1

TABLES OF CONTENTS


NO. SECTIONS PAGE
1 Abstract/summary 2
2 Introduction 2-4
3 Theory 5-7
4 Experimental procedure 8
5 Results 9-18
6 Discussion 19-20
7 Conclusion 20
8 References 21
2

1.0) Abstract
The following report presents the results for the identifying 12 compounds
(compound A to compound L) by using the knowledge of UV-Vis and IR Spectroscopy. In
order to identify the 12 compounds, we observed the IR spectrum by using UV-Vis and IR
Spectroscopy. From the IR spectrum data form UV-Vis and IR Spectroscopy, the result show
that, compound A is ethanol, compound B is ethanal, compound C is ethanoic acid,
compound D id ethyl ethanoate, compound G is benzene, compound H is toluene, compound
I is benzoic acid, compound J is bromoethane and compound K is ethane.

2.0) Introduction
The objective of this experiment was to identifying 12 compounds by using the UV-
Vis and IR Spectroscopy. For the UV-VIS Spectroscopy, it is more about how the
interactions of radiation can be used to obtain all kind of information. UV-Vis spectrometer is
one of the oldest instruments technique that can analysed the qualitative and quantities of the
sample. But, according to the Prof Greenlief (2004), the absorption of light from the solution
is the oldest but it still one of the best and useful instruments methods. For the UV-VIS, the
absorption of radiation is dependent on the electronic structure of the absorbing species such
as ion, atom and molecules. The UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy operates by measures the
absorptions in the ultraviolet and visible regions, where wavelengths range from 190 nm to
800 nm. These absorptions are due to electronic excitations, where electrons in orbitals with
lower energy are promoted to orbitals with higher energy. However, the most common types
of organic molecules that absorb in this range are conjugated compounds, which have
alternating single and double bonds.

3

FTIR is Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer. It is the method of infrared
spectroscopy. An FTIR consist of a single beam optical assembly with, as an essential
component, an interferometer and the sample. It has three active components, which are a
moving mirror, a fixed mirror and a beam splitter. It is a techniques used by organic and
inorganic chemists. In infrared spectroscopy, infrared radiation will pass through a sample.
Some of the radiation will be absorbed by the sample and some of it will be transmitted. The
spectrum will show the molecular absorption and transmission, creating a molecular
fingerprint of the sample. It is called a fingerprint because there will never have two or more
unique molecular structures that will produce the same infrared spectrum. That is the reason
that makes the infrared spectroscopy very useful for some analysis. By using the FTIR
spectroscopic analysis we can determine the chemical functional groups in the sample.
Different functional groups absorb characteristic frequencies of IR radiation.




4

When an IR spectrum is obtained, a correlation chart is used to identify the functional groups
present in the compound. An example of such a chart is shown below:





5

3.0) Theory

Spectroscopy is the study of interactions between electromagnetic radiation and
matter; specifically, ultraviolet and visible wavelengths of light interact with valence
electrons.
Energy can be absorbed in the form of UV for molecules that containing -electron or
non- bonding electron which is lone pair (n-electron) to stimulate the electrons to the higher
anti-bonding molecular orbital. When the wavelength of the light it absorb is longer, the
electron move more easily to the excited level. (single bond), (multiple bond) or non
bonding (n-lone pair) are 3 types of classes of electron. The electron can excited from highest
occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)
when change into radiation energy.
Ultraviolet and visible radiation interacts with matter which causes electronic
transitions (promotion of electrons from the ground state to a high energy state). The
ultraviolet region falls in the range between 190-380 nm, the visible region fall between 380-
750 nm. The following electronic transitions are possible and are shown in the below
hypothetical energy diagram:
i. p - p* (pi to pi* transition)
ii. n - p* (n to pi star transition)
iii. s - s* (sigma to sigma star transition)
iv. n - s* (n to sigma star transition)
6


