Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3
2. The Sanskrit Alphabet ........................................................................................................................ 4
3. Sandhi Rules ........................................................................................................................................ 5
3.1 Vowel Sandhi.................................................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Visarga Sandhi .................................................................................................................................. 6
3.3 Consonant Sandhi ............................................................................................................................. 8
4. Nouns.................................................................................................................................................. 11
4.1 Usage & Examples.......................................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Nouns ending in vowels.................................................................................................................. 14
4.2.1 Masculine Nouns ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.2.2 Feminine Nouns ....................................................................................................................... 15
4.2.3 Neuter Nouns ........................................................................................................................... 16
4.3 Nouns ending in consonants ........................................................................................................... 17
4.3.1 Nouns with one stem................................................................................................................ 17
4.3.2 Nouns with two stems.............................................................................................................. 18
4.2.3 Nouns with three stems............................................................................................................ 18
5. Pronouns ............................................................................................................................................ 19
5.1 Personal Pronouns........................................................................................................................... 19
5.2 Interrogative & Relative Pronouns ................................................................................................. 20
6. Verbs ................................................................................................................................................... 21
6.1 Tenses and Moods .......................................................................................................................... 21
6.2 Conjugations ................................................................................................................................... 22
6.3 Voice............................................................................................................................................... 23
6.4 Suffixes for Conjugational Tenses and Moods............................................................................... 24
6.5 Suffixes for Non Conjugational Tenses and Moods....................................................................... 24
6.6 Suffixes for Strong and Weak form endings .................................................................................. 25
6.7 Examples......................................................................................................................................... 28
7. Verbal Derivatives ............................................................................................................................ 30
7.1 k&t! Tyya>........................................................................................................................................ 31
7.1.1 General Rules........................................................................................................................... 31
7.1.2 Participles................................................................................................................................. 32
7.1.2.1 Declinable Participles ....................................................................................................... 32
7.1.2.2 Indeclinable Participles..................................................................................................... 34
7.1.3 Verbal Nouns ........................................................................................................................... 34
7.1.3.1 List of ktRir k&t! affixes covered....................................................................................... 34
7.1.3.2 List of ave k&t! affixes covered........................................................................................ 38
7.2 tit Tyya> ..................................................................................................................................... 40
7.2.1 General Rules........................................................................................................................... 40
s<Sk&t shkairn!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
1. Introduction
s<Sk&tm! is derived from the past participle of the root k& , to do, with the prefix sm! , well. The word
thus means that which is well done. The uniqueness of the language is that it uses 2200 verbal roots
(xatu), to generate an entire vocabulary of millions of words. The words are formed from these roots by
the addition of prefixes and suffixes (affixes; Tyy) according to well-defined rules. s<Sk&tm! is
phonetically precise, that is, every sound is represented by a unique symbol. When two sounds come
together in s<Sk&tm! , they combine with one another according to welldefined set of rules called
euphonic combination, or siNx rules.
All the words in s<Sk&tm! may be classified into three basic types. They are:
1. Declinable word (subNt) is a word that varies according to gender (p<ui, SIil, and
npu<skil) number (@kvcn, ivcn, bhuvcn) and case (wma, itIya, t&tIya, ctuwIR, pmI, ;I,
sPtmI, sMbaexn). Declinable words include nouns (nam; eg. ram>, gu>), pronouns (svRnam; eg. s>)
and adjectives (ivze;[; eg. %:[> hot)
2. Indeclinable word (AVyy) is a word that never varies, except when affected by phonetic rules
(siNx). Indeclibales words include adverbs (inTym! , kevlm! , icrm! , dUrm! ), prepositions or prefixes
(, Anu, iv, it, %p), conjunctions (Awva) and interjections (h, va)
3. Verb (iyapdm!) is a word that varies according to the number, person, tense, mood and voice.
xatu, the original form of the verb, is conjugated in six tenses and four moods. In each tense and
mood there are three persons (wm (third), mXym (second), %m (first)).
In s<Sk&tm! , any word has two elements:
1. k&it known as xatu, is the original form of the finite verb.
2. Tyy is the termination which is added to the xatu; k&it + Tyy = pdm! (word)
s<Sk&t shkairn!
Diphthongs
Aa
Simple Vowels
@e
Aae
AaE
Hard
Hard
Aspirate
Soft
Soft
Aspirate
Soft
Nasal
Soft
Semivowels
Hard
Sibilants
Guttural
"
'
>
Palatal
Lingual
Dental
Labial
>
# $
% ^
gu[
Aae
Ar!
Al!
v&i
Aa
@e
AaE
Aar!
Aal!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
3. Sandhi Rules
3.1 Vowel Sandhi
A or Aa + A or Aa
dIxR siNx>
Rule
Example(s)
Rule Name
Aa
# or $ + # or $
% or ^ + % or ^
\ or + \ or
gu[ siNx>
A or Aa + # or $
A or Aa + % or ^
Aae
A or Aa + \ or
Ar!
A or Aa + l&
A or Aa + @
@e
itw @v = itwEv
A or Aa + Aae
AaE
A or Aa + @e
@e
A or Aa + AaE
y[! siNx>
AaE
v&i siNx>
Al!
y!
xavit A = xavTy>
nnu @v = nNvev
r!
l!
Ay!
Ayaid siNx
v!
Aay!
or kv #CDis
Aav!
ae Axuna = ae=xuna
Exceptions
or Aa #Nxnm!
Rule
A+>+A
Example(s)
ivsgR
is dropped
ivsgR
changes to Aae
Aa + > + any vowel or soft consonant
ivsgR is dropped
replaced by r!
-Any vowel + > + hard consonant
pu> onit,
k! o! p! )! Z! ;! s!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
z!
;!
s!
z! or a ivsgR
;! or a ivsgR
s! or a ivsgR
final r!
even when preceded by A or Aa and
followed by a vowel or a soft
s> #CDit
@;> vIr>
except A.
Before A, they become sae and @;ae
s #CDit
@;> AjuRn>
@; vIr>
A;ae=juRn>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
Rule
Examples
preceded by r! , ;! ,\ or and
n! to [!
^j!R
anusvara.
No Sanskrit word can end with
more than one consonant. A
final compound consonant
must be reduced to its first
member
Exception is made for a final
double consonant the first
mt!
^kR
vac!
saj!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
av&;!
vak
saq
av&q
kk!
kivs!
sut
kkp!
kiv> iptr!
sud!
to k! or q!
ipt>
pt!+AiNt=ptiNt mt!+@=mte
i]p!+y+te=i]Pyte
mt!+i=mi>
l! + t = lBx
aspiration owing to
combination with the
following consonants, the
preceding consonant becomes
aspirate, if possible.
s<Sk&t shkairn!
Final n!
Final n!
tan! c = ta<
followed by c! or D is replaced
by anusvara and z!
followed by q or Q is replaced
by anusvara and ;!
followed by t! or w! is replaced
by anusvara and s!
Dentals in
contact with
palatals,
celebrals
and l!
the first four letters of a class is
optionally changed to D!
Any dental coming into
conatact with a celebral is
changed to the corresponding
celebral
The preceding rule does not
apply when a dental is
followed by ;!
