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International Journal of Electrical and
El ectroni cs Engineering Research (IJEEER)
ISSN(P): 2250-155X; ISSN(E): 2278-943X
Vol . 4, Issue 2, Apr 2014, 289-298
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF GRID CONNECTED TO DFIG BY ACTIVE
SHUNT FILTER
SANJEEV KUMAR BHALLA
1
, SATNAM SINGH MATHARU
2
& R. K. JARIAL
3
1
School of Electronics & Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, CTIEMT, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, NIT, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
Due to increased proliferat ion of Non Linear Devices in the networks, the Power Quality of the Grid deteriorates.
With increasing dependence on Wind Power as a renewable source of energy by the utilities, a large no. of DFIGs are
connected to the Grid. The Non Linear Loads draw a significant amount of Harmonic Current which in turn generates
Voltage Harmonics also in the Grid on account of Grid impedance. The present paper focuses on mit igation of the
Harmonics generated by a Non Linear Load using Active Shunt Filter. This ensures that the DFIGs connected to the Grid
are safeguarded from the detrimental effects of Harmonics, thus enabling them to maintain the Power Quality Standards.
As shown in the simulation results, the proposed model developed in PSCAD/ EMTDC is capable of suppressing the
Current Harmonics substantially from very high to low levels which are acceptable as per prescribed standards.
The proposed system thus ensures that the current impurity is not passed on to the grid and high power quality is
maintained.
KEYWORDS: Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), Power Quality (PQ), Active Shunt Filter (ASF), Wind Turbine
(WT), Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
1. INTRODUCTION
The increasing proliferation of Non Linear Loads in the network is resulting in PQ issues such as Flicker,
Harmonics, and Voltage Sags & Swells. Poor PQ results in many problems like reduced life of Equipment, deteriorated
system performance, mal functioning of control equipments and protection devices. The PQ issues have gained more
significance off late on account of development of highly sensitive equipments, interconnection of large networks and
increasing awareness of consumers towards PQ.
DFIGs connected to the grid are generally located at remote locations. The Harmonics generated on account of
Non Linear Loads can travel to the DFIG through Long Transmission Lines and can largely compound the PQ problems of
DFIG which is expected to meet the PQ standards for various wind speeds and turbulence.
A technique for Harmonic Compensation by using an Active Filter connected in series to a passive filter that leads
to a practical and economic solution has been earlier proposed [1]. Uses and advantages of applying Active Power Filters
to compensate Power Distribution System has been presented in [2]. In [3], a comprehensive review of active filter
configurations, control strategies, selection of components and other related economic and technical considerations and
their selections for specific applications has been summarized.
290 SanjeevKumar Bhalla, Satnam Singh Matharu & R. K. Jarial


Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
An active shunt filter based on P-Q theory has been proposed using a standard 16-bit microcontroller which
allows dynamic power factor correction and both harmonics and zero sequence current compensation. [4]. With the use of
Artificial Neural Network Algorithm, the functionalities of a Shunt Active Filter can be enhanced [5] and it can
compensate for balanced and unbalanced Non Linear Load Currents and correct the Power Factor of the supply near to
unity.
Power Quality Improvement using Matrix Converters with Series & Shunt Filters have been presented in [6].
By using Active Shunt Filter, the Current THD was reduced from 30% to 15%, resulting in saving of energy 1% of
maximum load capacity in text ile mills where variable frequency drives with 6 pulse rectifiers were used [7].
In the previous work, the authors of this paper have developed a system model of DFIG in the dedicated power
electronics and system simulat ion tool, PSCAD/ EMTDC [8]. As per universally acceptable IEEE Standards, THD of line
current should be less than 5% for grids with short circuit ratio less than 20 at the PCC[9]; so the present paper focuses on
the mitigation of current harmonics generated by a Non Linear Load. This ensures that the DFIGs connected to the Grid are
safeguarded from the detrimental effects of Harmonics, thus enabling them to maintain the PQ st andards. The paper has
been organized in the following sections: Section II explains the proposed system model of grid connected DFIG.
In section III, the machine and converter control method of DFIG has been described. The schematic of ASF for Grid
connected DFIG and its control circuit has been presented in Section IV & V respectively. The results have been analyzed
and discussed in Section VI. The conclusions of the investigations have been summarized in Sect ion VI I.
I. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The System model for grid connected DFIG has been modeled in PSCAD/ EMTDC as shown in Fig ure 1.
The stator of the wound rotor induction machine is connected to the low voltage balanced three -phase grid and the rotor
side is fed via two back-to-back PWM converters containing IGBTs with a common DC bus. The front end converter
controls the power flow between the DC bus and the AC side and allows the system to be operated in sub -synchronous and
super synchronous speed.

