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KOMPOSIT
Fibers
Tipe-tipe Komposit Berdasarkan
Material Penyusunnya
Matrix
phase/Reinforc
ement Phase
Metal Ceramic
Polymer
Metal
Powder metallurgy
parts combining
immisciblemetals
Cermets(ceramic-
metal composite)
Brakepads
Ceramic
Cermets, TiC, TiCN
Cementedcarbides
usedintools
Fiber-reinforced
metals
SiC reinforced
Al2O3
Tool materials
Fiberglass
Polymer
Kevlar fibers in an
epoxy matrix
Elemental
(Carbon,
Boron, etc.)
Fiber reinforced
metals
Auto parts
aerospace
Rubber with
carbon (tires)
Boron, Carbon
reinforced plastics
MMCs CMCs PMCs
Metal Matrix Composites Ceramic Matrix Comps. Polymer Matrix Comps
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Penguatan oleh Fiber
Pada umumnya, komposit terdiri dari matriks yang
menyatukan material penguat (reinforcing materials).
Material penguat yang paling penting adalah berbentuk fiber
yang memberikan kekuatan utama komposit.
Namun, fungsi material penguat kadang tidak hanya
kekuatan akan tetapi juga dalam hal ketahan atau daya
hantar panas dan listrik, dan ketahanan korosi.
Pertimbangan lainnya adalah kekakuan (stiffness/modulus
elasticity) atau berbagai property yang lain.
Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix
Matrix
Reinforcement
Transfer Load to Reinforcement
Temperature Resistance
Chemical Resistance
Tensile Properties
Stiffness
Impact Resistance
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Bentuk2 Material Penguat
Fibers
Penampang lintang bisa lingkaran, persegi, atau
hexagonal
Diameter -->0.0001- 0.005
Panjang -->L/D ratio
100 -- for chopped fiber
much longer for continuous fiber
Particulate
Partikel kecil yang menghalangi pergerakan dislokasi
(pd metal composite) dan memperkuat matriks.
For sizes >1 m, strength of particle is involves in load
sharing with matrix
Flakes
Flat platelet form
Berbagai Pertimbangan Desain
Komposit
Performansi komposit:
Kekuatan, Temperatu, Kekakuan
Teknik pembuatan (manufacturing process)
Pertimbangan umur (life cycle consideration)
Harga (Cost)
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Pertimbangan-Pertimbangan
Pemilihan Matrik
End Use Temperature Temperatur operasi
(penggunaan)
Toughness Ketangguhan
Cosmetic Issues Tampilan, estetika
Flame Retardant Tahan api
Processing Method Metode pemrosesan
Adhesion Requirements Kebutuhan akan
perekat
Macam-macam Penguat
(reinforcement)
Fiber Type
Fiberglass
Carbon
Aramid
Textile Structure
Unidirectional
Woven
Braid
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Fibers Glass (1)
E-glass: Alumina-calcium-borosilicate glass
(electrical applications)
S-2 glass: Magnesuimaluminosilicateglass
(reinforcements)
Glass offers good mechanical, electrical, and thermal
properties at a relatively low cost.