A dental followed by l! is
changed to l
n! followed by l! is changed to
nasalized l!~
s<Sk&t shkairn!
10
4. Nouns
Meanings
Case (ivi)
wma (Nominative)
ktRa (subject)
itIya (Accusative)
kmR (object)
t&tIya (Instrumental)
ctuwIR (Dative)
pmI (Ablative)
Apadanm! from/than
;I (Genitive)
sMbNx
sPtmI (Locative)
Aixkr[m! (Location)
sMbaexn (Vocative)
of/among
in/on/at
ivi
Examples
-objective complement
Ait knk< suom!, Anu n&p< nr> jit, %p dez< n&p> (vit),
Swan< Ait> bal> )lain oadit, pvRt< pirt> v&]a> raehiNt, am<
(on all sides of), %yt> (on both sides of), ixk!>
svRt> kmlain raehiNt, pvRt< %yt> v&]a> raehiNt, ixk! kakan!, vn<
smya vsam>, knk< ivna zrIr< jIvit, ANn< ANtre[ km< raehit,
%psgaR>
wma
t&tIya
bal> muo< hSta_ya< gUhit, The boy hides face with (his) hands.
s<Sk&t shkairn!
11
sh (with)
nm:
SviSt
pmI
Alm! (enough)
ivna (without)
particle
k&tm! (enough).
ctuwIR
%psgaR>
particle
to the students.
%psgaR>
ak! igre #Ndu< pZyit, He sees the moon to the east of the
mountain.
jlat! ivna v&]> n jIvit, The tree does not live without water.
dzrwSy pu>, Son of Daratha.
Daa[a< puSkain viNt, Of the students there are books.
n&pSy pu> AiSt, Of the king there is son.
s<Sk&t shkairn!
12
-after superlatives
. mexana< %pir riv> clit, The sun moves above the clouds.
t&[Sy raze> A> kiv> #;u< ivNdit, The poet finds the arrow
%psgaR>
g&hSy purt> v&]a> viNt, There are trees in front of the house.
demons, inspite of the fact that Rvaa was looking on.
iptu> pZyt> Aip bal> atr< tudit, Even though his father is
looking on, the boy strikes his brother.
sPtmI
sit sPtmI
While Rma was going to the forest, all people were unhappy.
sItaya< t< pZyNTya< kEkeyI Ahst!,
When St was wathing him, Kaikeyi laughed.
AaTma n hNyte hNymane zrIre,
tm is not killed, when the body is being killed
sMbaexn
-case of address
s<Sk&t shkairn!
he izzae !, O baby!
13
muin
bhu
@k
izzu
bhu
@k
bhu
wma
ram>
ramaE
rama>
muin>
munI
muny>
izzu>
izzU
izzv>
itIya
ramm!
ramaE
raman!
munIm!
munI
munIn!
izzum!
izzU
izzUn!
t&tIya
rame[
rama_yam!
ramE>
muinna
muin_ym!
muini>
izzuna
izzu_yam!
izzui>
ctuwIR
ramay
rama_yam!
rame_y>
munye
muin_yam!
muin_y>
izzbe
izzu_yam!
izzu_y>
pmI
ramat!
rama_ym!
rame_y>
mune>
muin_yam!
muin_y>
izzae>
izzu_yam!
izzu_y>
;I
ramSy
ramyae>
rama[am!
mune>
muNyae>
munInam!
izzae>
izae>
izzUnam!
sPtmI
rame
ramyae>
rame;u
munaE
muNyae>
muin;u
izzaE
izae>
izzu;u
sMbaexn
ram
ramaE
rama>
mune
munI
muny>
izzae
izzU
izzv>
net&
ipt&
wma
neta
nataraE
netar>
ipta
iptraE
ipetr>
itIya
netarm!
netaraE
netn!
iptrm!
iptraE
ipetn!
t&tIya
nea
net&_yam!
net&i>
ipa
ipt&_yam!
ipt&i>
ctuwIR
nee
net&_yam!
net&_y>
ipe
ipt&_yam!
t&_y>
pmI
netu>
net&_yam!
net&_y>
iptu>
ipt&_yam!
ipet&_y>
;I
netu>
neae>
net&[am!
iptu>
ipeae>
ipt&[am!
sPtmI
netir
neae>
net&;u
iptir
ipae>
ipt&;u
sMbaexn
netr!
netaraE
netar>
iptr!
iptaraE
iptar>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
14
lta
@k
mit
bhu
@k
ndI
bhu
@k
bhu
wma
lta
lte
lta>
mit>
mtI
mty>
ndI
n*aE
n*>
itIya
ltam!
lte
lta>
mitm!
mtI
mtI>
ndIm!
n*aE
ndI>
t&tIya
ltya
lta_yam!
ltai>
mTya
mit_yam!
miti>
n*a
ndI_yam!
ndIi>
ctuwIR
ltayE
lta_yam!
lta_y>
mTyE-mtye
mit_yam!
mit_y>
n*E
ndI_yam!
ndI_y>
pmI
ltaya>
lta_yam!
lta_y>
mTya> - mtye
mit_yam!
mit_y>
n*a>
ndI_yam!
ndI_y>
;I
ltaya>
ltyae>
ltanam!
mTya> - mtye
mTyae>
mtInam!
n*a>
n*ae>
ndInam!
sPtmI
ltayam!
ltyae>
ltasu
mTyam! - mtaE
mTyae>
mit;u
n*am!
n*ae>
ndI;u
sMbaexn
lte
lte
lta>
mte
mtI
mty>
nid
n*aE
n*>
xenu
vxU
mat&
wma
xenu>
xenU
xenv>
vxU>
vXvaE
vXv>
mata
matraE
matr>
itIya
xenum!
xenU
xenU>
vxUm!
vXvaE
vxU>
mam!
matraE
mat>
t&tIya
xeNva
xenu_yam!
xenui>
vXva
vxU_yam!
vxUi>
maa
mat&_yam!
mat&i>
ctuwIR
xeNv -xenve
xenu_yam!
xenu_y>
vXvE
vxU_yam!
vxU_y>
mae
mat&_yam!
mat&_y>
pmI
xeNva> - xenae>
xenu_yam!
xenu_y>
vXva>
vxU_yam!
vxU_y>
matu>
mat&_yam!
mat&_y>
;I
xeNva> - xenae>
xeNvae>
xenUnam!
vXva>
vXvae>
vxUnam!
matu>
maae>
mat&[am!
sPtmI
xeNvam! - xenaE
xeNvae>
xenu;u
vXvam!
vXvae>
vxU;u
matir
maae>
mat&;u
sMbaexn
xenaee
xenU
xenv>
vxu
vXvaE
vXv>
mat>
matraE
matr>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
15
vn
@k
vair
bhu
@k
mxu
bhu
@k
bhu
wma
vnm!
vne
vnain
vair
vair[I
vairi[
mxu
mxunI
mxUin
itIya
vnm!
vne
vnain
vair
vair[I
vairi[
mxu
mxunI
mixin
t&tIya
vnen
vna_yam!
vnE>
vair[a
vair_yam!
