Aleena Khan

STALIN
USSR
MAO
CHINA
HITLER
NAZI GERMANY
CONDITIONS THAT PRODUCED THEM
(THE LEADER)
Moshe Lewin argues that Lenin's ill-
health was crucial for Stalin's readiness
to challenge him and without it, Stalin
would not have dared scheme against
him too openly. As General Secretary,
Stalin was able to supervise Lenin's
medical treatment. This kept him closely
informed about Lenin's health.
Stalin gave the sermon at Lenin's funeral,
but also gave Trotsky the wrong date for
the ceremony. Trotsky therefore
committed the cardinal mistake of
missing Lenin's funeral, which portrayed
him as disrespectful and irresponsible.
Lenin's death in 1924 enabled him to
pursue his rise to power.
Role as General Secretary increase in
political power.
Economic and social factors
Economically, China was ripe for
revolution. The poverty of the
Chinese peasantry was deep-seated
and long-standing. The Nationalist
government had made limited
progress.

Nationalism
China had, for thousands of years, led
the world in technology, science and
medicine, but by the end of the 18
th

century it had been overtaken by
Europe, which was on the verge of
exploiting new-found technological
superiority. Given that one of Maos
attractions for the Chinese people was
his nationalism namely his
determination to rid china of
interference and domination by
foreign powers an awareness of the
depth of humiliation inflicted by
European powers is vital to
understanding Maos rise, bearing in
mind also the mistakes made by the
Long-term bitterness
Deep anger about the First World
War and the Treaty of Versailles
created an underlying bitterness to
which Hitlers viciousness and
expansionism appealed, so they gave
him support.
Ineffective Constitution
Weaknesses in the Constitution
crippled the government. In fact,
there were many people in Germany
who wanted a return to
dictatorship. When the crisis came in
19291933 there was no one who
was prepared or able to fight to stop
Hitler.
Money
The financial support of wealthy
businessmen gave Hitler the money
to run his propaganda and election
campaigns.
Propaganda
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GMD leadership during the war
against Japan, which further improved
Maos standing.

Collapse of central authority and rise of
warlordism
China was divided and had been
characterised by division. The
instability and violence of the late
Imperial Period strengthened the
desire for national renewal. The
establishment of the CCP was made
possible by the disintegration of the
empire and by the later failure of the
Nationalists to establish firm central
control.

The weaknesses and mistakes of the
GMD
To begin with, Maos rise to power can
be largely attributed to the
Nationalists failure in gathering
popular support. This was a
consequence of the lack of help given
to the peasants, which represented
95% of the population, and, for
example, were negatively affected by
the high land taxes which were not
reduced, and were the group most
badly hit by the conscription policies,
Nazi propaganda persuaded the
German masses to believe that the
Jews were to blame and that Hitler
was their last hope.
Programme
Hitler promised everybody
something, so they supported him.
Attacks on other parties
The Storm Troopers attacked Jews
and people who opposed
Hitler. Many opponents kept quiet
simply because they were scared of
being murdered and, if they were,
the judges simply let the Storm
Troopers go free.
Personal Qualities
Hitler was a brilliant speaker, and his
eyes had a peculiar power over
people. He was a good organiser and
politician. He was a driven, unstable
man, who believed that he had been
called by God to become dictator of
Germany and rule the world. This
kept him going when other people
might have given up. His self-belief
persuaded people to believe in him.

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introduced by Jiang in 1941.

Not only this, the GMD lost its main
base of support, the middle class in
the cities, due to its inefficiency of
containing the hyperinflation and food
shortages, leading to a collapse in the
public order and presenting
devastating impacts on the inner
cities inhabitants. Jiangs inefficient
tactics against the Japanese only
escalated his unpopularity amongst
the majority of rural Chinese.


Economic Depression
After the Wall Street Crash of 1929,
the US called in its loans to Germany,
and the German economy
collapsed. The number of
unemployed grew; people starved on
the streets. In the crisis, people
wanted someone to blame, and
looked to extreme solutions Hitler
offered them both, and Nazi success
in the elections grew.

Germans turned to Nazism because
they were desperate. The number of
Nazi seats in the Reichstag rose from
12 in 1928 to 230 in July 1932.
Recruited by Hindenburg
In November 1932 elections the Nazis
again failed to get a majority of seats
in the Reichstag. Their share of the
vote fell from 230 seats to only 196.

Hitler contemplated suicide. But then
he was rescued by Hindenburg.
Franz von Papen (a friend of
Hindenburg) was Chancellor, but he
could not get enough support in the
Reichstag. Hindenburg and von
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Papen were having to govern by
emergency decree under Article 48 of
the Constitution.