E-glass S-2 glass
Density 2.56 g/cc 2.46 g/cc
Tensile Strength 390 ksi 620 ksi
Tensile Modulus 10.5 msi 13 msi
Elongation 4.8% 5.3%
Glass Fibers (2)
J enis fiber yang paling banyak dipergunakan
Penggunaan: pipa, tangki, perahu, alat-alat olah raga
Kelebihan
Low cost
Corrosion resistance
Low cost relative to other composites:
Kekurangan
Relatively low strength
High elongation
Moderate strength and weight
Tipa-tipe:
E-Glass - electrical, cheaper
S-Glass - high strength
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Aramid Fibers (1)
Kevlar& Twaron
Para aramid fiber characterized by high tensile strength and
modulus
Excellent Impact Resistance
Good Temperature Resistance
Density 1.44 g/cc
Tensile Strength 400 ksi
Tensile Modulus 18 Msi
Elongation 2.5%
Aramid (Kevlar, Twaron) (2)
Penggunaan:
high performance replacement for glass fiber
Contoh-contoh penggunaan
Armor, protective clothing, industrial, sporting
goods
Keuntungan:
higher strength and lighter than glass
More ductile than carbon
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Carbon Fiber (1)
PAN: Fiber made from Polyacrylonitrile precursor fiber
High strength and stiffness
Large variety of fiber types available
Standard Modulus Intermediate Modulus
Density 1.79 g/cc 1.79 g/cc
Tensile Strength 600 ksi 800 ksi
Tensile Modulus 33 Msi 42 Msi
Elongation 1.8 % 1.8 %
Carbon Fibers (2)
2nd most widely used fiber
Examples
aerospace, sporting goods
Advantages
high stiffness and strength
Low density
Intermediate cost
Properties:
Standard modulus: 207-240 Gpa
Intermediate modulus: 240-340 GPa
High modulus: 340-960 GPa
Diameter: 5-8 microns, smaller than human hair
Fibers grouped into tows or yarns of 2-12k fibers
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Carbon Fibers (3)
Types of carbon fiber
vary in strength with processing
Trade-off between strength and modulus
Intermediate modulus
PAN (Polyacrylonitrile)
fiber precursor heated and stretched to align structure and
remove non-carbon material
High modulus
made from petroleum pitch precursor at lower cost
much lower strength
Weight Considerations
Aramid fibers are the lightest
1.3-1.4 g/cc
Carbon
1.79 g/c
Fiberglass is the heaviest
2.4 g/cc
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Strength Considerations
Carbon is the strongest
600-800 ksi
Fiberglass
400-600 ksi
Aramids
400 ksi
Impact Resistance
Kevlar is the toughest
Fiberglass
Carbon
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Stiffness Considerations
Carbon is the stiffest
30-40 msi
Aramids
14 msi
Fiberglass
10-13 msi
Cost Considerations
Fiberglass is cost effective
$5.00-8.00/lb.
Aramids
$20.00/lb
Carbon
$30.00-$50.00/lb
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Fabric Structures
Woven: Series of Interlaced yarns at 90 to each
other
Knit: Series of Interlooped Yarns
Braided: Series of Intertwined, Spiral Yarns
Nonwoven: Oriented fibers either mechanically,
chemically, or thermally bonded
Woven Fabrics
Basic woven fabrics consists of two systems of
yarns interlaced at right angles to create a single
layer with isotropic or biaxial properties.
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Physical Properties
Construction (ends & picks)
Weight
Thickness
Weave Type
Components of a Woven Fabric
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Basic Weave Types
Plain Weave
Basic Weave Types
Satin 5HS
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Basic Weave Types
2 x 2 Twill
Basic Weave Types
Non-Crimp
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Braiding
A braid consists of two sets of yarns, which are helically
intertwined.
The resulting structure is oriented to the longitudinal axis
of the braid.
This structure is imparted with a high level of
conformability, relative low cost and ease of manufacture.
Braid Structure
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Types of Braids
Triaxial Yarns
A system of longitudinal yarns can be introduced which are held in
place by the braiding yarns
These yarns will add dimensional stability, improve tensile
properties, stiffness and compressive strength.
Yarns can also be added to the core of the braid to form a solidbraid.
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Kesimpulan
Material komposit menjanjikanpilihan
desainyang takterbatas.
PemilihanMatriks, Fiber, danPreform
sangat pentingpadaprose sdesain.
Struktur dapat dihasilkandengansifat-
sifat khususuntukmemenuhi kebutuhan
penggunaan.
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Others Fibers (1)
Boron
High stiffness, very high cost
Large diameter - 200 microns
Good compressive strength
Polyethylene - trade name: Spectra fiber
Textile industry
High strength
Extremely light weight
Low range of temperature usage
Other - Fibers (2)
Ceramic Fibers (and matrices)
Very high temperature applications (e.g. engine
components)
Silicon carbide fiber - in whisker form.
Ceramic matrix so temperature resistance is not
compromised
Infrequent use
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Fiber Material Properties
Steel: density (Fe) =7.87 g/cc; TS=0.380 GPa; Modulus=207 GPa
Al: density=2.71 g/cc; TS=0.035 GPa; Modulus=69 GPa
Fiber Strength