vairi>
mxuna
mxu_yam!
mxui>
ctuwIR
vnay
vna_yam!
vne_y>
vair[e
vair_yam!
vair_y>
mxune
mxu_yam!
mxu_y>
pmI
vnat!
vna_yam!
vne_y>
vair[>
vair_yam!
vair_y>
mxun>
mxu_yam!
mxu_y>
;I
vnSy
vnyae>
vnanam!
vair[>
vair[ae>
vair[am!
mxun>
mxunae>
mxUnam!
sPtmI
vne
vnyae>
vne;u
vairi[
vair[ae>
vair;u
mxinu
mxunae>
mxu;u
sMbaexn
vn
vne
vnain
vair-vare
vair[I
vairi[
mxu-mxae
mxunI
mxUin
xat&
wma
xat&
xat&[I
xati[
itIya
xat&
xat&[I
xati[
t&tIya
xat&[a
xat&_yam!
xat&i>
ctuwIR
xat&[e
xat&_yam!
xat&_y>
pmI
xat&[>
xat&_yam!
xat&_y>
;I
xat&[>
xat&[ae>
xat[am!
sPtmI
xat&i[
xat&[ae>
xat&;u
sMbaexn
xat&-xatr!
xat&[I
xati[
s<Sk&t shkairn!
16
npu<skil
bhu
@k
bhu
wma
s!
AaE
As!
itIya
Am!
AaE
As!
t&tIya
Aa
_yam!
is!
ctuwIR
_yam!
_ys!
pmI
As!
_yam!
_ys!
;I
As!
Aaes!
Aam!
sPtmI
Aaes!
su
sMbaexn
s!
AaE
As!
mt! (M)
Like the
pu<il
and
Iil
-
vac! (F)
@k
bhu
@k
wma
mt!
mtaE
mt>
vak!
itIya
mtm!
mtaE
mt>
t&tIya
mta
md!_yam!
ctuwIR
mte
pmI
bhu
@k
vacaE
vac>
jgt!
jgtaE
jgiNt
vacm!
vacaE
vac>
jgt!
jgtaE
jgiNt
md!i>
vaca
vaG_yam!
vaGi>
jgta
jgd!_yam!
jgi>
md!_yam!
md!_y>
vace
vaG_yam!
vaG_y>
jgte
jgd!_yam!
jgd!_y>
mt>
md!_yam!
md!_y>
vac>
vaG_yam!
vaG_y>
jgt>
jgd!_yam!
jgd!_y>
;I
mt>
mtae>
mtam!
vac>
vacae>
vacam!
jgt>
jgtae>
jgtam!
sPtmI
mit
mtae>
mTsu
vaic
vacae>
va]u
jgit
jgtae>
jgTsu
sMbaexn
mt!
mtaE
mt>
vak!
vacaE
vac>
jgt!
jgtaE
jgt>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
jgt! (N)
17
bhu
s!
i
AaE
npu<skil
bhu
pu<il
@k
bhu
@k
As!
xIman!
xImNtaE
xImNtm!
npu<skil
bhu
@k
xImNt>
xImt!
xImtI
xImiNt
xImNtaE
xImt>
xImt!
xImtI
xImiNt
xImta
xImd!_yam!
xImd!i>
xImte
xImd!_yam!
xImd!_y>
xImt>
xImd!_yam!
xImd!_y>
itIya
Am!
AaE
As!
t&tIya
Aa
_yam!
is!
ctuwIR
_yam!
_ys!
pmI
As!
_yam!
_ys!
;I
As!
Aaes!
Aam!
xImt>
xImtae>
xImtam!
sPtmI
Aaes!
su
xImit
xImtae>
xImTsu
sMbaexn
s!
AaE
As!
xImn!
xImNtaE
xImNt>
bhu
Like the
pu<il
Like the
pu<il
xImt!
xImtI
xImiNt
npu<skil
bhu
@k
pu<il
bhu
@k
npu<skil
bhu
@k
bhu
wma
s!
AaE
As!
raja
rajanaE
rajan>
raja
rajanaE
rajan>
itIya
Am!
AaE
As!
rajanam!
rajanaE
rajan>
rajanam!
rajanaE
rajan>
t&tIya
Aa
_yam!
is!
ra}a
raj_yam!
raji>
ctuwIR
_yam!
_ys!
ra}e
raj_yam!
raj_y>
pmI
As!
_yam!
_ys!
ra}>
raj_yam!
raj_y>
;I
As!
Aaes!
Aam!
ra}>
ra}ae>
ra}am!
sPtmI
Aaes!
su
rai}-rajin
ra}ae>
rajsu
sMbaexn
s!
AaE
As!
rajn!
rajanaE
rajan>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
Like the
pu<il
18
Like the
pu<il
rajn!
rajanaE
rajan>
5. Pronouns
5.1 Personal Pronouns
ASmd!
@k
(Ahm! I)
i
bhu
wma
Ahm!
Aavam!
itIya
mam! ma
Aavam! - naE
t&tIya
mya
Aava_yam!
ctuwIR
mm! - me
pmI
@k
vym!
bhu
Tvm!
yuvam!
Tvam! Tva
yuvam! vam!
ASmai>
Tvya
yuva_yam!
yu:mai>
Aava_yam! naE
ASm_ym! n>
tu_ym! - te
yuva_yam! vam!
yu:m_ym! v>
mt!
Aava_yam!
ASmt!
Tvt!
yuva_yam!
yu:mt!
;I
mm - me
Aavyae> - naE
ASmakm! n>
tv - te
yuvyae> - vam!
yu:makm! v>
sPtmI
miy
Aavyae>
Tviy
yuvyae>
ASman! n>
ASmasu
yUym!
yu:man! v>
yu:masu
s> (He)
sa (She)
td! (That)
p<ui
SIil
npu<skil
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
wma
s>
taE
te
sa
te
ta>
tt!
te
tain
itIya
tm!
taE
tan!
tam!
te
ta>
tt!
te
tain
t&tIya
ten
ta_yam!
tE>
tya
ta_yam!
tai>
ten
ta_yam!
tE>
ctuwIR
tSmE
ta_yam!
te_y>
tSyE
ta_yam!
ta_y>
tSmE
ta_yam!
te_y>
pmI
tSmat!
ta_yam!
te_y>
tSya>
ta_yam!
ta_y>
tSmat!
ta_yam!
te_y>
;I
tSy
tyae>
te;am!
tSya>
tyae>
tasam!
tSy
tyae>
te;am!
sPtmI
tiSmn!
tyae>
te;u
tSyam!
tyae>
tasu
tiSmn!
tyae>
te;u
s<Sk&t shkairn!