They offered Hitler the post of vice-
Chancellor if he promised to support
them.
Hitler refused he demanded to be
made Chancellor. So Von Papen and
Hindenburg took a risk. On 30
January 1933 Hindenburg made
Hitler Chancellor. He thought he
could control Hitler how wrong he
was.
In the end, Hitler did not TAKE power
at all he was given it


IDEOLOGY

Socialism in one country (1924) where it
was mandatory for the USSR to become
stronger before a world revolution.

The USSR followed the left-wing ideology
of communism, although this was
adapted by Stalin according to what they
perceived to be the needs of the state.
According to Marxism, the proletariat
were meant to rule, but in the USSR, this
did not apply given the power of the
Marxist revolution

The importance of the peasants

A two-stage revolution

Mass mobilisation and voluntarism

Continuous revolution

Self-criticism and rectification

Lebensraum
The need for 'living space' for the
German nation to expand.

A strong Germany
The Treaty of Versailles should be
abolished and all German-speaking
people united in one country.

Fhrer
The idea that there should be a single
leader with complete power rather
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Communist Party.

Ruthless determination

The primacy of Mao Zedong Thought
than a democracy.

Social Darwinism
The idea that the Aryan race was
superior and Jews were 'subhuman'.

Autarky
The idea that Germany should be
economically self-sufficient.

Germany was in danger
From Communists and Jews, who had
to be destroyed

METHODS OF RULE

Coercion

Consent

Persuasion


Attracting support
1. Carrying out promises
2. Instituting policies that will be
attractive to key sectors of the
population
3. Propaganda/educational policies
4. Cult of Personality




Repressing opponents
1. Identify opposition groups (both
inside and outside the party)
2. Eliminate/control them
One-Party State

Terror

Propaganda

Youth

Workforce

Religion

Racism
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OPPOSITION
Opposition from within the party
1)-Collectivization + industrialization
had alienated large sections of the people
from the party.
2)-People in the party did not think
Stalins policies were the right way to
build socialism
3) Party members were horrified by the
cruelty in Stalins policies.

There was also opposition to Stalin in the
higher levels of the party. Top officials
wanted to slow down the pace of
collectivization and industrialization.

Opposition from the peasants
Peasants resisted the collectivisation
bitterly. There were frequent riots, and
peasants burned their crops and killed
their animals instead of handing over
everything to the Bolsheviks. Peasants
did not like the new collectives, in which
the government seized much of their
grain and exercised much control over
their daily lives.

Sources of Opposition
Mainly internal, by those that
criticized his policies.
Removal of Party Officials
Removed Peng Zhen, Lu Dingyi, Zhou
Yang. High ranking officials
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
was partly an attempt to eliminate
those in leadership who questioned,
crossed Mao
Use of Violence
Red Guards enforce terror
Lin Biao led purification movement
within the army
Purge of military leaders

Limiting of Opposition Organization
Initially gave freedom to express
ideas.
Diversity got out of hand and Mao
struck at educated elite.
Socialist Education Movement used to
The Catholic Archbishop of
Munster, von Galen, led a
successful campaign to end
euthanasia of mentally-disabled
people.

Some Catholic priests opposed
Hitler. In 1937, the Pope's
message 'With Burning
Concern' attacked Hitler as 'a
mad prophet with repulsive
arrogance' and was read in every
Catholic church.

The White Rose group was
formed by students at Munich
University. They published anti-
Nazi leaflets, but were discovered
and executed in 1943.

A paramilitary wing of the Social
Democratic Party, called the
Reichsbanner, sabotaged railway
lines and acted as spies.


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Opposition from the workers
Industrialization had created tensions in
the society. Workers were angry because
of the low wages and poor working
conditions in the factories.

Opposition from the Church
Former people classified as bourgeois
(such as priests) were extremely
dissatisfied, as their lives had completely
been destroyed. The anti-church
campaigns initiated by Stalin and Lenin
gave rise to much resentment from the
church.

indoctrinate youth.

Used Liberation Army Daily to launch
public attacks on enemies.
Big-character posters were displayed
in campuses.
Attack on tradition, intellectuals.

Beat, persecuted elderly and
intellectuals.
1966 Launched attack on authors,
scholars.
University officials and professors
were criticized.
Mao used big-character poster to
denounce and remove senior officials.
1973 major propaganda campaign

During the war, 'swing' groups
were formed. These were young
people who rejected Nazi values,
drank alcohol and danced to jazz.
More violent groups were called
the Edelweiss Pirates. They
daubed anti-Nazi slogans,
sheltered deserters and beat up
Nazi officials. In 1944, the
Cologne Pirates (the Edelweiss
Pirates based in Cologne) killed
the Gestapo chief, so the Nazis
publicly hanged 12 of them.