Figure 3.1: hypothetical energy diagram.
Ultraviolet and visible light are strong enough to promote outer electrons to higher
energy levels, and UV-Vis spectroscopy is usually applied to molecules or inorganic
complexes in solution. The UV-Vis spectra have broad features that are of limited use for
sample identification but are very useful for quantitative measurements. The concentration of
an analyte in solution can be determined by measuring the absorbance at some wavelength
and applying the Beer-Lambert Law. The Beer-Lambert Law method is most often used in a
quantitative way to determine concentrations of an absorbing species in solution,
where :
A= the measured of absorbance
I0 = the intensity of the incident light at a given wavelength
I = the transmitted intensity
l = the path length through the sample
c = the concentration of the absorbing species
= extinction coefficient absorbtivity
Since the UV-Vis range spans the range of human visual acuity of approximately 400-750
nm, UV-Vis spectroscopy is useful to characterize the absorption, transmission, and
reflectivity of a variety of technologically important materials, such as pigments, coatings,
windows, and filters. This more qualitative application usually requires recording at least a
7

portion of the UV-Vis spectrum for characterization of the optical or electronic properties of
materials. The energy associated with a given segment of the spectrum is proportional to its
frequency. The bottom equation describes this relationship, which provides the energy carried
by a photon of a given wavelength of radiation.

V = frequency
C = velocity of light (3 x 1010 cm/s)
= wavelength
One of the most common spectroscopic techniques used by organic and inorganic
chemists is infrared (IR) spectroscopy. IR is the absorption measurement of different IR
frequencies by a sample positioned in the path of an IR beam. IR spectroscopic analysis is
used to determine the chemical functional groups in the sample. Characteristic frequencies of
IR radiation are absorbed by different functional groups. Moreover, IR spectroscopy is a vital
tool as it can accept a wide range of sample types such as gases, liquids, and solids.
As compare to UV, energy to induce electronic transitions is weak in IR radiation.
Thus only a compound with small energy differences in possible vibrational and rotational
states can be detected. Furthermore, the vibrations or rotations within a molecule must cause
a net change in the dipole moment of the molecule in order for molecules to absorb IR. The
alternating electrical field of the radiation interacts with fluctuations in the dipole moment of
the molecule. If the frequency of the radiation matches the vibrational frequency of the
molecule, radiation will be absorbed then causing a change in the amplitude of molecular
vibration.
Last but not least, the only difference of IR spectroscopy and UV-VIS spectroscopy is
on the radiation absorbed. The sample will absorbed the IR beam in the IR spectroscopy
while in UV-VIS the sample will absorbed the UV-VIS beam. By passing a beam of infrared
light through the sample, the infrared of the spectrum is collected. From this, a transmittance
or absorbance spectrum can be produced, showing at which IR wavelengths the sample
absorbs. The purpose of this experiment is to identify 12 compounds (compound A to
compound L) by using the knowledge of UV-Vis and IR Spectroscopy.

8

4.0) Procedure
A) IR spectroscopy

1. Before using the IR machine its tray must be washed properly using acetylene .
2. Then, the scan icon is clicked on the monitor .
3. Drop the unknown solution A continuously to the machine tray until the results appear
on the monitor of the computer.
4. Save your results the way instructor told you to save it.
5. Repeat step 1 to 4 for solution B to L

B) UV-vis spectroscopy

1. For using the UV-vis spectroscopy first couvettes are washed by using acetone in the
fume cupboard
2. The couvettes are inserted into the cuvette holder inside the sample compartment
according to its beam paths. The sample compartment was closed. The process is started.
Then, one of the cuvettes was removed from the sample compartment before the
experiment was preceded for reference. Then, the cuvette that had been removed was
cleaned using acetone again and evaporated in the fume cupboard
3. One drop of sample A is mixed thoroughly with sample solvent in a sample bottle .Then
insert it into dry cuvette and place it into sample compartment. Closed the sample
compartment and recorded the result.
4. The results obtain are save for further analysis.
5. Repeat step 1 to 4 for solution B to L.







