milestones shall be agreed with the Customer and shall be set out in the Order. All prices shall be payable within 30
days of the date of the applicable invoice to the bank account of Nokia Siemens Networks as specified in the invoice or as
otherwise specified in writing. Nokia Siemens Networks shall be entitled to invoice the Customer upon completion of the
Training or in the case e-learning of service activation.

4.2. Nokia Siemens Networks invoice shall quote the number of the Order on the provision that the customer has provided a
specific reference.
4.3. All prices are expressed exclusive of Value Added Tax and Customer shall pay the applicable VAT in addition to the price

4.4. Nokia Siemens Networks will publish an updated price list of all training products available on a yearly basis unless otherwise
agreed by the customer.

5. THE TRAINING

5.1. The customer will receive an invitation at the very most 35 calendar days prior to the start of delivery dedicated delivery. The
customer is responsible for informing Nokia Siemens Networks about the participants onto the delivery via mails or fax. The
customer is also responsible that the participants have completed the necessary pre-requisites as Nokia Siemens Networks is
not responsible for delivery quality as in accordance to 12.1.

5.2. The Training shall be performed at the Training Venue on the date specified by Nokia Siemens Networks on the
acknowledgement of the Order or, where applicable, an alternate date specified by Nokia Siemens Networks.

5.3. Where the Training Venue is on Customer premises then the Customer shall be responsible for ensuring:

5.3.1. that the training environment complies with any specification provided by Nokia Siemens Networks;

5.3.2. that any equipment provided complies with the specification and the configuration provided by Nokia Siemens Networks;

5.3.3. access to the training environment and any test bed provided for the Training;

5.3.4. availability of a dedicated contact person, with technical knowledge or access to the same in relation to the Training;

5.3.5. receipt of the Training materials and making them available for the Training;

5.4. Nokia Siemens Networks will, where agreed in the Order, do the set up of the relevant equipment

5.5. If the customer does not have an agreement to provide training services to other parties on behalf of Nokia Siemens Networks
then the customer should not disclose any information related to Nokia Siemens Networks training services, nor should they be
included as participants on any training that Nokia Siemens Networks may provide.

6. CANCELLATION/RESCHEDULING

6.1. Nokia Siemens Networks may reschedule or cancel the respective delivery of the Service by written notice sent to Customer
and without liability 21 calendar days prior to the commence date of the delivery. After this period Nokia Siemens Networks will
be liable for any direct travel costs that have been incurred by the customer and cannot be refunded. In order to claim the costs
the customer must provide an accurate record of the costs.

6.2. Customer may reschedule the respective delivery of the Service by written notice sent to Nokia Siemens Networks:

6.2.1. 30 calendar days prior to the commencement of the Dedicated delivery and 21 calendar days for open seats at no additional
cost;

6.2.2. less than 30 calendar days prior to the commencement of the dedicated delivery and 21 calendar days for open seats subject to
the payment of a rescheduling fee up to the full fee for the Training.

6.3. Customer may cancel the respective delivery of the Service subject to payment of the relevant cancellation fee as set out
below:

6.3.1. 0-30 days prior notice: 100% fee plus reasonable expenses incurred by Nokia Siemens Networks;
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6.3.2. 31+days prior notice: no cancellation fee

7. OFFERING, ORDERING, CONFRMATION
The process of offering, ordering and confirming/cancelling courses is as follow:

7.1.1. Dedicated courses

Customer requests a course (with or without a date)
Nokia Siemens Networks proposes course (content and with or without date)
Customer confirms with a PO (if customer rejects the date, Nokia Siemens Networks would propose a new date and so
on)
Now the deal is binding for both parties. Either party can cancel for free according to the terms and conditions in the contract.

7.1.2. Open courses

The customer requests a seat in an open course
Nokia Siemens Networks puts the amount of requested persons to an 'in-queue-mode' and proposes the seats and date to
the customer (no reservation yet, 1st buy 1st get mode)
The customer confirms the seats by a PO
Now it is binding for the customer. They can cancel for free according to the terms and conditions in the contract. (6.1-6.3)
Nokia Siemens Networks reserve the seats
When the minimum amount of seats have been booked AND the cancellation period for the customers has passed, Nokia
Siemens Networks will confirm the course by sending the invitation to the customer.
Now the course is binding for Nokia Siemens Networks as well and Nokia Siemens Networks can cancel according to the
terms and conditions in the contract

8. WARRANTY

8.1. Nokia Siemens Networks shall carry out the training with all reasonable skill and care.

9. LIABILITY

9.1. Nokia Siemens Networks liability for any direct losses, damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees, awarded against or
incurred or paid by the Customer Nokia Siemens Networks as a result of Nokia Siemens Networks breach of this Agreement
shall be limited to the total amount paid by the Customer for the Training.

9.2. Notwithstanding any other provision of these Conditions, neither Party shall be liable to the other for any indirect or
consequential loss or damage (including but not limited to loss of use, loss of revenue, loss of anticipated savings or loss of
profit) howsoever arising under or in connection with these Conditions.

10. FORCE MAJEURE

10.1. Neither party shall be liable to the other for any delay or non-performance caused by any event beyond the reasonable control
of the affected party, including but not limited to the following events; Act of God, war, riot, fire.

10.2. Each party shall promptly inform the other party of any event of Force Majeure, its expected duration and cessation.

10.3. Either party may terminate this agreement where the event of force majeure continues for a period of thirty days.

11. CONFIDENTIALITY

11.1. Neither party shall disclose to any third party any technical or commercial information received from the other party in whatever
form under or in connection with these Conditions without the prior written permission of the disclosing party.

11.2. Where the parties have signed a Non-Disclosure Agreement this shall continue in full force and effect notwithstanding anything
in these terms and conditions.

12. DISPUTES

12.1. Any dispute must be registered with Nokia Siemens Networks within 7 days of completion of the relevant Training.

12.2. Any dispute raised under Condition 12.1 shall be reviewed and investigated by Nokia Siemens Networks and any refund of
Fees shall be agreed on a case by case basis at the discretion of Nokia Siemens Networks, reasonably exercised.

12.3. In addition to 12.2 factors that will look at in the case of dispute include, the pre-requisite knowledge and experience of the
participant and how they are mapped to that defined on the learning program. The test bed availability and condition at the
customers premises and the learning environment.

13. TERMINATION

13.1. In the event that the Customer is in default of a material obligation of these Conditions and fails to remedy such default within
30 days, then Nokia Siemens Networks shall have the right to terminate this Agreement forthwith.

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13.2. Either Party may terminate without liability to the other Party in the event of bankruptcy receivership and administration.

13.3. Any termination of any these Conditions (howsoever occasioned) shall be without prejudice to any other rights or remedies a
Party may be entitled to hereunder or at law and shall not affect any accrued rights or liabilities of either Party. However, and
regardless of the above, remedial action shall under all circumstances be performed by the Customer without delay upon
becoming aware of the defect or malfunction.

14. GENERAL

14.1. Any notice required to be given under these Conditions shall be in writing addressed to the relevant party at its registered office
or such other address as is notified from time to time.

14.2. These Conditions shall be governed by and be construed in accordance with local legislation.

14.3. The Customer shall not assign or purport to assign or transfer to any other person any of its rights or sub-contract any of its
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14.4. Words in the singular shall include the plural and vice versa, references to any gender shall include the others and references
to any legal persons shall include natural persons and vice versa.

The headings in these Conditions are for reference only and shall not affect their interpretation

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