Title: Analog vs Digital for Overall Measurement

Product: Data Collectors

Program: 2115/2117
Version: Not Applicable
Technology: Vibration
Technote Number: 95-00008
On the analyzer under UTILITY - CHANGE SETUP - MEASUREMENT MODE -
OVERALL LEVEL MODE, the user can select either DIGITAL or ANALOG.
The Overall value, calculated in DIGITAL mode, will calculate the value from the low
frequency cutoff to the maximum frequency specified. In other words, the overall is
calculated over the defined frequency range of the spectrum.
The Overall calculated in ANALOG mode will calculate the value from 2 Hz to the
bandwidth of the instrument (2110 -20khz, 2115 - 30khz, 2120 - 80khz). The Analog
overall value is sometimes referred to as an Unfiltered reading and is calculated from
the waveform.


Title: Analog vs Digital Integration Mode for Measurement
Product: Application Notes
Program: App Notes
Version: Not Applicable
Technology: Vibration
Technote Number: 95-00118
On the analyzer under UTILITY - CHANGE SETUP - MEASUREMENT MODE -
SIGNAL INTEGR MODE there is the choice of ANALOG or DIGITAL.
ANALOG integration integrates data in the waveform then performs the FFT - Fast
Fourier Transform. The end result is that the waveform stored is in the integrated units
and the spectrum is stored in the integrated units.
DIGITAL integration performs the FFT first then the integration is performed on the
spectrum. The end result is that the waveform is stored in the raw units of the sensor
and the spectrum is stored in the integrated units. A common setup is to use an
Accelerometer and integrate the signal to Velocity units. If DIGITAL integration is used
then the waveform will be stored in G's and the spectrum will be stored in IN/SEC.
However, one disadvantage to using DIGITAL integration is low frequencies will be
enhanced. This causes a "ski slope" effect or "integration leg" on the low end of the
spectrum. Typically this does not cause a problem unless the user is analyzing slow
speed machinery.
The ANALOG integration steps are:
1. The Waveform is collected in Acceleration units of G's
2. The Integration is performed on the waveform.
3. The last Waveform collected is stored in Velocity units of IN/SEC
4. The FFT is performed.
5. The averaged spectrum is stored in Velocity units of IN/SEC


The DIGITAL integration steps are:

1. The Waveform is collected in Acceleration units of G's
2. The last Waveform collected is stored in Acceleration units of G's
3. The FFT is performed.
4. The spectrum is averaged in Acceleration units of G's
5. The Integration is performed on the spectrum
6. The averaged spectrum is stored in Velocity units of IN/SEC

Title: Analog/Digital Overall/Integration - 4 Cases, 1 Exception
Product: Application Notes
Program: App Notes
Version: Not Applicable
Technology: Vibration
Technote Number: 95-00123
Four possible cases for setup include:
Overall Level Mode: Digital Digital Analog Analog
Signal Integr Mode: Analog Digital Analog Digital
If a customer indicates overall measurement in the data collector shows as digital, but
upon checking setup in collector for overall measurement mode he has actually chosen
analog.
For overall mode in analog, the frequency range for data acquisition is 2 Hz to 20 Khz.
For overall mode in digital, the frequency range is 2 x delta f to the F max specified in
the analysis parameter set.
For integration mode in analog, the initial waveform signal is integrated when collected.
The waveform is then stored in the integrated units. The FFT is applied to this waveform
to get the spectrum. Since integration is performed on waveform, the mathematical
amplification of spectrum at low frequencies is eliminated. For integration mode in
digital, the waveform is collected and an FFT is applied to it to get the spectrum. This
spectrum is then digitally integrated to get required result. The waveform is saved in
native units of sensor, but "ski slope" has been introduced at low frequencies of
spectrum.
The Exception:
Assuming integration is being performed on the point, with the combination of analog
overall and digital integration modes, the expected result does not occur. The overall
measurement is saved in digital not analog. This is because to get an analog overall, an
analog integrated time waveform is required. The waveform is already in digital mode to
get the requested digital spectrum.
In this situation the customer wanted overall in analog to be able to have any high
frequency abnormalities indicated be trending overall values. The integration was in
digital to keep waveform units in sensor units, Gs in this case.
CSI's recommendation is to take overall in digital and specify Fmax large enough to
encompass the frequencies in question.Usually, problems occurring at high frequencies
are so small that 1xRPM or other multiples will mask any changes. CSI now has the
ability to save 12 trend parameters and this should be adequate to include any high
frequency bands.
The integration mode should be in analog to eliminate amplification of values at low
frequencies. A special time waveform may be specified to be collected in the analysis
parameter set. This special time waveform will replace the original after FFT is
performed, and can be specified to be collected in native units of sensor.

Title: Why Analog Overall is not recommended when collecting PeakVue Data
Product: Application Notes
Program: App Notes
Version:
Technology: Vibration
Technote Number: 06-02026
A customer asks what the difference is in the Overall collection mode and how it affects
PeakVue data.
The signal processing method is the same whether Digital or Analog Overall is used.
The spectrums shown below were collected on a rotor kit without moving the
accelerometer, just the overall parameter was changed. The top spectrum was in
Analog Overall and shows a value of .1246 G's as compared to the lower spectrum
collected in Digital which is shown at .0540 G's. The Analog Overall will calculate a
value from Fmin to the high end of the frequency response of the accelerometer. The
Digital Overall will calculate a value from the Fmin to Fmax but because the HP Filter is
set to 1KHz those values are filtered out and not included in the overall calculation.
Accel-Accel
500Hz Fmax
1000 HZ HP filter used for PeakVue
1 Average
Also note that the spectrums below taken from the rotor kit show all the energy below
the High Pass FIlter selection. If no energy is present both Overall values could be very
close.

The above spectrum was collected with Analog Overall








The above spectrum was collected with Digital RMS Overall