19
SIil
bhu
@k
npu<skil
bhu
@k
bhu
wma
k>
kaE
ke
ka
ke
ka>
ikm!
ke
kain
itIya
km!
kaE
kan!
kam!
ke
ka>
ikm!
ke
kain
t&tIya
ken
ka_yam!
kE>
kya
ka_yam!
kai>
ken
ka_yam!
kE>
ctuwIR
kSmE
ka_yam!
ke_y>
kSyE
ka_yam!
ka_y>
kSmE
ka_yam!
ke_y>
pmI
kSmat!
ka_yam!
ke_y>
kSya>
ka_yam!
ka_y>
kSmat!
ka_yam!
ke_y>
;I
kSy
kyae>
ke;am!
kSya>
kyae>
kasam!
kSy
kyae>
ke;am!
sPtmI
kiSmn!
kyae>
ke;u
kSyam!
kyae>
kasu
kiSmn!
kyae>
ke;u
y>
yaE
ye
ya
ye
ya>
yt!
ye
yain
itIya
ym!
yaE
yan!
yam!
ye
ya>
yt!
ye
yain
t&tIya
yen
ya_yam!
yE>
yya
ya_yam!
yai>
yen
ya_yam!
yE>
ctuwIR
ySmE
ya_yam!
ye_y>
ySyE
ya_yam!
ya_y>
ySmE
ya_yam!
ye_y>
pmI
ySmat!
ya_yam!
ye_y>
ySya>
ya_yam!
ya_y>
ySmat!
ya_yam!
ye_y>
;I
ySy
yyae>
ye;am!
ySya>
yyae>
yasam!
ySy
yyae>
ye;am!
sPtmI
yiSmn!
yyae>
ye;u
ySyam!
yyae>
yasu
yiSmn!
yyae>
ye;u
s<Sk&t shkairn!
20
6. Verbs
Verb -roots
Primitive
Derived
Denominative
Sanskrit
English
vtRmankal>
Present
savRxatuka>
l'!
An*tn-Utkal>
Imperfect
(Conjugational Tenses)
ilq!
prae]-Utkal>
AaxRxatuka>
(Non-Conjugational Tenses)
1. iTvilq (Reduplicative)
2. Anuyaegilq (Periphrastic)
lu'!
samaNy-Utkal>
luq!
An*tn-iv:yTkal>
Periphrastic Future
l&q!
samaNy-iv:yTkal>
Simple Future
Aa}a
Imperative
savRxatuka>
ivixil'!
ivix , Aa}a
Potential
(Conjugational Moods)
AazIilR'!
Aaza
Benedictive
AaxRxatuka>
Conditional
(Non-Conjugational Moods)
l&'!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
21
ilq!
lu'!
Denotes past action, not done today, Generally used Denotes past action,
to denote actions done at a very remote past time.
without reference to
-The reduplicative perfect is common to all
any particular time.
monosyllabic roots beginning with a consonant or
with A, Aa and #, %, \. The periphrastic perfect is
used with roots beginning with a long vowel except
Aa and with the roots of the 10th conjugation.
6.2 Conjugations
The 10 conjugations in Sanskrit are divided into two groups. The first group consists of the 1st, 4th, 6th
and the 10th conjugations and the second group consists of the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 8th and 9th conjugations.
The division of verbs into 10 conjugations do not apply to all the 10 tenses and moods. It applies only to
the active voice, both parasmaipada and atmanepada of savRxatuka>. In the passive voice, and in all other
tenses of the active voice, all verbs are treated alike without distinction of conjugations. Thus the name
conjugational tenses and moods.
With respect to non-conjugational tenses and moods, verbal roots are divided into three classes:
Description
Example
Ainq! (An!+#q!)
do not insert a #
lBx
veq! (va+#q!)
insert a # optionally
SyNd!
22
s<Sk&t shkairn!
ivta; AcR!
lBxa
seq! (s+#q!)
Roots
AicRta
SyiNdta; SyNta
g[
nam
g[ivkr[
xatunam>
lq!
1. wmg[>
_vaid
2. itIyg[>
Adaid
Ad!
3. t&tIyg[>
juhaeTyaid
hu
juhaeit He offers
4. ctuwRg[>
idvaid
idv!
dIVyit He plays
5. pmg[>
Svaid
nu
su
sunaeit He presses
6. ;:Qg[>
tudaid
tux!
tudit He presses
7. sPtmg[>
xaid
x!
[ai He blocks
8. A:qmg[>
tnaid
tn!
tnaeit He stretches
9. nvg[>
(aidg[>
I[it He buys
10. dzmg[>
curaidg[>
Ay
cur!
caeryit He steals
Ai He eats
6.3 Voice
1. Active Voice (ktRir yaeg): The ktRa of any iyapdm! is in the wma ivi. The iyapdm! of any
sentence or clause always agrees in number and person with the ktRa
2. Passive Voice (kmRi[ yaeg): The iyapdm! refers to or agrees with kmR, instead of the ktRa. The
verbal ending specifies the number and person of the kmR
3. Passive Impersonal (ave yaeg): In s<Sk&m! , not only transitive verbs (skmRkxatu), but intransitive
verbs (AkmRkxatu), also can be conjugated in the passive voice.
xatu
yaeg
skmRkxatu
ktRir yaeg
kmRi[ yaeg
s<Sk&t shkairn!
%dahr[
23
AaTmnepd
bhu
@k
prSmEpd
bhu
@k
AaTmnepd
bhu
@k
bhu
%m
im
v>
m>
vhe
mhe
Am!
vih
mih
mXym
is
w>
se
$we
Xve
s!
tm!
wa>
$wam!
Xvm!
wm
it
t>
AiNt
te
$te
ANte
t!
tam!
An!
#tam!
ANt
Aain
Aav
@e
AavhE
AamhE
$ym!
$v
$m
$y
$vih
$mih
Sv
$wam!
Xvm!
$s!
$tm!
$t
$was!
$yawam!
$Xvm!
tam!
tu
Aam!
tm!
mXym
wm
ANtu
tam!
$tam!
ANtam!
$t!
$tam
$yu>
$t
$yatam!
$rn!
AaTmnepd
prSmEpd
AaTmnepd
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
%m
taiSm
taSv>
taSm>
tahe
taSvhe
taSmhe
Syaim
Syav>
Syam>
Sye
Syavhe
Syamhe
mXym
tais
taSw>
taSw
tasee
tasaw
taXv
Syis
Syw>
Syw
Syse
Syewe
SyXve
wm
ta
taraE
tar>
ta
taraE
tar>
Syit
Syt>
SyiNt
Syte
Syete
SyNte
l&' (Conditional)
@k
bhu
%m
Sym!
Syav
Syam
Sye
Syavih
Syamih
yasm!
yaSv
yaSm
sIy
sIvih
sImih
mXym
Sy>
Sytm!
Syt
Sywa>
Syewam!
SyXvm!
ya>
yaStm!
yaSt
sIa>
sIyaSwam!
sIXvm!
wm
Syt!
Sytam!
Syn!
Syt
Syetam!
SyNt
yat!
yaStam!
yasu>
sI
sIyaStam!
sIrn!
%m
vhe
mhe
mXym
Awu>
se
Aawe
Xve
wm
Atu>
%>
Aate
#re
s<Sk&t shkairn!
24
AaTmnepd
prSmEpd
AaTmnepd
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
%m
im
v>
m>
vhe
mhe
Am!
vih
mih
mXym
is
w>
se
Aawe
Xve
s!
tm!
wa>
Aawam!
