BODY SYSTEMS AND MOVEMENT

CORE 2
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON
Support: eg.
Protection. Eg.
Movement. Eg.
Mineral Storage. Eg. Calcium and phosphorus.
Blood cell production.

AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SKELETON
JOINT ACTIONS
S

SKELETAL SYSTEM
The human skeleton has 206 bones.
Long Bones: are longer than they are wide and they function as
levers. Eg. Femur, humerus
Short Bones: have a short axis and are found in small spaces
such as the wrist. They serve to transfer forces. Eg. Carpals and
tarsals
Flat Bones: have a broad surface and serve as places of
attachment for muscles and to protect vital organs. Eg. Sternum
and cranium
Irregular Bones: Unusually shaped. Eg. Vertebrae and scapula

TASK
Find a diagram of a long bone, label and
identify its key features. Include an
explanation of these features. [ spongy and
compact bone, articular cartilage, blood
vessels]
TASK
Identify the bones that belong to the ;
A) Skull
B) Shoulder
C) Upper Limb
D) Pelvis
E) Lower Limb

THE JOINTS

1. Fibrous or Immovable
Fibrous joints connect bones without allowing
any movement. The bones of your skull and
pelvis are held together by fibrous joints. The
union of the spinous processes and vertebrae
are fibrous joints.

CARTILAGINOUS OR SLIGHTLY IMMOVABLE

2. Cartilaginous joints are joints in
which the bones are attached by
cartilage. These joints allow for only a
little movment, such as in the spine or
ribs.

SYNOVIAL OR FREELY MOVEABLE

3. Synovial joints allow for much more
movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities
between bones in synovial joints are filled with
synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and
protect the bones. Bursa sacks contain* the
synovial fluid.
E.g. Ball and socket, hinge, gliding etc


TASK
Please go to the following web address;
http://www.mananatomy.com/basic-anatomy/synovial-joints
Read carefully and create a table or diagram which describes
the following;
A) what are synovial joint features?
B) explain the different types of synovial joints. Copy or draw the
diagrams of each type.
LIGAMENTS
Ligaments attach _______________ to
____________________________.
List some of the features of ligaments.
TENDONS
Tendons attach ________________________ to
_________________________.
Some of the features of tendons are?
SYNOVIAL FLUID AND HYALINE CARTILAGE
Explain the key features of both synovial
fluid and hyaline cartilage.
JOINT ACTIONS
Draw a table , consisting of 2 columns and
13 rows please.
Heading for each column: JOINT ACTION
and DESCRIPTION.

MUSCLES
MUSCLES
MUSCLES
MUSCLES
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCLES
There are more than 600 muscles in the body.
The role of muscles is to contract [shorten] and relax [extend].
When they contract WE move, as they cause joints to move.
Muscles have both an INSERTION AND ORIGIN.
ORIGIN = the muscles point of attachment to the more
stationary bone. [most cases it is nearer to the trunk]
INSERTION = the point of attachment at the moveable end. It
is usually attached by a tendon. [in most cases it is further
away from the body]
EG The bicep: Origin is the humerus/scapula. Insertion is the
radius. So when contraction occurs it is the radius that moves
hence the point of insertion.
ACTIVITY
Draw up a table with 4 columns;
MUSCLE, ORIGIN, INSERTION, AND
ACTION.
From Outcomes #1, p 140 142.
Read and put the relevant info into the
table. NO NEED FOR DIAGRAMS.
MUSCLE RELATIONSHIP
When movement occurs the muscle performs one of three roles:
1. AGONIST: also known as the prime mover. The muscle that causes
the the major action. There are agonists for all moveable joints.
2. ANTAGONIST: Is a muscle that relaxes and lengthens to allow the
agonist to contract, thus helping to control the action. The agonist
works as a PAIR with the antagonist muscle. The two roles are
interchangeable. Agonists cause an opposite action compared to the
agonist.
#3. STABILISER: These are fixator muscles which act to stabilise the
joint during movement. At times in action, stabilisers prevent
damage to the joint etc.