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of Gri d Connected DFIG for Wind Turbi ne Application
The DFIG is connected to the HV grid after stepping up its voltage from 0.69 kV to 11 kV through a transformer
at PCC. The equivalent impedance of the transmission line for the case considered is represented as a lumped parameter.
The grid voltage is 11 KV and its equivalent Thevenin impedance is Z
th
. The vector control strategy of the power converter
is based on the stator flux field oriented control. The active power is generated in regard to wind speed and wi nd turbine
characteristics while the react ive power command is set in regard to the utility demand. The proper rotor excitation is
provided by the rotor side power converter. Decoupled control of the active and reactive powers is implemented.
The continuous wind variation is simulated by addition of a noise component to the average wind speed.
The equivalent circuit of a DFIG is shown in Figure 2 followed by the model equations:
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Figure 2: Equi valent Circuit of a DFIG
= r
s
. + . (1)
= r
s
. + . (2)
= . + . (3)
= . + . (4)
Where:
and are the Voltages developed in the stator on and axis respectively
and are the Voltages developed in the rotor on and axis respectively
r
s
and
and are the Voltages developed in the stator on and axis respectively
and are the and axis stator currents respectively
and are the and axis rotor currents respectively
, and ate the reference speeds, synchronous speeds and generator speeds respectively
and are the Voltages developed in the stator on and axis respectively
and are the Voltages developed in the rotor on and axis respectively
where the flux linkage is expressed as:
= x
s
. + x
h
. (5)
= x
s
. + x
h
. (6)
= x
h
. + x
r
. (7)
= x
h
. + x
r
. (8)
Where x
s
, x
r
and x
h
are respectively the stator reactance, rotor reactance and mutual reactance between stator and
rotor.
292 SanjeevKumar Bhalla, Satnam Singh Matharu & R. K. Jarial


Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
The induction machine torque is given by:
J = t
m
+ t
el
(9)
where the mechanical and electrical torque formula as T
m
and T
e
can be calculated respectively by:
T
m
= . . (10)
T
e
= Im . (11)
where all the equations above are described in stator side per unit system and J is the moment of inert ia
Two voltage fed PWM converters are inserted in the rotor circuit, with the supply-side PWM converter connected
to the stator supply. The voltage-transfer characteristics of the system, including the three-phase back-to-back PWM
converters, are calculated by:
V
s
= m
1
(12)
V
r
= s. = (13)
Where n is the turns ratio of stator to rotor of the DFIG, s is the slip and m
1
and m
2
are the PWM modulation
depths of the stator and rotor side converters, respectively.
The general space vector equivalent circuit for DFIG at steady state for the fundamental voltage is shown in
Figure 3.

Figure 3: General Space Vector Equi valent Circuit for DFIG
The rotor currents (i
ra
,i
rb
,i
rc
) of the machine can be resolved into direct and quadrature components i
d
and i
q
.
The component id produces a flux in the air gap which is aligned with the rotating flux vector linking the stator; whereas
the component i
q
produces flux at right angles to this vector. The torque in the machine is the vector cross product of these
two vectors, therefore, only the component i
q
contributes to the machine torque and power. The component i
d
controls the
reactive power entering the machine. If i
d
and i
q
are precisely controlled, the stator side active and reactive powers can be
controlled effectively.
The induction machine is controlled in a synchronous rotating dq axis frame, with the d-axis oriented along the
stator-flux vector. It allows a decoupled control between the electrical torque and the rotor excitat ion current. The rotor
side PWM converter provides the actuation, and the control requires the measurement of the stator and rotor currents,
stator voltage and the rotor position. As the stator is connected to the grid and the influence of the stator resistance is small,
the stator magnetizing current is considered to be constant. Under stator-flux orientation, the relationship between the
torque and the dq axis voltages, currents and fluxes per-phase values are computed as follows:
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= = L
o
.i
ms
= L
s
.i
ds
+ L
o
.i
dr
(14)
V
dr
= R
r
.i
dr
+ (15)
= + .i
d
(16)
V
qr
= R
r
.i
qr
+ + (17)
= .i
qr
(18)
= (19)
L
m
= (20)
T
e
= i
qr
(21)
(22)
(23)
And the stator flux angle is given by:
= ).dt (24)
= ).dt (25)
Also
= (26)
Where defines the position of the stator flux
II. MACHINE AND CONVERTER CONTROL METHOD
In order to ensure that the correct values of i
d
and i
q
flow in the rotor, corresponding phase currents references
i
ra
_ref, i
rb
_ref and i
rc
_ref are generated. A suitable voltage source converter is used to force these currents into the rotor.
A current reference PWM technique is implemented. The crucial step is to obtain the instantaneous position of the rotating
flux vector in space in order to obtain the rotating reference frame. This is achieved by subtracting the resistive drop of t he
rotor from the stator voltage. This is equivalent to the derivative of the s tator flux linkage per phase given as:
V
a
i
a
.r
a
= (27)
The rotor side converter requires a DC power supply. The DC voltage is generated using another voltage source
converter connected to the AC grid at the generator stator terminals. A DC capacitor is used in order to remove ripple and
keep the DC bus voltage relatively smooth. The grid PWM converter is operated in such a way to keep the DC voltage on
the capacitor constant, therefore, the stator side converter is supplying the real power demands of the rotor side converter.
294 SanjeevKumar Bhalla, Satnam Singh Matharu & R. K. Jarial


Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
The mechanical power and torque ext racted from the wind energy are expressed as:
P
m
= . (28)
T
m
= . (29)
where is the air density, R is the radius of turbine blade, V
w
is the wind speed and C
p
(,) is the aerodynamic
efficiency of the turbine blade. The output energy of wind turbine depends on the method of tracking the peak power points
on the turbine characteristics due to fluctuating wind conditions. Optimal power point tracking to capture maximum energy
of wind is derived from the power-speed characteristics of the turbine.
P
opt.
=K
opt
. K
opt.
=0.5.C
p
. (30)
The P
opt
defines the maximum energy captured.
After compensation for transmission friction losses, P
opt.
is given as:
= K
opt.
= (31)
The variable i*
qr-active
is imposed on the control method of the rotor side converter. When the output power of
DFIG falls below the minimum power corresponding to the maximum power point at minimum wind velocity V
1
, the
system goes to speed mode control. If the power of turbine is greater than P
min
, the optimum power point tracking shifts to
current mode control.
III. CURRENT HARMONICS MITIGATION BY ACTIVE SHUNT FILTER
The harmonic mitigation strategy proposed incorporates an active filter connected in shunt at the Point of
Common Coupling (PCC) to the common bus bar at which the DFIG is connected as shown in Figure 4. The proposed
ASF has also been modeled in PSCAD on the basis of work proposed earlier by H.Fugita & H.Akagi [1]. It consists of
ASF connected in parallel with the non linear load connected to the grid through a step down transformer. A 6 pulse
rectifier has been used as a source of harmonics. The non linear load injects harmonic impurity on the grid to which it is
connected. On account of grid impedance, the current harmonics would also result in voltage harmonics in the grid.
The harmonics generated in the grid would travel to the connected DFIG because it is substantially smaller in its capacity
as compared to the grid strength. This would deteriorate the performance of the DFIG whose PQ is always challenged on
account of persistent wind variation and turbulence. The ASF installed near to the non linear load has the potential to
mitigate the harmonics generated substantially to within tolerance limits. It primarily consists of a 12 pulse PWM inverter
along with a DC source. The PQ of the grid as well as the DFIG is thus improved and the DFIG is safeguarded from the
harmful effects of harmonics.
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Figure 4: Schematic Diagram of Gri d Connected DFIG wi th Non Linear Load and ASF
IV. CONTROL CIRCUIT OF ASF
The ASF works on the principle of active & reactive power theory. The technique incorporates a combined
system with a passive filter and a small-rated AF, both connected in series with each other. The passive filter removes load
produced harmonics just as a conventional filter does. The instantaneous bus voltages & currents are converted from three
axis to two axis using Parks transformat ion. The equivalent transformat ion in PSCAD is as below:

Figure 5: Transformation of Bus Voltages from 3 Axis to 2 Axis
After filtering of instantaneous real and reactive powers based on alpha beta Quantities, only AC Component of
instantaneous real and reactive powers are left as shown is Figure 6.