Many Protestant pastors, led by
Martin Niemller, formed the
Confessional Church in
opposition to Hitler's Reich
Church. Niemller was held in a
concentration camp during the
period 1937-1945. Another
Protestant pastor, Dietrich
Bonhffer, took part in the 1944
bomb plot and was executed.
1. In 1944, a group of army officers
and intellectuals called
the Kreisau Circletried to bomb
Hitler. The bomb was planted by
Colonel Stauffenberg. It exploded,
but Hitler survived. In retaliation,
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5,000 people were executed.

DOMESTIC POLICIES
Economic

Increase military strength of the country
to resist foreign intervention, especially
due to the war scare in late 1920s and
30s.
Achieve self-sufficiency- wanted to make
USSR independent of western
manufactured goods.
Increase grain supply- end dependence
of the economy on a backward
agriculture system. In the past this had
created huge problems when there was
bad harvest or peasants did not produce
enough food.
Social

Improve standards of living- catch up
with the west in terms of standard of
living people enjoyed, industrialization
would create a wealthy society and
communism should appeal to workers
Agricultural Producers' Co-
operatives: Begun in 1953, land was
pooled but private ownership still
retained.
Agriculture during the GLF: Wildly
unrealistic targets 1958 harvest
(200million tones of grain) aim for
1959, 260million tones of grain
1959, 1960, 170 and 144 million tones
of harvest respectively
1 Backyard Furnaces: 600,000 backyard
furnaces were built in 1958 and steel
production more or less reached the
target laid down by the government.
The Campaign against Counter-
Revolutionaries (1950):Within 6
months over 700,000 people most of
them with former GMD links executed.
500,000 imprisoned.
Collectivization and
communes: Larger than APCs,
introduced in 1958. APCs to
amalgamate into a larger communes
Overall China's GNI (Gross National
Income) increased by 8% in 1958, but
When Hitler ultimately came into
power through the Reichstag fire, he
initiated several changes that shifted
the current model of democracy
towards a dictatorship. The first
changes were known as Hitlers
racial policies, which had an
enormous effect on people who were
not born in Germany but lived inside
her boundaries. Terms like inferior
races and subordinate classes
were soon to be used as labels for a
bulk of the German population who
were either homosexual, not in
strict conformity with German
ideals or political opponents.

A major part of Hitlers domestic
policy was to restore the German
economy and maximize its
efficiency by cartelizing the
industry and banking. This puts the
economy under governmental control
and thus allows German authorities to
use an objective approach in order to
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across the world.
Wanted to restore more conservative
values of women and family.

Political

Crush internal 'class enemies' of the
kulaks. Brutal de-kulakisation to break
the peasantry and bring the countryside
(and thus grain supply) under
Communist control.

Collectivisation

The farms would be collectivized as
peasants consisted of 80% of population.
Stalin wanted land and food production
under full control of the state.
In 1929, kolkhoz or collective farms were
established to replace individual farms
owned by the peasants.
Those who disagreed or refused to go
along with the policy were branded
"kulaks" and were severely punished.
Approximately 25mil small peasant
farms were turned into 200,000
fell by30% in 1960.
December 1968: Mao asked Red
Guards to go to the countryside and
help educate peasants. 12 million did
in the next four years.
During the CR: Mao's cult reached
its height.
500,000 people died, mainly
intellectuals.
Education, particularly higher
education was disrupted
Economy was not that much
damaged as opposed to education
.Failure of backyard
furnaces: Quality of steel produced
was very poor and the environmental
price China had to suffer, since a lot of
wood was cut in order to provide the
furnaces with energy
The First Five-Year Plan (1952-
1956): 28,000 Chinese received
training in the USSR.
Completed the stage of nationalization
of private ownership. Eve of the plan
20% heavy and 60% light industries
under private ownership
Boosted urbanization 57million
(1949) to 100million (1957)
The First Five-Year Plan (1952-
1956): Important infrastructure
placate the economic turmoil of WWI.
Furthermore, independent labor
unions were banned, public works
projects initiated and the
improvement of consumer
products like VW( Volkswagen)
emphasized. It was the governments
objective to coordinate Germanys
stricken economy as far as possible,
seeking continuous growth and lasting
profitability.

Slavs like Poles were used as an
alternative work force in German
factories, which gave the military the
advantage of having more men
available, as slave work freed up men
for combat.
Putting youth programs into place
encouraged young students and
children to internalize the ideals of
Nazi Germany and flourish in the
environment of Church youth groups,
Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, etc. Youth
Groups in colleges and high schools
made a great impact and showed how
the implemented system of the NSDAP
cultivated a new generation of Nazi
Germans, vowing unquestioning
obedience.
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kolkhozi.
A small army called the "25,000ers" of
party acitivists were sent to the
countryside to encourage peasants to
follow orders.
Grain requisitioning would be forced to
get grain to the cities and to export
surplus grain to finance purchase of
machinery from abroad to support
industrialization.