Xvm!
wm
it
t>
AiNt
te
$te
Ate
t!
tam!
An!
#tam!
At
%m
Aain
Aav
Aam!
@e
AavhE
AamhE
$ym!
$v
$m
$y
$vih
$mih
mXym
ih
tm!
Sv
Aawam!
Aawam
Xvm!
$s!
$tm!
$t
$was!
$yawam!
$Xvm!
wm
tu
tam!
ANtu
tam!
$tam!
Atam!
$t!
$tam
$yus!
$t
$yatam!
$rn!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
25
U (_vaidg[>) prSmEpd
lq!
l'!
laeq
ivixil'!
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
%m
vaim
vav>
vam>
Avm!
Avav
Avam
vain
vav
vam
veym!
vev
vem
mXym
vis
vw>
vw
Av>
Avtm!
Avt
vtm!
vt
ve>
vetm!
vet
wm
vit
vt>
viNt
Avt!
Avtam!
Avn!
vtu
vtam!
vNtu
vet!
vetam!
veyu>
luq
l&q
l&'
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
%m
ivtaiSm
ivtaSv>
ivtaSm>
iv:yaim
iv:yav>
iv:yam>
Aiv:ym!
Aiv:yav
Aiv:yam
mXym
ivtais
ivtaSw>
ivtaSw
iv:yis
iv:yw>
iv:yw
Aiv:Sy>
Aiv:ytm!
Aiv:Syt
wm
ivta
ivtaraE
ivtar>
iv:yit
iv:yt>
iv:yiNt
Aiv:Syt!
Aiv:ytam!
Aiv:yn!
AazIilR'
iTvilq
Anuyaegilq
%m
Uyasm!
UyaSv
UyaSm
bUv
bUivv
mXym
Uya>
UyaStm!
UyaSt
bUivw
bUvwu>
bUv
wm
Uyat!
UyaStam!
Uyasu>
bUv
bUvtu>
(?)
bUivm
bUvu>
l! (_vaidg[>) AaTmnepd
lq!
l'!
laeq
ivixil'!
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
%m
le
lavhe
lamhe
Ale
Alavih
Alamih
lE
lavhE
lamhE
ley
levih
lemih
mXym
lse
lewe
lXve
Alwas!
Alewam!
AlXvm!
lSv
lewam!
lXvm!
lewa>
leyawam!
leXvm!
wm
lte
lete
lNte
Alt
Aletam!
AlNt
ltam!
letam!
lNtam!
let
leyatam!
lern!
luq
l&q
l&'
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
%m
lBxahe
lBxaSvhe
lBxaSmhe
lPSye
lPSyavhe
lPSyamhe
AlPSye
AlPSyavih
AlPSyamih
mXym
lBxasee
lBxasaw
lBxaXv
lPSyse
lPSyewe
lPSyXve
AlPSywa>
AlPSyewam!
AlPSyXvm!
wm
lBxa
lBxaraE
lBxar>
lPSyte
lPSyete
lPSyNte
AlPSytam!
AlPSyetam!
AlPSyNt
AazIilR'
iTvilq
Anuyaegilq
%m
lPsIy
lPsIvih
lPsImih
lee
leivhe
leimhe
mXym
lPsIa>
lPsIyaSwam!
lPsIXvm!
le;e
leawe
leiXve
wm
lPsI
lPsIyaStam!
lPsIrn!
lee
leate
leire
s<Sk&t shkairn!
26
l'!
laeq
ivixil'!
@k
mXym
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
sunaeim
sunuv>
sunum>
Asunvm!
Asunuv
Asunum
sunvain
sunvav
suuvam!
sunuyam!
sunuyav
sunuyam!
suNv>
%m
suNm>
AsuNv
AsuNm
sunuw>
sunaei;
Asunutm!
Asunut
sunu
sunutm!
sunut
sunuya>
sunuyatm!
sunuyat
sunutam!
suNvNtu
sunuyat!
sunuyatam!
sunuyu>
sunai;
Asunae>
sunutat!
wm
sunaeit
sunut>
sNviNt
Asunaet!
Asunutam!
AsuuNvn!
sunaetu
sunutat!
luq
l&q
l&'
@k
bhu
saetaiSm
saetaSv>
saetaSm>
sae:yim
sae:yav>
sae:yam>
sivtaSv>
sivtaSm>
siv:yaim
siv:yav>
siv:yam>
saetais
saetaSw>
saetaSw
sae:yis
sae:yw>
sae:yw
sivataSw>
sivtaSw
siv:yis
siv:yw>
siv:yw
saeta
saetaraE
saetar>
sae:yit
sae:yt>
sae:yiNt
sivta
wm
@k
sivtais
mXym
bhu
sivtaiSm
%m
sivtaraE
sivtar>
siv:yit
siv:yt>
siv:yiNt
AazIilR'
%m
iTvilq
su;av
su;aew
su;uv
su;um
su;uvwu>
su;uv
su;uvtu>
su;uvu>
su;ivw
wm
s<Sk&t shkairn!
su;av
27
Anuyaegilq
su;v
mXym
@k
bhu
l'!
laeq
ivixil'!
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
sunuve
sunuvhe
sunumhe
Asunuiv
Asunuvih
Asunumih
sunvE
sunvavhE
sunvamhE
suNvIy!
suNvIvih
suNvImih
suNvhe
%m
suNmhe
AsuNvih
AsuNmih
mXym
sunu;e
suNvawe
sunuXve
Asunuwa>
AsuNvawam!
AsunuXvm!
sunu:v
suNvawam!
sunuXvm!
suNvIwa>
suNvIyawam!!
suNvIXvm!
wm
sunute
suNvate
sunuvte
Asunut!
AsuNvatam!
AsuNvt
sunutam!
suNvatam!
suNvtam!
suNvIt
suNvIyatam!
suNvIrn!
luq
@k
l&q
sae:yavhe
sae:yamhe
siv:yavhe
siv:yamhe
sae:yse
sae:yewe
sae:yXve
siv:yse
siv:yewe
siv:yXve
sae:yte
sae:yete
sae:yNte
siv:yte
wm
bhu
siv:ye
mXym
sae:ye
%m
bhu
@k
l&'
siv:yete
siv:yNte
AazIilR'
@k
iTvilq
bhu
Anuyaegilq
%m
su;uve
su;uvhe
su;umhe
mXym
su;u;e
su;uvawe
su;uXve
wm
su;uve
su;uvate
su;uivre
6.7 Examples
Tense
Used as
Examples
lq!
l'!
ivaim> visSy xenu< blat! Ahrt!, Vishwamitra took Vashistas cow by force.
n&p> a[an! aejnay NymNyt! (in+AmNyt!), The king invited the Brahmin for food.
laeq!
Tyj dujRns<sg< j saxusmagmm!, Give up association with the wrong people and to
seek the company of saintly people.
(prayer)
-AazIvaRd (blessing)
s<Sk&t shkairn!
28
-AamN[m! (permission),
inmN[m! (invitation)
-s<Zn (question),
ik< ae vedaNtm! AXyyE %t s<sk&tm!, Sir what shall I learn? Vednta or Sask tam?
s<avna(possibility, doubt)
-ma (prohibtion)
samWyRm! (ability)
ivixil'!
nr> sda sTy< vdet, Man should always speak the truth.