Figure 6: Calculation of Instantaneous Power
The reference currents for the ASF is calculated in the PSCAD/EMTDC model as per the following:
296 SanjeevKumar Bhalla, Satnam Singh Matharu & R. K. Jarial


Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0

Figure 7: Control Scheme for ASF
The references Currents are then compared with the actual currents of PWM inverter of ASF to generate the firing
pulses of the GTOs. Correct ion currents are thus injected on the grid so as to mitigate the current harmonics.
The proposed system i.e ASF as discussed above has been installed at the common bus bar connected to the
DFIG. The system has been successfully simulated so as to mitigate the current harmonics of the bus connected to the grid
through which Power is Fed by the DFIG as shown in the simulation results.
V. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
The average wind speed (with noise component) was varied and corresponding variations in THD of stator current
were recorded. The DFIG was made to shift from speed control mode to torque control mode after 0.5 sec. Figure 7 shows
the effectiveness of modeled ASF in mitigating the current harmonics of DFIG for wind speed of 12 m/s.

Figure 8 (a): Current Waveforms at Vw 12m/s

Figure 8 (b): THD Recorded (Gri d Current) (i) Without ASF (ii) Wi th ASF
Table 1: (Observati ons of THD-Gri d Current & Gri d Voltage)
S.
No.
Wind Speed
(m/s)
THD (Gri d
Current) without
Filter
THD (Gri d
Current) with
Filter
THD
(Gri d
Voltage)
1. 3 20.28 3.82 0.53
2. 4 20.29 3.37 0.54
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Table 1: Contd.,
3. 5 20.30 3.42 0.57
4. 6 20.31 3.35 0.61
5. 7 20.29 3.36 0.65
6. 8 20.29 3.39 0.57
7. 9 20.27 3.59 0.82
8. 10 20.28 3.98 0.88
9. 11 20.26 4.08 1.21
10. 12 20.28 3.32 1.24


Figure 9: THD (Gri d Current wi th and without ASF for Various Wind Speeds)
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The proposed model is capable of mitigating the harmonic impurity caused on account of non linear load, thus
smoothening the current waveform. The behavior of the grid to which DFIG is connected for various wind speeds has been
analyzed. The current harmonics were found to be in the high range of 20% for all wind speeds. The ASF effectively
suppressed the current harmonics to less than 4% for all wind speeds.
DFIG is not only protected from harmonic impurit ies caused by non linear loads but the proposed model is also
capable of suppressing the harmonics generated by the DFIG for various wind speeds. The proposed system thus ensures
successful mit igation of current harmonics yielding high power quality.
VII. REFERENCES
1. H. Fugita & H. Akagi, A practical approach to Harmonic Compensation in Power System-Series Connection of
Passive & Active Filters, IEEE Trans. On Industrial Applicat ions, Vol. 27, No.6, Nov-Dec 1991, pp. 1020-1025.
2. Luis A. Moran, Juan W. Dixon, Jose R Espinoza, Rogel R. Wallace, Using Active Power Filters to improve
Power Quality, 5
th
Brazilian Power Electronics Conference, COBEP, 1999.
3. Bhim Singh, Kamal Al-Haddad and Amrish Chandra, A review of Active Filters for Power Quality
Improvement, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics , Vol. 46, No.5, pp. 960-971, October 1999.
4. Joao Afonso, Mauricio Aredes, Edson Watanabe & Julio Martins, Shunt Active Filter for Power Quality
Improvement, International Conference UIE2000- Electricity for Sustainable Urban Development,
1-4 November, 2000 pp. 683-691.
5. L. H. Tey, P.L. So & Y C Chu, Improvement of Power Quality using Adaptive Shunt Active Filter, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 20, No.2, April, 2005.
298 SanjeevKumar Bhalla, Satnam Singh Matharu & R. K. Jarial


Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
6. Shubra Goel, Arif Khan & Omveer Singh, Shunt and Series Active Filters based Power Quality Conditioners for
Matrix Converter, International Journal of Scientific Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1, Issue 5,
pp. 209-217, Nov. 2012.
7. Anil Kumar & Jatinder Singh, Harmonic Mit igation & Power Quality Improvement using Shunt Active Power
Filter, International Journal of Electrical, Electronics & Mechanical Controls, Vol. 2, Issue 2, May 2013.
8. Satnam S. Matharu & Sanjeev Kumar Bhalla Modeling & Analysis of DFIG( WECS). International Journal of
Advanced
9. Innovative Research (IJAIR), Vol. 2, Issue 1, January 2013, pp. 115-120, ISSN-2278-7844
10. IEEE Standard 519 Applicability to Adjustable Frequency Controllers Bulletin C- 883 Page 10 Table 4.