Industrialisation


Stalin knew that only by taking full
control of the resources and labour of the
Soviet Union would industrialization be
achieved; introduced a series of Five
Year Plans to achieve a "revolution from
above".
The First Five Year Plan (1929-32)
called for a massive increase in industrial
output and to create a proletariat by
moving large numbers of peasants from
the countryside to the cities.
Build iron and steel manufacturing
plants, electric power stations,
infrastructure including railways and to
improvements such as Yangzi River
Rail and Road Bridge linking north
and south China.
Heavy industrial output tripled and
light industry light industry rose by
70%.
Four Old Campaign: Old thought, old
culture, old practices, and old customs
Great Famine: About 44.6 million
people died.
1 Indoctrination Policy of the Cultural
Revolution: Socialist-education
movement 1962-3
Red book Lin Biao published 1963
Diary of Lei Feng
Land Reform (June 1950): About 2
million landlords died. Government
gave peasants land it took from
landlords. Private ownership of land
Lysenkoism, The Eight Headings: o
Popularization of new breeds and
seeds
o Close planting
o Deep ploughing
o Increased fertilization
o Innovation of farm tools
o Improved field management
o Pest control
o Increased irrigation
.Mass effort: China would use its

Suppressing competing parties led to
numerous assassinations, especially
on the part of the social democrats,
who suffered great losses and were
physically eliminated during the Night
of the Long Knives. The NSDAP also
freed itself from the Versailles
Economic restrictions and refused any
further payments after their take-
over.

Hitler was on the one hand easing off
credits and on the other, expanding
them, which launched a powerful
economic recovery and enabled the
German people to generally reinvest
and rebuild businesses. The main
cause of the economic crisis in the first
place was a credit crunch and as the
NSDAP eliminated this threat by
introducing new financial policies,
easy credits quickly translated into
tremendous job creation and
economic expansion.


Along with the great depression came
a dry period of foreign trade, which
induced Hitler to bring in autarkic
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increase production of coal and iron.
The Second and Third Five Year
Plans (1932 and 1937) shifted the
production to heavy industrial goods as
iron and steel plants were producing but
the country needed trains, trucks and
tractors.
Hitler was focusing on re-armament in
Germany and many countries now
opposed Communism and Soviet Union-
Stalin wanted to make sure they had the
resources to re-arm.
Industrialization would be achieved
through labour discipline, slave labour
and propaganda:
Labour discipline; Very harsh laws
were introduced that punished workers
who were late or absent and also made it
a crime to break machinery, in some
extreme cases these crimes were
punished with execution. Managers were
responsible for meeting targets and it
they failed to do so they could be
punished with death sentence.
Slave labour; during 1930s many gulags
were built where kulaks and hundreds of
thousands political prisoners were sent
during the "purges".
Propaganda; Stalin's speeches about the
successes of the Five Year Plans were
greatest resource: manpower. People
started working everywhere in blue
uniforms; Emperor of the blue ants
Mass Movement and Thought
Reform: To acquire political control
by mobilizing the population.
Danwei work or neighborhood units
created where everyone must belong.
Series of mass organizations like
National Women's Association and
New Democratic Youth League
created.
National Capitalism: Value of
industrial outputs increased by 2.5
times.
By 1952 grain production 10% higher
than 1936
Controlled the inflation
Rapid collectivization: Higher level
APCs
By 1956 80% of household were in
Co-operatives
Within a year 90% of peasants
incorporated into higher level APCs
Collectivization, 5% increase in output
in 1957
Red Guards movement: Mass rallies,
August 1966 first mass rally of Red
Guards 1million red guards.
1State Owned Enterprises (SOEs): An
policies that would support Germanys
economy by freeing it from foreign
competition.

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printed in Pravda and with their own
eyes, workers saw that the Soviet Union
was industrializing and catching up with
the capitalist powers.

Women

The "Great Retreat"

Restore traditional values of women and
the family after the opportunities
granted to them after the revolution.
Abortion threatened to halt population
growth and in 1936, abortion was made
illegal and divorce discouraged.
Women rewarded with medals for giving
birth to ten or more children.
Women also had to play a role in the
expansion of the Russian economy; in the
collective farms they were expected to
work on fields and in factories
(especially during WW2) expected to do
work of the men.
Women were trained as pilots during the
war and unlike in the western countries,
saw combat duties.

attempt to bring industry under total
government control.
Failed b/c inefficient, abandoned any
idea of incentives.
Succeeded b/c benefited workers,
guaranteed them jobs and provided
them with accommodation and
medical and education benefits for
their families.
Success of backyard
furnaces: Successfully mobilized
people and reached targets.

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Religion


The Russian orthodox church had for
centuries been a strong nationalistic
force of Russian society.
During Lenin's reign it had been frowned
upon to attend church and for Stalin,
demonization of religion was important
for collectivization as religious belief was
still very significant for peasants.
Churches were destroyed, priests driven
out along with the kulaks.