-ivixil'!
-AxI (wish) or
awRna (prayer)
-AamN[m! (permission),
inmN[m! (invitation)
-s<Zn (question), s<avna
ik< ae ved< AxIyey %t tkRm!, Sir what shall I learn? Veda or logic?
(possibility, doubt)
lu'!
ilq
iTvilq
Anuyaegilq
luq!
he sIte ramlm[aE ae vn> gNtaraE, Tvmip gNtais va n va, Oh St, Rma and
Lakmaa will go to the forest tomorrow. Will you too go or not?
l&q!
ik< iv:yit ik< iv:ytIit icNtyt> sveR iz:ya> prI]azalamuijNt Aagim:yiNt, Thinking
What will be? what will be? all the students will come, trembling, to the
examination hall.
AazIilR'!
(blessing)
l&'!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
yid ipta Agim:yt! sveR Ataeyn!, Were my father to come, all would be pleased.
29
7. Verbal Derivatives
The affixes are added to roots, or their modified forms, to form nouns, adjectives, and indeclinables.
xatv>
2200 xatu
6 Tenses (lq! , l'! , ilq! , lu'! , luq! , l&q! )
4 Moods (l&'! , laeq! , ivixil'! , AaizilR'! )
Causal (i[jNt)
Desiderative (sNnNt )
Freqnentative (y'!Nt )
Denominative (namxatu)
TyyaNt xatv>
2400 Derived Verbs
30
%dahr[
k&t
xa + [k
becomes Aay!
zuc! + "|!
yuj! + "|!
Anu-k& + Lyp!
av! + %k
xayk
g!
k! and j
aE + %k
Anu-k& + Lyp!
31
s<Sk&t shkairn!
Anuk&Ty
If AnubNx is |! or [! , final
avuk
7.1.2 Participles
Rules
Tyy
%dahr[
Present active
At!
ivz!
(zt&)
prSmEpd
da
replaced by man
cur!
dIyt e
caeyRte
present passive is
gMyte
gm!
mNyman (thinking)
@k v ) of
mNyte
lman (obtaining)
te ( pu
lte
l!
te ( pu @k v ) of
(zanc!)
man
ivzt! ( entering)
man
by At!
ivziNt
(vtu)
k& + t
roots
k&
passive participle
vt!
Past active
k&t + vt!
()
Past passive
k&tvt!
Syman
SyNte ( pu bhu v ) is
}a
pt!
pit:yiNt
}aSyNte
pt!
pit:yNte
}aSyt!
pit:yt!
}aSyman
replaced by Syt!
prSmEpd
}aSyiNt
}a
SyiNt ( pu bhu v ) is
Syt&
pit:yma[
gm!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
32
h!
z!
take gu[
tVy
{yt!
Sm&
pUj!
z!
AnIy
pQ!
vc!
hs!
iDd!
isc!
yt!
ij
jy (conquerable)
pa
pey (drinkable)
Vy (audible)
Kyp!
zKy (possible )
l!
l_y (obtainable)
sh!
final Aa is changed to @
zk!
s (to be bearable)
zas!
Ty (to be respected )
&
-Impersonal/Neuter Sing.
Stu
k &
Uses
33
Tva
%dahr[
AyaeXya< TyKTva ram> vnm! AgCDt!,
Having abandoned Ayodhya,
Rama went to the forest
kTva
Lyp!
Rules
Tyy
preceded by an %psgR,
the suffix y is added
The infinite
to the roots.
tumun!
tum!
Rules
A>
%dahr[
kuM< kraeit #it kuMkar> (kuM +k& )
%Tpa*m! created as in kuMkar>
by A[!
-Appended to nouns
-3-fold kmR is governed
A[!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
34
}a
-Roots with #, %, \ or
bux! + k
cur!
-Lying in Location
caer> ; U
l& as penultimate
A
mxup> (bee)
dropped)
Ac!
jld> (cloud)
v>
du>oen gCDit
svR etc.
p< gCDit
snake);
sd! to sit
after performing a
function (like er after
cook in English
forth; a mother )
ivd!
id!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
35
a powerful enemy)
a powerful enemy)
uh!
uh!
i;!
sU
z! after nouns
par< gCDit
dugR> (fortress)
svR< gCDit
-Affixed to gm!
preceded by ANt, par,
iKvp
milker)
knower of ved)
woodcutter)
ij
a good cutter)
iDd!
conqueror of
nI
%dkSp&z>
disappears after
performing a function.
taz !(tak! )
sz! (sk! )
z! after nouns
kIz! (kIk! )
of that type
like this
of what nature
Tvaz! (Tvak! )
-Is added to the roots of
the h group in the
sense of the agent
rax! with Ap
pirU
#n!
i[in
like you
ivraq! )
iKvn!
ivra;!
(ivraj!
k&
raj!
k&
XyE
s<Sk&t shkairn!
36
the doer)
-AnubNx [! mantains
Ak!
{vul!
thinker)
s&j!
nI
imparts agency
k&
creator)
knower)
one who leads)
the doer)
XyE
da
fIp!
yj!
- Creates Feminine
Nouns
knower)
a;a (language);
If!
-For sNt stems
giver)
mn!
muc!
Aa
thinker)
creator)
bux!
qap! &
s&j!
net&
bux!
t&c!
giver)
da
icNta (worry)
imma<sa(enquiry, analysis)
mumu]a (the desire to be free)
qap! with
{pul
dat&
drinking vessel)
eye-means of leading)
ear-means of hearing)
vs!
pt!
means of flying)
zas!
clothing)
leaves; wings-
s<Sk&t shkairn!
37
daI
nI
kIR;
pa
generally npu<skil
:q+n!
ktR&
-indicates instrument, or
means of action;
t&c!
neI
net&
fIp! with
one that
yuj!
zuc!
-"! mandates c
ux!
km!
desire )
SpzR!
touch)
Tyj!
lu
ivd!
k! and
g! respectively
%dahr[
iv+iz;!
A
joining)
grief)
i]
Ay> (to go
%d! + #
-forms abstract nouns; also
instrument or place denoted by the
root.
Note:
1. Many roots preceded by prefix,
kr> (to do
v> (to be
poison)
being, state)
jp!
%p + jp!
with or sm!
38
prayer)
rising up)
praise)
decay)
g&
victory)
going)
distinction)
collection)
greed)
ic
Ap!
renunciation)
ij
anger )
complete knowledge)
v&
Ac!
"|!
Rules
A>
md>; s<md>
joy)
but
ym!
restraint, control)
Stu
praise)
mn!
gm!
git> (to go
praise)
gait)
Aap!
muc!
what is heard)
vision)
Stp!
s&j!
vc!
k&it> (to do
k&
gait)
z!
accquistion)
sleep)
creation)
what is said)
a piece of work)
yj!