9

5.0) RESULTS

A B C
A: CH3CH2OH (Ethanol) B: CH3CH(O) (Ethanal) C: CH3COOH (Ethanoic Acid)
A+CD
A: CH3CH2OH + C: CH3COOH D: CH3CH2OC(O)CH3 (Ethyl Ethanoat)
G H I
G: C6H12 (Benzene) H: C6H11CH3 (Toluene) I: C6H11COOH (Benzoic Acid)
A+J K
CH3CH2OH + (Bromoethane) C2H6 (Ethane)


From UV-VIS spectroscopy and FTIR, the data collected is analyzed to identify the reaction
above:

From UV-VIS experiment, the reference or blank solvent use gives the spectra as below:


UV-VIS for compound blank
200 250 300 350 400
-0.055 -0.055
-0.050
-0.045
-0.040
-0.035
-0.030
-0.025
-0.020
-0.015
-0.010
-0.005
0.000
0.005
0.010
nm
A
10


UV- VIS spectra for compound A




200 250 300 350 400
0.0 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
nm
A
11


IR spectra for compound A







UV-VIS spectra for compound C
4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 515.0
32.0
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
99.3
cm-1
%T
3330.00
2973.13
2880.20
1379.68
1087.28
1045.95
879.98
631.93
200 250 300 350 400
0.0 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
nm
A
12




IR spectra for compound C
4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 515.0
16.0
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
91.8
cm-1
%T
3035.36
2629.37
1756.86
1704.74
1407.59
1287.80
1052.09
1012.48
888.71
626.63
605.89
13



UV-VIS spectra for compound D



200 250 300 350 400
0.0 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
nm
A
14



IR spectra for compound D




UV-VIS spectra for compound I
4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 515.0
16.0
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100.2
cm-1
%T
2984.79
1736.42
1447.57
1372.77
1233.66
1097.55
1043.56
938.16
846.99
786.15
634.20
607.57
200 250 300 350 400
0.0 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
nm
A
15




IR spectra for compound I
4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 515.0
22.0
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90.3
cm-1
%T
3071.49
2990.65
2945.49
2874.27
2829.18
2669.08
2549.95
1915.19
1789.99
1678.82
1601.11
1582.66
1496.46
1453.51
1419.82
1323.46
1287.96
1179.57
1127.58
1100.72
1072.55
1026.55
1000.03
930.99
804.19
703.84
683.46
666.14
543.04
16


UV-VIS spectra for compound J


200 250 300 350 400
0.0 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
nm
A
17


IR spectra for compound J



UV-VIS spectra for compound K
4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 515.0
45.0
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100.9
cm-1
%T
2978.94
2924.71
2866.85
1442.38
1377.05
1241.02
958.76
768.64
559.03
200 250 300 350 400
0.0 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
nm
A
18




IR spectra for compound K

4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 515.0
30.0
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
102.4
cm-1
%T
2976.76
2929.39
2860.77
1753.53
1450.35
1381.89
1350.59
1252.77
1118.20
1076.25
1043.89
971.51
935.05
845.59
582.49
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6.0) Discussion


The experiment was carried out to identify the organic compound based on the
unknown sample given which are compound A, compound B, compound C, compound D,
compound I, compound J an compound K by using UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy. When the
samples are tested, they response which showned the absorption band had occurred
Ethanol (CH3CH2 OH) didnt have many branch and can oxidized to become aldehyde
when reacted with PCC. As we known PCC is weak oxidizing agent and can change primary
alcohol become aldehyde. Ethanol is primary alcohol and when reacted with PCC, it can
change into ethanol. For the next sample of compound B, it showed the result at range of
1650 cm-1 to 1750 cm-1 and it presence of carbonyl group as the functional group. The
possible of the compound B is aldehyde because when the primary alcohol reacted with PCC
with presence of CH2CL2, it will become aldehyde.

So the most specific compound of aldehyde is ethanal. This is because when
compound B reacted with CrO3 with presence of H2SO4 it can be oxidised to become
carboxylic acid.Beside that the compound C showned the presence of three functional
group which are Carboxylic Acid (O-H group), carbonyl group (C=O) and (C-CH3). Based on
the prediction made , the sample gives the possibile compound of ethanoic acid. When
alcohol reacted with carboxylic acid, it can give ester compound by the presence of HCI . For
compound D, based on absorption band, it had a fuctional group of -COCH3 group and Ester,
-CO-O- group. The possible structure for compound D is Ethyl ethanoate.