Swa
act of worship)
it
in!
position)
ha
loss)
scatterng)
ivpd!
or iKvp is added
ivpd!
hs!
adversty)
prosperity)
laughter)
39
sh!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
jLp
fall)
-adds tm!
tm!
roots
GlE
quarrel)
tolerence)
gm!
gmnm! (to go
hn!
da
zI
going)
killing)
speech)
gift)
lying down; sleeping)
vc!
-adds An!
nm!
Lyuq!
Swa
Aas!
seat; posture)
z!!
act of seeing)
sax!
uj!
place)
eating)
Examples
s<Sk&t shkairn!
40
Svy<U> (Svy<- U)
Rules
A & $ (F)
%dahr[
ymuna
yamun> (River
pvRt>
pavRtI (mountain
r"u>
Tv:q&>
not strengthened
5. are added directly to
consonant stem finals.
mn>
mans (mind
son of)
mental)
hEmvt (himalaya
a[> (Brahman
pertaing to)
knower of)
-avvack (abstraction)
weight)
la"v> (light
lightness)
l"uu>
izzu>
zEzvm! (child
yuvn!
yaEvnm! (young
-tSyedm! (possesion)
tSye
izv>
daughter of)
gaErvm! (heavy
gu>
jnk>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
son of)
descendent of )
Tva:q&> (Tvastr
ihmvNt!
daughter of)
sarSvt> (Sarasvati
ra"v> (Raghu
n!
-Additional Examples
srSvit
2. replace final $
son of river)
paE> (son
pu>
1. replace final A or Aa
41
childhood)
youth)
iv:[u>
bu >
- ted (knowledge)
vEyakr[> (grammer
-avvack
zaEyRm! ( hero
son of)
%ict
zUr>
heroism)
AaEicTym! (proper
propriety)
pi{ft>
%Tsuk
AaETsuKym! (eager
Als
AalSym! (lazy
maEOyRm! (fool
muom!
vIr>
state of being)
eagerness)
laziness)
AaEdasINym! (indifferent
%dasIn
mUoR>
grammarian)
Sun)
kiv>
Vyakr[m!
muOy (face
indifference)
foolishness)
vIyRm! (heroism)
dNt>
dNTy (tooth
talu
talVy (palate
palatal) (t av)
pertaing to a field)
dental) (t av)
#y
]em!
]iey (field
]em!
$y
Ahm!
mdIy (I
vym!
ASmdIy (we
our)
yu:mdIy (you
your)
vdIy (you
your)
yUym!
vNt!
s> sa tt!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
42
princely class)
my);
-ApTyavack
kuNtI
ga
kaENtey> (Kunti
gaey> (Ganga
-non- ApTyavack
son of )
pertaining to)
human as apposed to divine)
Aaitwey (guest
pleasant to guests)
-ApTyavack
final vowel
dzrw>
dazriw (Dashratha
suima
saEimi> (Sumitra
mxur
mxurta (sweet
pm!
pkm! (form
giving form )
#;uk> (arrow
-tSyedm!
laek>
Svaav>
-ted
ved>
worldly)
vEidk (veda
43
naked)
laEikk (world
youth)
arrow)
nGnk (naked
nGn
ma[vk> (man
#;u>
little boy)
puk> (son
ma[v>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
sweetness)
ANt> (end
pu>
#k
monkeyness )
ANt>
k&it
son of)
son of)
are feminine
-It requires no strength in the
kipTvm! (monkey
kip>
Tva & ta
Aa;eRy (sage
son of)
vEntey> (Gaduda
ivnta
\i;
son of)
requires v&i
@y
pertaining to)
nEyaiyk> (logic
manisk (mind
of ); Ahm!
pzumNt! (cattle
p]>
pi]n! ((wing
tp>
made of wood )
rich in cattle)
bird)
tpiSvn! (ascetic
Sm&it
consisting of)
consisting of)
asceticism)
Sm&itmNt! (memory
pzu>
ownership)
-SvaimTvvack
SvaimTvvack (expressive of
va'!mym! (speech
consisting of )
#n! ivn!
ict!
ka:Qmy (wood
a follower
consisting of speech)
icNmy (consciousness
ka:Qm!
vak!
mNt! vNt!
va'my (speech
ict!
mine )
vak!
mamk (I
imma<sa
my
versed in puranas)
mental)
mn>
Ak
paErai[k> (puranas
pura[m!
logician )
Nyay>
righteous)
xaimRk (dharma
xmR>
k&it
comparative
tr
tm
%Tk;Rvack (expressive of
iy dear
iytr dearer
iytm dearest
mhNt great
mhr greater
mhm greatest
$y
$y #:Q
tr tm
#:Q
superlative
knIy> younger
kin:Q youngest
kip>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
gir:Q heavier
kipvt! (monkey
iCv
grIy> heavier
yuvn! young
vt!
e:Q best
like a monkey)
44
k&it
Derivative
s<Sk&t shkairn!
45
8. Derivative Conjugations
The following four secondary conjugations, like the kmRi[ yaeg, indicate something about the action of
a verbal root other than its tense. The first three are derived from verbal roots, and fourth is derived from
nominal stems.
8.1 Causative
The Causative (i[jNt; ending in i[c!) indicates that the subject causes another to perform the action
signified by the verbal root. It is formed like the verbs of the 10th conjugation. The causative marker #/
Ay! is suffixed directly to the root which is usually strengthened.
xatu
gm! (to go)
i[jNt form
%dahr[
gmy
Swapy!
"aty!
kary!
AaTmnepd
Passive
avyit
Aavyte
aVyte
Aavyt!
Aavyt
AaVyt
Imperative
avyetu
avytam!
aVytam!
Potential
avyet!
avyet
aVyet
Perfect
avyamas
avyamase
avyamase
Perifh. future
aviyta
aviyta
aviyta
Simple future
aviy:yit
aviy:yte
aviy:yte
Conditional
Aavyiy:yt!
Aaviy:yt
Aaviy:yt
Benedictive
aVyat!
aviy;I
aviy;I
Imperfect
s<Sk&t shkairn!
46
8.2 Desiderative
The Desiderative (st! ; ending in sn! ) expresses the notion that a person or thing wishes (or is about)
to perform the action, or to be in the condition, denoted by the root of the desiderative base. The subject
of the wish and of action conveyed by the verbal root must be the same. It may be paraphased by the
infintive of the simple root with an appropiate form of #;, etc.
eg. ram> vn< ijgim;it = ram> vn< gNtuimCDit (Rama wishes to go to the forest).
vta< seva< ickI;aRim = vta< seva< ktuRmCDaim (I want to serve you).
ippiQpit - He wishes to study; mumU;Rit - He is about to die.
Adjectives in % and Feminine nouns in Aa from th Desiderative base
xatu
Adjective
st! form
Noun
ickI;R
buu]!
buu]u (hungry)
buu]a (hunger)
}a (to know)
ij}as!
ij}asu (inquisitive)
ij (to conquer)
ijgI;!
ijgI;a (rivalry)
pa (to drink)
ippas!
ippasu (thirsty)
ippasa (thirst)
l! (to obtain)
ilPs!
mumu]!
mumU]!
Tense
prSmEpd
AaTmnepd
Passive
Present
bubaeix;te
bubaeix:yte
Imperfect
Abubaeix;t!
Abubaeix;t
Abubaeix:yt
Imperative
bubaeix;tu
bubaeix;tam!
bubaeix:ytam!
Potential
bubaeix;et!
bubaeix;et
bubaeix:yet
Perfect
bubaeix;amas
bubaeix;amas
bubaeix;amase
Perifh. future
bubaeixi;ta
bubaeixi;ta
bubaeixi;ta
Simple future
bubaeixi;:yit
bubaeixi;:yte
bubaeixi;:yte
Conditional
bubaeix:yt!
bubaeix:yt
bubaeix:yt
Benedictive
s<Sk&t shkairn!
bubaeixpit
bubaeix:yat!
bubaeixi;;I:q
bubaeixi;;I:q
47
8.3 Frequentative
The Frequentative (Intensive) (y'Nt; ending in y'!!) conveys the idea of repetition or of intensity.
eg. ceiyte (he does repeatedly); dedIyte (he gives generously)
tp! pu @k v
Present
tatPyte
perfect
tatPSyte
Imperfect
AtatPyt
future
tatpae
Imperative
tatPytam!
benedictive
tat:sI
Potential
tatPyet
8.4 Denominative
The Denominative (namxatu) is a technique of deriving verbal forms from nouns by addition of specific
suffixes.
suffix
meaning
Examples
-conjugated in prSmEEpd
kaMyc!
iKvp!
Kyc!
-conjugated in prSmEEpd
-usually conveys the idea of a acting
like
t[ayte = t[ #v Aacrit
-conjugated in AaTmnepd
Ky'!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
48
9. smasa>
Description
smas>
N - %ypdawRxan>
kmRxary
tTpu;> - %rpdawRxan>
bhuIih - ANypdawRxan>
AVyyIav> - pUvRpdawRxan>
Additional types
9.1 N
smas>
smStpdm!
ivh
suodu>oe
suo< c du>o< c
devpu;a>
pai[padm!
pa[y pada
vIyRbuis<p
iptraE
mataiptraE
9.2 kmRxary
smas>
ivh>
iyimm!
iy< imm!
suNdrm&g>
smStpdm!
suNdr> m&g>
raji;R
49
nris<h>
nris<h> (man-lion)
Two adjectives
:qa&:qm!
kupu>
kuiTst> pu>
and A (negative)
Ak&tm!
n k&tm!
iuvnm!
y[a< uvnana<
pvqI
pana< laekana<
9.3 tTpu;>
smas>
smStpdm!
ivh>
k&:[it>
zaekpitt>
Krshna )
Duration
s<vTsrvas>
n&pht>
inabaixt>
mat&sz>
ctuwIR tTpu;>
padaedkm!
prSmEpdm!
case- endings
AaTmnepdm!
pmI tTpu;>
mr[aym!
;I tTpu;>
sItapuStkm!
nraem>
Aatm}anm!
vnvas>
jlIfa
Causal.
Comparison
smI tTpu;>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
50
9.4 bhuIih
The bhuIih word itself means "a person who has plenty of rice". In other words, a wealthy man. bhuIih
smas> built on top of tTpu;> (incl kmRxary) but tTpu;> smas> may be noun or adjective, but bhuIih
smas> is always an adjective. Therefore the gender changes to match the noun.
smas>
smStpdm!
ivh>
kmRxary
dyaludy>
dyalum! dym!
dym! is
dyaludy> nr>
neuter gender;
dyaludya narI
dyaludy< imm!
As a bhuIih
pItaMbrm!
pItm! AMbrm!
bhuIih
pItaMbr>
pItaMbray nm>
ajlae am>
itIya bhuIih
uharae bal>
ctuwIR bhuIih
%ptaj> dev>
pmI bhuIih
A&tizzu> tfag>
;I bhuIih
zaNtmna> muin>
smI bhuIih
bhuvIr> dez>
Comparision
Vya>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
cNzae>
51
Aispai[>
cNzeor>
9.5 AVyyIav>
The Adverbial Compound is formed by an indeclinable (AVyy) joined to a noun. Some rules are as
follows:
1. Final long vowels are shortened and final A becomes Am!
2. Some words (zrd! , mns! , cets!, etc) add A at the end
3. After it, pr, sm, and Anu, A] becomes A]< (prae]m! , sm]m! , Ty]m!)
4. Masc. nouns in An! take Am!; Neuter nouns in An! do so optionally.
5. ndI optionally becomes ndm! and igir optionally becomes igrm!
AVyy
Aix (sense of location)
smStpdm!
ivh>
Aixhir
AixUtm!
Anunid or Anundm!
Anupm!
in a suitable manner
bihvRnm!
pirngrm!
Aig&hm!
itidnm!
idn< idnm!
Aitinm!
beyond sleep
szm!
similarly
Anu (nearness/suitability)
s<Sk&t shkairn!
52
st&[m!
ywaziKt
yavJjIvm!
Aa limit
AajIvnm!
%p proximity
%ptIrm!
9.6 %ppd
These Reduced Word Compond, mostly (but not always) itIya tTpu;> are reduced signifying the
agent of action.
smStpdm!
ivh>
vedivt!
du:k&itha
SviStd>
oe gCDit (Bird)
paden ipbit (Tree)
9.7 git
Formed by git (with CvI Tyy) & verb form; eg. sa]aTk&Ty, zuKlIk&Ty, nmSk&Ty
9.8 aid
Combines a preposition with a noun. It stands for a participle + noun.
eg. Aimuo> = Aigt> muom! facing; Aitmay> = AitaNt> mayam!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
53
@v (AVyy) = only
Aixkar> (pu< ) Aixk& + "|! = Aixkar + @ v = choice
Your choice is in action only, never in the results thereof. Do not be the author of the results of action.
Let your attachment not be to inaction.
s<Sk&t shkairn!
54
Chapter 3 Verse 3
I gvanuvac.
lake=iSmn! iivxa ina pura aea myan" ,
}anyaegen sa(ana< kmRyaegen yaeignam!.3-3.
I gvan! %vac
laeke + AiSmn! + i-ivxa + ina + pura + aea + mya + An" + }an-yaegen + sa(anam! + kmR-yaegen + yaeignam!
laeke (pu< ) laek! (_vaid AaTm sk = to see ) + "|! = laek + sPt @ v = in the world
An" (iv ) n AiSt A"< (pap<) du>o< Vysen kalu:y< va ySy (n|! bhuI ) sMbaexn @ v = O! sinless one
}an-yaegen (pu< ) }anm! @v yaeg> + t&tI @ v = in the form of of the pursuit of knowledge
sa(anam! (pu< )[ sm!Oya(Adaid pr Ak = to tell + A'! qap! = biu] = s<Oya + A[!= sa<Oy + ;I b v
O! Sinless One, the two-fold committed life style in this world, was told by Me in the beginning the
pursuit of knowledge for the renunciates and thee pursuit of action for those who pursue activity.
s<Sk&t shkairn!
55
Notes
s<Sk&t shkairn!
56
Notes
s<Sk&t shkairn!
57
Notes
s<Sk&t shkairn!
58
Notes
s<Sk&t shkairn!
59