For compound G, it had reacted with CH3CI and FeCI3 the reaction be aromatic
chlorination by electrophilic substitutions of benzene ring. So, possible structure for
compound G is benzene ring. By IR spectra and UV-Vis, the absorption band showed the
presence of aromatic ring and arene group. Only benzene ring can make electrophilic
substitutions and by the reaction, possible structure for is methylbenzene. It also had
absorption band that presence of aromatic ring, arene and C-H bond by plane deformation.
For compound H, the possible structure is methlbenzene by reaction of benzene by
electrophilic substitution. For compound I, when methlbenzene oxidized with KmnO4 with
20

presence of H2O, the product occured is Benzoic acid. This reaction is called oxidation of
alkylbenzene side chain. CH3 will change into COOH.

Then the sample of compound J is tested by IR spectroscopy and gives the resultof
the presence of Arene (C-H) bond and alkene bond (C=C). The ring presences indicate the
compound is cyclohexene. When ethanol reacted with cyclohexene with presence of NaH
and THF, structure of K occured. NaH and THF will break double bond of cyclohexene and
give hexane structure. For compound L, from absorption band we get, the possible structure
is dimethyl ether because it have COCH3 bond and (CH2 and CH3 ) bonds. For
compounds E and F, its quite difficult to determine the compound because compound E has
CH2 bond, , C=O bond and O-H bond. Its maybe cause of many branch at compound E and
its were combining of alcohol, carboxylic acid and alkane. For compound F, the possible
structure is Methanediamide because it had functional group of -CONH2 group and -NH2
group. -NH2 group will give amide group because presence of nitrogen. Based on our result
of IR spectra absorption band, experiment achieve the objective but maybe had some
mistakes occured. The bottles maybe not clean properly by acetone, pipet use for more
than one compound and some parrallax error that cant be avoid . IR specta and UV-Vis
spectroscopy is good method to determine an organic compounds by looking at band
absorption

7.0) Conclusion

In conclusion, the experiment are done successfully. The objective which is to identify 12
compounds (compound A to compound L) by using the knowledge of UV-Vis and IR Spectroscopy is
achieved. Based on the result obtained, types of compound are able to identify in this experiment.
Compound A is ethanol, compound B ethanal, compound C is Ethanoic Acid, Compound D is Ethyl
Ethanoate, compound E is Aspirin(AcetylSalicylic Acid), compound F is Diamide Ketone, compound G
is Benzene, compound H is Toluene, compound I is Benzoic Acid, compound J is Bromoethane,
compound K is Diethyl ether and compound L is Hexane.




21

8.0) References

References UV
1. Williams D.H and Fleming Ian, 2008, Spectroscopic Methods in organic Chemistry,
Sixth Edition London, McGraw Hill.

2. APS Physics,2014. Visible-Light Photocatalysis in Nitrogen-Doped Titanium
Oxides[online]Availableathttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/293/5528/269.short>[Accessed
23 April 2014]

3. ACS Publication, 2014.Femtosecond Time-Resolved UVVisible Absorption Spectroscopy
oftransAzobenzeneinSolution.[online]Availableat:http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp96100
67> [Accessed 23 April 2014].

References FTIR
1. Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc, 2014. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR)[online]Availableat:<http://www.thermoscientific.com/content/tfs/en/products/fourier-
transform-infrared- spectroscopy-ftir.html>[Accessed 23 April 2014].

2. Perkin Palmer Inc., 1998. Infrared (FTIR & IR) Spectroscopy [online] Available at:
<http://www.perkinelmer.com/catalog/category/id/ftir%20ftnir%20spectrometers> [Accessed
23 April 2014].

3. Snypa, 2011. Infrared Spectroscopy [online] Available at:
http://www.snypa.co.uk/OSR/IR/instrument.php> [Accessed 23 April 2014].